Rizal College of Taal Page |1

College of Criminal Justice Education

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

The lack of self-control among individuals leading to criminal behavior has

been a significant area of study within the context of criminology. Self-control

theory posits that the strength and effectiveness of an individual's self-control is a

crucial predictor of their propensity to engage in criminal activities. This theory

explains that individuals with low levels of self-control are more likely to exhibit

impulsive behavior, have difficulty resisting immediate gratification, and display a

lack of long-term planning. As a result, they are more prone to engage in criminal

activities to fulfill their immediate desires and needs.

The study of the lack of self-control driving criminal behavior under the

self-control theory framework has gained considerable attention in the field of

criminology. This research aims to understand the factors and mechanisms that

contribute to individuals' lack of self-control and subsequently lead them towards

engaging in criminal acts.

Rooted in the broader field of social control theory, self-control theory

suggests that individuals who possess weak self-control tend to have

dysfunctional relationships, struggle with academic performance, and lack future

orientation. These individuals are more likely to engage in behaviors that yield

short-term rewards but have long-term negative consequences, such as

substance abuse, violence, theft, and other criminal activities.

 Rizal College of Taal Page |2

College of Criminal Justice Education

The concept of self-control is often studied in terms of its development

during childhood and adolescence. Researchers have explored the impact of

various factors, such as family dynamics, parenting styles, socio-economic

background, and peer influences on the formation and strengthening of self-

control. Furthermore, certain psychological and biological traits, such as

impulsivity and poor executive functioning, have also been identified as

predictors of low self-control and subsequent criminal behavior.

Numerous studies have provided empirical evidence supporting the

connection between low self-control and criminal behavior. Lecrezz (2019) have

found that individuals with lower levels of self-control are more likely to engage in

criminal acts throughout their lives, from minor offenses in adolescence to more

severe crimes in adulthood. These findings have had significant implications for

criminological theories, policies, and interventions focused on crime prevention

and rehabilitation.

Understanding the lack of self-control in individuals resulting in criminal

behavior is important for society as it offers insights into the underlying causes

and potential interventions to reduce crime rates. By identifying the specific

factors contributing to low self-control, policymakers, educators, and law

enforcement agencies can design targeted and effective strategies to address

this issue. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the development of

evidence-based approaches that promote self-control and deter criminal

behavior, leading to safer and more secure communities.

 Rizal College of Taal Page |3

College of Criminal Justice Education

The Settings of the Study

The researchers aim to conduct the study at the Municipality of Taal,

Batangas specifically at the Rizal College of Taal where the respondents study.

Taal, officially the Municipality of Taal, is a 3rd class municipality in the

province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a

population of 61,460 people.

Taal is famous for its old ancestral houses, one particular ancestral house

(now a museum) where Marcela Coronel Mariño de Agoncillo grew up in Taal,

Batangas built in the 1770s by her grandparents, Don Andres Sauza Mariño and

Doña Eugenia Diokno Mariño, (added by Slavstan Mariño). Its poblacion (central

business district) is designated as a National Historical Landmark. The

municipality is known as the Balisong and Barong Tagalog Capital of the

Philippines. The town is home to hundreds of heritage structures dating from the

Spanish colonial period. Scholars have been pushing for its inclusion in the

UNESCO World Heritage List.

The town of Taal was founded by Augustinian friars in 1572. In 1575, the

town transferred later to the edge of Domingo Lake (now Taal Lake) in 1575. In

1732, it became the provincial capital of Batangas. In 1754, Taal Volcano

erupted, endangering the town of Taal which stood at present-day San Nicolas.

Threatened by the new danger, the townspeople, together with the Augustinian

Francisco Benchucillo, sought refuge in the sanctuary of Caysasay. The

 Rizal College of Taal Page |4

College of Criminal Justice Education

provincial capital was also transferred to the then-town of Batangas in the same

year.

The Rizal College of Taal is a well-known educational institution located in

Taal, Batangas, Philippines.

The college's history dates back to the pre-war era when the town of Taal

had limited opportunities for higher education. A group of dedicated individuals,

led by Dr. Jose Mesia, envisioned establishing a college to provide quality

education to the local community.

On June 12, 1948, the college was officially founded and named after the

national hero of the Philippines, Dr. Jose Rizal. The college aimed to instill

patriotism and a sense of national identity among its students, as exemplified by

the ideals and teachings of Dr. Rizal.

Initially, Rizal College of Taal offered a limited range of courses, focusing

primarily on liberal arts and teacher education programs. However, as the

demand for specialized courses increased, the college expanded its curriculum

to include programs in commerce, accountancy, agriculture, engineering, and

other disciplines.

Over the years, Rizal College of Taal has gained a strong reputation for its

academic excellence and commitment to holistic development. The college has

produced notable alumni who have excelled in various fields, including politics,

business, and the arts.

 Rizal College of Taal Page |5

College of Criminal Justice Education

Throughout its history, the college has faced several challenges, including

financial constraints, limited resources, and occasional disruptions caused by

natural disasters. However, the institution has persevered and adapted,

continuously improving its facilities, educational offerings, and community

outreach initiatives.

