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 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - URBANA
630
Un3ab
no.1439
N30112019241
352A
cop.4
1-
 UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS LIBRARY
AT. URBANA - CHAMPAIGN
AGRICULTURE
30‫حبس‬
3 Circulating copy
N3AB
Agricultural Library
-1439
2.4
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT BULLETIN No. 1439

Washington, D. C. November, 1926

FISH OIL, AN EFFICIENT ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE-OF-LEAD SPRAYS

By CLIFFORD E. HOOD, Assistant Entomologist, Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail
Moth Investigations , Bureau of Entomology 1

CONTENTS

Page Page
Why an adhesive is needed_ 2 Adhesives injurious to foliage. 16
Preliminary experiments . 2 Tests with raw oils._ 18
Experiments conducted on a large scale in Spraying near buildings . 19
1924. 6 Conclusion.. 19
Superior adhesiveness of drying oils . 15 Literature cited__ 21
Tests with a barrel pump.... 15

In recent years many experiments and tests have been made with
various substances added to arsenate-of-lead and other spray mix-
tures to increase their adhesive and spreading qualities. Some of
these substances were soap, glue, casein, molasses, gelatine, glucose,
and flour .
Washburn (10, p. 3, 14) in 1891 recommended whale-oil soap as
an adhesive for sprays of Paris green, and stated that it had given
perfect satisfaction. Fernald (2) in 1894 recommended the addition
of 2 quarts of glucose or molasses to each 150 gallons of arsenate of
lead mixture, to cause the insecticide to adhere to the leaves. Sirrine
(7) in 1895 and later used a resin-lime mixture as an adhesive for
Paris green and Bordeaux mixture when applied to cabbage and
cauliflower. Lowe (5) in 1896 stated that glue, used at the rate of
2 quarts to 45 gallons of green arsenite mixture, proved more satis-
factory than glucose, used in the same proportion. Parker (6) in
1912 suggested the possibility of using flour paste as an adhesive for
arsenicals. Lees (4) in 1913 and 1914 tried a number of substances
as adhesives for preparations of lime used as cover washes for
trees in late winter and early spring. Some of the substances used
were glue and flour, also a mixture of whiting, starch, glue, and
potassium dichromate. Berger (1) in 1917 reported good results
with linseed oil as an adhesive for Bordeaux mixture. Stearns
1 The writer is indebted to A. F. Burgess, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations ,
for helpful suggestions; to H. L. Blaisdell for cooperation in furnishing equipment and necessary help, and
to H. A. Ames for assistance in observations carried on in New Jersey. The photographs reproduced in
this bulletin were prepared by the author.
3387°-261-1
2 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

(9, p. 9, 15) in 1920 stated that he had found either calcium caseinate
or sea-moss stock, prepared by boiling the moss in water, to increase
the adhesiveness of certain insecticides. Smith (8, p. 7) in 1922
stated that the use of caseinate as a spreader in the codling moth spray
and the dormant lime-sulphur spray, recommended by him for the
control of orchard insects in Idaho, adds materially to their effec-
tiveness. Headlee (3, p. 294) found in 1923 that casein, and also
flour, retain more than twice as much lead arsenate as is retained
when no adhesive is used .
In 1921 the writer began a series of experiments along this line,
his effort being to find, if possible, some substance which, when added
to spray mixtures, would cause them to spread and adhere more
strongly to foliage sprayed with them, especially foliage of a glossy
nature .
WHY AN ADHESIVE IS NEEDED

Spraying operations against the gipsy moth begin about May 1 in

New Jersey, and much later in New England, and continue for four
to six weeks. All of the material is applied with high-power sprayers,
and many tons of arsenate of lead are used annually in the infested
area. The areas to be sprayed are carefully planned out, the crews
for each sprayer selected, the necessary material obtained, and the
time required to cover these areas carefully determined in order that
the spraying may be done promptly enough to be effective. There
are many drawbacks, however, which more or less upset these plans,
among them being bad weather, when no spraying can be done;
at other times, when large areas are sprayed, frequent rains wash
practically all of the poison from the foliage, and a second, and some-
times a third, spraying is necessary. In such cases the cost of spray-
ing the area is doubled or tripled, and where large areas are concerned
the expense is much greater. Further, to be effective the spray
mixture used in gipsy moth work must be stronger than is ordinarily
used against most leaf-feeding insects and, when applied to the
foliage, should for maximum efficiency remain there during the entire
larval season of the gipsy moth. From these facts it can be seen
that a really good adhesive would economize materials and labor
and save much valuable time .
PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS

IN 1921

In 1921 , 1922, and 1923 the writer's experiments were conducted

in a small way, with small hand sprayers, compressed-air sprayers,
or an ordinary barrel pump equipped with two paddles at the bottom
of the barrel for agitation. In 1921 a number of combinations were
tried. The mixtures were sprayed upon glass plates and allowed to
dry thoroughly, after which they were tested by rubbing lightly
with the fingers and by placing them beneath a stream of lightly
running water, striking with about the same force as would be en-
countered in a moderately heavy rainstorm. In one case linseed oil
was the adhesive tested; in every other case two ingredients were
combined to make the adhesive. Following are the results recorded,
the specified quantities of the ingredients in each case being mixed
with 100 gallons of water and 64 pounds of arsenate of lead:
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
630 AGRICULTURE LIBRARY
UN3AB
FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 3
No.1439
COP-4 INGREDIENTS AND QUANTITIES RESULTS

Flour__
Plaster of Paris . 6 pounds Spread well; easily dislodged.
3 pounds
Flour- 3 pounds Do.
Glue 3 pounds
Flour_ 3 pounds Do.
Gelatine... 3 pounds
Casein 3 pounds Spread well; better than those mentioned .
Hydrated lime_ 3 pounds above.
Molasses 3 quarts
Hydrated lime- 3 pounds Spread fairly well; easily dislodged.
Molasses- 1/2 quarts )
Hydrated lime- 3pounds Spread fairly well; rather easily dislodged.
Soap powder.. 3 pounds Do.
Casein 3 pounds
Plaster of Paris_ 6 pounds )
Casein 6pounds Do.
Hydrated lime- 6pounds)
Linseed oil... 3 gallons . Spread well; not easily dislodged .

