CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The hotel industry, as a key component of the global tourism and hospitality sector, plays a
significant role in driving economic growth and development. In particular, the effective
management of hotel operations is critical to ensuring customer satisfaction, operational
efficiency, and overall profitability. Over the years, advancements in information technology
have transformed the way hotels are managed, leading to the development of various systems
designed to automate and streamline hotel operations (Afolabi & Ojo, 2019). One such
technological innovation is the Hotel Information Management System (HIMS), a
comprehensive software solution that integrates different aspects of hotel management, such as
room reservations, billing, customer records, inventory management, and staff coordination
(Olsen et al., 2019).

Traditionally, many hotels, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, relied on manual
processes or basic computerized systems that are often inefficient, error-prone, and labor-
intensive. These systems typically involve the use of paper records, manual booking ledgers, and
outdated billing methods, which are prone to human errors and data loss (Adebayo, 2021). Such
limitations lead to operational challenges, including delayed service delivery, inaccurate
financial records, double bookings, and customer dissatisfaction. The need to address these
challenges has driven the development and adoption of HIMS, which offers a more efficient,
secure, and reliable approach to managing hotel operations (Raman, 2017).

In the Nigerian context, the hospitality industry has experienced significant growth over the past
decade, driven by an increase in domestic tourism, business travel, and international visitors.
However, many Nigerian hotels continue to face operational inefficiencies due to the lack of
modern management systems (Ojo & Ibrahim, 2020). The manual handling of critical processes
such as bookings, payments, and inventory management not only hampers operational efficiency
but also limits the ability of hotels to compete in an increasingly digital and customer-centric
market. Moreover, the absence of a centralized system to manage customer data and track

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business operations in real-time poses significant challenges in decision-making and business
planning.

A Hotel Information Management System addresses these issues by offering an integrated

platform that automates key functions such as room reservations, customer check-ins and check-
outs, billing, and inventory management (Akinyemi, 2019). By leveraging the power of ICT,
HIMS reduces the administrative burden on hotel staff, minimizes the risk of errors, and
enhances the overall guest experience. It also provides real-time access to data, which is critical
for making informed decisions and improving service quality (Ugwueze, 2020).

In Nigeria, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of adopting modern
management systems to enhance service delivery in the hospitality sector. This is particularly
important in light of the increasing expectations of hotel guests, who demand fast, reliable, and
personalized services. As customer preferences evolve, the use of an effective information
management system is essential for hotels to remain competitive and deliver high-quality
services (Afolabi & Ojo, 2019).

Moreover, with the advent of cloud computing and mobile technologies, modern Hotel
Information Management Systems can be accessed remotely, allowing hotel managers to monitor
operations, manage bookings, and respond to customer inquiries from any location. This
flexibility is particularly beneficial for small and medium-sized hotels in Nigeria, which may
lack the resources to maintain large on-site IT infrastructures (Raman, 2017). Therefore, the
design and implementation of a robust HIMS tailored to the specific needs of Nigerian hotels is
crucial to improving operational efficiency, enhancing customer satisfaction, and driving
business growth.

This study seeks to design and implement a Hotel Information Management System that
addresses the unique challenges faced by Nigerian hotels, particularly in the areas of room
reservations, billing, and customer service. The system will be designed to integrate various hotel
operations into a single platform, enabling seamless communication between departments and
providing real-time access to critical business data. By automating routine tasks and improving
the accuracy of hotel records, the system is expected to significantly enhance the efficiency of
hotel operations and improve the overall guest experience.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The phase of system analysis process deals with problems that are affecting the current
manual system. The problems are those, which are affecting the hotel in its daily routine work.
As the growing trend in most business in InfoTech World of Computers, need of accuracy,
perfectness, speed and high memory data storage is a must. Each and every problem must be
solved with least amount of time and energy.

The problems faced by the existing system and hope to be solved by the Hotel Management
System are described below:

a) Difficulty in maintenance of records

b) Time consuming
c) Editing of data becomes a tedious job
d) No security of data
e) Mistakes occurring in Calculation of funds
f) Lack of efficiency
g) Data redundancy
h) Data inconsistency
i) Incidence of Fraud

A. Difficulty in maintenance of records: It is very difficult to maintain data record in the

system as all the records are entered in the register or the perspective record books. There
are chances of the record books or files in which all the Data are stored may be torn or
wearied out or some other damages result or files may even be misplaced.

B. Time Consuming: It is very time consuming and difficult to write each and every entry
and exit of customers into the hotel in the register. Also it takes a lot of time if all the
entries are to be repeated say to keep in another record for safe keeping. It is also time
consuming to check for data quickly. In the current system processes such as making

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 different types of reports, preparing merit lists, and tedious calculations are examples of
time consuming processes.

C. Editing of data: Manually written data cannot be changed or edited once written. If there
is a mistake and the administrator tried to cancel it out and write it again this would make
the entire register very dirty and disorganized. If data is entered incorrectly the entire
system gets incorrect while editing wrongly entered data cannot easily solve errors.

D. Incidence of Fraud: Fraudulent acts can be perpetuated by the staff arising from record
insecurity. The continuous incidence of fraud in the hotel organization may lead to non-
profitability of the business and the hotel involved may eventually fold up.

E. Data Insecurity; As the data is stored in files or registers, it is not a secure place, As the
storage media here are files and books or registers, there are chances of getting this
storage media lost, torn, or it may go in the hand of the wrong person which can destroy
the database or it can also be destroyed accidentally. Also in the system, data should be
shown to the person according to his position on the establishment; everybody should not
be allowed to use all the data.
F. If the Data goes into the hand of the wrong person, he or she may take advantage of the
data. So security is the major aspect of the Hotel Management System.
G. High Data Redundancy: As mentioned in the current system. Due to maintenance of so
many registers there is a high redundancy of data i.e. same data is recorded repeatedly.

H. Data Inconsistency: Here as mentioned in the above step the same information is written
in more than one place that creates the problem, where there is a change or deletion in the
recorded data.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the proposed system is to provide solutions to the problems stated above and help the
user to manage the hotel effectively and efficiently through:

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 i. Adequate Record Keeping:
a. To eliminate manual record keeping and install an electronic record keeping
thereby ensuring adequate record of transactions are kept. This ensures a
centralized system where all necessary data and information can easily be
accessed, Tracked, and monitored

ii. Reduced Incidence of Fraud:

a. The program is envisaged to reduce the incidence of fraud both by staff and
outsiders through proper record keeping, tracking and monitoring of transaction
operations in the organization.

b. Maximum Accountability: To Instill accountability in the process of management

in the hotel organization by not only reducing incidence of fraud, but also
eliminate wastages.

iii. Provide Data Security: The study will install security measures by providing different
access levels to various staff.

iv. Effective Resource Management: The Human Resource module (HR) and Finance &
Account (F&A) module will enable effective utilization of financial and human resources
by comparing the accounts receivable with the account payable and complete record of
personnel through the nominal roll module will enhance staff deployment and
productivity.

v. Increased Profit Line for The Organization: when there is reduced incidence of fraud this
and proper management of resources this will enable increased profit line for the
organization

vi. Reduced Time Consumption: A good search algorithm will be implemented on the web
application to enhance the search facility whereby users of the system can search for all
kinds of data using various criteria.
The system can be handy to the user in the following ways:
i. To automatize the work such as gathering information, gathering Hotel Staff information,
Workers’ roster, food ordering and Hotel administration in general.
ii. To atomize different types of reports.
iii. Removal of Data Redundancy.
iv. To create a centralized system where all necessary data and information can be accessed easily.
v. Data Consistency.

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1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Hotel Management system is developed to overcome the most of the problems occurring
in the manual system by computerizing the existing system. The features of the newly proposed
computerized system are described in brief below:
A. After computerizing the system, the Hotel Administrator can finish their work in the least
amount of time possible and with very little effort. The computerized system has many gains
and efforts which the manual system cannot give in any type of situation.
B. In any manual system if we take the main problem arising is to maintain the number of
records and finding a particular record, computerized systems are most helpful in dealing with
areas where database comes into existence.

A computer can hold large amount of data in storage devices and it can operate at a very high
speed. The user can input all types of information into the computer and can be able to perform
any type of task which when done manually is tedious and time consuming.

1.5 METHODOLOGY
This section involves data gathering. Area of study, the data quality controls
provided for the study. It also illustrates how the data was analyzed and presented.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)

Server-side Scripting:

i. PHP is employed to manage server-side logic, ensuring secure and

efficient handling of user inputs.
ii. Key functionalities such as boking reservations, checking room
availability, processing payments and managing sessions are handled by
PHP scripts.

Dynamic Content Generation

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 i. PHP generates dynamic HTML content based on user interactions and
database queries, ensuring a responsive user experience.

MySQL

Database Management

i. MySQL serve as the relational database management system to store and

manage all necessary data for the hotel management system.
ii. The database schema includes tables for user details, room inventory,
reservation and other records.
iii. PHP scripts interact with the MySQL database using SQL queries to
retrieve, update and manage data efficiently.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

Styling and Layout

i. CSS is used to style the HTML content, ensuring the website’s visual
appeal and user-friendly.
ii. It controls the layout, colour, fonts and overall design to provide a
consistent and attractive interface for users.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

Structure and Content

i. HTML provides the foundational structure for the web pages.

ii. Its used to define essential elements such as forms, buttons, tables and
other components necessary for user interactions within the hotel
management system.

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 JavaScript

Client-side Scripting

i. JavaScript enhances the user experience on the client side by enabling

dynamic content updates and interactive features.
ii. Functions such as form validation and real-time updates are
implemented to improve usability.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

i. JavaScript is utilized with AJAX to fetch data from the server

asynchronously, ensuring real-time updates and smoother interactions
without the need to reload the page.

1.5.1 INFORMATION GATHERING

Information gathering and record keeping in the hotel system is a crucial aspect that is carried
out in an organized way so that.
1. No system details are left out.
2. Right problems are identified
3. Repetitive work is avoided
4. Wrong or incomplete details are not collected.

To do this, a proper search algorithm must be incorporated; the method involves using specific
search criterion to select information from sources. The overall methods which are used while
gathering information are:

1. Interviewing
2. Record Inspection
3. Observation

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 These methods are used in system analysis and design stage.

1. Interviewing: interview allows the analyst to collect or gather the information from the
individual or group who are generally the current user of the existing system or potential user of
the proposed system. This is a basic source of qualitative and helpful information. It also allows
the analyst or developer to discover areas of misunderstanding and problems. User interviews are
conducted to determine the qualitative information. These interviews which were instructed
interviews, provided opportunity to gather information from the respondents who are involved in
the process for a long time.
These interviews provided information such as:
a) Activities involved in process allocating room to customers
b) Activities involved in the process of verification of rooms
c) Preparing all the various reports
d) Limitation of the existing system
e) Problems faced by the user in the existing system.

2. Record review: It is said to better to believe in records than in people. Thus a good analyst
always gets facts from documents. An existing system can be better understood by examining
existing documents, forums and files. Records may include:
a) Written policy manuals
b) Rules and regulations
c) Standard operating procedures used in Hotel Management System
d) Forms and Documents

To gather details about Hotel Management System, many kinds of records and reports will be
reviewed including: Standard operating procedure, Reports generated by the existing system,
Document flow (input/output) of Hotel Management, Process of allocating of rooms to
customers.

3. Observation: Observation can bring in missed facts, new ways to improve the existing
procedures, duplicate work done inadvertently. It can also bring in what other fact finding
methods cannot. But his task is delicate because some people do not like to be observed when

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 they work. Observation gives analysts the opportunity to go behind the scenes in a Hotel to learn
how things work. Observation should look for:

a) Operational inefficiencies
b) Alternative routes and procedures
c) Interruptions in normal flow of work
d) Usages of files and documents
e) Informal communication channels.

1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is focused on the critical operations carried out within the hotel
administrative system. These major operations include

1. Front-desk operations (customer management, room allocation, cashier posting)

2. Accommodation (Hotel room management, staff schedules, inventory).
3. Assets management (Fixed, Floating asset).
4. Staff record Management.
5. Restaurant & Bar operation.
6. Accounts Receivable &Payable.

The goals are achieved based on ability of the computer to store large amounts of data which is
very useful to store information regarding the transactions of Sacoba Hotel. The study is limited
to the following:

i. RECEPTION MODULE: The Reception module covers all the customer allocation and booking
with the sub-fields (Customer Details, Room Allocation, and Cashier Posting).
ii. ACCOMODATION MODULE: The Accommodation covers all Room Maintenance,
Housekeeping Schedules and room inventory.

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iii. ADMINISTRATION & GENERAL SERVICES: Covers Personnel staff record keeping and the
stores with inventory.

