Chemistry

Regents Review
 Table of Contents
Review #1-2: Introduction/Matter and Energy………………… …pg pg33
Review #3: Atomic Concepts…………………………………………….pg 6
pg 12
Review #4: Periodic Table…………………………….…………………… pg 17
Review #5: Bonding and Shapes…………………………………….. .pg pg 22
Review #6: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces…………………. 19pg 26
Review #7: Chemical Reactions…..………………………………… ..pg pg 30
Review #8: The Mole and Stoichiometry………………………… ………pg 32
Review #9: Equilibrium and Solutions....................................…...pg
pg 35
Review #10: Energy and Kinetics…………………..……………… ....... pg 39
Review #11: Acids and Bases………………………………………..… ………… pg 45
Review #12: Redox……………………………………………………….. pg pg4849
Review #13: Nuclear Chemistry………………………………………. .pg pg 54
Review #14: Organic Chemistry………………………………………. 52pg 59
Review #15: Reference Tables……………………………………..…. pg pg 63
Review #16: Big Ideas……………………………..…………………….. 57 pg 66

2
 Review #1-2
Introduction/matter

403.00 8.100 x 105 0.0010 3,500,000

When calculating:
Multiplying and dividing: round to the same number of significant digits
as the factor with the least number of significant digits

Adding and Subtracting: round to the same decimal place as the factor
with the least number of decimal places.

Metric System:

3
Some important formulas:

Matter and Energy

Matter: has and Energy: capacity to do and

produce

The Law of Conservation of Mass: Key Idea: Temperature is a measurement of

.

All three phases differ by the amount of movement

among particles.

Solids Liquids Gases

4
 Key Idea: Kinetic Molecular Theory is a model that is used to explain the behavior of matter.

It describes relationships among pressure, volume, temperature, velocity, frequency, and force
of .

Kinetic Molecular Theory describes an gas:

 Gas particles are in , , motion
 Gas particles are separated by distances relative to size. The volume of
particles is considered .
 Gas particles have no forces between themselves. This occurs best
at temperatures and pressures.
 Collisions between the particles and the of their containers create
and are perfectly (transfer of energy).

In reality:

Combined Gas Law

• (note: temperature in Kelvin)

Avogradro's Law
• Same volumes have same number of particles

Graham's Law
• Lighter gases diffuse/effuse faster

Dalton's Law
• Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures

5
 Changes in Phase:

Key Idea: A heating curve (which shows an process) demonstrates that

during a phase change, the , or temperature, does
not change.

Melting Vaporization Sublimation Freezing Condensation Deposition

Physical Change Chemical Change

6
Element:

Approx 118 total

Found on the Periodic Table
Named after people, places, Latin origins, etc
Cannot be broken down physically or chemically

Compound:

Can be chemically separated

Fixed ratio of components
Properties of compound are different than individual components
Written with formulas

Mixture:

Homogeneous:

Heterogeneous:

Not pure substances

Physically combined, can be physically separated
Variable ratio
Individual components retain properties

Key Idea: Elements and compounds are considered .

7
 Separating Mixtures:

Filtration: Distillation: Crystallization: Chromatography:

Used to separate a solid Separates two liquids Separated a dissolved Separates based on
from a liquid. WILL NOT based on different substance (aq) from its polarity and
SEPARATE A DISSOLVED boiling points. solvent solubility
SUBSTANCE!

Practice Regents Questions

1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

8
4. 8.

9. 13.

10. 14.

11. 15.

12. 16.

17.

9
18.