In these tests it was found that the most promising materials for
adhesives were casein, lime being added to bring it into solution, and
linseed oil.
IN 1922

In 1922 both of these adhesives were given further tests, together

with another which might prove of value. Woodland trees, such as
birch, cherry, maple, and oak, were sprayed with these materials and
examined frequently during the summer, the amount of spray
washed off, if any, being noted. The rainfall during the summer of
1922 was excessive in the section where these experiments were
conducted. From June 7 to September 20, when the last examination
of the foliage was made, a total of 18.71 inches of rain had fallen.
As in 1921, the quantity specified of the adhesive taken was in each
case mixed with 100 gallons of water and 64 pounds of arsenate of
lead. The ingredients and quantities taken for these tests were as
follows :
Linseed oil ... 1 gallon.
Linseed oil .. 2 quarts .
Linseed oil_ 1 quart .
Casein (proprietary) 34 pound .
Gum Arabic_
Potassium dichromate Each 34 pound.
The examination of the foliage on September 20 showed that the
greater part of the spray in the plot treated with the largest propor-
tion of linseed oil still remained on the foliage, but slightly less of
the spray remained on the foliage in the other two plots on which
linseed oil was used. In the plot on which casein was used only
slight traces of the spray could be found on the foliage on September
20, whereas in that treated with gum arabic more spray could be seen
than in the plot last mentioned but much less than in those treated
with linseed oil .
IN 1923

As linseed oil proved the best adhesive of any tried in 1921 and
1922, it was decided in 1923 to try other vegetable oils and an animal
oil, to find, if possible, one that would prove to be a good adhesive
but much less expensive than linseed oil.
4 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Vegetable oils are placed in three classes-drying, semidrying, and

nondrying. Of these only the drying and semidrying oils were used,
the drying oils being linseed oil, soy-bean oil, and Chinese wood
oil, and the semidrying oils corn oil and cottonseed oil. Fish oil
was the only animal oil used. Some of the properties of these oils
and their drying qualities when applied as a thin film on any surface
are here set forth .
Linseed oil is obtained from the seeds of the flax plant, Linum
usitatissimum, a native of central Asia, but cultivated in many parts
of the world for the fiber, which forms linen, or the seed, from which
the oil is obtained. The seeds contain from 36 to 42 per cent of oil,
which is obtained from them by expression or extraction. It is of a
golden-yellow color, dries rapidly on exposure to the air, and adheres
closely to the surface beneath.
Fish oil, sometimes known as mossbunker oil, pogy oil, or white-
fish oil, is obtained principally from menhaden, a shadlike clupeoid
fish of the genus Brevoortia, very abundant on the North Atlantic
coast of the United States. Light-pressed fish oil is obtained by
steaming the fish and subjecting it to gentle pressure; the cheaper
grades are extracted from the residues. The oil is yellow to brown
in color and dries readily on exposure to the air, but adheres some-
what less strongly than linseed oil to the surface beneath. The price
is about 75 cents per gallon in barrel lots.
Corn oil, known also as maize oil, is obtained from the germ of
corn, after it has been separated in the manufacture of starch, or
from the residues of corn obtained in the fermentation of alcohol .
The oil from the former source is pale to golden yellow; that from
the latter, reddish brown. Corn oil dries readily on exposure to the
air, but does not adhere so closely to the surface beneath as does
linseed oil or fish oil. Its price is about $1 per gallon in barrel lots.
Soy-bean oil, sometimes known as soja oil or Chinese bean oil, is
extracted from soybeans. It is pale yellow to brown and dries slowly
on exposure to the air, forming a soft film. Its price is about $ 1.10
per gallon in barrel lots.
Chinese wood oil, known also as Tung oil, is imported from the
Orient, is pale yellow to dark brown, and on exposure to the air dries
more rapidly than linseed oil, but does not adhere strongly to the
surface beneath. Its price is about $2.60 per gallon in barrel lots.
Cottonseed oil is obtained from the seeds of the cotton plant, is
pale yellow, and dries slowly on exposure to the air, but does not
adhere to the surface beneath quite so well as does corn oil. Its
price is about $1.05 per gallon in barrel lots.
As a preliminary test of the adhesiveness of sprays of arsenate
of lead, each containing one of the six oils which have just been
described, it seemed best to spray them on glass plates and observe
their behavior after drying. Standard arsenate-of-lead mixture was
used, successive portions of which contained one-half of 1 per cent and
one-fourth of 1 per cent of each of the oils, making 12 different mix-
tures, all successively sprayed on glass plates. A cylindrical sprayer
of the compressed-air type was used, the material being agitated by
an occasional shaking of the pump. All of the oils mix mechanically
with the water and are distributed through it in very fine globules.
It was found better to add the arsenate of lead before adding the oil ;
by doing so the latter remained for a longer time distributed through
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE-OF - LEAD SPRAYS 5

