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PHY 101 - Lecture - 25 - 2024

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9 views16 pages

PHY 101 - Lecture - 25 - 2024

Uploaded by

Kush Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY101: Introduction to Physics I

Monsoon Semester 2024


Lecture 25

Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences,


Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR
Previous Lecture

Torque
Law of equal area

This Lecture

Moment of Inertia

Parallel axis theorem


Perpendicular axis theorem
Rotation about a fixed axis
l The most prominent application of angular momentum is the analysis of
motion of rigid bodies.
l The general case of rigid body motion involves free rotation about any
free axis, and can be very complicated to deal with.
l For simplicity we restrict ourselves to a special, but important, case:
Rotation about a fixed axis.
l Fixed axis means: the direction of axis of rotation is always along the
same line; the axis itself may translate.

Fixed axes
Precession: not a fixed axis
Rotation about a fixed axis
l For the rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle in
the body remains at a fixed distance from the axis.
l If the choice of coordinate system is such that the origin lies on the
axis of rotation, then for each particle in the (rigid) body
= = constant.
l The only way that can change while remains constant is
for the velocity to be perpendicular to .
l If we fix the rotation axis along the z-direction, then

Here 𝑠! is the perpendicular distance


from the axis of rotation (z-axis in this
case) to the particle mj of the rigid
body, and is the corresponding
vector. ω is the rate of rotation, the
angular velocity.
Rotation about a fixed axis
l The z-component of angular momentum (or, along the axis of
rotation) for the j-th particle is:

l The z-component of the total angular momentum of the entire


rigid body is:

Note that since the body is rigid, the angular velocity ω must be
same for all the constituent particles.
l The above equation can be written as:
where
Rotation about a fixed axis

l 𝐼 is a geometric quantity referred to as the Moment of Inertia.


l 𝐼 depends on the distribution of mass in the body, as well as the
location of the axis of rotation.
l For continuously distributed matter we can replace the sum over
mass particles by an integral:

where dm is the differential mass element located at a perpendicular


distance s from the axis of rotation.

Then,
Rotation about a fixed axis
l If ρ is the volumetric mass-density of the object, then

where dV is the volume element located at the distance s from the


axis of rotation.
l Since we have chosen the axis of rotation to lie in the z-direction,
we get

l Thus,

Depending on the object under consideration dV may correspond to


a length or an area element.
Parallel axis theorem

Thus if we know the Moment of Inertia


about an axis Ac, passing through the
Center of Mass, the Parallel Axis
Theorem enables us to easily calculate
the Moment of Inertia about any axis A
parallel to Ac.
Examples
Find the moment of inertia of a uniform thin ring of mass M and
radius R, around the axis of symmetry of the ring.

Here

𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑙
𝜆 = mass per unit length = 𝑀/2𝜋𝑅

𝑠 = 𝑅 for all points on the ring

𝑀
𝐼= 𝑅!𝜆 + 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑅! 2𝜋𝑅 = 𝑀𝑅!
2𝜋𝑅
Examples
Find the moment of inertia of a uniform thin stick of mass M and
length L, around a perpendicular axis through its midpoint.

Here

𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥

𝜆 = mass per unit length = 𝑀/𝐿

#/!
𝑀 𝑥 % +𝐿/2 1
𝐼=𝜆 !
+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 = 𝑀𝐿!
𝐿 3 −𝐿/2 12
"#/!
Around a perpendicular axis at its end:

#
𝑀 𝑥 % 𝐿 1
!
𝐼 = 𝜆 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 = 𝑀𝐿!
𝐿 3 0 3
&

Verify the parallel axis theorem for the stick


Proof of parallel axis theorem
Consider a rigid body and let 𝐼 be its
Moment of Inertia about the z-axis.
The vector from the z-axis to the j-th
particle is

and

Now let Center of Mass (COM) of the


system be situated at .
The perpendicular vector from the z-axis to the COM is .

If the vector from the axis through the COM to the j-th particle is , then
the corresponding Moment of Inertia is
Proof of parallel axis theorem
From the figure we see that

So,
Proof of parallel axis theorem

If we write , then

This is the mathematical relation


depicting the Parallel Axis Theorem.
Perpendicular axis theorem
(Plane figure theorem)
Consider a planar object lying in
the xy plane.

We already saw that the moment of


inertia about the z-axis is

Moment of Inertia about the x-axis is:

This follows, since there is no length extension of the object along


the z-axis, and therefore the total distance of mass element from the
x-axis is solely decided by y.

Similarly
We trivially obtain:

If the planar object has a rotational symmetry about the z-axis,


then

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