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Chapter 2 - Separation of Mixtures - EDX.

Chapter 2 discusses the separation of mixtures, defining key terms such as mixtures, elements, and compounds, and explaining methods like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It emphasizes the importance of purity testing through melting and boiling points, and details the steps involved in each separation technique. Various laboratory apparatus used in these processes are also described, highlighting their properties and uses.

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8 views8 pages

Chapter 2 - Separation of Mixtures - EDX.

Chapter 2 discusses the separation of mixtures, defining key terms such as mixtures, elements, and compounds, and explaining methods like filtration, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography. It emphasizes the importance of purity testing through melting and boiling points, and details the steps involved in each separation technique. Various laboratory apparatus used in these processes are also described, highlighting their properties and uses.

Uploaded by

jbj8tfcmrw
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Separation of
Mixtures
- Mixture: contains two or more substances not chemically combined together.
- Aqueous: Dissolved in water.
- Excess: more than required.
- Concentrated solution: solute is more than the solvent.
- Dilute solution: solvent is more than the solute.
- Element: substances that can’t be split into anything simpler by chemical means. An element
contains only one type of atom
- Compound: substance made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together.

How can you tell if a substance is pure?

You can check melting and boiling points.

• A pure substance has a, sharp, melting point and boiling point. These are different for
each substance.

• When a substance contains an impurity:


✓ its melting point decreases and its boiling point increases.
✓ it melts and boils over a range of temperatures, not sharply.

Test for any substance purity - Measure melting or Boiling point.

Physical Test for PURE Water:


Freezing/Melting point - 0 C.
Boiling point - 100 C.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 1


Methods of separation Used to separate..
Filtration Solid from liquid

Crystallization Solute from its solution

Evaporation Solute from its solution

Simple distillation Solvent from solution

Fractional distillation Liquids from each other

Paper chromatography Different substances from solution – usually


colours, sugars or proteins.

Filtration – if the solid is insoluble.

For example, chalk is insoluble in water. So it is


easy to separate by filtering. The chalk is trapped
in the filter paper (the pores of the filter paper are
smaller in size than that the solid particles), while
the water passes through.

The trapped solid is called the residue. The water


is the ltrate.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 2


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Crystallization – if the solid is soluble (to obtain the solid/solute).
This technique is used to separate soluble solid crystals from a solution.

Steps;
1. Heat/Evaporate the solution till point of saturation/crystallization.
2. Leave solutions to cool, crystals are formed.
3. Filter to separate crystals.
4. Wash the crystals with few drops of distilled water.
5. Dry between two pieces of filter paper.
❖ How can you test the point of crystallization?

Take a drop of the solution by glass rod, Put it on a cold surface, crystals appear.

❖ Why crystals are dried between two filter paper and not in an oven?

To avoid loss of water of crystallization.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 3


To separate two solids, you could choose a solvent that will dissolve just one of them.
For example, water dissolves salt but not sand. So you could separate a mixture of salt and sand
like this:
1) Add water to the mixture, and stir. The salt dissolves.
2) Filter the mixture. The sand is trapped in the filter paper, but the salt solution passes
through.
3) Rinse the sand with water, and dry it in an oven.
4) Evaporate the water from the salt solution, to give dry salt.

Simple distillation – to obtain the solvent


Steps;
1. Heat the solution in the flask. As it boils, water
vapor rises into the condenser, leaving salt
behind.
2. The condenser is cold, so the vapor is cooled
and condenses to water in it.
3. The water drops into the beaker. It is called
distilled water. It is almost pure.

EVAPORATION THEN CONDENSATION

Explain why it is necessary for water to flow continuously in and out of the
apparatus?
- To fill the condenser jacket better.

- So if the flow of water stops for any reason, the condenser jacket remains full of water.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 4


Fractional distillation

Two liquids mixed together and they are separated


due to difference in their boiling points, the liquid
with lower boiling point comes up rst.

You could use it to separate a mixture of ethanol


(78oC) and water (100oC).

Heat the mixture in the flask. At about 78 °C,


the ethanol begins to boil. Some water
evaporates too. So a mixture of ethanol and
water vapors rises up the column.
The vapors condense on the glass beads in
the column, making them hot.
When the beads reach about 78 °C, ethanol
vapor no longer condenses on them. Only
the water vapor does. So water drips back
into the flask. The ethanol vapor goes into
the condenser.
There it condenses. Pure liquid ethanol drips into the beaker.
Eventually, the thermometer reading rises above 78 °C – a sign that all the ethanol has
gone. So you can stop heating.

❖ How would you know that all ethanol is collected?

Thermometer reading rises above 78oC.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 5


fi
Chromatography
This method is used to separate mixture of substances, usually; colors, sugars, and proteins.

A concentrated sample drop is placed on


the chromatogram, the dyes in the ink have
different solubilities in water. So they travel
across the paper at different rates. (The
most soluble one travels furthest.)

Important notes:
1) Base line: should be drawn with a
pencil as graphite is insoluble in any
solvent. But INK (would dissolve in solvent and interfere with results)

2) The solvent: should be over the bottom of the paper but also under the base line, as if
the graphite/pencil line is immersed in the solvent, the dies will not dissolve in solvent
and can travel up the paper.

3) Results: no. of resulted spots represents the soluble compounds present in the drop.

If any spot remains on the base line this shows that it is insoluble in the solvent.

Some mixtures contain colorless compounds – such as sugars and proteins, so a locating
agent is used to spray the chromatography paper to identify the colorless spots.

Steps:
1. Put separate spots - using teat pipette - of each of the dyes on the pencil line. Do not use a
pen as the colors in the ink may move up the chromatography paper with the solvent.

2. Allow it to dry.

3. Pour some solvent into the bottom of the beaker, Suspend the chromatography paper in the
beaker so that the bottom of the paper goes into the solvent and the spots are just above level of
solvent.

4. Leave until the solvent has risen up the paper - highest point to rise is called solvent front -
near the top and then take paper out.

5. Leave paper to dry.

Distance travelled by sample


RF Value:
Distance travelled by solvent

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 6


Apparatus Use/property Diagram
Transfer or mix liquids
Beaker Difficult in mixing and shaking
liquids.
Conical flask Easier in mixing and shaking
liquids.
Used to measure volumes of liquids.
Measuring cylinder ➢ Fast.
➢ Inaccurate.
Pipette ➢ Accurate.
➢ Holds only 25 cm3.

Burette ➢ Accurate.
➢ Holds 50 cm3.

Mortar and pestle Crushing solids.


Stand and clamp Hold burette.
Evaporating dish To evaporate liquids.
Filter funnel Used in filtration process.
Tap funnel/Separating funnel Same as burette but not
graduated.
Dropper/teat pipette Adding drops.
Spatula Transfer solids.
U-tube For better heat distribution and
large surface area.
Bunsen burner, gauze, and Heating apparatus.
tripod
Thermometer To measure temperature.

Crucible and lid To allow gases to enter/exit


periodically.
Tongs Hold test tubes.
Balance Measure mass.
Glass rod For stirring – unreactive.
Test tube To hold liquids/chemicals.
Round bottom flask Used in distillation – for better
heat distribution.
Gas syringe Measure volume of gases.
Stop clock Measure time.

Chapter 2 - Mixtures & Separation techniques Page 7

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