the mixture, and undoubtedly the oil attached itself more or less to
the particles of arsenate of lead.
It was observed that linseed oil mixes well with the mixture,
spreads very well over the plate, and when dry adheres strongly to
the glass. Fish oil mixes practically as well as the linseed oil and is
nearly as adhesive. Corn oil mixes readily and spreads fairly well
over the plate, but does not adhere so strongly as does linseed oil or
fish oil. Soy-bean oil does not mix well with the spray solution; even
after violent agitation of the mixture the oil rises quickly to the sur-
face. It does not adhere strongly to the glass plate. Chinese wood
oil mixes readily and spreads fairly well over the plate, but does not
adhere to the surface nearly so well as linseed oil or fish oil. It dries
more rapidly than any of the other oils used. Cottonseed oil mixes
fairly well with the mixture and is next to corn oil in its adhesiveness.
In this experiment linseed, fish, and corn oils gave the most satis-
factory results. The mixtures containing one-fourth of 1 per cent of
oil proved practically as efficient as those containing twice that pro-
portion.
In the summer of 1923 standard arsenate-of-lead mixtures, each
containing one-fourth of 1 per cent of one of the oils previously men-
tioned, were sprayed upon foliage, and observations were made
frequently during the season. On June 15 of that year a few wood-
land trees-oak, birch, maple, and hickory-were sprayed with the
arsenate-of-lead mixture containing linseed oil, and some oak, birch,
hickory, beech, and maple trees with the mixture containing fish oil.
On July 12 a few birch, oak, cherry, hazel, and ash trees were sprayed
with the arsenate-of-lead mixture containing corn oil. Each of these
three sprays, when applied to the foliage, has about the same spreading
qualities.
On September 30 the last examination of the sprayed foliage was
made. From the time of the application of the linseed-oil and fish-
oil sprays to this date 5.74 inches of rain had fallen, and 4.95 inches
from the time of application of the corn-oil spray. It was found that
very little of the linseed-oil and fish-oil mixtures had been washed off.
More of the corn-oil mixture had left the foliage, in spite of the fact
that the linseed-oil and fish-oil sprays were subjected to a greater
amount of rainfall. It was evident that corn oil is not quite so
efficient an adhesive as is linseed oil or fish oil.
In the course of this season a few experiments were conducted with
other materials as spreaders and stickers ; some of the substances used
were auto soap, powdered glue, and a proprietary casein product.
Soap was used at the rate of 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water, and the
arsenate-of-lead mixture containing this material was sprayed June
11, 1923, on the foliage of oak, cherry, birch, hazel, and maple trees.
This material caused the spray to spread entirely over the surface of
the leaf, and in all the experiments made no other substance used
could quite compare with soap as a spreader. After a total of 4.15
inches of rain had fallen since the application of the spray on June 11,
the foliage was examined on July 31, 1923, and practically all of the
material was found to have been washed from it; only a very small
quantity of the poison could be seen. On September 30 hardly a
trace of the spray could be found remaining.
As the results of the experiments with powdered glue and the
proprietary casein product did not show much promise, no details
6 BULLETIN 1439 , U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

relating to them will be given. This season's results showed that

linseed oil and fish oil were the most satisfactory of the three other
adhesives, with linseed oil perhaps slightly the better of the two, but
the difference was very slight. The price of linseed oil in barrel
lots in April, 1923, was $1.17 per gallon; that of fish oil, 79 cents per
gallon. As the difference in effectiveness between linseed oil and fish
oil was so slight, and the difference in price was so great, it can be
seen that fish oil was the best all-around adhesive used in the season
of 1923 .

EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ON A LARGE SCALE IN 1924

From 1921 to 1923, inclusive, all of the experiments with adhesives

were conducted in a small way, small sprayers and very limited
areas being used. In
1924 these experiments
were conducted on a
larger scale, with high-
power sprayers (fig. 1) .
The adhesives tested
were linseed oil, fish oil,
corn oil, lead oleate,
flour, a proprietary
casein product, soap,
and a proprietary mis-
cible oil. Two large
areas in Somerville, N.
J. , were used ; one, on
Watchung Ridge, con-
taining about 34 acres
of deciduous growth,
including more than 25
different species, and
the other in Dukes
Park, containing 9 acres
of solid blue spruce.
EXPERIMENTS WITH DE-
CIDUOUS TREES IN NEW
JERSEY

On Watchung Ridge
10 different plots, 7 of
4 acres each, and 3 of 2
acres each, were under
observation. Figure 2
presents a diagram of
this area, with the num-
bers of the several plots .
On these, respectively,
FIG. 1.-High-power sprayer in operation at Watchung Ridge,
Somerville, N J., 1924 the following adhesives
were tested on the plots
referred to by the numbers : Plot 1, soap; plot 2, corn oil; 3 , fish oil ;
4, linseed oil ; 5, proprietary casein product; 6, lead oleate; 7, flour;
8 and 9, proprietary miscible oil; 10, arsenate of lead, without added
substance .
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 7

In the Dukes Park area 7 plots were selected, each containing

12/9 acres . The same adhesives were used here as in the Watchung
Ridge plots, with the exception of the proprietary miscible oil.
Another area of seven 1-acre plots, containing a mixed growth, was
selected in Saugus, Mass., and in these plots the same adhesives were
used as in the Watchung Ridge area, except the proprietary miscible
oil and the soap. A small area was selected in Melrose Highlands,
Mass. , for experiments with the proprietary miscible oil.
The lead oleate, so called, was a combination in paste form of lead
oleate and lead arsenate. As it contained in all but 13.53 per cent of
arsenic oxide, 50 pounds of it was required to equal the poison
strength of 25 pounds of ordinary powdered arsenate of lead, since
the latter contains about twice the percentage of arsenic oxide.
The season of 1924 was an excellent one for testing the adhesive
qualities of different substances, the rainfall on the plots in both New
Jersey and Massachusetts being above normal. After the spraying
was finished and the materials thoroughly dried, representative col-

2ACRES 82ACRES 9 2ACRES 10

ROAD

2 3 4 5 6 7
4ACRES 4ACRES4ACRESAACRES 4ACRES4ACRES4ACRES
D
A
O
R

FIG . 2.-Diagram of plots at Watchung Ridge, Somerville, N. J., used in 1924 for tests of adhesives
in arsenate-of-lead sprays

lections of the foliage were made from each of the plots . After each
moderate or heavy rain another collection of foliage from each of the
plots was made, care being taken to select samples which were not
blotchy or oversprayed and which were located in the open where
they would be subjected to the full force of the rain during the season.
The amount of spray material washed off was estimated by compar-
ing it with the foliage taken from the plot shortly after the poison
was applied. The same method was continued throughout the season.
Careful examinations of the foliage were also made to note if any
injury had taken place. The following year plots were sprayed with
arsenate of lead mixtures both with and without an adhesive, collec-
tions of the foliage were made at different periods during the season,
and chemical examinations of the spray remaining on the foliage
made. The results of these tests showed that they did not differ
very materially from those made by comparison during the season
of 1924 .
8 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The soap used in this series of tests was a semisolid sodium soap
used in washing automobiles. It was mixed with a small quantity
of water and added to the contents of the spray tank. Arsenate-of-
lead mixtures containing this material spread well, entirely covering

A B

FIG. 3. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing
soap as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 4, 1924; B, foliage on Septem-
ber17, 1924

the surface of all kinds of foliage. The spraying for testing this ad-
hesive was done on a partly cloudy day at a temperature of 60° to
65° F. (fig . 3 ) .