Particle
of CO2:

10
11
 Review #3
Atomic Concepts
Define:

Atom: the basic unit of a chemical

element
Atomic Number: number of protons in an atom

Mass Number: total mass of the atom (protons + neutrons)

Atomic Mass: weighted average of naturally occurring isotopes

Isotope: same element (protons), different mass (number of neutrons)

12
Valence Electron: outermost electron(s)
Orbital: area of probable electron location
Principal Energy Level: ‘shell’ of electrons - 7 total in atom
Excited State: electron has jumped to a higher energy level within
atom Ground State:
electrons are in lowest energy configuration (closest to
nucleus) Bright Line Spectrum:
produced when electrons return to ground state
Electron Configurations: denote how electrons are distributed in P.E.L.s

Models of the Atom

Dalton’s Atomic Theory:

1. All elements are composed of

2. All atoms of a given element are
3. Atoms of different elements are

J.J. Thomson:

Cathode ray tube experiments

Discovered the electron
Model of the atom:

Rutherford:

Gold Foil Experiment: Shot alpha particles at thin gold foil, most went straight through, some deflected
and other particles shot straight back.

1.

2.

13
Bohr:

Planetary model of the atom

Electrons are in defined around the nucleus.

Wave-Mechanical Model:

In the wave – mechanical model ( ), the electrons are in

, which are defined as regions of most electron location
( ).

The wave- mechanical model describes the dual nature of the electron as
it has properties of both a and a .
Subatomic Particles & Mass

3 subatomic particles make-up the atom:

1. located in charge of
2. located in charge of
3. located in charge of

1 amu = = mass of 1 proton or 1 neutron

Each atom has its own which equals the number of

Key idea: The mass of each proton and each neutron is approximately equal to one atomic mass unit. An
electron is much less massive than a proton or neutron.

Electrons have a charge. In a neutral atom the number of electrons = the number of
.

Key idea: The Atomic Number is equal to the number of in the nucleus of an atom.

The mass number is calculated by adding the number of + .

14
 Key idea: The average atomic mass of an element is the of the masses of its
occurring .

Electron Configuration & Bright Line Spectra

Key Idea: The outermost electrons in an atom are called the electrons. The number of
valence electrons affects the chemical properties of an element.

Key idea: * Each electron in an atom has its own distinct amount of energy.

* When an electron in an atom gains a specific amount of energy, the electron is at a

higher energy state known as the .

* When an electron returns from a higher energy to a lower energy state ( )

a specific amount of energy is released in the form of .

 The emitted energy can be used to identify an

element ( )

Practice Regents Questions

1. 7.

2. 8.

3. 9.

15
4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

16
 Review #4
Periodic Table

17
Directions:

1. On the above table label the following:

a. Group, Period, Noble Gases, Halogens, Transition Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Alkali
Metals.
b. Place an X over the diatomic elements
c. Circle the elements that are liquids
d. List all of the gases:
e. Label the ions groups 1, 2, 13-18 form above the group.

Define:
Atomic Radius: distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron

Metallic Character: How easily an element loses an electron (reactivity)

Ionization Energy: energy required to remove an electron

Electronegativity: attraction/affinity for electrons in a bond

Facts and Trends of The Periodic Table

1. The elements on the periodic table are arranged in order of:

2. As you go across a period the atomic radius:

3. As you go down a group the atomic radius:

4. A positive ion has a radius than the original atom

5. A negative ion has a radius than the original atom.

6. As you go across a period the ionization energy:

7. As you go down a group the ionization energy:

18
8. As you go across a period the electronegativity:

9. As you go down a group the electronegativity:

10. As you go across a period the metallic character of the elements:

11. As you go down a group the metallic character of the elements:

12. Name the two groups that are so

chemically active that they occur
naturally only in compounds.

13. Name the group that contains

elements in three phases of matter at
room temp.

14. The majority of elements on the

periodic table are in what phase at
room temperature?

15. The seven semimetals, found on the

step line, are

Properties of Metals and Nonmetals:

Metals Nonmetals
Location on table

Appearance

Physical properties
Phases

Only liquid example

Conductivity
Ionization

19
 Electronegativity

Ions formed

Diatomic Elements:

Key Idea: The periodic table is arranged by . The properties of

elements are , or repeat.

Valence electrons are the electrons.

Key Idea: Because each member of a has the same number of valence electrons,
each member of the group has .

Key Idea: An is an atom with a charge. Metals form ions by

electrons, while nonmetals form ions by electrons.