1.7 DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS

Hotel: A hotel is an establishment that provides lodging paid on a short-term basis.

Hotel management Information system: An integrated set of components for collecting, storing,
and processing data and for delivering information, knowledge, and digital products for a hotel.

Record: A record is a value that contains other values, typically in fixed number and sequence
and typically indexed by names.

Database: A database is an organized collection of data. The data are typically organized to
model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information.

Object: An object is a location in memory having a value and referenced by an identifier.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The project is broadly described in five chapters below:

Chapter One: This part of the work reveals the background of the study and gives a brief
account each of statement of the problem, aims and objectives, importance of the study,
methodology of the study, scope of the study, layout of the project and the definition of the terms
that will be used in this project.

Chapter Two: This chapter has to do with the literature review aspect of this project. It explains
different articles on Hotel Management. It also gives a review of an existing online system in
relation to the proposed system.

Chapter Three: This chapter explains the system analysis, methodology, and system design of
both the existing manual system and the proposed system.

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Chapter Four: This chapter deals system implementation and documentation of the new system,
which includes the tools, software and hardware requirement of the new system, system testing
and maintenance of the new system are also disused here.

Chapter Five: This chapter summarizes the entire project as well as drawing conclusion and
recommendations from the project.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

In the literature review we consider and examine the work done by other scholars and
researchers who have broached on this particular topic (Hotel Management Information System).

2.1 Introduction

The hospitality industry is increasingly leveraging technology to streamline operations, improve

customer satisfaction, and enhance business efficiency. Among the key technological
innovations in this sector is the Hotel Management System (HMS). HMS refers to an integrated
software solution designed to manage various aspects of hotel operations, ranging from front-
desk tasks like guest check-ins to backend processes such as inventory control and financial
management. With the evolution of the internet and cloud-based technologies, traditional HMS

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systems have advanced from desktop-based software to web-based platforms, offering
significant advantages in terms of accessibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.

In recent years, the use of web-based hotel management systems has become increasingly
common due to their ability to manage a wide array of hotel functions seamlessly over the
internet. This shift to web-based solutions allows hotel staff and management to access critical
operational data from any location, using devices such as laptops, tablets, or smartphones. The
ability to operate in real-time ensures faster decision-making, smoother guest experiences, and
efficient resource allocation.

The deployment of web-based HMS is especially critical in a dynamic and competitive market,
where customer expectations for efficiency, convenience, and personalized service are growing
rapidly. According to Sharma (2018), customer loyalty in the hospitality sector is increasingly
tied to the quality of service provided, which in turn is dependent on the efficient use of hotel
management systems.

Despite the growing adoption of web-based HMS globally, there are unique challenges faced in
developing countries, particularly in Nigeria. Afolabi and Adeyemo (2021) note that many
Nigerian hotels still rely on manual systems due to a combination of financial constraints, poor
internet infrastructure, and limited technical expertise. As a result, these hotels often struggle
with inefficiencies such as overbooking, delayed customer services, and inconsistent billing
practices, which can negatively impact customer satisfaction and operational profitability.

This chapter delves into the literature on web-based hotel management systems, covering their
development, key components, benefits, and challenges. The aim is to provide a comprehensive
understanding of how these systems have evolved, the technologies involved, and the specific
considerations for implementing such systems in the Nigerian context. By reviewing existing
studies, this chapter lays the foundation for the subsequent design and implementation of a web-
based HMS tailored to the needs of The Polytechnic Ile-Ife and similar institutions in developing
regions.

The chapter begins by tracing the historical development of HMS from standalone systems to
cloud-based solutions and highlights how the transition to web-based systems has addressed
many of the limitations of traditional software. It then discusses the various components that

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make up an effective HMS and explores the tangible benefits these systems provide, such as
improved customer experience, cost savings, and enhanced data management. The chapter also
addresses the unique challenges of implementing HMS in Nigeria, including infrastructural
constraints, data security concerns, and resistance to change within hotel management structures.
Finally, the review concludes by identifying future trends in HMS, particularly the integration of
emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to further enhance
the capabilities of these systems.

2.2 Evolution of Hotel Management Systems

The development of Hotel Management Systems (HMS) has seen significant advancements over
the years, evolving from simple manual processes to sophisticated, fully automated web-based
platforms. Initially, hotels managed their operations using paper-based systems, which were
time-consuming, prone to errors, and difficult to scale as hotels grew larger or more complex. As
technology advanced, hotels began adopting desktop-based systems, which allowed for more
efficient record-keeping but still faced limitations in terms of flexibility, accessibility, and
scalability.

The first major breakthrough came with the introduction of local area network (LAN)-based
systems, which allowed multiple users within the hotel to access shared databases from different
terminals. However, these systems required significant upfront investments in hardware and
software, as well as ongoing maintenance, which made them impractical for smaller hotels.
Furthermore, the data in these systems could only be accessed on-site, which limited their
usefulness for multi-property hotel chains or hotel managers who needed access to information
while off-site.

With the rise of the internet and cloud computing in the late 2000s and early 2010s, there was a
significant shift towards web-based hotel management systems. These systems allowed hotel
operations to be managed over the internet, providing a range of benefits compared to earlier
solutions. Web-based HMS platforms offered the flexibility of accessing the system from any
device with internet connectivity, enabling hotel staff and management to work remotely or
across multiple properties in real time.

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Kumar and Chandran (2020) emphasize that this shift was primarily driven by the growing need
for hotels to operate in a more agile and responsive manner. The ability to make real-time
updates, manage multiple properties from a centralized system, and integrate with third-party
services like online travel agencies (OTAs) and payment gateways gave hotels a competitive
edge in an increasingly globalized industry. The integration of web-based HMS with external
systems also allowed for real-time room availability updates, which reduced the risk of
overbooking, a common problem in manually managed or desktop-based systems.

Another factor driving the evolution of HMS was the rising demand for personalized guest
experiences. As customers became more accustomed to digital services and e-commerce, they
began to expect similar levels of convenience and customization from hotels. According to Desai
(2021), web-based HMS systems enabled hotels to collect and analyze customer data more
effectively, allowing for tailored marketing efforts, personalized offers, and enhanced guest
services based on individual preferences. This use of big data to improve customer experience
became a crucial factor in the success of modern hotels.

In Nigeria, the adoption of web-based hotel management systems has been slower than in more
developed markets due to challenges such as limited internet infrastructure and the high cost of
implementation for small- to medium-sized hotels. However, Ogbogbo and Ahmed (2020) note
that larger hotel chains and those located in major cities like Lagos and Abuja have increasingly
embraced web-based solutions to remain competitive in the growing hospitality industry. They
argue that, despite the initial costs, the long-term benefits in terms of operational efficiency and
guest satisfaction make web-based HMS a valuable investment for hotels of all sizes.

Cloud-based HMS platforms have further simplified the process of implementation by

eliminating the need for expensive on-site servers and IT teams. Instead, hotels can now
subscribe to software-as-a-service (SaaS) models, where they pay for the use of the system on a
monthly or annual basis, allowing them to scale up or down depending on their needs. This
pricing model has made it easier for smaller hotels to access the same advanced features as their
larger competitors, leveling the playing field in the hospitality industry.

One of the key innovations that Karthikeyan and Das (2019) highlight in the evolution of HMS is
the integration of mobile technology. With the rise of smartphones and tablets, hotel staff can

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now use mobile devices to check guests in and out, manage housekeeping schedules, and handle
guest requests on the go. This mobility has increased the overall efficiency of hotel operations, as
staff are no longer tied to a desk or stationary terminal.

Despite the many advantages of web-based HMS, Nneka and Duru (2021) caution that the
successful adoption of these systems depends on several factors, including the availability of
reliable internet connections, staff training, and cybersecurity measures. In Nigeria, poor internet
infrastructure in rural areas can pose significant challenges for hotels seeking to adopt web-based
systems. Additionally, many hotel staff may lack the necessary technical skills to operate these
systems effectively, leading to resistance to change or inefficient use of the software. To address
these issues, Okoye and Adebanjo (2020) recommend comprehensive training programs and the
adoption of user-friendly interfaces to ensure a smooth transition to web-based HMS.

Looking forward, the evolution of hotel management systems is expected to continue, with new
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning being integrated into HMS
to provide even greater levels of automation and personalization. Adewale and Omotayo (2022)
predict that AI-driven systems will allow hotels to anticipate guest needs, automate repetitive
tasks, and provide real-time insights into operational performance, further transforming the way
hotels are managed.

2.3 Components of Web-Based Hotel Management Systems (Expanded)

A web-based hotel management system (HMS) is comprised of several interrelated components

that work together to streamline hotel operations, enhance guest services, and optimize overall
management. Each component plays a critical role in ensuring the seamless functioning of the
hotel, from booking and front-desk services to backend tasks such as accounting, inventory
management, and reporting. This section explores the key components of a typical web-based
HMS and highlights how they contribute to operational efficiency and guest satisfaction.

2.3.1 Reservation and Booking Management

One of the most essential components of a web-based HMS is the reservation and booking
management system, which handles all aspects of room reservations, both online and offline.
This module allows guests to book rooms through the hotel’s website, third-party Online Travel

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Agencies (OTAs), or directly through phone or email. Adeniran (2020) emphasizes the
importance of this component in ensuring seamless coordination between different booking
channels, avoiding overbooking, and maximizing room occupancy rates.

Through integration with channel managers, web-based HMS systems can synchronize room
availability across multiple booking platforms in real-time. This prevents the risk of double
bookings and ensures that room inventory is always up to date. Additionally, modern reservation
systems often come with features like dynamic pricing, which allows hotels to adjust room rates
based on demand, special events, or seasonal trends. This helps hotels optimize their revenue, a
practice that Okoro (2019) refers to as "revenue management."

For Nigerian hotels, which may have limited access to sophisticated pricing algorithms or
advanced revenue management tools, Ogundipe and Awobode (2021) suggest that even simple
integration of basic reservation features can significantly improve efficiency. They argue that
many Nigerian hotels still rely on manual booking processes, which are prone to human error,
and that adopting even a basic web-based system would dramatically reduce these risks.

2.3.2 Front Desk and Housekeeping Management

The front desk is the heart of a hotel’s operations, and an efficient front desk management
module is essential for handling guest check-ins, check-outs, room assignments, and billing.
With a web-based HMS, front desk staff can quickly access real-time information about room
availability, guest preferences, and reservations. This not only speeds up the check-in and check-
out process but also improves the guest experience by offering personalized services.

Additionally, this module usually includes a housekeeping management system that helps staff
keep track of room cleaning schedules, maintenance requests, and the overall status of rooms.
Adewole and Babalola (2022) note that this component is particularly useful in ensuring smooth
communication between the front desk and housekeeping staff. For example, as soon as a guest
checks out, housekeeping can be automatically alerted to clean the room, making it available for
new guests more quickly. In larger hotels, this system can also help assign housekeeping tasks
more efficiently, based on the availability and workload of individual staff members.

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2.3.3 Point of Sale (POS) and Billing System

The Point of Sale (POS) and billing system within a web-based HMS manages all transactions
within the hotel, including room charges, restaurant bills, minibar usage, and any additional
services like spa treatments or room service. This system ensures that all charges are accurately
recorded and reflected in the guest's final bill upon checkout. According to Ibrahim and Balogun
(2020), the POS system is crucial for ensuring that all guest expenses are tracked, preventing
revenue leakage, and ensuring that the hotel’s financial records are accurate.

For hotels in Nigeria, many of which operate on tight margins, an integrated POS and billing
system can help streamline accounting processes and improve cash flow management.
Furthermore, this component often supports multiple payment methods, including cash, credit
cards, and mobile payments, which is particularly important in countries like Nigeria, where
mobile payment solutions are becoming increasingly popular. Amadi (2021) points out that the
flexibility to accept various payment methods enhances guest convenience and satisfaction.

2.3.4 Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

The Customer Relationship Management (CRM) module is an integral part of any modern web-
based HMS, as it allows hotels to collect and manage guest data, enabling personalized service
and targeted marketing. A CRM system can track guest preferences, past stays, special requests,
and feedback, which helps the hotel provide more tailored services. For example, if a guest
prefers a particular room or type of pillow, this information can be automatically stored and
retrieved for their next visit.

Sharma (2019) emphasizes the growing importance of CRM in enhancing customer loyalty, as
personalized services lead to higher guest satisfaction and repeat business. In the Nigerian
context, Ogunbiyi and Adebayo (2021) observe that many local hotels have yet to fully embrace
CRM systems, often due to a lack of understanding of the potential benefits. However, those that
have implemented CRM tools have reported improvements in customer retention and
satisfaction.

