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JS3 Term 1 Sci Chem Wk8

Jss2 questions

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33 views6 pages

JS3 Term 1 Sci Chem Wk8

Jss2 questions

Uploaded by

johniashibekong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week 8:

Lesson Note on Science (Chemistry)


Class: JSS 3
Topic: ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Sub-topic: Methods of Separating Mixtures

Mixtures can be separated by physical means. Separation by physical method


depends on:
i. the properties of the substance that is their state whether they
are solid, liquid or gas.
ii. their solubilities.
iii. their melting and boiling point.

Methods of Separation of Mixtures

1. FILTRATION
Filtration is the method used in separating insoluble solids form liquid. Example:
sand can be separated from water by filtration. The sand and water mixture is
poured on a filter paper inserted in a funnel with a beaker underneath the set-up.
The liquid (water) that passes through space in the filter paper is the filtrate
while the solid (sand) left behind on the filter paper is known as the residue.

2. SEDIMENTATION
This method can be used after the mixture is shaken vigorously and allowed to
settle. The heaviest particles settle first at the bottom, followed by less heavy
ones with the clear water at the top. Settlement of particles is aided by gravity.
3. DECANTATION
This method involves the pouring out of the clear liquid from the settled solid
after sedimentation.

4. MAGNETISATION
This method is used to separate magnetic substances from non-magnetic
substances. For a mixture of fillings and Sulphur the magnet passed through
the mixture will attract all magnetic substances (iron filling) and remove them
from the mixture. The iron fillings cling to the magnet while the Sulphur is left
out.
Another example is razor blades mixed with sand. The magnet will attract the
razor blades and leave the sand behind.
5. EVAPORATION TO DRYNESS
With a mixture of salt and water the solution can be separated by evaporation
or dryness method of separation. This method can be used to get back the salt
from the salt and water solution.
The mixture is heated until the liquid vaporizes.
Indirect heating – this method is used when the liquid is volatile or flammable.
To avoid the liquid from catching fire, a water bath is used.
Example: separating alcohol and water.

6. USE OF THE SEPARATING FUNNEL


Immiscible liquids are two liquids that cannot mix. Example, palm oil and water
The denser liquid sinks at the bottom, while the less dense floats.
Example: palm oil floats on water.
This mixture can be separated using the separating funnel. All the water is
drained down into the beaker leaving the palm oil in the separating funnel.

7. SIMPLE DISTILLATION
This method is used to separate two miscible liquids that can mix. The two
miscible liquids will have different boiling points eg alcohol and water. The
alcohol boils at 28C and water boils at 100C.This method is suitable for two
miscible liquids with a big or difference in boiling points. Distillation involves
vaporizing the liquid and condensing the vapour to liquid. The alcohol first
vaporizes and is condensed using the condenser. The liquid which is collected in
a beaker after distillation is called a distillate
This method can also be used to separate salt from water. The water can be
recovered by condensation of the liquid to form distillate.
8. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Used to separate miscible liquids with several components in the mixture having
different boiling points with small differences in temperature between them.
When heated the substance with the lowest boiling point starts to boil first and
converts to vapour.
Crude oil is separated into various components - petrol, kerosene, diesel,
lubrication oil and coal tar in that order.
In this method a FRACTIONAL COLUMN is used containing beads and a
thermometer. The glass beads in the column offers a large surface area for
vaporization at different temperatures. The thermometer shows the
temperature range of the different components.
9. CHROMATOGRAPHY (COLOUR SEPARATION):
This method is used to separate various colour components in ink, dyes, leaf
extracts etc.
Three types exist based on the mixture to be separated.
a. Paper chromatography.
b. Column chromatography.
c. Gas chromatography.

Paper Chromatography – a mark is made in the centre of the strip of a filter


paper and allowed to dry. The strip is then placed in a suitable solvent with the
mark just 2cm above the solvent. As the solvent rises, it carries with it dissolved
substances, which are deposited substance as various bands showing the
number of substances (colours) present in the mixtures.
10.SUBLIMATION
A mixture of two solid in which one changes directly to vapour (gas) on heating
and back to solid on cooling without going through the liquid state.
Example:

Iodine to Iodine vapour


(Solid) (Gas)

Examples of substances that are separated by sublimation are, a mixture of


ammonium chloride and common salt can be separated by this method. The
ammonium chloride sublimes and cools down on the inverted funnel.

Keywords to remember:
1. Filtration
2. Evaporation
3. Decantation
4. Fractional distillation
5. Sublimation

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