0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views28 pagesWa0000.
Ok
Written by my physics teacher
Uploaded by
harshupadhyay684Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views28 pagesWa0000.
Ok
Written by my physics teacher
Uploaded by
harshupadhyay684Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 28
Rotational Motion. + Axis of Rotation
Centre of Mars -
Centre of mars of a bocly or system da a point
which moves such ted all the mars is Concentyated
thane anol all external forces ane applied ther.
* The position of Centre of mass clpencls upon He shape
of the bocly and Aistribution of mass.
* In symmetrical bodies in which alishibution ef mass is
homogeneous , the centre of mars coincides with the
geometrical centre of the body.
# Centre of mars moy be inside or outsicle the body.
ee Ciyculan dise —> Within the body
Circwlon Ring —> Outside the body
Position vector of centre of mas for n particle system
Lat a system consist of n
Particles of mares M1,M2,--...Mn
whose positon vectors Gxt Fi, %s,
Ye o---¥, respectively:
Then position vector of Centre of mass
y:
FY = MM +m +... nla
Mm) + Matern Mn
Position vector of Centre of mand for two particle system
ye MY + me
my +m, IMPORTANT POINTS
ty Tk the origin 2s at the centre of mars, then the
sum of the moments of the masses of the system
about the centre of mass db zero.
2) Ip a system of particles of massed WM, 5 Ma 4--- Mn
move with velocities Vio Vays: Vn then the velocity
of centre of mors 4d
Zz 2 mv
=m
3) Th @ system of particles of massed ™ 9 172,... Mn
move th accelerations 45-5 then the
acceleration of centre of mass is
€
Bos = cmiag
=m
4] Foren on a rigid baday
: = Ma?
Pem@emMay
Note aay Calculation te fee EM Ger Pint %
Ground Cenhe of mars colculate HT ZS Point
Origin (00,0) TW assume #X Gen
From the formula of oliscvete
au tribution
Lo my + mute mate
Tk om, =emM_ =... My = mM thin Ys
Los m(y4 re. 8)
Hen MK®™ =m (rtarie.-- 14)
)
(am) = m (yea e+
[11 = Totad No. of Particles |
Tr 4 Ye TR
nm
K
Hen vooliud of gyration of a body abut a given axis
4 equal do the root mean Square olistance of the consti-
tuint Pontides of the body from the given axis.
Note—
at SZ Unit - Metre Dimensions - Cm*ct?]
Radius of gyration depends on axis of rotation and
clistribution of maad of the body (shape and size).
ce ob gyration oer not Aependl on mars of the Theorem of Ponralll axes-
Moment of inertia of a body about an axis
is equal to the moment of inttiq about a paral)
axis parsing throngh the centre of mars plus product
of mars of the body and the squant of Aistance between
thease two Ppanalid anis.
Note- Applicable for bodies
of any type amd shape:
Theorem of Perpendicular Axes —
Moment ot inentia of a plane Jaming about an
axis perpendicular to its plane 4s equcl te the sum
of the moment of inarHa of the lamina about any
to mutually perpendicwar axis in its own plane bie
Secting each other at the point through which tHe
perpendiculara axis parser,
Hew Ix, ly and Te ang
moment of intra about
X,Y and z axis Yedpechvely,
Note -
Applicable only for dso climensional bodies and
G@n mt be used for three dimensimal bodies . Moment of Tnevila of a Ring
tJ ut an axis parsing through the centre ob ring
er Cunpendicaian 4d its plane -
M = mars of ring
R
Ut
vanes nemate Ke
a or 1s assumed to made >
up oj
dm.
now
Small elements of maw dm
Moment of inmtia of this element about the axis
dr = dm- R*
Moment of Inertia of the whole ring about Hu axis
2] About the diameter of the ring -
Let moment of inertia of the
about each Uameter (xx!
rin
ond yy') 48 Ta-
Both the ameter are perpencticular
to the axis zz! which 2b panting
the Centre of te Ting
ard perpendicular 40 its plane.
By theoverm of Perpendicular. axed
In- Ix + Ty
or Te = lu +tya = 20
MR* = 27a el
3) About an axis tangential and parxalld to the
diameter. of the ring
By theorem of parallel axis
It = Ta + MR?