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2.3.5 Inventory and Procurement Management

Efficient inventory management is critical for controlling costs and ensuring that the hotel has
the necessary supplies to meet guest demands. A web-based inventory and procurement
management system tracks stock levels, manages suppliers, and automates the reordering process
for essential items like linens, toiletries, and food and beverages. By keeping an accurate record
of inventory levels, hotels can avoid both stock shortages and overstocking, which can tie up
capital unnecessarily.

Desai (2020) highlights that inventory management is particularly important for larger hotels or
those with multiple departments, such as restaurants, bars, and event spaces. Without an
integrated system, it can be difficult to maintain oversight of stock levels across different areas of
the hotel. For Nigerian hotels, where supply chains can sometimes be unpredictable due to
logistical challenges, Afolabi and Omolayo (2021) recommend using an automated procurement
system to ensure timely reordering and avoid stockouts.

2.3.6 Reporting and Analytics

A key advantage of modern web-based HMS platforms is their ability to generate detailed
reports and analytics on various aspects of hotel operations. These reports can cover occupancy
rates, revenue per available room (RevPAR), customer demographics, and more. This
information is crucial for hotel managers to make data-driven decisions that improve operational
efficiency, enhance guest experiences, and optimize revenue. According to Eze and Chukwuma
(2021), reporting and analytics tools can help Nigerian hotels identify trends and opportunities
for growth, as well as areas where they may be underperforming.

Moreover, advanced analytics can help hotels forecast future demand, allowing them to adjust
pricing and staffing levels accordingly. This predictive capability is particularly useful in the
Nigerian hospitality industry, where seasonal fluctuations in tourism can significantly impact
demand.

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2.3.7 Security and Data Privacy

In an era where data breaches and cyberattacks are increasingly common, security and data
privacy have become essential components of any web-based HMS. Hotels collect and store
sensitive customer information, including payment details and personal preferences, making
them a target for cybercriminals. A robust web-based HMS includes features such as encryption,
two-factor authentication, and regular security updates to protect guest data.

Nneka and Duru (2021) stress that data security is often an overlooked aspect in the Nigerian
hospitality industry, where many hotels do not have adequate cybersecurity measures in place.
They argue that as more Nigerian hotels move towards web-based systems, it is essential that
they prioritize data security to protect both their guests and their reputation.

2.4 Benefits of Web-Based Hotel Management Systems (Expanded)

Web-based hotel management systems (HMS) offer numerous benefits to hotel operators,
improving overall efficiency, streamlining daily operations, and enhancing guest experiences. In
this section, we explore the key advantages of adopting web-based HMS, focusing on how these
systems help hotels increase productivity, reduce costs, and deliver superior customer service.
These benefits are particularly relevant for hotels in developing regions like Nigeria, where the
hospitality industry is rapidly evolving, and technological adoption is crucial for maintaining
competitiveness.

2.4.1 Accessibility and Remote Management

One of the most significant advantages of web-based HMS platforms is their accessibility from
any location, provided there is internet access. Unlike traditional on-premise systems, which
require hotel staff to be physically present at the property to manage operations, web-based
systems allow managers and staff to log in from anywhere using a variety of devices, including
laptops, tablets, and smartphones. This flexibility is invaluable, particularly for hotel chains with
multiple properties or managers who need to oversee operations remotely.

Adewale and Omotayo (2022) highlight the importance of remote access for Nigerian hotels,
where management may need to oversee multiple properties across different cities. For example,
a hotel owner in Lagos can monitor operations at a second property in Abuja without needing to

20
be physically present. This feature not only improves operational efficiency but also enhances
decision-making by providing real-time access to critical data on room occupancy, bookings, and
financial performance.

Additionally, remote access allows hotel staff to stay connected and respond to guest needs more
quickly. Front-desk personnel can handle reservations, check-ins, and check-outs from any
internet-enabled device, ensuring smooth operations even during peak hours or staff shortages.
Ogundipe and Awobode (2021) argue that this increased mobility is especially beneficial for
small- and medium-sized hotels in Nigeria, where staffing can be limited, and employees often
need to multitask.

2.4.2 Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability

Web-based hotel management systems are typically more cost-effective than traditional on-
premise systems, as they eliminate the need for expensive hardware installations, ongoing
maintenance, and dedicated IT staff. Instead, most web-based HMS platforms operate on a
Software as a Service (SaaS) model, where hotels pay a subscription fee based on the number of
users or the features required. This pricing model allows hotels to scale their systems according
to their needs, making web-based HMS accessible to both small boutique hotels and large chains.

For hotels in Nigeria, where financial resources may be constrained, the SaaS model offers a
more affordable entry point into advanced hotel management technology. According to Adewole
and Babalola (2022), many smaller hotels in Nigeria are beginning to adopt web-based systems
due to their lower upfront costs and the ability to pay monthly or annually, based on usage. This
scalability also means that hotels can easily expand their HMS as they grow, adding new features
or increasing the number of users without needing to invest in costly infrastructure upgrades.

Moreover, web-based systems typically receive automatic updates from the software provider,
ensuring that the hotel is always using the latest version of the software without incurring
additional upgrade fees. Desai (2020) points out that this is particularly advantageous for hotels
in regions like Nigeria, where the cost and complexity of maintaining on-premise IT systems can
be prohibitive.

2.4.3 Improved Efficiency and Automation

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One of the primary goals of any HMS is to improve the efficiency of hotel operations by
automating routine tasks, reducing manual workloads, and minimizing the risk of human error.
Web-based HMS platforms offer a high level of automation across various functions, including
booking and reservations, guest check-ins and check-outs, housekeeping management, billing,
and inventory control.

For instance, automated booking systems eliminate the need for manual entry of reservations,
reducing the likelihood of errors such as double bookings or missed reservations. Similarly, the
automation of housekeeping schedules ensures that rooms are cleaned and prepared promptly for
incoming guests, which directly contributes to guest satisfaction. Okoye and Adebanjo (2020)
note that many Nigerian hotels struggle with inefficiencies due to manual processes, and the
adoption of web-based HMS can help them operate more smoothly, particularly during peak
seasons when demand is high.

Another area where web-based HMS improves efficiency is in reporting and analytics. These
systems automatically generate reports on occupancy rates, revenue, guest preferences, and
operational costs, providing hotel management with valuable insights to make informed
decisions. Ogunbiyi and Adebayo (2021) emphasize that data-driven decision-making is
becoming increasingly important for hotels in Nigeria as they seek to optimize their operations
and compete in a growing hospitality market.

2.4.4 Enhanced Guest Experience and Personalization

The adoption of a web-based HMS can significantly enhance the guest experience by enabling
hotels to offer faster, more personalized services. Through integration with customer relationship
management (CRM) tools, web-based HMS platforms allow hotels to collect and analyze guest
data, including preferences, special requests, and booking history. This information can be used
to tailor services to individual guests, improving satisfaction and encouraging repeat business.

For example, if a guest prefers a particular type of room or requests extra amenities during
previous stays, the HMS can automatically flag this information for future visits, allowing the
hotel to anticipate and meet the guest’s needs. According to Sharma (2019), this level of
personalization is increasingly expected by modern travelers, and hotels that fail to provide it
may lose out to competitors who can deliver more customized services.

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Nneka and Duru (2021) argue that personalization is especially important in Nigeria's luxury
hotel market, where high-end guests expect VIP treatment. Web-based HMS systems enable
hotels to offer this personalized service more efficiently, even in cases where staff turnover or
high guest volumes would otherwise make it difficult to maintain a personal touch.

Additionally, web-based HMS platforms support multi-channel communication, allowing guests

to interact with the hotel through various mediums such as email, chat, or mobile apps. This
convenience improves the overall guest experience by enabling quick responses to inquiries,
requests, or complaints, and it allows hotels to resolve issues before they negatively impact the
guest’s stay.

2.4.5 Real-Time Data and Analytics

One of the most valuable aspects of a web-based HMS is its ability to provide real-time data on
hotel performance, operations, and guest behavior. With access to up-to-the-minute information,
hotel managers can make better, more informed decisions. For example, managers can track
occupancy rates and adjust pricing or promotional strategies in real-time to capitalize on high
demand or respond to sudden changes in the market.

Okoro (2019) discusses the importance of real-time data for revenue management, particularly in
the highly competitive hospitality industry. Web-based HMS platforms often come with built-in
analytics tools that allow hotels to monitor key performance indicators (KPIs), such as average
daily rate (ADR), revenue per available room (RevPAR), and customer satisfaction scores. These
insights help hotels identify trends, optimize resource allocation, and develop strategies to
improve both short-term performance and long-term growth.

For Nigerian hotels, where the ability to respond quickly to market fluctuations is critical, real-
time reporting can provide a significant competitive advantage. Eze and Chukwuma (2021)
highlight that this is particularly relevant in areas like Lagos and Abuja, where tourism and
business travel demand can shift rapidly due to events, conferences, or political changes. By
leveraging real-time data, hotels can stay agile and adjust their operations to maximize revenue.

2.4.6 Enhanced Security and Compliance

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Web-based HMS platforms are designed with advanced security features to protect sensitive
guest data, financial transactions, and hotel information. In an era of growing concerns about
data breaches and cyberattacks, security is a critical aspect of any hotel management system.
Features like data encryption, firewalls, two-factor authentication, and regular security updates
are commonly included in web-based HMS platforms to ensure that hotel and guest data are
protected from unauthorized access.

Nneka and Duru (2021) caution that Nigerian hotels, particularly smaller or independent
properties, may not always prioritize cybersecurity due to limited awareness or resources.
However, with the increasing digitization of hotel operations, ensuring the security of guest data
is essential to maintaining trust and compliance with data protection regulations, such as the
Nigeria Data Protection Regulation (NDPR).

Additionally, web-based systems help hotels comply with local regulations by providing audit
trails, accurate financial reporting, and tax calculations. These features reduce the risk of non-
compliance and ensure that hotels meet their legal obligations efficiently.

2.5 Challenges in the Adoption of Web-Based Hotel Management Systems

Despite the numerous benefits that web-based hotel management systems (HMS) offer, the
adoption and implementation of these systems come with several challenges, particularly in
regions like Nigeria, where infrastructural and socio-economic factors may create obstacles. In
this section, we explore some of the key challenges that hotels face when attempting to
implement web-based HMS and discuss how these barriers can affect hotel operations and
overall success.

2.5.1 Internet Connectivity Issues

One of the primary challenges in adopting web-based HMS platforms, particularly in developing
countries like Nigeria, is the lack of reliable internet connectivity. Web-based systems rely on
continuous internet access to function efficiently, and any disruptions in the connection can lead

24
to operational delays or system downtimes. Akinyemi and Obafemi (2020) highlight that many
hotels in Nigeria, especially those located in rural or remote areas, struggle with inconsistent
internet coverage, making it difficult to implement and maintain a web-based system.

Even in urban areas, where internet services are generally more reliable, bandwidth limitations
and frequent outages can hinder the performance of web-based HMS platforms. These
disruptions can affect critical hotel functions such as room reservations, check-ins, and payment
processing, leading to customer dissatisfaction and loss of revenue. Ogunbiyi and Adebayo
(2021) argue that for hotels in Nigeria to fully benefit from web-based systems, there must be
significant improvements in the country’s telecommunications infrastructure.

One potential solution to this challenge is the use of offline functionality in web-based systems,
allowing hotels to continue operating even when internet access is temporarily unavailable.
Some HMS platforms offer this feature, enabling staff to manage reservations and other tasks
offline and then sync the data when the connection is restored. However, not all web-based
systems have this capability, and hotels need to carefully evaluate their software choices based
on local connectivity conditions.

2.5.2 High Initial Costs and Limited Financial Resources

While web-based HMS platforms generally offer lower upfront costs than traditional on-premise
systems, the initial investment required to implement these platforms can still be a barrier for
many hotels, particularly small and medium-sized establishments. Adewale and Omotayo (2022)
note that in Nigeria, where many hotels operate on tight budgets, the cost of purchasing hardware
(such as computers and tablets) and subscribing to a reliable HMS platform can be prohibitively
expensive.

In addition to subscription fees, hotels may need to invest in staff training, system customization,
and integration with existing hotel processes, all of which add to the overall cost. Adewole and
Babalola (2022) highlight that smaller hotels, in particular, may struggle to allocate sufficient
resources for these expenses, making it difficult for them to adopt web-based HMS solutions.

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Financial constraints also limit the ability of Nigerian hotels to access high-end systems with
advanced features such as customer relationship management (CRM), data analytics, or revenue
management tools. As a result, many hotels are forced to opt for basic systems that may not fully
meet their needs or offer the scalability required for future growth.

