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T3-Atomic Structure

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T3-Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

laila.mohamed2024
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Topic 3:
Atomic Structure

Atom :- The smallest building unit of matter, that can’t be


broken down further by chemical means.

Diatomic Molecule :-

A Molecule made of 2 atoms chemically joined together.


Abbreviated as Halogens HON.

Atomic structure :-
Atom is composed of 2 main important parts:-
1- The Nucleus.
It is in the center of the atom where its mass is condensed at.
It contains positive particles named as Protons(P)
And neutral particles names as Neutrons (N).

2- The Electron shell.


Where negative particles named as Electrons (E)
are spinning surrounding the nucleus

Protons(P) , Neutrons(N) and Electrons (E)


are named as Subatomic particles.

Note that :-
Protons and Electrons are the only charged particles in an atom.

Their number is equal for an atom , thus atoms are electrically


neutral. ( Zero Overall Charge) .
As Number of positive protons = Number of negative electrons.

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

 Assume that:-
An Atom has 6 Protons in its nucleus.
Accordingly , it has 6 electrons surrounding the nucleus, too.

If an atom loses or gains an electron ,


It still has 6 protons but different electron number instead!
This is named as: An Ion!
A charged atom due to loss or gaining of electrons.

If this Atom loses an electron, If this Atom gains an electron,


Thus now it has 6 Protons Thus now it has 6 Protons
But 5 electrons. But 7 electrons.

Number of negative Electrons is Number of negative Electrons is


lower than number of positive higher than number of positive
protons. protons.

It is named : a Cation It is named : an Anion


(positively charged ion) (negatively charged ion)

Example:-
 W is an atom
as number of positive protons
= number of negative electrons.
 While X is an ion ( a Cation )
as it has more protons than electrons.
It has a charge of 3+

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Subatomic Particles:-

Particle Location Relative Relative


Charge mass
Proton Inside the nucleus +ve 1
(P)
Neutron Inside the nucleus Neutral=Zero=nil 1
(N)
Electron Surrounding the -ve 1 / 2000
(E) nucleus

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Atomic Number:-

It is the number of Protons inside the nucleus of an atom.


-Also named as: Proton number.
-The lower number written in the periodic table for an element.

Mass Number:-

It is the number of Protons and Neutrons inside the nucleus of


an atom.
-Also named as: Nucleon number.
-The higher number written in the periodic table for an element.

Note that:-
Number of neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number

Examples:-
Atomic number=15 Atomic number=16
Mass number=31 Mass number=32
Number of P=15 Number of P=16
Number of E=15 Number of E=16
Number of N=16 Number of N=16
Number of Charged Particles=30 Number of Charged Particles=32

Atomic number=19 Atomic number=1


Mass number=39 Mass number=1
Number of P=19 Number of P=1
Number of E=19 Number of E=1
Number of N=20 Number of N=zero
Number of Charged Particles=38 Number of Charged Particles=2

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Isotopes:-

They are different atoms of the same element having


the same number of protons ( atomic number ) and different
number of neutrons ( mass number ) .

They have the same chemical


properties that let them act
in the same way due to having
the same number of electrons,
therefore the same electronic
configuration.

The relative atomic mass of Chlorine isn’t a whole number


(=35.5) as it has two isotopes
and this is the average mass of them.

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Relative atomic mass (Ar) of Isotopes:-

For Isotopes of the same element, Ar is calculated from:


1- The mass numbers of the element isotopes
2- The abundance of these isotopes

Steps to solve this type of problems:-


1-Multiply the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance
2-Add those together
3-Divide by the sum of the relative abundances (normally 100)

Note that:-
-Mass number of isotopes could be obtained by adding protons
to neutrons.

-The final relative atomic mass for element isotopes should be


in between the lowest and highest mass numbers given.

-Refer to the question while finalizing your answer as one


decimal place or certain significant figures may be required.

Example 1:-

Answer:-

Ar = (24 x 79.2) + (25 x 10) + (26 x 10.8)


100
= 24.316
= 24.3 ( one decimal place ) In between 24 and 26

Dr. Muhammed Hany


IGCSE Chemistry Edx Topic 3: Atomic Structure

Example 2:-

Answer:-

Ar = (79 x 52.8) + (81 x 47.2)


In between 79 and 81
100
= 79.944
= 79.9 ( three significant figures)

Dr. Muhammed Hany

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