Practice Regents Questions

1. 8.

2. 9.

20
3. 10.

4. 11.

5. 12.

6. 13.

7. 14.

15. 17.

16.

21
 Review #5
Bonding and Shapes
Lewis Dot Diagrams: depict valence electrons
Li Ca O Br-1 Mg+2

H2O NH3 MgCl2 CO2 CH4

22
Define:
Ionic Bond:
Example

Covalent Bond:
Example

Octet Rule:

Key Idea: Atoms will gain, lose, or share to become . Stability is

achieved with valence electrons. (Remember – first shell has valence electrons)

Naming Ionic
Compounds: name the and . (Table E has
ions). Add an ending if the anion is
not from table E.
Add roman numerals, which indicate the , onto
the following elements:

Naming Covalent Compounds: use the listed below.

You can drop the prefix on the atom only.

Writing Formulas: ensure that the balance.

23
 Criss cross method:

Types of Solids:

Crystalline Solid:

Amorphous Solid:

Allotrope: Practice Regents Questions

1. 6.

24
2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

11. 14.

25
12. 15.

13. 16.

Review #6

26
Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

27
 Polar Bond:
Example

Nonpolar Bond:
Example

Key Idea: The larger the in electronegativity, the more the

bond is.

Shapes and Polarity:

Bent:

Pyramidal:

Linear:

Tetrahedral:

Trigonal Planar:

cular Forces:
Intermole

Stronger Weaker

28
Key Idea: Intermolecular forces affect physical properties. The stronger a substance’s
intermolecular substances, the its boiling point, weaker its pressure,
and more tension it experiences.

Vapor Pressure:

29
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 7.

2. 8.

3. 9.

4. 10.

5. 11.

6. 12.

30
31
 Review #7
Chemical Reactions
Synthesis Decomposition

Single Replacement Double Replacement

Single Replacement Occurs: Double Replacement Occurs:

Balancing: remember, add only. Do the following reactions

occur?

Fe + NaCl  Na +____FeCl3

Cu(OH)3 + NaCl  CuCl3 + NaOH

Key Idea: The law of conservation of mass states that the number of atoms on each side of the
equation must be the same.

32
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

33
 Review #8
The Mole and Stoichiometry
Mathematical Calculations:
Gram Formula Mass: % Composition

Empirical/Molecular Formulas

The Mole:

Two most likely conversions:

Key Idea: Converting between any quantity and another is best accomplished with
dimensional analysis. Ensure that your units cancel out.
33
 Practice Regents Questions

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

34
35
 Review #9
Equilibrium and Solutions
Chemical Equilibrium:

Key Idea: When a system is at equilibrium, reaction are equal. Concentrations of

reactants and products are , but not necessarily equal.

Le Chatelier’s Principle:

Stresses on a system include a change in:

1.

2.

3.

Note: The addition of a catalyst the rate of the forward and reverse
reactions. However, there is NO SHIFT IN EQUILIBRIUM.

Equilibrium can also be in . The processes of and

are opposite reactions; equilibriums also exist.

36
Soluble: ability to dissolve Insoluble: unable to dissolve
Solute: is dissolved Solvent: does the dissolving
Solution: solute + solvent = homogeneous mixture
Unsaturated: solvent can hold more solute
Saturated: solvent cannot hold more solute
Supersaturated: solvent is holding more solute then it can hold

The solubility of a substance is affected by the

of the solute/solvent, , and
(for gases only). The rate, or how
quickly a solute dissolves, is affected by
, , and .

“Like Dissolves Like”

When ionic substances dissolve, the become
surrounded by water molecules. The oxygen of
surrounding water molecules are attracted to
ions, while the hydrogens of surrounding water
molecules are attracted to ions.

Na+ Cl-

Colligative Property:
Key Idea: Boiling point is , freezing point is with the addition of
solutes. and pressure also changes with the addition of solutes.