To mitigate these financial challenges, Okoro (2019) suggests that government initiatives or
partnerships with technology providers could help subsidize the cost of HMS platforms for
smaller hotels, making these systems more accessible and affordable.

2.5.3 Lack of Technical Skills and Expertise

The successful implementation and use of web-based HMS platforms require hotel staff to
possess a certain level of technical expertise, including familiarity with computer systems, cloud-
based platforms, and data security protocols. However, many hotels in Nigeria, especially
smaller or independent establishments, may lack staff with the necessary technical skills to
effectively manage and maintain a web-based system. Ogundipe and Awobode (2021) note that
limited IT literacy among hotel staff is a significant challenge in the adoption of modern
technology solutions.

Training programs are essential to equip staff with the skills needed to operate web-based HMS
platforms, but such programs require both time and financial investment. Some hotels may find it
difficult to provide this training, particularly if they experience high staff turnover, which is
common in the hospitality industry. Moreover, Adebanjo (2020) argues that even when staff are
trained, there is often a steep learning curve in adapting to new systems, and it may take time
before hotels fully realize the benefits of their investment.

In response to this challenge, Ogunbiyi and Adebayo (2021) recommend that HMS vendors offer
comprehensive support and training packages tailored to the needs of Nigerian hotels. By
providing ongoing support, vendors can help hotels overcome technical challenges and ensure
that the systems are used effectively.

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2.5.4 Resistance to Change

Resistance to adopting new technology is a common challenge in many industries, and the
hospitality sector is no exception. Resistance to change can manifest at various levels of a hotel’s
operations, from management to frontline staff, and may stem from concerns about the
complexity of the system, fear of job loss due to automation, or general discomfort with
technology. Okoye and Adebanjo (2020) point out that in Nigeria, where many hotels are
accustomed to traditional, manual methods of operation, there may be significant resistance to
transitioning to a web-based HMS.

In some cases, hotel management may be reluctant to invest in new technology due to a
perceived lack of immediate returns, while staff may resist the change because they are
unfamiliar with the system and fear that it will increase their workload. Adeniran (2020)
emphasizes that effective change management strategies are essential to overcoming this
resistance. These strategies may include involving staff in the decision-making process,
providing clear communication about the benefits of the new system, and offering adequate
training and support to ease the transition.

2.5.5 Data Security and Privacy Concerns

The shift to web-based HMS platforms introduces data security and privacy challenges,
particularly in regions where cybersecurity awareness and infrastructure may be lacking. Web-
based systems store vast amounts of sensitive information, including guest details, financial
transactions, and hotel operational data, making them attractive targets for cybercriminals. Nneka
and Duru (2021) highlight that many hotels in Nigeria are vulnerable to data breaches due to
inadequate cybersecurity measures and a lack of awareness about the importance of protecting
digital assets.

Data breaches not only result in financial losses but also damage a hotel’s reputation and erode
guest trust. Ensuring the security of guest data is especially important in the context of
compliance with the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation (NDPR), which mandates that
organizations handling personal data implement adequate security measures to prevent
unauthorized access, data leaks, and breaches.

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Hotels that adopt web-based HMS platforms must invest in robust security features such as
encryption, firewalls, two-factor authentication, and regular system updates to protect their data.
However, as Afolabi and Omolayo (2021) point out, many smaller hotels may lack the technical
expertise or financial resources to implement these security measures effectively. HMS vendors
can play a crucial role by offering secure platforms that are compliant with data protection
regulations and providing ongoing support to ensure that hotels are adequately protected.

2.5.6 Customization and Integration Challenges

Another challenge faced by hotels adopting web-based HMS platforms is the lack of
customization and integration with existing systems. Each hotel has its unique processes,
workflows, and operational requirements, and a one-size-fits-all HMS solution may not meet
these needs. Sharma (2019) argues that many web-based systems are designed with larger,
international hotel chains in mind, and may not offer the level of customization required by
smaller or independent hotels, particularly in markets like Nigeria.

In addition, hotels often rely on multiple software systems to manage different aspects of their
operations, such as accounting, inventory, and point-of-sale (POS) systems. Okoro (2019)
emphasizes that the ability to integrate these systems with a new web-based HMS is essential to
ensuring seamless operations. However, integration challenges can arise when the new system is
incompatible with the hotel’s existing software, leading to inefficiencies and operational
disruptions.

To address these challenges, hotels need to carefully evaluate HMS platforms to ensure they
offer the flexibility and compatibility required for their specific needs. Adewole and Babalola
(2022) recommend that Nigerian hotels work closely with software vendors to ensure that the
system can be customized to their preferences and integrated with their existing infrastructure.

2.6 Current Trends in Hotel Management Systems

The rapid evolution of technology is reshaping how hotels operate, manage their services, and
engage with customers. As the hospitality industry becomes increasingly digitized, several key
trends are emerging in the development and implementation of hotel management systems

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(HMS). These trends reflect a growing emphasis on guest experience, operational efficiency, and
the adoption of cutting-edge technologies to improve the way hotels manage their day-to-day
activities. In this section, we explore some of the most significant trends in HMS and their
implications for the future of hotel management.

2.6.1 Cloud-Based Hotel Management Systems

One of the most prominent trends in hotel management is the widespread shift towards cloud-
based HMS. Cloud computing offers a range of benefits that traditional on-premise systems
cannot match, such as scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Unlike on-premise solutions
that require local hardware and maintenance, cloud-based systems operate on remote servers,
allowing hotels to access their management tools from any location with an internet connection.

According to Adewale and Omotayo (2022), the adoption of cloud-based HMS is gaining
traction in Nigeria, particularly among small and medium-sized hotels that cannot afford the high
upfront costs of traditional systems. These hotels benefit from the pay-as-you-go pricing models
typically offered by cloud-based providers, which enable them to scale their systems as their
business grows without significant capital investment.

Cloud-based HMS platforms also offer real-time data access, enabling hotel managers to monitor
operations, track bookings, and manage inventory remotely. This is especially useful for hotel
chains or properties with multiple locations. Okoye and Adebanjo (2020) note that many
Nigerian hotels are turning to cloud-based systems to streamline their operations, as these
platforms provide the flexibility needed to manage a dynamic and competitive market.

2.6.2 Integration with Mobile Technology

Mobile technology is transforming the way hotels interact with guests and manage their internal
processes. The integration of HMS with mobile devices is one of the fastest-growing trends in
the hospitality industry, enabling hotel staff to perform a wide range of tasks on-the-go. Mobile-
enabled HMS platforms allow hotel managers and employees to manage bookings, monitor guest
check-ins and check-outs, and access performance reports directly from their smartphones or
tablets.

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For guests, the use of mobile technology enhances the guest experience by offering greater
convenience and personalized services. Features such as mobile check-in and check-out, digital
room keys, and mobile concierge services allow guests to enjoy a seamless and contactless hotel
experience. Sharma (2019) points out that mobile technology is becoming a key differentiator for
hotels that want to provide modern, tech-savvy customers with a more convenient and efficient
stay.

In Nigeria, the proliferation of smartphones and increasing internet penetration have led to a
growing demand for mobile-integrated hotel services. Afolabi and Omolayo (2021) observe that
Nigerian hotels are beginning to adopt mobile technologies that enable guests to book rooms,
request services, and make payments through mobile apps, providing them with greater
autonomy and control over their hotel experience.

2.6.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into hotel management
systems is another emerging trend that is transforming how hotels operate. AI-powered tools can
automate routine tasks, analyze large datasets, and provide actionable insights to improve
decision-making processes. For example, AI-driven chatbots can handle customer inquiries,
process bookings, and provide personalized recommendations to guests based on their
preferences and past behaviors.

Machine learning algorithms are increasingly being used to enhance revenue management by
predicting demand fluctuations, optimizing room pricing strategies, and maximizing occupancy
rates. These tools analyze historical data, market trends, and guest behavior patterns to help
hotels make data-driven decisions that improve profitability.

Eze and Chukwuma (2021) highlight that while AI adoption is still in its early stages in Nigeria,
there is growing interest in using AI and ML technologies to improve hotel operations and
enhance guest experiences. Larger hotel chains in urban areas, such as Lagos and Abuja, are
beginning to invest in AI-powered HMS platforms to gain a competitive edge by offering more
personalized services and improving operational efficiency.

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2.6.4 Contactless Technology

In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for contactless technology in hotels
has surged, as both guests and staff prioritize health and safety. Contactless solutions allow
guests to perform tasks such as check-in, check-out, and room service requests without physical
interaction with hotel staff, reducing the risk of virus transmission.

Contactless payment methods, such as mobile payments, credit card taps, and digital wallets, are
also becoming increasingly popular in hotels worldwide. According to Adebanjo (2020),
Nigerian hotels have started implementing contactless solutions, particularly in high-end hotels
and resorts that cater to international guests. This technology not only enhances the guest
experience by providing greater convenience but also reduces the need for physical handling of
cash or credit cards, which can be time-consuming and error-prone.

Hotels are also investing in contactless room entry systems, such as keyless entry using
smartphones or wearable devices. Sharma (2019) argues that contactless technology is becoming
an essential component of hotel management systems, and its adoption is likely to continue
growing, particularly as travelers increasingly expect a safe and frictionless experience.

2.6.5 Internet of Things (IoT) Integration

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing hotel management by enabling the integration of
smart devices and sensors into hotel operations. IoT technology allows hotels to automate and
optimize various functions, such as energy management, security, and guest room amenities. For
example, IoT-enabled smart thermostats can adjust room temperatures based on guest
preferences, while smart lighting systems can automatically turn off lights when a room is
unoccupied, reducing energy consumption.

IoT devices can also enhance security by integrating with surveillance systems, access control,
and alarm systems. Smart locks, for instance, can be monitored and controlled remotely,
providing hotel managers with real-time information about room access and security breaches.

Okoye and Adebanjo (2020) note that IoT adoption in Nigerian hotels is still in its infancy, but
there is growing interest in smart technologies that can improve operational efficiency and guest
comfort. As IoT technology becomes more affordable and accessible, Nigerian hotels are

31
expected to adopt more IoT-enabled systems to automate routine tasks and reduce operational
costs.

2.6.6 Block chain for Secure Transactions

Block chain technology, initially popularized by cryptocurrencies, is now being explored for its
potential applications in hotel management systems. Block chain offers secure, transparent, and
tamper-proof transactions, making it an ideal solution for managing hotel reservations, payments,
and loyalty programs.

By using block chain, hotels can provide guests with decentralized and secure booking systems,
where personal information and payment details are protected from fraud and data breaches.
Additionally, block chain can streamline loyalty programs by allowing guests to earn and redeem
rewards across multiple properties without the need for intermediaries.

Nneka and Duru (2021) suggest that while block chain adoption in Nigerian hotels is still in its
early stages, the technology holds significant promise for improving the security and
transparency of financial transactions. As concerns about data privacy and cybersecurity grow,
more hotels are expected to explore block chain solutions to enhance trust and security in their
operations.

2.7 Importance of Web-Based Hotel Management Systems in Modern Hospitality

The growing adoption of web-based hotel management systems (HMS) reflects their pivotal role
in modernizing hotel operations and improving guest experiences. In the contemporary
hospitality industry, competition is fierce, and hotels must provide seamless, efficient, and
personalized services to stay ahead. Web-based HMS platforms have emerged as critical tools
for addressing these needs, offering a range of benefits that make them indispensable in the
management of hotels, especially in markets like Nigeria where the industry is evolving rapidly.

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2.7.1 Streamlined Operations and Improved Efficiency

One of the most significant advantages of web-based HMS platforms is their ability to streamline
hotel operations, improving efficiency and reducing operational complexity. Traditional hotel
management often involves manual processes that can be time-consuming, prone to errors, and
inefficient. Web-based systems automate many of these processes, such as room reservations,
guest check-ins and check-outs, housekeeping management, and billing.

By automating routine tasks, hotels can reduce the administrative burden on staff, allowing them
to focus on more value-added activities such as improving guest services. For example, Adewale
and Omotayo (2022) point out that many Nigerian hotels are using web-based systems to
automate their front desk operations, resulting in shorter wait times for guests and improved
customer satisfaction.

In addition to improving the efficiency of daily operations, web-based HMS platforms offer
centralized control over various aspects of hotel management. Hotels with multiple branches or
properties can manage their operations from a single dashboard, making it easier to track
performance, monitor inventory, and ensure consistency across all locations.

2.7.2 Enhanced Guest Experience and Personalization

In today’s competitive hospitality landscape, the guest experience is a key differentiator that can
determine a hotel’s success. Web-based HMS platforms enable hotels to deliver more
personalized services by leveraging guest data and preferences. Through integrated customer
relationship management (CRM) tools, these systems store valuable information about guests,
including their booking history, preferences, and special requests.