A
B

FIG. 4. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing corn
oil as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 4, 1924; B, foliage on September
17, 1924

The corn oil, owing to excellent agitation, mixed immediately with

the arsenate-of-lead mixture. The spraying was done on a partly
cloudy day with a light wind; the temperature was from 65° to
70° F. The spray spread fairly well over all kinds of foliage, but not
so well as did the soap mixture (fig. 4) .
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 9

The fish oil , when added to the arsenate-of-lead mixture, mixed

almost instantly. It was sprayed on a partly cloudy day with light
to moderate wind, at a temperature of 65° to 70° F. This material

A B

FIG. 5. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing fish oil
as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 5, 1924; B, foliage on September 17,
1924

spread over the foliage slightly better than the corn oil, but not so
well as the soap (fig . 5) .
The linseed oil mixed with the spray mixture as readily as did
fish oil. The spraying was done on a partly cloudy day at a tempera-

A B

FIG. 6. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing linseed
oil as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 5, 1924; B, foliage on September
17, 1924

ture of 65° to 70° F. The spray spread fairly well, but did not cover
the entire leaf, as did the soap mixture (fig . 6) .
The proprietary casein product, a well-known article on the mar-
ket, was mixed with a small quantity of water before being added to
3387 °-26-2
10 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the arsenate-of-lead mixture in the spray tank. The weather at the

time of spraying was partly cloudy to cloudy and the temperature
65° F. This material spread well over the surface of the foliage
sprayed except the new growth on white oak; as a spreader it was

FIG . 7. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge sprayed with mixture containing case-
in as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 6, 1924; B, foliage on September
17, 1924

not so good as soap, but somewhat better than any of the other
materials used (fig . 7) .
The lead oleate, as has been stated, was a combination in paste
form of lead oleate and lead arsenate ; it was mixed with a small quan-

A B

FIG. 8. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing lead
oleate as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 7, 1924; B, foliage on Septem-
ber17, 1924

tity of water before being added to the mixture in the spray tank.
The day of spraying was partly cloudy, with a temperature of 65°
to 70° F. The liquid spread fairly well over the foliage, but was not
quite so good in this respect as mixtures containing as adhesives
the proprietary casein and the soap (fig. 8).
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 11

The flour used as one of the adhesives contained 16 per cent of

gluten and was thoroughly mixed with the arsenate of lead before
being brought into mixture in the spray tank. The day of the
spraying was partly cloudy, with a temperature of 68° to 72° F.

A B

FIG. 9. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing flour as
adhesive . A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 7, 1924; B, foliage on September 17,
1924

The mixture spread fairly well over some of the foliage, but not well
over that of white oak. It was only slightly better, if any, than the
arsenate of lead used alone (fig . 9) .

A B

FIG. 10. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with mixture containing proprie-
tary miscible oil as adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June 9, 1924; B, foliage
on September 17, 1924

The proprietary miscible oil mixed readily with the arsenate-of-

lead mixture. The day of spraying was partly cloudy; the spraying
was done at a temperature of 70° F. Mixtures containing this
material did not spread well over the foliage, especially that of the
oaks (fig . 10) .
12 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Arsenate-of-lead mixture, without the addition of special adhesive,

did not spread well over the foliage, especially the oaks, and very
little, if any, would adhere to the new growth on white oaks. The
spraying of this mixture was done on a partly cloudy day at a tem-
perature of 70° F. (fig . 11 ) .
EXPERIMENTS WITH CONIFEROUS TREES IN NEW JERSEY

As already stated, a 9-acre tract of solid blue spruce was chosen

for testing the various adhesives when sprayed on the foliage of
coniferous trees. The foliage on the blue spruce trees was very
thick, and it was found necessary to use a spreader on the spraying
nozzle, and to force the spray in between each tier of branches.
Both the new foliage of the season and the older foliage were observed .
The various adhesives were mixed with the arsenate-of-lead mix-
tures in the same manner as in the experiments with deciduous trees .
:

A B

FIG. 11. Appearance of foliage in plot at Watchung Ridge, sprayed with arsenate-of-lead mix-
ture without the addition of special adhesive. A, foliage shortly after application of spray, June
9, 1924; B, foliage on September 17, 1924

The proprietary miscible oil, which had been tried in the experi-
ments with deciduous trees, was not used with coniferous trees .
No special plot was laid out for experimenting with soap, as large
areas of spruce throughout the park were being sprayed with arsenate-
of-lead mixture containing it. In all cases the spray spread well
over the old foliage but not so well over the new growth.
The fish oil spread well over the old foliage but not quite so well
over the new growth. On the latter, however, it was just as good as
soap, if not a trifle better. The mixture containing it was sprayed
on a partly cloudy day with a light wind and a temperature ranging
from 65° to 70° F.
The linseed oil spread well, about as did fish oil, over the old growth.
The day of spraying was partly cloudy, with a light wind and a tem-
perature of 68 ° to 72 ° F.
The corn oil did not spread so well over the foliage as did fish oil
and linseed oil. When the spraying was done the weather was
cloudy, with a temperature of 60 ° F.
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 13