37
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

38
39
 Review #10
Energy and Kinetics

Chemical Kinetics:
Mechanics and rates of reactions
Particles must collide to react

Key Idea: Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, a must occur
between two particles. The particles must have the correct and .

Reaction rates are affected by:

Energy: Capacity to do work/produce heat

Always transferred/change form = conservation of energy
warm  cold

1. What is the number of joules of energy released when 25g of water are cooled from 20 C to
10C?

2. What is the total number of kilojoules of heat needed to change 150g of ice to water at 0 C?

40
Exothermic Endothermic

Catalyst

41
 Table I
-ΔH = Exothermic

Heat of reaction: ΔH =

Entropy: ΔS = 1. created
2. increased
3. more created
4. from solids and liquids

Universal Tendencies:

2. If 2.0 moles of nitrogen are consumed

in this reaction, how much heat is
absorbed?

1. Explain, in terms of ∆S and ∆H, why

this reaction is spontaneous.

42
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

43
9. 12.

10. 13.

11. 14.

44
45
 Review #11
Acids and Bases
Define:
Arrhenius Acid: donates H+
Arrhenius Base: donates OH-
Bronsted-Lowry Acid: donates H+
Bronsted-Lowry Base: accepts H+
Neutralization: acid + base  H2O + salt
Indicator: changes color at different pH levels
Ionize/Dissociate: molecules break into ions
pH: measures amount of H+ ions
Titration: lab technique to measure molarity of acid/base

46
Electrolytes:

Key Idea: , , and are all electrolytes due to their

.

Titration:

MAVA = MBVB
Remember!
MA = molarity of H+ ions
MB = molarity of OH- ions
[H2SO4] = .3 M [H+] =
[Ca(OH)2] = 1.4 M [OH-]
=
[H3PO4] = .15 M [H+] =
[Mg(OH)2] = [OH-] = 1.5 M

Bronsted-Lowry:

47
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 8.

2. 9.

3. 10.

4. 11.

5. 12.

6. 13.

48
7. 14.

49
 Review #12
Redox

Reduction:
“GER”
Oxidation:

When an atom is oxidized (LOSE ELECTRONS) it acts as a

because that electron is GAINED by another atom.

When atom is reduced (GAINS ELECTRONS) it acts as an

because the electron is LOST by another atom.

50
 1.
Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Oxidized: Oxidizing Agent:

Reduced: Reducing Agent:

Oxidation ½ Reaction:

Reduction ½ Reaction:

2.
2Mg + Pb(NO3)4  2Mg(NO3)2 + Pb

Oxidized: Oxidizing Agent:

Reduced: Reducing Agent:

Oxidation ½ Reaction:

Reduction ½ Reaction:

.
Voltaic Cell

Electrolytic Cell

Key Idea: A voltaic cell is a redox reaction. Oxidation occurs at the

(“ ”) and reduction at the (“ ”)

51
1. Label the anode
2. Label the cathode
3. Draw in the flow of electrons
4. What is the purpose of the salt bridge?
5. Which electrode is gaining in mass?
6. Which electrode is losing mass?
7. Write the half reaction that takes place in half- cell 2:
8. Write the half reaction that takes place in half- cell 1:
9. Write the overall balanced redox reaction:
10. What type of energy conversion takes place in the cell shown?

Key Idea: An electrolytic cell is a reaction that requires an

energy source to occur. and are examples.

1. Label the anode

2. Label the cathode
3. Draw in the flow of electrons
4. Which electrode is gaining in mass?
5. Which electrode is losing mass?
6. What is the purpose of the battery?

52
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

53
54
 Review #13
Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Reactions:

Key Idea: A nucleus that is will

spontaneously emit radioactive particles.

An atom’s nucleus is unstable if:

1. The is
unbalanced.
2. The nucleus has more than
and is simply too large to hold itself
together.

239
Pu 
94

90
Sr 
38

53
Fe 
26

55
Half – Life

The amount of time it takes for half the sample to

decay.

If I have a 12.5 gram sample of N-16, how much

Tips for solving half-life problems:
time has elapsed if the original sample was
100.0 grams? Never divide grams by grams. You
can only multiply or divide grams
by 2.