It = MR* 4 mat
=
T; 2mMR*
Tv = 2
Uj} Prout the nt ponaltel do the axis parting thigh
the centre of ring and perpendicular to its plane —
By theorem of Parallel axis
Iy = IT + me?
It = MR* + mR™
Ir = 2mMeR —
Moment of Inertia of some standard Bodies
Shape of Body Axisof Rotation
- af
Figure
Moment of Inertia
|
About an axis
passing through
| thecentre and
| perpendicular to
| the plane of disc
Circular Dise
Mass = M
|
| About a diametric
| axis
|
|
Radius = R
1 aR?
=MR'
2
= MR?
ale
ET
About an axis
tangential to the
rimand lying in
the plane of the
disc
MR2
ala
About an axis
tangential to the
rimand
perpendicular to
the plane of disc
3 mr?
3 MR
About an axis
passing through
the centre and
perpendicular to
the plane of Ring
MR?
About a diametric
| | axe
=MR*
|= Shape of Body
Axisof Rotation
Solid Cylinder
Mass=M
~ Radius=R
Length=L
About its
geometrical axis
Aboutan axis
tangential to the
cylindersurface
& parallel to its
geometrical axis
About an axis
passing through
the centre of and
perpendicular to
its length
Hollow Cylinder
Mass=M
Radius=R
Length=L
About its
geometrical axis
Aboutan axis
perpendicular to
its length and
passes through
the centre
About an axis
perpendicular to
its length &
passing through
onecnd Shape of Body | Axis of Rotation Figure Moment of Inertia x |
About an axis
; Rp +R
the centre and Mine .R3} ;
Annular Dise perpendicularto 2
Mase=N. the plane of dise
Internal Radius = R,
Outer Radius = Ry
About a diametric
axis Ry +R:
Fie? +Re Lae
Aboutits
Diameteric axis : MR? 2 R
Passing through
Hollow Sphere its centre
5 5
Se am 3f
2 mr?
2R
5
7
=MR*
5 7
© " a ~
Shape of Body Axis of Rotation
Thin Rod
Mass = M
Length = L
About an axis
passing through
centre &
perpendicular to
its length
Moment of neria | x
ML?
12
L
Viz
About an axis
passing through
one end &
perpendicular to
its length
Rectangular Pate
Mass = M
Length =!
Breadth = b
Equiateral
Triangular plane
Side = a
About an axis
passing through
centre and
perpendicular to
plane
|
About an axis
passing through
centre &
perpendicular to
side | in its plane
About an axis
passing through
) centre &
perpendicular to
side / in its plane
About an axis
passing through
centre &
perpendicular to
its plane | Moment of Inertia
semmajorads=a | CM and Man |
and semiminor axis =| perpendicular to 7 +b") |
| db the plane | |
_ |
[saa cone of radius | Axis joining the _
Randheighth | vertex and centre
| ofthe base
|
Torque (dv Moment of force)
_ The turning effect of a force about the axis of
rotation Callecl torque oy moment of force clue 40 the
given fore-
Rodial Component of Force = r
Fz FCos®
Trantverse Component of force
F= FSin@ (a)
As TH YFSnNO = Th
Or T= Position Vector X Transverse Component of force
@ Hence Toque 44 clue to transverse Component +
fore only,
In vector form Divecho - torque is an axial vector. Ths direction Js
aw perpendicular to the plane contaming vector VF and
Fo ae direction ie given by ‘Right hand screw Rule’.
Gi) Foy clockwise vototion Ts -ve
Wid For Antclockwise Yotahon Te +ve
Note -
Jj For @ given force and angle, magnitude of forque
depends on v. TRe mere the Value of 1, Hhe more
Will be Hie torque and Its easy to votate the body.