This data can be used to offer personalized services, such as customized room settings,
personalized recommendations for dining or activities, and tailored promotional offers. Sharma
(2019) argues that the ability to provide personalized services not only enhances the guest
experience but also fosters guest loyalty, leading to repeat bookings and positive reviews.

Moreover, web-based HMS platforms allow hotels to offer self-service options through online
booking portals or mobile apps, giving guests more control over their stay. For instance, guests
can book rooms, request services, or make changes to their reservations online, without the need

33
for direct interaction with hotel staff. This level of convenience is highly valued by modern
travelers and can significantly improve guest satisfaction.

2.7.3 Real-Time Data and Analytics for Better Decision-Making

One of the key strengths of web-based HMS platforms is their ability to provide real-time data
and analytics, which are crucial for informed decision-making. Hotel managers can access
detailed reports on various aspects of their operations, such as occupancy rates, revenue
generation, guest satisfaction, and staff performance. These insights allow managers to identify
trends, anticipate challenges, and make strategic decisions that improve overall performance.

For example, Okoye and Adebanjo (2020) highlight that real-time data helps hotels optimize
room pricing through dynamic pricing models, adjusting rates based on demand, seasonality, and
competitor pricing. This enables hotels to maximize revenue by offering competitive rates during
peak periods while avoiding underpricing during off-peak seasons.

In addition, web-based HMS platforms provide inventory management tools that allow hotels to
track supplies, monitor usage, and automatically reorder items when stock is low. This reduces
the risk of running out of essential supplies and ensures that the hotel operates smoothly without
disruptions.

2.7.4 Accessibility and Remote Management

The accessibility of web-based HMS platforms is a key factor driving their adoption. Because
these systems are hosted in the cloud, they can be accessed from any location with an internet
connection. This allows hotel managers and staff to monitor operations, respond to issues, and
make adjustments in real-time, even if they are off-site.

This remote management capability is particularly valuable for hotel chains or managers who
oversee multiple properties. For example, a manager responsible for several hotels can use a
web-based HMS to monitor the performance of each property, track bookings, and ensure that all
locations adhere to standard operating procedures. Adebanjo (2020) notes that this level of
flexibility enables hotel managers to stay connected to their business and make critical decisions
quickly, regardless of their physical location.

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Moreover, remote access ensures that hotels can continue to operate during emergencies or
unexpected disruptions, such as natural disasters or public health crises. During the COVID-19
pandemic, many hotels relied on web-based HMS platforms to manage operations remotely
while minimizing physical contact with staff and guests.

2.7.5 Cost Savings and Scalability

Another important benefit of web-based HMS platforms is their ability to offer significant cost
savings compared to traditional on premise systems. With traditional systems, hotels often need
to invest in expensive hardware, servers, and IT staff to maintain and update the system. In
contrast, web-based systems are typically offered as Software as a Service (SaaS), where hotels
pay a subscription fee to access the platform.

This subscription model reduces the need for large upfront investments and allows hotels to pay
for only the features they need. As a result, web-based systems are particularly attractive to small
and medium-sized hotels, which may not have the financial resources to invest in complex IT
infrastructure. Akinyemi and Obafemi (2020) highlight that many Nigerian hotels have adopted
web-based systems precisely because of their cost-effectiveness and lower maintenance
requirements.

In addition to reducing costs, web-based HMS platforms are highly scalable, meaning that hotels
can easily add new features or expand their system as their business grows. Whether a hotel
wants to increase the number of users, integrate new modules (such as a POS system or CRM),
or expand to new properties, web-based systems can be easily customized to accommodate these
changes without the need for significant technical upgrades.

2.7.6 Enhanced Security and Data Protection

Data security is a major concern for hotels, given the sensitive nature of the information they
handle, including guest details, payment information, and operational data. Web-based HMS
platforms are designed with robust security features to protect against data breaches, hacking,
and other cyber threats.

These systems use encryption to protect data both in transit and at rest, ensuring that
unauthorized users cannot access sensitive information. In addition, many platforms offer

35
features such as multi-factor authentication, firewalls, and regular security updates to safeguard
against emerging threats.

Nneka and Duru (2021) emphasize the importance of data security, particularly in regions like
Nigeria where cybersecurity infrastructure is still developing. By adopting web-based HMS
platforms with strong security measures, hotels can mitigate the risks of data breaches and
comply with data protection regulations, such as the Nigeria Data Protection Regulation
(NDPR).

2.7.7 Sustainability and Environmental Impact

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on sustainability in the hospitality industry, with
hotels looking for ways to reduce their environmental impact. Web-based HMS platforms can
support sustainability efforts by helping hotels manage resources more efficiently. For instance,
these systems can monitor energy usage, water consumption, and waste generation, allowing
hotels to identify areas where they can reduce consumption and minimize waste.

Additionally, web-based systems support paperless operations, as many processes—such as

bookings, invoicing, and guest communication—can be conducted digitally. By reducing their
reliance on paper-based processes, hotels can reduce their environmental footprint and contribute
to global sustainability efforts.

Afolabi and Omolayo (2021) note that as environmental concerns become increasingly important
to travelers, hotels that adopt sustainable practices through the use of technology are likely to
gain a competitive edge in attracting eco-conscious guests.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter we are taking a look at the management system, the processes,
methodology and the steps taken to create the system, we will evaluate the research methodology
and elaborate on the basic functionalities of our management system. This approach will be used
in order to overcome the challenges highlighted in the previous chapter.

The system is created as an interactive web-based application to replace the current

manual system of transaction. This Automated system requires full control on all hotel
operations or activities. It is essential due to the fact that the electronic means is more efficient in
utility than the manual system.

37
 The Project work will ensure reservation of hotel rooms, staff management, and resource
management. A “Use Case” scenario is the room search for room reservation. Users may face
difficulties searching between available and booked rooms, but the automated system would
search more efficiently with the proficient search algorithm. All details of the rooms are stored in
the database servers and can be retrieved or modified with very little stress. Another “Use Case”
is the accounts receivable and payable field of the F&A module. The accounts receivable simply
captures all funds coming-in with their sources and dates while the accounts payable displays the
money going-out of the organization with their destination. The business flow is quite simple;
however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the customer side and the hotel
side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.

With the HMIS (Hotel Management Information System), Restrictions and access levels
can be stipulated to prevent unauthorized or unwanted personnel from any point of operation i.e.
workers cannot have access to areas not pertaining to their roles as set by the administrator. The
administrator can also decide what operations can be carried out where on the application. For
example, a staff with the role “Housekeeping” should not be able to modify the schedule set for
him/her for the month by the House keeping Manager, and the catering staff should not have
access to the “cashier posting” of customer accommodation.

Staff Payroll can be generated and added to records with details from the staff record
(HR) and accounting computation.ie specific details from the staff record will be brought up
during the preparation of staff salaries and the gross and net pay will be calculated. The Assets
Register will enable record keeping of both the fixed asset and floating asset in the organization.

The project simply serves as an ERP (Enterprise resource planner/ Management System)
for the hotel organization and should function effectively if utilized properly.

3.2 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

In Order for the goals of the automated system to be achieved the design of the HMIS takes the
following into consideration:

38
 1. The system must make the hotel services fully known to the customer such as the room
details and pricing.
2. The system must be able to search databases or records to provide quick result based on
user query.
3. The system should ensure data consistency and no duplication of data no matter how
small.
4. The system must be accessed only by authorized persons and should indicate the user at
any point in time (User Authentication).
5. The design (Graphical) must be comprehendible and not clumsy to the user; easy to use,
and easy to understand.
6. The system should be able to generate reports and print out information on user demand.
7. The system must have access levels based on user roles such as Manager-Administrator-
Accountant-Other staff.
8. The system should generate primary keys in most cases unless specified by user, and the
unique keys should be visible.
9. The system must carry out only actions specified by the user (browse, modify, delete,
add).

3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN

This is the process and art of defining the Architecture, components, modules, interface, and data
for a system to satisfy specified requirements by the stakeholder or customer.

The Project is designed in phases to ensure that all necessary fields are covered in the
management of the Hotel system. The design entails room reservation which is a crucial aspect
of the system, administrator operations which control the entire system, and user activities (Other
Staff) and data retrieval.

39
3.3.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

User Login Staff

Manager Admin
Other
Staff

Front
Desk/Reception

Accommodation
Staff
Security
Records

Catering/ Food
Ordering

Finance &
Account

Admin &Gen.
Services

Figure 3.1 Data Flow diagram for Hotel Management System

40
3.3.2 PROJECT ARCHITECTURE

HIMS

Front Desk / Reception Accommodation Catering Finance & Accounts Admin & General Services

Customer Information
Add Hotel Room Food Ordering Schedule Staff Payroll System Personnel Staff Record
Maintenance

Customer Room Hotel Room

Restaurant & Bar Accounts Receivable Security
Reservation Maintenance

Housekeeping Schedule
Cashier Posting Accounts Payable
Assignment

Room Inventory Assets Register

Figure 3.2 Diagram of Hotel Management Information System Project Architecture

41
3.3.3 PROGRAM ACTIVITY

42
 Start

Authentication
For Admin
Password Invalid
Username &
Password

Is Password &
Username Valid

Yes

Choose Module

No No
Check In Customer Manage Rooms No No Admin & General
Catering/Food Delivery Finance & Account Mgt
(Reception) (Accommodation) Services

Yes
Customer Personnel Staff
Add Hotel Generate Staff
Information Catering Record
Room Payroll
Maintenance Maintenance

Addition Addition Addition Addition Saved

Successful Successful Successful Successful Successfully

Food Ordering Accounts

Hotel Room Security
Room Booking Schedule Receivable
Maintenance Maintenance
Maintenance

Addition Saved Addition Addition Addition

Successful Successfully Successful Successful Successful

Cashier House-keeping
Restaurant & Accounts
Posting schedule
Bar posting Receivable
Assignment Maintenance

Saved Saved Saved

Successfully Successfully Successfully Saved
Successfully

Room Inventory
Maintenace Assets
Register

Addition Addition
Successful Successful

Stop

Figure 3.3 Program activity for Hotel Management Information System Modules

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3.3.4 PROGRAM ACTIVITY FOR ONLINE BOOKING/RESERVATION

START

DISPLAY
HOTEL
SERVICES

PROMPT SYSTEM TO IS
PERFORM OPERATION
OPERATION

DISPLAY
RESERVATIO
N PAGE

ACCEPT ROOM
CHECK-IN AND
CHECK-OUT
DATE

SYSTEM CHECKS IF
SELECTED ROOM IS
AVAILABLE WITHIN
DATES

IS ROOM
NO WITHIN YES
ROOM DATE ACCEPT
SELECTED CUSTOMER’SDEPOSIT
NOT BASED ON
AVAILABLE CAPACITY

SAVE RESERVATION
INFORMATION FOR
THE CUSTOMER

SAVED SUCCESFULLY

STOP

44
 Figure 3.4: Program activity for reservation of rooms

Staff Records Maintenance

Hotel Room Maintenance Include Login

Director

Employee Payroll Include

Details Maintenance

Food Ordering And Delivery Include

Maintenance

House Keeping Schedule Include

Staff
Maintenance

Security/Maintenance

User

Figure 3.5: Use Case Diagram for the HIMS

3.3.5 Hotel Room Maintenance

45
 Figure 3.6 Use Case diagram for Hotel Room Maintenance

USE CASE DESCRIPTION FOR HOTEL ROOM MAINTENANCE

Use Case Name: Hotel Room Maintenance Module

Brief description: This case enables the director (Accommodation) to add a hotel room and
update the room information. It also aids frequent room status update whether room is vacant,
occupied, housekeeping, repairs etc.

Actor: Director

Actor Action System Response

User Selects “Room Maintenance” Display the Main-menu
Display sub-Menu: Add Room Number

46
 Display sub-Menu: Room Type Maintenance
Display sub-Menu: Room Rates Maintenance
Display sub-Menu: Room Status Maintenance

i. If the sub-menu selected is “Add Hotel Room”, The S-1 Add Hotel Room sub-flow is
performed.
ii. If the submenu selected is “Edit Hotel Room”, The S-2 Edit Hotel Room sub-flow is
performed.

Sub-Flows

S-1

The System will check on all data that user keys in the required field on data type, maximum
length, correct format, and a unique ID which does not allow any duplicate data. If all validation
is valid, then the operation will be successful otherwise an error message will be displayed.

S-2

The system will display all hotel room information in this module. When the director clicks on
the “edit” button of the selected field, all data will be post into the text or dropdown-list for the
director to update the record. The System will check on all data that user keys in the required
field on data type, maximum length, correct format, and unique ID which does not allow any
duplicate data. If no error occurs, the director is allowed to update the record and all information
will be updated.