# of H.L. = total time elapsed

How many grams of a 60 gram sample of Ra-226 Length of H.L.
will be left after 3198 years?

Use Table N for specific times.

56
Artifical Transmutation

Fission Fusion

Uses & Dangers of Radioisotopes

Radioactive isotopes have many beneficial uses. Several different radioactive isotopes are used
in medicine and industrial chemistry.

Tracing biological processes

Detecting diseases
Treating cancers/diseases
Nuclear power

Iodine – 131: Cobalt-60

Carbon-14 U-238 to Pb-206

57
 Practice Regents Questions
1. 8.

2. 9.

3. 10.

4. 11.

5. 12.

6. 13.

7.

58
59
 Review #14
Organic Chemistry
Alkanes: Single bonds, Saturated
Draw and name: C3H8 Draw: Butane Name the structure below:

Alkenes: Double bonds, Unsaturated

Draw and name: C3H6 Draw: 1-butene Name the structure below:

Alkynes: Triple bonds, Unsaturated

Draw and name: C3H4 Draw: 2-pentyne Name the structure below:

60
 Name the following:

2-bromobutane 2,3-butandiol

Pentanoic acid Ethyl pentanoate

61
 Organic Reactions:

Combustion

Hydrocarbon + O2 

Fermentation

Sugar 

Substitution

(remember: involves hydrocarbons)

Addition

(remember: involves hydrocarbons)

Esterfication

Saponification

Ester + Base  Alcohol + Soap

Polymerization

Addition: Condensation:

62
1. Put a circle around the alkanes, a square around the alkenes, and a triangle around the
alkynes.

Butane 3-propyne 2-methyl-1- 2-octene 2,3-dimethyl

hexene octane

C4H6 C3H4 C7H16 C2H4 CH4

2. Which of the hydrocarbon series are considered saturated?

3. What is wrong with the following diagram?

4. Draw the isomers of hexane – try to do it without your notes - there are 5 total

5. Put a circle around the compounds that could be used in an addition reaction, and a
square which could be used in a substitution reaction.

C4H6 C3H4 C7H16 C2H4 CH4

63
 Review #15
Reference Tables
Directions:
Find each of the following pieces of information in the Reference Tables.
1. If I start with 100 grams of a sample and after 58.2 years I have 25
grams, what atom did I start with?

2. What is the name of the anion in KMnO4? What is its charge?

3. If a solution turns yellow with the addition of methyl orange

and bromthymol blue, what range could the pH be?

4. How much NaNO3 can be dissolved in 200 grams of water at 45°C?

5. If I overhear a discussion about the pascal, what quantity is being

discussed?

6. What classification of hydrocarbon would C2H4 be?

7. What liquid boils at 80°C under normal pressure (101.3 kPa)?

8. This element has an electronegativity of 2.6 and a boiling point of 718 K.

9. What is the standard temperature of water?

10. Is NaOH soluble under normal conditions?

11. Of the following compounds, the decomposition of which one is

exothermic: KNO3, NH4Cl, NaOH, or NaCl.

12. What is the formula for acetic acid?

13. Can this reaction occur: Ag + CuNO3  ??

14. What emitted particle has a mass of 4 amu?

64
15. CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3 would be what class of organic compound?

16. What element has an electron configuration of 2-8-1?

17. 1.5 x 10-9 meters can also be expressed as 1.5 meters.

18. What is the weighted average of all the naturally occurring isotopes of
oxygen?

19. What is the heat of fusion of water?

Using table T, solve the following problems:

1. Give the parts per million of solute for a solution containing 25g
of sodium chloride in 200g of water.

2. If the accepted value for the mass of an object is 10.3g and a

student found that the mass was 10.1g, what is the student’s
percent error?

3. If a peanut is burned in a calorimeter containing 50g of water, and

the water temperature changes from 450C to 570C, how many joules
of energy were released by the peanut?