The spray mixture containing lead oleate did not spread over the
spruce foliage so well as fish oil or corn oil, and but little better than
arsenate-of-lead mixture with no special adhesive. It was applied
on a partly cloudy day, at a temperature of 70° F.
The spray mixture containing flour spread fairly well on the old
growth when sprayed on spruce, but not so well on the new growth,
being but slightly better than arsenate of lead alone. The spraying
was done on a partly cloudy day, at a temperature of 70° F.
The proprietary casein product was found to spread very well over
the old growth, but over the new growth not any better than the fish
oil, if as well. It was sprayed on a clear day, at a temperature of
70° to 75° F.
The arsenate-of-lead mixture without special adhesive spreads
fairly well over the old foliage, but will not spread over the new
growth, and only a very little of the spray will remain on it.
For all the plots, except those on which the lead oleate was tested,
25 pounds of powdered arsenate of lead was used to 400 gallons of
water, and to this mixture was added the quantity of adhesive
recorded in Table 1. As the lead oleate was a combination of lead
1

oleate and lead arsenate and was in paste form, containing only
about one-half the percentage of arsenic oxide in powdered arsenate
of lead, 50 pounds of this material was used to 400 gallons of water.
The spraying of the deciduous and coniferous foliage used for these
experiments was begun June 4 and continued as rapidly as practicable
on several dates, until on June 9 it was completed, as far as the trees
at Watchung Ridge and Dukes Park were concerned. On June 14
an examination was made of the foliage which had been sprayed with
the different mixtures, except the coniferous foliage sprayed with the
: mixture containing soap as the adhesive, and in the case of each one
an estimate was made of the percentage remaining of the spray which
had originally adhered. Between this date and that of the latest
spraying all of the foliage had been subjected to rainfall of from
1/4 to 12 inches. On June 26 a similar examination was made of
foliage of several kinds, including that previously omitted ; up to
this time the rainfall since the last date of spraying had amounted
to 3 inches . Similar examinations were made on July 9, August 11 ,
September 17, and October 1, the total rainfall on the sprayed foliage
at those dates being 512 to 6, 9, 151/2, and 19 inches, respectively. At
least three, and in nearly all cases four, examinations were made for
each spraying with a given adhesive. Table 1 gives various data
relating to the adhesives used, their application, and the results of
the several examinations of the foliage sprayed.
EXPERIMENTS WITH DECIDUOUS TREES IN MASSACHUSETTS

In order to compare the results of the tests made on the Somerville,

N. J. , plots, especially those of the Watchung Ridge area, with results
of similar tests on plots located in New England, a mixed woodland
was selected at Saugus, Mass . Seven plots, each containing about
an acre, were sprayed, and the same adhesives were used with the
arsenate of lead as were used in the Watchung Ridge area, with the
exception of the proprietary miscible oil, which was tested in a small
plot at Melrose Highlands, Mass. Deciduous growth only was
used in Saugus and Melrose Highlands. The adhesives were added
 J.
Somerville
sprays
,at
arsenate
iNfead
in
adhesives
-lorelating
TABLEof
tests
to
D1924
-
1.
n.ata
14

afoliage
percentage
on
remaining
spray
of
estimated
nd
spraying
after
ays
dDate
,examination
of
Quantity
used
adhesive Temper-
25
with
ature
at First
examination Second
examination examination
Third examination
Fourth
arse-
pounds Growth of
Date
time
of
Adhesive applica-
spraying
lead
of
nate sprayed
400
and tion
of
gallons Per Per Per Per
Date Days Date Days Date Days Date Days cent
water cent cent cent

1924 .
F
° 1924 1924 1924 1924
Deciduous
---
4
June
-- 60-65 June
.
14 10 20 ---
9
July 35 15 Sept.
.
17 105 10
Soap-- 8 pounds
do
Coniferous
---- 26
June 22 20 .....
do 35 15 1Oct. 119 10
-
65-70
(Deciduous_do 14
June 10 95
....
do
... 35 85 11
Aug. 68 80 17
Sept. 105
...------
oil
Corn g.....
.J1
Coniferous
-----
6allon
une 60 __do___ 8 90
26
June 20 9
July
85 33 75 1
Oct. 1 117
Deciduous
..
June
5 65-70 do
... 9 9
July
95 34 11
Aug.
90 67 85 17
Sept. 104
..
oil
Fish ......
..do Coniferous
._.....
_do 65-70 do
..... 9 26
June
95 21 9
July
90 34 85 1
Oct. 118
----
Deciduous
.....
do
....
( 65-70 do
..... 9 9
July
95 34 90 11
Aug. 67 85 17
Sept. 104
.........
oil
Linseed ......
_do
Coniferous
-----
o
-d68-72 ...
do 26
June
95 21 9
July
90 34 85 1
Oct. 118
9
Deciduous
6
( 65 .....
do 8 75
9
July 33 45
11
Aug. 66 35 17
Sept. 103
1
Casein pJune
9
June
Coniferous
----
4 ounds 70-75
...
do
... 5 26
June
90 17 9
July
55 30 40 Oct.
1 114
.June
7 ....
do
65-70 7 9
July
30 32 11
Aug
25 65 20 17
Sept. 102
...
oleate
Lead 50
..Deciduous
Coniferous
2.-
pounds
....
_do 70
---
do
--- 7 55 26
June 19 50
9
July 32 30 1
Oct. 116
.....
do
....
Deciduous ....
68-72_do7 50 9
July 32 11
Aug.
25 65 20 17
Sept. 102
..
Flour pounds
6
---- Coniferous
.......
__do 70
...
do
--- 7 26
June
55 19 9
July
45 32 30 1
Oct. 116
Miscible
.June
Deciduous
...
gallons
1.4
oil
9 .....
do
...
70 5 60 9
July 30 11
Aug.
50 63 45
17
Sept. 100
Deciduous
(
...
do
.... .....
do
---
70 5 60 do
..... 30 35
....
do
--- 63 25
----
do
--- 100
None .... .Coniferous
do
.... .do
..... 55 26
June 17 45
9
July 30 25
1
Oct. 114
5
175 50 80 60 80 70 201515151515401515

P.1roprietary arsenate
lead
of
.the
2Includes adhesive
without
mixture
rsenate
lA.special
-o3 fead
BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE- OF - LEAD SPRAYS 15

to the spray mixtures in the same proportions as were used in the

experiments in Somerville. The spraying was done on June 12 and
13, except that for the miscible oil,whichwas done on June 24 . The
sprayed foliage was examined on June 26, July 22, August 5, and
September 23, except that at Melrose Highlands, which was exam-
ined on the last two dates only. On these four dates the total rain-
fall after the dates of spraying was 1, 22 , 3, and 16½ inches, respec-
tively. In Table 2 are presented various data relating to these tests,
more particularly the estimated percentages which remained of the
adhering spray. Here, as in the preceding tests, the drying oils are
shown to be superior to the other adhesives used.