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3.3.6 Payroll Generation

Figure 3.7 Use Case diagram for Employee Payroll Maintenance

USE CASE DESCRIPTION FOR EMPLOYEE PAYROLL DETAILS MAINTENECE

MODULE

USE CASE NAME: EMPLOYEE PAYROLL DETAILS MAINTENECE MODULE

BRIEF DESCRIPTION: This use case allows Accounting manager and staff to add and print
the entire company employee payroll records.

Actor: Accounting Manager and Staff.

Actor Action System Response

User Selects “Payroll” In the Finance & Display The main menu
Account Module Display sub-menu: Add payroll record and
print employee pay slip.

i. If the Sub-menu selected is “Add Payroll Record”, The S-1: Add payroll record sub-flow
is performed.
ii. If the Sub-menu selected is “Print Employee Pay slip”, The S-2: Print Employee Pay slip
sub- flow is performed.

Sub-Flows

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S-1

The Accounting Manager and staff are able to add all employee pay roll records by calculating
their monthly salary and allowance. They can add the employee records monthly or yearly.
Modification is needed when necessary fields need to be updated.

S-2

The accounting Manager and staff are able to print the employee pay slip by entering the desired
month and year and generate the report for printing.

Alternative Flows/Exceptional Flow

A-1 step S-1

When the accounting manager or staff is adding the employee payroll record, few fields are
required to be entered instead of calling from the database, such as month and year for the
employee salary. The data type must be entered correctly; else an error message will be
displayed to alert the user. An example is the basic allowance. The basic salary is stored on the
database based on the designation of the staff

A-2 Step S-2

When there is an empty textbox such as selected year in this module, the system will block the
update process and will display “The year field cannot be blank’ message to the user. Once the
format is valid it will be successfully updated.

3.3.7 Food Ordering Maintenance

49
 Figure 3.8 Use case diagram for food ordering and delivery

USE CASE DESCRIPTION FOR FOOD ORDERING AND DELIVERY

MAINTENANCE MODULE

Use Case Name: Food ordering and Delivery Maintenance Module

Brief Description: This use case allows Housekeeping Manager and Staff to view customer food
order and allows them to search for undelivered food, update the food delivery status and print
the customer’s order receipt.

Actor: Hose keeping Manager and Staff.

Actor Action System Response

User selects “Food Ordering” and Delivery Display the Main-menu
Maintenance Display Sub-menu: View Food-Ordering
Record, Update food Delivery Status and
Print Food Ordering Receipt.

50
 i. If the sub-menu selected is “view food ordering record’, The S-1: view food ordering
record sub-flow is performed.
ii. If the sub-menu selected is “Update food delivery status”, The S-2: Update food delivery
status sub-flow is performed.
iii. If the sub-menu selected is “Print Food Order receipt”, The S-3: Print Food Order receipt
sub-flow is performed.

Sub-Flows

S-1

View Food Ordering Record

Food ordering Manager and staff are able to view all customer food order. They can search or
filter customer order by delivery status. For undelivered order, they will prepare the customer
order and deliver it as soon as possible.

S-2

Update Food Delivery Status

When the food delivery staff has successfully delivered the customer order, he/she should update
the delivery status manually from undelivered to delivered.

S-3

Print Food Order Receipt

Before the food delivery staff should deliver the customer order, he/she should print out the
customer order receipt and collect the money from the customer on delivery.

51
Alternative Flow/Exceptional Flow

A-1 Step S-3

When the food delivery staff wishes to print the customer order receipt, the delivery staff should
enter the customer room ID, if the ID doesn’t exist or is entered in the wrong format, an error
message will be displayed to notify the user. If the delivery staff doesn’t enter any room ID a
message box with “Please fill in the Room ID” will be displayed.

3.3.8 House Keeping Maintenance

Figure 3.9 Use case diagram for Housekeeping Schedule Maintenance

52
USECASE DESCRIPTION FOR HOUSEKEEPINGSCHEDULE MAINTENECE
MODULE

Use Case Name: House Keeping Schedule Maintenance Module

Brief Description: This use case allows the house keeping manager to assign the duty schedule
of housekeeping staff by month. Besides, it also allows the housekeeping manager to update the
records and delete the records. The housekeeping staff is only allowed to view their schedule.

Actor: House Keeping Manager, House Keeping Staff.

Actor Action System Response

User Selects “House-Keeping” in the Display The Main-menu
Accommodation Module Display Sub-menu: Add House-Keeping
record, Edit House-Keeping record, Delete
and View House-Keeping record.

i. If the sub-menu selected is “Add House Keeping Record”, The S-1: Add House Keeping
Record sub-flow is performed.
ii. If the sub-menu selected is” Edit House Keeping Record”, The S-2: Edit House Keeping
Record sub-flow is performed.
iii. If the sub-menu selected is “Delete House Keeping Record”, The S-3: Delete House
Keeping Record sub-flow is performed.
iv. If the sub-menu selected is “View House Keeping Record” The S-4: Add House Keeping
Record sub-flow is performed.

53
Sub-Flows

S-1

Add House Keeping Record

House Keeping Manager is able to add housekeeping record. Every month, two
housekeeping staff is assigned to a floor e.g. ground floor. Once the save button is clicked the
process is validated, and the record is added successfully else an error message is displayed.

S-2

Edit House Keeping Record

The housekeeping Manager is able to update the records, but only two staff are assigned in the
update also. Once the save button is clicked the process is validated, and the record is added
successfully else an error message is displayed.

S-3

Delete House Keeping Record

The housekeeping Manager is able to delete the records, and one the record is deleted the
“deleted successfully message is displayed”.

S-4

View House Keeping Record

Housekeeping staff is able to check on their duty schedule by entering their ID’s. The System
will Display information about their schedule which includes floor number, month of duty, and
partner.

3.4 DATABASE DESIGN AND TABLE STRUCTURES

The data in the system has to be stored and retrieved from the database. Designing the
database is part of the system design. Data elements and data structures to be stored have been

54
identified at the analysis phase. They are structured and put together to design the data storage
and retrieval system. A database is a collection of interrelated data stored with minimum
redundancy to serve many users quickly and efficiently.

The general objective of the Hotel Management Information System is to make record
access quick, easy, inexpensive and flexible to the user. Relationships are established between
the data items, and unnecessary data items are removed. Normalization is done to get an internal
consistency of data and to have minimum redundancy and maximum stability. This ensures
minimizing data storage required, minimizing chances of data inconsistencies and optimizing for
updates, The MS Access database has been chosen for developing the relevant databases.

The choice of access id due to the following reasons:

i. Access database program and Microsoft SQL-server comes at no extra cost and it is
available on every computer running a Microsoft operating system which is the most
popular operating system as at the time of the writing of this project report. Designing the
prototype database for our expert system which is a desktop based program, Access and
its Microsoft SQL-server is cost effective, easy to understand and it is a readily available
option.
ii. SQL which stands for Structured Query Language is a defining standard in database
management. With Access having this standard through its Microsoft SQL-server and the
provision.

The following are the tables that are involved in the proposed system:

Table 3.1: Cashier

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONTRAINT/COMMENT

CustomerId Nchar 10 Primary Key
AmountPaid Money
Receipt Nchar 10
NameOfAccount Char 50

55
Table 3.2: Customer details

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONTRAINT/COMMENT

CustomerID Int Primary Key
Name Char 100
Address Nvarchar Max
ArrivingFrom Char 100
TransistingTo Text
NoOfNights Int
Occupation Char 250
telephone Char 20
Sign Char 50

Table 3.3: Food Order

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTRAINT/COMMENT

Food_Order_Id Nchar 20 Primary Key
Food_Id Nchar 30
Food_Type Char 100
Quantity Int
Total Money
DeliveryStatus Char 10

Table 3.4: Housekeeping

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTRAINT/COMMENT

HousekeepingID Varchar 50 Primary Key
Floor_ID Varchar 50
Month Text
AssignTo2 Varchar 50
AssignTo2 Varchar 50

56
Table 3.5: Obtain ID

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

UniversalID Numeric 18 Primary Key
SourceID Int
Description Char 100

Table 3.6: Passwords

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

UserID Varchar 50 Primary Key
UserName Varchar 50
Password Varchar 50
Table 3.7: Room Rates

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

RoomRateID Int Primary Key
Room Number Int
RoomFloor Char 1
RoomType Char 1
RoomRate Money
NoofPerson Int
ExtraAdultRate Money
ExtraChildRate Money
DateAdded Datetime
AddedByFK Int
DateModified Datetime
LastUserFK Int

Table 3.8: Room Status

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

57
 StatusID Int Primary Key
Status Nvarchar 50
dateAdded Datetime
AddedByFK Int
DateModified Datetime
LastUserFK Int

Table 3.9: Room type

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

RoomTypeID Int
RoomNo Int
RoomFloor Varchar
RoomType Nvarchar 50
DateAdded Datetime
AddedByFK Int
DateModified Datetime
LastUserFK Int

Table 3.10: Room Allocation

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

CustomerId Int Primary Key
CustomerName Char
AttendingOfficer Char
Date Datetime
RoomAllocated Nvarchar
Condition Text
ActionsTaken Text

58
Table 3.11: User Account

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

UserID Text Primary Key
Password Varchar 50
FFullName Text
MaritalStatus Text
ID_Number Varchar 50
Gender Char 1
Address Text
Telephone Bigint
RegistrationDate Date
Roles Text
Email Varchar 50
AccountNo Bigint
Department Varchar 50
Salary Decimal (18, 0)

Table 3.12: Access Role Table

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

RoleID Char 100 Primary Key
FunctionID Char 100
Add Int
Edit Int
Delete Int
Browse Int

Table 3.13: Fixed Asset Table

59
 FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT
AssetNo Int (1,1) Primary Key
Item Char
Quantity Int
Dateofacc Date
Value Money

Table 3.14: Function Table

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

FunctionID Char 50 Primary Key
FunctionName Char 100
ModuleID Char 100
URL 250 250

Table 3.15: Inventory

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

InventoryID Int Primary key
RoomNo Smallint
Item Char 100
Unit Int
Condition Varchar
StaffName Char 100

Table 3.16: Module table

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

ModuleID Char 10 Primary Key

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 Moduledescription Char 100
Diasbled Int

Table 3.17: Passwords

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

UserID Varchar 50 Primary Key
UserName Varchar 50
Password Varchar 50
RoleID Char 10

Table 3.19: Role Type

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

RoleID Char 100
RoleDescription Char 100

Table 3.20: Room ID

FIELD DATATYPE WIDTH CONSTARINT/COMMENT

RoomID Int Primary Key
RoomNo Smallint
Price Money
RoomType Text
RoomFloor Varchar

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 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The following are the necessary hardware requirements necessary for the proper implementation
of the Hotel Management Information System:

1. A 32-bit 2.2GHz processor

2. Windows Xp and upwards operating system
3. Web Browser (internet explorer recommended)
4. 1 GB RAM processor

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned into a working
system. It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its constraints on
implementation, design of methods to achieve the changeover, an evaluation of change over
methods. Apart from planning major task of preparing the implementation are education and
training of users. The implementation process begins with preparing a plan for the
implementation of the system. According to this plan, the activities are to be carried out,
discussions made regarding the equipment and resources and the additional equipment has to be
acquired to implement the new system. In a network backup system, no additional resources are
require. The most critical stage in a achieving a successful new system is giving the users the
confidence that the new system will work and be effective. The system can be implemented only
after thorough testing is done and is found to be working according to specification. This method
also offers the greatest security since the old system can take over if the errors are found or there
is an inability to carry out a certain transaction while using the new system.

62
4.3 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION

4.3.1 The Home Page

The Home page of the Hotel Management Information system basically consists of five modules
which include; the front desk/reception module, Accommodation /Room Allocation module,
catering (Restaurant and Bar) Module, Finance and account module and Administration and
General Services. It also includes the “Log out” option and an i-frame which posts back all
clicked options.

Figure 4.1 Home page

4.3.2 The “Login/Register” Page

The login page for the HMIS comprises of a dialog box which allows the user to input their User
name and password. It also includes a log in button and a retrieve password for users who forget
their password. It was developed using session (user id) to save the user name and password in
order to save the user name and password for future references or uses. The input will be
validated when user keys in a value for either of the two required values and when both are
deemed correct or validated it advances to the menu page of the application else a message

63
stating that the username and/or password will be displayed. This also goes also for the
registration for those who don’t have an account.

Figure 4.2 User Login

4.3.3 Front Desk

In the front desk module, customer details will be captured, allocation of customers to a specific
room and cashier posting of transactions will take place.