2)
Couple - . ; att
————— Tt i olepined a> the Gmbinothon of two
equal but ebpositely livecteol forced not actmg along
tne same Line>
F
C= xe e— vr ——
F
Note -
| THe botic olipperence between tovque ancl couple
is that in Case of Couple both the forces are
externally applieel while in case of torque one
force 18 externally appticd and the other we}
Yeachonany. Angular Momentum -
The angulan momentum of a body about a given
axis Us the product of its Linear momortum and per-
Pendiculan olistente of Line of acton of Unear mometum
vector from tHe axis of rotation.
e
Angular Momentum
BS Pleo
2 vest fm y
or L = m(Pxv) 5
SI Unit — Toule-sec. Dimensions — (Met
In Contesion Coordinates ity
Y =} xt 4+y} 4zk
P =pRt4+rAd+ Pek
and VW = Vet +wd4veR
t
x
tk
Tn Le ¥ = | = (VR-ZR)E~ xP -zP of Lx -YAR
Pe
»
tT oR
and Teamix y 2 = m[(yVye - 7 wey?
ee [(vve ~zuyt- (xv Zh + (KY-Yayk] Note -
Ad ar momentum is an axial vector « Its olirection
id given by ' Right hand Sere Rule’.
Z) Por 8-0 or eo | 0 Lmm =
For @ = 90° > Umax = mvr
BJ; In Case of Circular motion
TaeP = M(¥xV) = mvrSine
Lo=mvr =zemrtw [As ¥LV J
[ne asm)
J From T= 18 As a = de
at = ris [2 re =]
The rode of change of angular momentum 4s equal 40 the
not torque acting on the particle, Thus expression is also
Known a> Neustor's 2% Law of rotational motion.
SJ In Case of votational Motion
Angular Momentum Lo = Iw
Rotational Kinetic Energy Ea = fiw
=i i 4 1
> Ep = 41/4] > & rte
com
: 64 Argan momentum of a Syskem of particles is equal
to vector sum oh angular momentum of each particle.
- = Z, Bae aA
www. sccsikar, Tmpulse —
An,
Ih @ lange torque acts on a body for a small me
oe Amqulah Impulse = Tat
As oer & “ Angular Impulse = aL
Hene angular Tmpulse 4s equal to the change ™ 4
momentum. It has Aame unit, dimension anol directon ad
angidan momentum.
Law of Conserwation of Angular Momentum -
Th the reduttant torqur acting on a body is zew
then total angular momentum of the system yemains Constant.
By Newton's 2°4 law of rotational Motion T = At
5 +h AL
Ty I aoa 3 =
Tt ° en t ° S A D
Henee change in angular. momentum =o, or L= Constant.
or Li = Ly > Tw, = Lor
3. When a person havi weights in ha hands and standing
ona Yotating Plot form , Suddenly folds his arms, than
its moment of immba clecreases and in accordance
the angular speed increases . r«d
IV
wt Note - ;
Ip external torque of the system is zero, then the
Angular momentum is Conserved. Homer. the rotational
Kinet energy ts not Conserved «
T=o then Tw, = TW
ov batuh = gio 9 (duh) = n(drt)
then Tike, = Inka.
Hene if >IT, ten Key < Be
So ik moment of meatiq decreased, the rotatonal Kinsdic
energy Increases and vice- Versa. Rotational Kinetic Energy —
The energy auc to rotaHonal motion of a body
36 Known as rotetonal Kinase erungy
lita rigid body is rotating
about an axis with uniform angular
velocity uw. Ib the body 43 Composed
of Particles df marsh mM), Ma2,--
trun Kinetic energy of rotating bey
Eg = dmv + dmyo 4...
As tne Linear velocities of He poveticles
$B Wt WY, , Va TWH 9 --es
then ce, = £ (mrp tints -.- Ju
" he
Work in Rototional Motion -
Let a tangential Force Fr acts at the rim of
pivoted clisk.
The dise sototes trough a small
angle Ad during @ small time alt.
The work clone by the force. Fe while
Q point on the rim moves a olistanee
| ds is dw = Frds
Ty AG 48 angulor displacement then ds = Rd
dw = FRdO TR,
The torque duc to the forea FR ia
T= RR
dw = tdo
Dwung an angular disblace ment from 6, to 6. the total
work lone by the torque is
Is the torqus is cmstant while the angle Changes bu
8, do Ba then
we cll »[We etary]
Hen the wsork done by @ constant torque is the Product
of 4forque and the angular diupheoment.