TABLE 2.-Data relative to tests of adhesives in arsenate-of-lead sprays at Saugus

and Melrose Highlands , Mass . , in 1924, on deciduous growth

Date of examination, days after spraying, and estimated percent-

age of spray remaining on foliage

Date of June 26 July 22 Aug. 5 Sept. 23

Adhesive
spraying

Per Per Per Per

Days cent Days cent
Days cent Days cent

Lead oleate . June 12 14 55 10 30 54 25 103 15

Casein 1 . ..do ..... 14 75 10 40 54 30 103 20
Corn oil ... .do... 14 95 10 90 54 85 103 70
Flour.. June 13 13 50 9 30 53 25 102 15
Fish oil . do.. 13 95 9 90 53 85 102 75
Linseed oil.. __do__.___ 13 95 9 90 53 90 102 80
None do ..... 13 45 9 30 53 25 102 15
Miscible oil 1 June 242 42 65 91 40

1 Proprietary. 2 Between June 12 and June 24 0.52 inch of rain fell

SUPERIOR ADHESIVENESS OF DRYING OILS

The value of any adhesive material is determined by the length of

time that it will bind the spray to the foliage. Heavy rainfall or
an excessive amount of fog or dew causes the poison gradually to
disappear. Arsenate-of-lead sprays to which any of the three drying
oils tested-i. e., fish oil, linseed oil, or corn oil-were added resisted
throughout the season the washing action of the rain. The other
materials tested were less satisfactory, as they failed to bind the
poison firmly to the foliage. There was a tendency for the small
particles of poison to become loosened and detached after having been
exposed to considerable moisture, whereas the only observed effect
of rainfall on the drying oils was a slight weathering of the poison
on the sprayed surface. When growing foliage is treated a consider-
able loss of poison per unit area results, owing to the rapid increase
in the leaf area, with no increase in the quantity of poison on the leaf.
This is true regardless of the adhesive used, but more spray remains
if one of the drying oils named is added to the arsenate of lead.
TESTS WITH A BARREL PUMP

On August 15, 1924, two small plots in a mixed woodland at

Saugus, Mass., were sprayed with the standard arsenate-of-lead
mixture to which was added one-fourth of 1 per
er cent of linseed oil for
one plot and one-fourth of 1 per cent of fish oil for the other plot .
16 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The pump used was of the ordinary barrel type, having two paddles
at the bottom as an agitator. After the water and the arsenate of
lead had been mixed in the barrel the oil was added and the whole
agitated for five minutes. The mixture was allowed to stand for
one hour. Most of the oil was taken up by the arsenate of lead, but
a small quantity of free oil arose to the surface. The pump was
then started and the spray applied. The material spread well over
the foliage . The plots were examined on October 1, 47 days after the
spraying, more than 10 inches of rain having fallen in the meantime.
It was estimated that not over 15 per cent of the originally adhering
material in the linseed-oil plot and 20 per cent of that in the fish-oil
plot had been washed
off, and no injury was
noted on any of the
foliage (fig . 12) .
ADHESIVES INJURIOUS
ΤΟ FOLIAGE

LEAD OLEATE

As has been pre-

viously mentioned,
lead oleate was applied
at Saugus , Mass. , June
12, 1924. On June 14
a light drizzling rain
fell, lasting the entire
day, but the precipita-
tion was slight, the
total being less than
one-fourth inch . On
June 18 the writer had
occasion to visit the
plots, and in going
through that sprayed
Prayed
with lead oleate found
that the foliage on the
FIG . 12. Appearance of foliage in plot at Saugus, Mass. , 47 days gray birches, the wild
after application of spray mixture containing fish oil as adhesive;
the foliage had meanwhile been exposed to 10 inches of rainfall cherry, and some of the
undergrowth was badly
burned; some of the oak foliage was less severely burned. The
foliage in the other six plots was carefully examined, but no signs
of burning could be found on any of it.
On June 20 this plot was again examined, and burning was found
on gray birch, red oak, black oak, and scrub oak, and on the under-
growth, such as blueberry, brake ferns, and false Solomon's seal
(fig. 13) . On June 26 more burning was noted in the plot, some of
the oak trees being burned so badly that a large proportion of the
foliage had withered and dropped to the ground. On July 22 more
burning was noted. At this time it was estimated that 70 per cent
of the spray had been washed off, and thereafter, until the end of the
season, the injury did not seem to increase.

1
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE - OF - LEAD SPRAYS 17

The lead-oleate plot located on Watchung Ridge, at Somerville,

N. J., was sprayed on June 7, 1924. On June 14, when this plot was
examined, no burning was noted, but this may be accounted for by
the fact that on June 12 rain fell steadily for about four hours, and
on June 13 a heavy rain lasted for about seven hours, and in these
two days about 70 per cent of the lead oleate was washed off. Later
in the season slight burning was observed in this plot, but in no case
was it as bad as that in the plot at Saugus.
This lead oleate was furnished by the State of New Jersey. Later
in the season it was found that the formula used at the factory where
it was made was not satisfactory, and a change was introduced. The
results heregivencover
the material used, and
simply indicate that
with this lot there was
appreciable injury to
the foliage.
MISCIBLE OIL