4.3.3.1 Personal details of customer

When a customer arrives at the front desk, the first procedure will be to take down the required
details which include His/her full name, number of nights, address, phone number, arriving from
and destination, and occupation. This page has also been designed to throw back error messages
when certain fields are left blank or unfilled. Added items can be updated (edited), deleted and
viewed by authorized staff. A search field has been included to locate specific entries in this
record or register.

64
 Figure 4.3 Customer Form

4.3.3.2 Room Allocation of customers

Once personal details of customers have been registered the next procedure will be to allocate
the customer to the room of his or her choice (Deluxe, Standard, VIP and Chalet). The page
requires most importantly the name of the customer which is selected from the dropdown menu
and the room is selected from the list of available rooms in the drop down menu. Entries can also
be viewed, edited and deleted. The dropdown list only shows vacant rooms and as each room is
allocated to a particular client the room status table is updated to occupy hence excluding the
room from the list of available rooms until it is then manually updated to a vacant status.

65
Figure 4.4 Room Allocation

66
4.3.4 ACCOMMODATION MODULE

4.3.4.1 Room maintenance

This module is to be used by the accommodation Director. It is used to carry out room
maintenance on the Hotel Management System. This includes room number, room type, room
rates and room status.

Figure 4.6 Room Type

67
Figure 4.7 Room Status and Rates

68
4.4 APPLICATION AND SYSTEM TESTING

System testing is the stage of implementation which is aimed at ensuring that the system works
accurately and efficiently before live operation commences. Testing is the process executing the
program with the intent of finding errors and missing operations and also a complete verification
to determine whether the objectives are met and the user requirements are satisfied. The ultimate
aim is quality assurance. Tests are carried out and the results are compared with the expected
document. In case of erroneous results, debugging is done. Using detailed testing strategies, a
test plan is carried out on each module. The various tests performed are unit testing, integration
testing and user acceptance testing.

4.4.1 UNIT TESTING

The software units in a system are modules and routines that are assembled and integrated to
perform a specific function. Unit testing focuses first on modules, independently of one another,
to locate errors. This enables us to detect errors in coding and logic that are contained within
each module. This testing includes entering data and ascertaining if the value matches to the type
and size supported by ASP.net. the various controls are tested to ensure that each performs its
actions as required.

4.4.2 INTEGRATION TESTING

Data can be lost across any interface, one module can have an adverse effect on another, sub
functions when combined, may not produce the desired major functions. Integration testing is a
systematic testing to discover errors associated within the interface. The objective is to take unit
tested modules and build a program structure. All the modules are combined and tested as a
whole. Here the Server module and Client Module options are integrated and tested. This testing
provides the assurance that the application is well integrated functional unit with smooth
transition of data.

69
4.4.3 USER ACCEPTANCE TESTING

User acceptance of a system is the key factor for the success of any system. The system under
consideration is tested for user acceptance by constantly keeping in touch with the system users
at time of developing and making changes whenever required.

4.5 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

Maintenance involves the software industry captive, typing up system resources. It means
restoring something to its original condition. Maintenance follows conversion to the extent that
changes are necessary to maintain satisfactory operations relative to changes in the user’s
environment. Maintenance often includes minor enhancements or corrections to problems that
surface in the system’s operation. Maintenance is also done based on fixing the problems
reported, changing the interface with the other software or hardware enhancing the software.
Any system developed should be secured and protected against possible hazards. Security
measures are provided to prevent unauthorized access to the database at various levels. An
uninterrupted power supply should be so that the power failure or voltage fluctuations will not
erase the data in the files. Password protections and simple procedures to prevent the
unauthorized access are provided to the users. The system allows the user to enter the system
only through proper user name and password. After designing and coding the application it only
runs in the visual studio environment in order to make the application stand alone and
employable to other computer systems it needs to be compiled into an executable format (.exe).
Visual studios have an inbuilt program that allows for a one-click solution for this.

4.6 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORK

The work was designed based on the methodology stated in the previous chapters and the
implementation is based on the requirement for a hotel management system. The project work
has four major aspects which include the Reservation of rooms, retrieval of records, user’s

70
activities and administrator’s activities. The result from the implementation of the work is
explained in various sections below.

4.6.1 Reservation of Rooms

As a tradition in hospitality management sector, anyone who wished to lodge in a hotel must go
for reservation of room within the time such person wishes. This is necessary so that such room
is not given to another within the reserved date.

Therefore, in this phase, we are able to reserve a room each customer based on the day he/she
wished to check in and out. This is done by collecting some information from the customer such
as arrival date, departure date, customer name, country, state, town, phone number, including
number of adult and children. With the acceptance of these data the system displays available
rooms and compute the changes after which the system accepts the prepaid amount and the store
in the database. The above process is depicted in figure 4.7 showing the reservation form. After
the first reservation the system is able to identify the customer when next he comes for
reservation by entering his/her number. The system ensures data room reserved with the
specified data is not made available during reservation for another customer

4.6.2 Administrator’s Activities

The administrator controls all the activities of the hotel. The administrator accesses the system
by authentication. After login the administrator can perform some function such as to reserve
room for customer, view information that are stored in the database as well as granting privilege
to access the system to various users and retrieving it from users. The system is flexible as more
rooms can be added to it.

The administrator supplies room details such as room name, room type, room description,
room number, rate amount, adult charge and child charge after which it saved in the database.
The administrator can also perform some other function such as data retrieval.

4.6.3 User’s Activities

Some people apart from the administrator can access the system to perform some function.
The function performed is based on privilege granted to them by the administrator. Here, the user

71
login to the system as shown in figure 4.2. The user after login tom the system can also reserve
rooms for customers. Also, the user takes control of checking in and out of customers through
accepting the balance of the customer when checking in as shown in figure 4.4. Similarly, the
user can also display data stored in the database.

4.6.4 Retrieval of stored Hotel Record

Another tradition in hospitality sector is to find stored data of the hotel information in the
database. In this phase, we are able to get the list of customers, list of rooms available in the
hotel, list of reservation, check-in details as well as check-out details. Figure 4.8, shows all the
list of reservation with respect to customer’s data displaying information about them at a glance.
Also the record of rooms available in the hotel can also be displayed. The record of check-in and
nut details of customer can also be displayed in the same manner.

4.6.5 Discussion on the Observation from the Implemented work

From various result obtained from the implementation of the work; we have been able to
avoid collision in the allocation of rooms and also ensure proper management of data through
authentication thereby disallow unauthorized person from gaining access to the system. Also,
duplication of records is avoided. The customer’s data and other information about the hotel are
retrieved almost immediately. In a nutshell, we have been able to achieve the aim of the work
stated in the beginning of the work. The project can be implemented on real time basis and had
numerous benefits some of which are highlighted below.

1. Performance: The manual handling of the hotel record is time consuming and highly
prone to error. This work will improve the performance of the Hotel management system,
due to fast retrieval of data and coordination of data in a centralized manner.
2. Efficiency: The project work enhances efficiency in the activities of the Hotel since there
is division of labor through the privilege granted other users.
3. Control: The complete control of the electronic system is under the hands of authorized
person who has the password to access this project and illegal access is not supposed to
deal with. All the control is under the administrator and the other members have the
rights to just see the records not to change any transaction entry.

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 4. Security: Security is the main criteria for electronic hotel management system. Since
illegal access may corrupt the database and ensure protection of stored data. Therefore,
this project work ensures security of data.

In summary, the result obtained from the implementation of the work and various benefit
incurred from the system is enough to entice all hotels and these will go a long way to improve
the quality of service provided to the customer. It is therefore suitable for all hotels where high
performance of service is of prime importance.

73
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

Traditionally hotel management is done using pen and papers. Hotel Management
Information System is required to assist in the management of data and records in the hospitality
sector. The system automates the entire process of managing staff information, financial
transactions within the hotel (Cashier Posting, Accounts receivable, Accounts payable)
monitoring resources (Asset & Personnel). This new system also helps with easy reservation of
rooms to the customer thereby minimizing efforts in the process.

The study revealed that several software systems exist for Hotel Management, some of
which includes “GuestPoint”, “FrontdeskAnywhere”, “SKYWARE Hospitality Solution” and
much more. A scalable HMIS can be developed and implemented to suit the environment in
which it is to be used.

Furthermore, it can be concluded from the above discussion that a reliable, secure, fast,
and efficient system has been developed replacing the manual and less reliable system the HMIS
system can be implemented in hotels for better results regarding the management of customer’s
data.

5.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion we believe this project if properly utilized will save time, reduce the
amount of work the administration has to do, and will replace the stationery material with
electronic apparatus. The system should also serve as a major tool to improving the efficiency in
Hotel management. Hence a system with expected results has been developed but there is still
room for improvement.

In terms of experience gained through the duration of this project study, the students have
been able to have broader knowledge about the management of Hotel organization using manual

74
and automated procedures. The students have also been able to improve their knowledge in
developing enterprise applications. We believe this project will serve the university efficiently in
their efforts to automate the Hotel management process of the “SACOBE LODGE”.

5.3 LIMITATION

As earlier mentioned the project study covers Reception, accommodation, finance and
account, catering, food ordering, administrative, security, and general services transactions in the
Hotel management.
However, the project has limitations based on these facts
i. The “finance and account” aspect of the HMIS will not capture the budget
function; it only captures the accounts receivables and accounts payable.
ii. Another limitation of the system is that customer’s signature will not be captured.
This process might make procedures cumbersome, which is what the study hopes
to eliminate; however, it captures full details of the customer.
iii. The system does not have an online payment option on the online room
reservation menu.
iv. The system is not designed to run off-line.
v. Due to time constraints certain fields were not included; the software was
therefore reduced to covering critical aspect of hotel management.

These limitations were encountered in the course of the study, and appropriate techniques have
been applied to ensure the system functions properly thereby eliminates the “stale mate”

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Various benefits associated with this work and the results of the implemented system make it
suitable for any hotel. Therefore, it is recommended for any hotel especially those with a large
turnout of customers and where loss of customer’s information is common. This will protect the
interest of the Hotel owners and enhance good performance of the services provided.

75
Due to the fact that there will always be an increase in the expectations and demand of customers
and Hotel owners and administrators will always demand greater effectiveness and efficiency of
any system and prevention of unauthorized access into the system it is recommended that
constant research be carried out and regular updates made to increase the reliability of the
present system.

The growth of a hotel organization also depends on how well their resources (Human, Assets)
are managed, how well they treat their customers (Hospitality) leading to large turn-up, quality
of service rendered to customers and efficiency of the system in use. It is therefore recommended
to always put these factors into consideration when implementing any policies within the
organization.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK

i. Biometric measures such as fingerprint, retinal scan etc. should be included in the system
to ensure good security of the system thereby avoiding impersonation and unauthorized
access to stored data thereby preventing loss of vital information.
ii. Implementation of a multi modal hotel management control system in delivery of service
to customers.
iii. Implementation of more modern online facilities that might help prospective customers
interact (limitedly) more with the system and the Hotel in general such as PayPal for
making online transactions.
iv. Adequate provision should be made for customers to interact with authorized users of the
hotel for reservation using their mobile phones.

76
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Adebayo, A. (2021). Automation in hotel management: Overcoming operational challenges in

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Ghassan Z. Qadah, Requirements, Design and Implementation of E-services, In: IADIS

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Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) Library for Visual studio 2017: SQL Server 2017,
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Ojo, B. & Ibrahim, T. (2020). Challenges of ICT adoption in the Nigerian hospitality sector: A
case study of hotel management systems. African Journal of Information Technology, 12(1), 45-
59.

Olsen, M., Connolly, D., & McDonnell, T. (2019). Information systems and hospitality
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Raman, S. (2017). Role of ICT in improving hotel management operations: A global perspective.
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in On-Line Hotel Distribution,” Int. J. Electron. Commerce, vol. 14, pp. 55-78, 2009.