Let T represents the net -tprqut on the body so
thot t= la
Assuming that the bedy is rigid so that the momect
of mertia I ls crnstant , tien
Td6 = (Iad)do = 1 diy alo = Twaw
Hence tote! Work done on the rotating body iA
WW.
w =fIwdo > [we Z (wt -0FJ
wy)
1
& When a torque cloos work on a rotating body >the
Kinetic energy changes by an amount equal +o
the work clone, Work Enevgy theorem in RotaHona} Moton-
The change in the rotatonal Kinetic energy of a
rigid body 2s equal 4o the work clone by external torque
we DE = 41a - £1
Rotationa) Power -
T+ Gs the Powen arsotiated with the work done
by a torque acting om a rotating holy .
Work done by the torque T Auring Amal clisplacemint
Se dw = tae
dividing beth Sick by the time intewal ott during vahich
the angular cisplacemant occurs, we get
dw. ad = =.
a - ta >| R= te
Wwhire PR 4d instantaneous Power
Rotational Equiibrum -
A body Gs Sod do be in rotational equilibrium
1 resultant torque acting on it is zewo.
Eg, Im case of beam balance
the System will be in rotational
equilibrium if op
Tut =o
or b=
Fyly = Fle
Te Slippin Spinning and Rollin
4) SHPPIPA~ Lonun the body slides on a surface without
Yotaton Hun its mohon ud Calleel Slipping motion.
Friction betwen the booly
and surface FO
Bocly Possess ody tronslatocy
Kinetic Energy Kr = em
24 Spinning - '
When the bosky rotates in such manner
that its axis of rotator aloes not move ten tts mohon
as Called spinning. motor.
Tn tis condition the axis of yotation of a
body 44 fixed.
In Spinning the body possess
only rotedovy Kinetic energy
Kr = $ Iu
or Kr = gmk = im S)
Henee Rotadory KE. = x x Transledory K.E.
Rolling Motion -
When a body Pperporms combined translatory and
Votatory moton then ut 1a Known as rolling.
The velocity of Centre of mam rvepresents linear motion
while angular Velocity represents yotoctury motion. For puxt rolling V = uR
By Law of conservation of enngy
Total Energy = Transledory Kinstic Energy
+ Rotatory Kineie Enungy
Total Energy E = Ey +Er
E = dmv? + dr
E = dmv? + dmx]
Es dmv*[1 +k]
Linean velocity of cUfferent point in volling-
B B B
v v 2v
By
D
y Yu
A ’ UW A Av=0
Tromsledory Rotatory Rolling
Va ® V-V FO Ve > Vevz2v
u
Ve =[Veavi =fZVv V> = [Vtavt =Jav a
Energy dishibution table for different rolling bodies
Translatory (Ky)
Rotatory (Kx)
Total (Ky)
Ring and
Cylinderical
Shell
Disc and Solid
Cylinder
Nin
Solid Sphere
Hollow Sphere
win | ale
Rolling motion on an inclined Plane -
Let a body of maw fm
and radius ‘R’ rolls
inclined plane of height ‘h’ and
angle of inchnadion
down on
8.
As the body rolls down
its PotenHod erurgy Loses and
it gains Kinetic ener of
trad slastion and rotate.
Orr,
By Conservation of mechanical enrgy
mah =
Velocity at te Lowest Pomt
4 2
Srv" (1 +
K2
Re
Rotation ie
Acceleration in moton
Fem eguaton vi = ur+205
by Subsituding uco , s+ pb. and Vs |23ah_
we gat
gsine
1+ e
Time of descent -
Frm csuchon vesurtat
substituting U=0 and valur of ‘V’ and ’a’ we ge
te sine ae +f]
By
g
Note -
Aj Hew factor KY is a measure of moment of
mertia. Lesser the moment of insta 2b the rolling
body Aersev will be the value ok K7R2 reat
will be its velocity and acceler tion and. esser Wil]
be the time of olescent-
25 From Figure
6; > 8. > 63
Aa>a >a
tic tr