For testing its pos-

sible injuriousness to
foliage, the proprietary
miscible oil was used
in two dilutions ; one
the stronger, in the
proportion of 1 gallon
of the oil to 100 gal-
lons of water, and the
other in the proportion
of 1 to 150. Two plots
offoliage in the Watch-
ung Ridge area were
sprayed on June 9,
1924, each with one of
these dilutions .
On July 9 the
sprayed foliage on FIG . 13.- Foliage in plot at Saugus, Mass ., burned by spray mixture
both plots was care- of lead oleate

fully examined, and on

both some of it had suffered injury, the more extensive damage
being found on the plot sprayed with the weaker mixture. Here
the foliage on the maple, oak, ash, elm, and dogwood trees showed
burning, some of it severe . In the other plot slight burning was
noticed on some of the maple, oak, and dogwood foliage. The
adhering spray seemed to have been washed away from the leaves
here much more than from the foliage on the plot sprayed with the
weaker mixture, which may account for the more severe injury to
the latter. Slightly more burning in both of these plots was observed
later in the season .
The proprietary miscible oil, diluted in the same two proportions
as for the plots at Watchung Ridge, was similarly tested on two
plots at Melrose Highlands, both of which were sprayed on June 24.
18 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

On June 26, two days later, in the plot sprayed with the stronger
mixture, young, tender growth on red oak was found to be badly
burned, and wild cherry foliage somewhat less so. On June 28 these
injuries were more severe, especially in the case of the wild cherry,
a number of leaves having suffered so badly that they had fallen off,
and the fruit which had been touched by the spray had become dis-
colored and injured. On July 2 many wild cherry leaves had fallen
off and some of them had turned entirely black. Slightly more
burning was noted from time to time for the rest of the season
(fig. 14) .
The foliage sprayed with the weaker mixture suffered less injury.
On June 26 and 28 the wild cherry leaves were slightly burned, and
much more severely
on July 2. As in the
case of the other plot,
the injury progressed
slightly during the
season .

CORN OIL

In the Watchung
Ridge area at Somer-
ville, N. J., slight
burning was observed
on dogwood foliage
sprayed with the mix-
ture containing corn
oil, but no injury was
noted on any of the
other trees. Slight
burning was noted on
some of the foliage in
the plot in the same
area sprayed with the
mixture containing no
adhesive, so that the
injury here may not
FIG. 14. Foliage burned by proprietary miscible oil, diluted have been due to the
corn oil . No other
injury was found in any of the other plots, either at Somerville or
Saugus .
TESTS WITH RAW OILS

On August 7, 1924, to determine the effect of the direct application

of raw oils to foliage, linseed oil, fish oil, and corn oil were sprayed
separately in a raw state upon cherry, oak, and gray birch foliage on
selected trees at Melrose Highlands. The trees were located at the
edge of a woodland and in the direct sunlight. The spraying was
done between 2.30 and 3 p. m. , the temperature in the shade being
96° F. All of the oils spread over the entire surface of the foliage to
which they were applied. The foliage was examined August 9 at
10 a. m. , all being found in good condition. It appeared waxy, and
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE -OF - LEAD SPRAYS 19

the oils were almost entirely dry (fig. 15). It was again examined
August 13, but no burning by any of the oils was noted; on Septem-
ber 2 the foliage still appeared waxy, with no burning apparent. As
a further test, on September 6 a few cherry, hazel, and gray birch
trees were sprayed with crude (raw) fish oil, the cheapest grade
obtainable. The foliage was examined September 11, no signs of
burning being found; still later examinations showed no injury. It
may be inferred from these experiments that foliage would not be
injured if the oil added to the spray mixture should be applied
unevenly to the trees .
SPRAYING NEAR BUILDINGS

In the control of the gipsy moth or other insects it is sometimes

necessary to spray shade or fruit trees in close proximity to dwelling
houses or other buildings. When this is done, even with the utmost

A B C

FIG . 15. Appearance of leaves as affected by spraying: A, foliage sprayed with arsenate-of-lead
mixture containing fish oil; B, foliage sprayed with raw fish oil; C, foliage not sprayed

care, some of the material may drift upon buildings, and if allowed to
dry would render them unsightly. Spray mixtures containing fish
oil as an adhesive can be readily washed from buildings if the latter
are drenched with water before the spraying is begun and again
sprayed with a garden hose after the spraying with the insecticide is
finished. The final water treatment should be applied while the
spray material is still moist. This operation should be performed
promptly, as the oil dries rapidly after the evaporation of the water
in the spray material.
CONCLUSION

As a result of the experiments and tests conducted in the seasons of

1921 to 1924, the materials which stand out preeminently as adhe-
sives are linseed oil, fish oil, and corn oil, all three being drying oils,
and for effectiveness they stand in the order named. Linseed oil
20 BULLETIN 1439, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

adheres more closely to the surface of the foliage than does the fish
oil, but the difference is slight . Corn oil is not so good an adhesive
as either of the other two, but is much more efficient than any of the
remaining adhesives tried, which rank in the following order : Pro-
prietary miscible oil, proprietary casein product, lead oleate, flour,
and soap.
In view of the fact that fish oil is only slightly less efficient than
linseed oil and is much less expensive, it is obvious that the former is
the one to be recommended. In April, 1923, as previously remarked,
the price of linseed oil was $ 1.17 per gallon, and that of fish oil 79 cents
per gallon, in barrel
lots ; in March, 1925,
the price of linseed
oil was $1.23, and that
of fish oil 75 cents per
gallon; in May, 1926,
the prices,in barrellots,
of linseed oil and fish oil
were , respectively,871/2
cents and 70 cents per
gallon. It is obvious
how variable from year
to year are the prices
of such commodities .
It can be readily seen
that by the use of fish
oil a great saving in the
cost of spraying can be
effected, especially
'when large quantities
are used .
Fish oil as an adhesive
was used in arsenate-of-
lead mixtures only. It
was not used in combi-
FIG. 16. Undergrowth at Saugus, Mass ., November 3, 1924, 144 nation with Bordeaux
days after it was sprayed with arsenate of-lead mixture contain-
ing corn oil as adhesive. The poison adhering is clearly shown. mixture (1), nicotine
Livestock should not be allowed to eat vegetation so treated sulphate, soap, or any
other ingredients .
Further experiments should be conducted to determine the value of
this oil when added to other spray mixtures .
In using fish oil as an adhesive one must bear in mind that the best
results are obtained by adding the oil after the arsenate of lead has
been well mixed with the water and while the mixture is being agi-
tated. The mixture should be agitated at all times while it is being
applied, not only to obtain an even coating of poison but to get maxi-
mum adhesiveness. In high-power spraying the agitation of the
material is usually excellent, but in using the smaller outfits, such as
the barrel pump, the agitation is sometimes poor, and satisfactory
results can not be obtained either in the even distribution of the
poison or in the adhesive qualities of the mixture.
The best grade of fish oil should always be used. This is known as
" light pressed " and is yellow to brown in color. A cheaper grade
 FISH OIL AS ADHESIVE IN ARSENATE- OF - LEAD SPRAYS 21