Santiprabhob P and Koolmanojwong.S, Intelligent Electronic Marketplace for Tourism. 2015”

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79
 APPENDIX

<?php require_once('../config.php'); ?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en" class="" style="height: auto;">

<?php require_once('inc/header.php') ?>

<body class="layout-fixed layout-footer-fixed text-sm sidebar-mini control-sidebar-slide-open

layout-navbar-fixed text-dark" data-new-gr-c-s-check-loaded="14.991.0" data-gr-ext-
installed="" style="height: auto;">

<div class="wrapper">

<?php require_once('inc/topBarNav.php') ?>

<?php require_once('inc/navigation.php') ?>

<?php $page = isset($_GET['page']) ? $_GET['page'] : 'home'; ?>

<!-- Content Wrapper. Contains page content -->

<div class="content-wrapper bg-dark" style="min-height: 567.854px;">

<!-- Content Header (Page header) -->

<div class="content-header">

<div class="container-fluid">

<div class="row mb-2">

<div class="col-sm-6">

<h1 class="m-0"><?php echo ucwords(str_replace(array("/","_"), " ",$page)) ?></h1>

</div>

<!-- /.col -->

<!-- <div class="col-sm-6">

<ol class="breadcrumb float-sm-right">

80
 <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="./admin?<?php echo $page ?>"><?php echo
ucwords(str_replace("_", " ",$page)) ?></a></li>

<li class="breadcrumb-item active">Dashboard v1</li>

</ol>

</div> -->

<!-- /.col -->

</div>

<!-- /.row -->

</div>

<!-- /.container-fluid -->

</div>

<!-- /.content-header -->

<!-- Main content -->

<section class="content text-dark">

<div class="container-fluid">

<?php

if(!file_exists($page.".php") && !is_dir($page)){

include '404.html';

}else{

if(is_dir($page))

include $page.'/index.php';

else

include $page.'.php';

81
 ?>

</div>

</section>

<!-- /.content -->

<div class="modal fade text-dark" id="confirm_modal" role='dialog'>

<div class="modal-dialog modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">

<div class="modal-content">

<div class="modal-header">

<h5 class="modal-title">Confirmation</h5>

</div>

<div class="modal-body">

<div id="delete_content"></div>

</div>

<div class="modal-footer">

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='confirm' onclick="">Continue</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="modal fade text-dark" id="uni_modal" role='dialog'>

<div class="modal-dialog modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">

<div class="modal-content">

<div class="modal-header">

<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>

82
 </div>

<div class="modal-body">

</div>

<div class="modal-footer">

<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='submit' onclick="$('#uni_modal

form').submit()">Save</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="modal fade text-dark" id="uni_modal_right" role='dialog'>

<div class="modal-dialog modal-full-height modal-md" role="document">

<div class="modal-content">

<div class="modal-header">

<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>

<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">

<span class="fa fa-arrow-right"></span>

</button>

</div>

<div class="modal-body">

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

83
 <div class="modal fade text-dark" id="viewer_modal" role='dialog'>

<div class="modal-dialog modal-md" role="document">

<div class="modal-content">

<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-dismiss="modal"><span class="fa fa-

times"></span></button>

<img src="" alt="">

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<!-- /.content-wrapper -->

<?php require_once('inc/footer.php') ?>

</body>

</html>

-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump

-- version 5.1.1

-- https://www.phpmyadmin.net/

--

-- Host: 127.0.0.1

-- Generation Time: Jul 24, 2021 at 09:12 AM

-- Server version: 10.4.19-MariaDB

-- PHP Version: 8.0.7

SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";

84
START TRANSACTION;

SET time_zone = "+00:00";

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS

*/;

/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;

/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;

--

-- Database: `lodge_db`

--

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Table structure for table `accommodations`

--

CREATE TABLE `accommodations` (

`id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`accommodation` text NOT NULL,

`description` text NOT NULL,

`price` float NOT NULL,

85
 `date_created` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),

`date_updated` datetime DEFAULT NULL ON UPDATE current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `accommodations`

--

INSERT INTO `accommodations` (`id`, `accommodation`, `description`, `price`, `date_created`,

`date_updated`) VALUES

(1, 'Accom101', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:

&amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
elit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 200, '2021-07-24 09:50:49', '2021-07-24 14:48:07'),

(2, 'Accom102', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:

&amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; id, congue
tellus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 500, '2021-07-24 09:53:20', '2021-07-24 14:48:16');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Table structure for table `bookings`

--

CREATE TABLE `bookings` (

`id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`user_id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`room_id` int(30) NOT NULL,

86
 `date_in` date NOT NULL,

`date_out` date NOT NULL,

`accommodation_ids` text NOT NULL,

`room_rate_sub` float NOT NULL,

`accommodation_sub` float NOT NULL,

`total_amount` float NOT NULL,

`status` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '0=pending,

1=Approved,2=Cancelled',

`date_created` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),

`date_updated` datetime DEFAULT NULL ON UPDATE current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `bookings`

--

INSERT INTO `bookings` (`id`, `user_id`, `room_id`, `date_in`, `date_out`,

`accommodation_ids`, `room_rate_sub`, `accommodation_sub`, `total_amount`, `status`,
`date_created`, `date_updated`) VALUES

(1, 6, 1, '2021-07-27', '2021-07-28', '1,2', 2500, 700, 3200, 2, '2021-07-24 13:30:22', '2021-07-24
14:04:54');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Table structure for table `inquiry`

--

87
CREATE TABLE `inquiry` (

`id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`name` text DEFAULT NULL,

`email` text DEFAULT NULL,

`subject` varchar(250) NOT NULL,

`message` text DEFAULT NULL,

`status` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,

`date_created` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `inquiry`

--

INSERT INTO `inquiry` (`id`, `name`, `email`, `subject`, `message`, `status`, `date_created`)
VALUES

(1, 'Ose Ose', 'ose@sample.com', 'Sample', 'Sample Only', 1, '2021-07-24 14:24:31');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Table structure for table `room_list`

--

88
CREATE TABLE `room_list` (

`id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`room` text NOT NULL,

`description` text NOT NULL,

`price` float NOT NULL,

`status` tinyint(1) NOT NULL COMMENT '1 = Available, 2 = Unavailable',

`upload_path` text DEFAULT NULL,

`date_created` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),

`date_updated` datetime DEFAULT NULL ON UPDATE current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `room_list`

--

INSERT INTO `room_list` (`id`, `room`, `description`, `price`, `status`, `upload_path`,

`date_created`, `date_updated`) VALUES

(1, 'Room 101', '&lt;p style=&quot;margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px;
padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: &amp;quot;Open
Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; elit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-right:
0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
font-family: &amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;id, congue
tellus.&lt;/p&gt;', 25000, 1, 'uploads/room_1', '2021-07-24 10:22:15', '2021-07-24 10:22:15'),

(2, 'Room 102', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:

&amp;quot;Open Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
eleifend.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 15000, 1, 'uploads/room_2', '2021-07-24 14:38:31',
'2021-07-24 14:38:31');

-- --------------------------------------------------------
89
--

-- Table structure for table `system_info`

--

CREATE TABLE `system_info` (

`id` int(30) NOT NULL,

`meta_field` text NOT NULL,

`meta_value` text NOT NULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `system_info`

--

INSERT INTO `system_info` (`id`, `meta_field`, `meta_value`) VALUES

(1, 'name', 'Hotel Reservation Management System'),

(6, 'short_name', 'HRMS-PHP'),

(11, 'logo', 'uploads/1627090380_logo3.jpg'),

(13, 'user_avatar', 'uploads/user_avatar.jpg'),

(14, 'cover', 'uploads/1627108560_lodge.jpg');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

90
-- Table structure for table `users`

--

CREATE TABLE `users` (

`id` int(50) NOT NULL,

`firstname` varchar(250) NOT NULL,

`lastname` varchar(250) NOT NULL,

`email` text NOT NULL,

`contact` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`username` text NOT NULL,

`password` text NOT NULL,

`avatar` text DEFAULT NULL,

`last_login` datetime DEFAULT NULL,

`type` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,

`date_added` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),

`date_updated` datetime DEFAULT NULL ON UPDATE current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

-- Dumping data for table `users`

--

INSERT INTO `users` (`id`, `firstname`, `lastname`, `email`, `contact`, `username`, `password`,
`avatar`, `last_login`, `type`, `date_added`, `date_updated`) VALUES

(1, 'Adminstrator', 'Admin', '', '', 'admin', '0192023a7bbd73250516f069df18b500',

'uploads/1627090380_avatar.png', NULL, 1, '2021-01-20 14:02:37', '2021-07-24 09:33:59'),

91
(6, 'Ose', 'Ose', 'ose@sample.com', '09123456789', 'ose', '1254737c076cf867dc53d60a0364f38e',
NULL, NULL, 0, '2021-07-24 10:41:04', '2021-07-24 10:57:40');

--

-- Indexes for dumped tables

--

--

-- Indexes for table `accommodations`

--

ALTER TABLE `accommodations`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--

-- Indexes for table `bookings`

--

ALTER TABLE `bookings`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--

-- Indexes for table `inquiry`

--

ALTER TABLE `inquiry`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

92
--

-- Indexes for table `room_list`

--

ALTER TABLE `room_list`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--

-- Indexes for table `system_info`

--

ALTER TABLE `system_info`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--

-- Indexes for table `users`

--

ALTER TABLE `users`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables

--

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `accommodations`

--

93
ALTER TABLE `accommodations`

MODIFY `id` int(30) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=4;

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `bookings`

--

ALTER TABLE `bookings`

MODIFY `id` int(30) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `inquiry`

--

ALTER TABLE `inquiry`

MODIFY `id` int(30) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=2;

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `room_list`

--

ALTER TABLE `room_list`

MODIFY `id` int(30) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `system_info`

--

ALTER TABLE `system_info`

94
 MODIFY `id` int(30) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=15;

--

-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `users`

--

ALTER TABLE `users`

MODIFY `id` int(50) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=7;

COMMIT;

/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;

/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;

/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;

<?php if($_settings->chk_flashdata('success')): ?>

<script>

alert_toast("<?php echo $_settings->flashdata('success') ?>",'success')

</script>

<?php endif;?>

<div class="card card-outline card-primary">

<div class="card-header">

<h3 class="card-title">List of Bookings</h3>

<!-- <div class="card-tools">

<a href="?page=packages/manage" class="btn btn-flat btn-

primary"><span class="fas fa-plus"></span> Create New</a>

</div> -->

</div>

95
 <div class="card-body">

<div class="container-fluid">

<table class="table table-stripped text-dark">

<colgroup>

<col width="5%">

<col width="10">

<col width="15">

<col width="25">

<col width="20">

<col width="5">

<col width="5">

</colgroup>

<thead>

<tr>

<th>#</th>

<th>DateTime</th>

<th>User</th>

<th>Room</th>

<th>Schedule</th>

<th>Status</th>

<th>Action</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<?php

96
 $i=1;

$qry = $conn->query("SELECT b.*,r.room,concat(u.firstname,' ',u.lastname) as

name FROM `bookings` b inner join `room_list` r on r.id = b.room_id inner join users u on u.id
= b.user_id order by date(b.date_created) desc ");

while($row= $qry->fetch_assoc()):

?>

<tr>

<td><?php echo $i++ ?></td>

<td><?php echo date("Y-m-d H:i",strtotime($row['date_created'])) ?></td>

<td><?php echo $row['name'] ?></td>

<td><?php echo $row['room'] ?></td>

<td><?php echo date("Y-m-d",strtotime($row['date_in'])).' - '.date("Y-m-

d",strtotime($row['date_out'])) ?></td>

<td class="text-center">

<?php if($row['status'] == 0): ?>

<span class="badge badge-warning">Pending</span>

<?php elseif($row['status'] == 1): ?>

<span class="badge badge-primary">Confirmed</span>

<?php elseif($row['status'] == 2): ?>

<span class="badge badge-danger">Cancelled</span>

<?php elseif($row['status'] == 3): ?>

<span class="badge badge-success">Done</span>

<?php endif; ?>

</td>

<td align="center">

<button type="button" class="btn btn-flat btn-default btn-sm dropdown-

toggle dropdown-icon" data-toggle="dropdown">

97
 Action

<span class="sr-only">Toggle Dropdown</span>

</button>

<div class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">

<a class="dropdown-item view_data" href="javascript:void(0)" data-id="<?

php echo $row['id'] ?>"><span class="fa fa-file text-primary"></span> View</a>

<div class="dropdown-divider"></div>

<a class="dropdown-item delete_data" href="javascript:void(0)" data-id="<?

php echo $row['id'] ?>"><span class="fa fa-trash text-danger"></span> Delete</a>

</div>

</td>

</tr>

<?php endwhile; ?>

</tbody>

</table>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<script>

$(document).ready(function(){

$('.delete_data').click(function(){

_conf("Are you sure to delete this booking

permanently?","delete_booking",[$(this).attr('data-id')])

})

$('.view_data').click(function(){

uni_modal("Booking Information","bookings/view.php?id="+$(this).attr('data-id'))

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})

$('.table').dataTable();

})

function delete_booking($id){

start_loader();

$.ajax({

url:_base_url_+"classes/Master.php?f=delete_booking",

method:"POST",

data:{id: $id},

dataType:"json",

error:err=>{

console.log(err)

alert_toast("An error occured.",'error');

end_loader();

},

success:function(resp){

if(typeof resp== 'object' && resp.status == 'success'){

location.reload();

}else{

alert_toast("An error occured.",'error');

end_loader();

})

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</script>

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