4. Convert: 40 grams of NaCl into moles of sodium chloride.

5. What mass of iron has the dimensions 3.20 cm x 6.50 cm x 0.30 cm?

6. Convert: 384 K into °C.

65
7. A sample of gas is in a container at 30°C and 100 mL under a pressure
of 40 kPa. If the container is put under STP conditions, what is the new
volume of the container?

8. If I dissolve 5 moles of NaCl into 2.50 L of water, what is the molarity

of the resulting solution?

9. 28 mL of 0.500 M HCl is required to neutralize 50. mL of NaOH. What is

the molarity of the sodium hydroxide?

a. How would your answer change if the base being neutralized was
Ca(OH)2?

66
10. What is the percentage composition of oxygen in MgSO4?

67
 Review #16
Big Ideas
1. Atomic # = # of Protons = # of electrons in an atom
2. Isotopes: Same element (same protons) different number of neutrons
3. How light is produced: An electron gains energy and jumps to a higher principle
energy level (excited state). Then the electron falls back to the ground state
emitting energy in the form of light.
4. Know Periodic Trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
5. Ideal Gas: High Temperature and Low Pressure
6. Heat is a form of energy. Heat travels from hot to cold.
7. When a chemical bond is formed energy is released.
8. When a chemical bond is broken energy is absorbed.
9. Temperature measures Average Kinetic Energy of molecules and atoms.
10. Higher boiling points = STRONGER intermolecular forces
11. If a substance sublimes at room temperature it has WEAK intermolecular forces.
12. Gases have the most entropy
13. A saturated solution is at equilibrium
14. Electrolytes: Ions in an aqueous solution that will conduct ELECTRICITY.
15. Electrolytes include: Acids, Bases, and Aqueous Salt solutions
16. Atoms are made up of mostly empty space.
17. Run away from an added stress in a reaction at equilibrium.
18. The addition of a catalyst to a reaction lowers the energy of activation.
19. Coefficients are used to balance an equation. They also represent the ratio of moles.
20. Standard Temperature Pressure (Table B).
21. Ionic Bond: Between a metal and a nonmetal
22. Covalent Bond: Between two nonmetals
23. Like polarity will dissolve in like polarity. (polar in polar, etc)
24. As temperature increases the solubility of a gas decreases.
25. Pressure affects the solubility of gases NOT solids.
26. Acids donate protons (H+ )
27. Bases accept protons (H+ )
28. Arrhenius Acids: Yield H+ ions
29. Arrhenius Bases: Yield OH-1 ions
30. Fission: (Look for NEUTRONS) ( )
1 3 4
31. Fusion: Combining of Hydrogen to make helium.( H + H  He + Energy)
32. All reactions show a conservation of MASS, CHARGE and ENERGY
33. LEO: Lose electrons oxidation (get more +)
34. GER: Gain electrons reduction (get more -)

68
35. An Ox: Anode Oxidation
36. Red Cat: Reduction Cathode
37. Alpha particles have a mass of 4 amu and a positive charge
38. Beta particles have no mass and a negative charge
39. Particle Diagrams:

Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Mixture

40. Collision Theory: If you add more reactants there will be more effective collisions
between the reactants causing the reaction to shift right and make more
products.
41. H2 O2 F2 Br2 I2 N2 Cl2 : Diatomic elements
42. Valence Electrons: Are used in bonding and give elements their unique
chemical properties
43. If you see the word TITRATION or NEUTRALIZATION use the formula: MA VA =
MB VB
44. Mole – Mole problems: set up a proportion using coefficients and the # of
moles given
45. Mole – Gram or Gram – Mole conversions: Moles = Given Mass
Gram formula mass
46. Hydrocarbon: Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne
47. Class of organic compounds and functional groups: Table R
48. Organic Reaction: Substitution
 Two reactants and two products

49. Organic Reaction: Addition

 Two reactants and one product

50. Organic Reaction: Esterification

 Organic Acid + Alcohol

51. Heating Curve for Water

q = mc ∆T
q = mHf
q = mHv

69