known as " crude fish oil" can be obtained, but as this contains
stearin it is likely to clot, and it would not be economy to use it .
Fish oil can usually be obtained in all the larger cities, and linseed
oil can be obtained in all cities or in towns of any size. In spraying
operations where a 50-gallon barrel pump is to be used, and only a few
barrels of the spray are to be applied, linseed oil could be resorted to,
as only 1 pint of the oil is required to 50 gallons of the spray material.
If a considerable amount of spraying is to be done, the use of fish oil
greatly decreases the expense .
Large quantities of fish oil are used in gipsy-moth spraying opera-
tions. In purchasing it for this purpose the oil should be light pressed
and unadulterated, and have the following specifications :
Saponification value . 190 to 193
Iodine value__ 139 to 193
Specific gravity at 15° C- 0. 927 to 0.933
Free fatty acid Less than 5 per
cent.

The chief adulterant is mineral oil, the presence of which would be

shown by a lowering of all of these characteristics .
Warning : Mixtures containing fish oil not only adhere strongly
to the foliage on the trees but also to the undergrowth and vegetation
beneath . Under no circumstances should livestock be allowed to
graze during the season beneath trees that have been sprayed with
such mixtures, as poisoning may result. Even in the late fall the
spray appears so conspicuously on the vegetation beneath the trees
that livestock may be poisoned by feeding upon it. Figure 16 shows
a bit of undergrowth at Saugus, Mass., as it appeared on November 3 ,
1924, 144 days after being sprayed (June 12) with arsenate-of-lead
mixture to which corn oil had been added as adhesive .

LITERATURE CITED
(1) BERGER, E. W.
1917. LINSEED OIL BORDEAUX . Fla. State Hort. Soc. Proc. 30: 44-47 .
(2) FERNALD, C. H.
1894. A NEW INSECTICIDE- ARSENATE OF LEAD . Mass. (Hatch) Agr.
Exp . Sta. Bul. 24: 3-7.
(3) HEADLEE, T. J.
1924. STICKER FOR LEAD HYDROGEN ARSENATE . N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Ann. Rpt. 1923 : 293-297.
(4) LEES, A. Н.
1915. WINTER COVER WASHES . Ann. Appl. Biol. 1 : 351-364.
(5) LOWE, V. H.
1896. сомBATING THE COTTON- WOOD LEAF BEETLE . N. Y. Geneva Agr.
1

Exp . Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1896 : 543-544.

(6) PARKER, W. B.
1913. FLOUR PASTE AS A CONTROL FOR RED SPIDERS AND AS A SPREADER
FOR CONTACT INSECTICIDES . U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Circ.
166 , 5 p . , illus .
(7) SIRRINE, F. A.
1898. A SPRAYING MIXTURE FOR CAULIFLOWER AND CABBAGE WORMS .
N. Y. Geneva Agr. Exp . Sta. Bul. 144 : 23-46, illus .
(8) SMITH, R. H.
1922. THE IMPORTANT ORCHARD INSECTS OF IDAHO AND THEIR CONTROL .
Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 23, 8 p .
(9) STEARNS, L. A.
1920. EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH .
Va . State Crop- Pest. Comn. Quart. Bul. 2: 1-16, illus .
(10) WASHBURN, F. L.
1891. PRACTICAL WORK WITH THE CODLING MOTH AND WITH A COMBINED
INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE . Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 10 : 3-
22, illus .
ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE

October 1 , 1926

Secretary of Agriculture ___- W. M. JARDINE .

Assistant Secretary --- R. W. DUNLAP .
Director of Scientific Work --_ - - - - - - - A. F. WOODS .
Director of Regulatory Work - - WALTER G. CAMPBELL.
Director of Extension Work C. W. WARBURTON .
Director of Information __... NELSON ANTRIM CRAWFORD .
Director of Personnel and Business Ad-
ministration .. W. W. STOCKBERGER.
Solicitor R. W. WILLIAMS .
Weather Bureau___ CHARLES F. MARVIN, Chief.
Bureau of Agricultural Economics - LLOYD S. TENNY, Acting Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry - JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry-. WILLIAM A. TAYLOR, Chief.
Forest Service__ . W. B. GREELEY, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry- C. A. BROWNE, Chief.
Bureau of Soils- MILTON WHITNEY, Chief.
Bureau of Entomology---- L. O. HOWARD, Chief.
Bureau of Biological Survey-- E. W. NELSON, Chief.
Bureau of Public Roads_ THOMAS H. MACDONALD, Chief.
Bureau of Home Economics . LOUISE STANLEY, Chief.
Bureau of Dairy Industry . C. W. LARSON, Chief.
Office of Experiment Stations - E. W. ALLEN, Chief.
Office of Cooperative Extension Work- С. В. SMITH, Chief.
Library ----- CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian.
Federal Horticultural Board_ C. L. MARLATT, Chairman .
Insecticide and Fungicide Board_ J. K. HAYWOOD, Chairman .
Packers and Stockyards Administration_ JOHN T. CAINE III , in Charge.
Grain Futures Administration_ J. W. T. DUVEL, in Charge .

This bulletin is a contribution from

Bureau of Entomology- - - - - L. O. HOWARD, Chief.

Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth In- A. F. BURGESS, Senior Entomol-
vestigations . ogist, in Charge .
22

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