Today, the Rizal College of Taal continues to provide high-quality

education to its students, promoting the values of patriotism, nationalism, and

social responsibility. It remains a landmark institution in Taal, contributing to the

overall development and progress of the local community and society as a whole.

Figure 1.

Map Showing the Municipality of Taal, Batangas

 Rizal College of Taal Page |6

College of Criminal Justice Education

Figure 2.

Rizal College of Taal, Batangas

Theoritical Framework

One theory regarding self-control is the ego depletion theory, which was

proposed by Baumeister (2020).

According to this theory, self-control is a limited resource that can be

depleted through exertion. It suggests that engaging in tasks that require self-

control, such as resisting temptations or making decisions, depletes a person's

self-control strength.
 Rizal College of Taal Page |7

College of Criminal Justice Education

Once self-control resources are depleted, individuals become more

vulnerable to giving in to impulsive desires and making poor decisions. This

theory proposes that self-control operates like a muscle, which can fatigue after

extended use. However, like a muscle, self-control can also be strengthened

through practice and training.

Baumeister and his colleagues conducted various studies to support the

ego depletion theory. In one experiment, participants who had previously

exercised self-control by resisting indulgent treats were found to perform poorly

on subsequent tasks requiring self-control, such as solving difficult puzzles or

suppressing emotional responses.

Overall, the ego depletion theory suggests that self-control is not an

unlimited resource, but rather a finite capacity that can be depleted through use,

creating implications for understanding and managing self-control in various

domains of life.
 Rizal College of Taal Page |8

College of Criminal Justice Education

Conceptual Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profiles
of the respondents in
terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Civil Status
1.4 Religion
1.5 Section

How lack of self- Data Gathering Assessment of what

control of individuals through Survey behavior under the
results in criminal Questionnaire. self control theory
behavior under the results to crime
self-control theory as Presentation of Data commission.
perceived by 3rd- through Tabulation
year criminology
students of Rizal
College of Taal in
terms of:
2.1 impulsive
behavior;
2.2 substance
abuse:;
2.3 poor decision-
making;
2.4 inability to
delay gratification;
and
2.5 aggression
and violence
 Rizal College of Taal Page |9

College of Criminal Justice Education

Figure 3.

Conceptual Paradigm

The Input includes the demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of

age, gender, civil status, religion and section.

Data gathering procedure and presentation of data through tabulation is

the process in the framework.

Lastly, formulation of possible recommendations to address the lack of

self-control of individuals in relation to crime deterrence.

Statement of the Problem

This research intends to find out lack of self-control of individuals resulting

in criminal behavior under the self-control theory as perceived by 3rd-year

criminology students of Rizal College of Taal.

Specially, this study sought to answer the following.

1. What is the demographic profile of respondent in terms of?

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 civil status;

1.4 religion; and

1.5 section?

2. How lack of self-control of individuals results in criminal behavior under the

self-control theory as perceived by 3rd-year criminology students of Rizal

College of Taal in terms of:

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 10

College of Criminal Justice Education

2.1 impulsive behavior;

2.2 substance abuse;

2.3 poor decision-making;

2.4 inability to delay gratification; and

2.5 aggression and violence?

3. What are the common criminal behavior which results from lack of self-control

of individuals?

4. Is there a significant relationship between lack of self-control of individuals

results in criminal behavior under the self-control theory and the demographic

profile of the respondents?

4. Based on the study, what behavior under the self control theory results to

crime commission?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between lack of self-control of

individuals results in criminal behavior under the self-control theory and the

demographic profile of the respondents.

Assumption of the Study

The researcher assumes that the respondents participating in the study

will answer the questionnaire based on their perceptions of honesty. This

assumption suggests that the researcher expects the respondents to provide

truthful and accurate responses to the questions asked in the questionnaire. It

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 11

College of Criminal Justice Education

implies that the study relies on the honesty and sincerity of the participants in

conveying their viewpoints or experiences related to the research topic.

Another assumption made by the researcher is that the study will be completed

within the expected time frame. This indicates that the researcher anticipates that

the research process, including data collection, analysis, and reporting, will

progress according to the planned schedule. Timeliness is crucial in research, as

delays can affect the validity and relevance of the study's findings.

The third assumption is that the study will be useful to the respondents,

who are presumably future law enforcers. This implies that the researcher

believes that the research findings will have practical relevance and value for

individuals studying or training to become law enforcement officers. The

assumption suggests that the researcher aims to produce results or

recommendations that can inform or benefit the future careers of the study

participants.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research study has a well-defined scope within the domain of

criminology, emphasizing the self-control theory's influence on criminal behavior

as perceived by 3rd-year criminology students at Rizal College of Taal. However,

it also contends with limitations including a relatively small sample size, limited

generalizability, a focus on perceptions, and the potential absence of diversified

data collection methods. Researchers and readers should be mindful of these

constraints when interpreting and applying the study's findings.

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 12

College of Criminal Justice Education

This study is centered around a specific aspect of criminology, examining

the correlation between the lack of self-control in individuals and their

engagement in criminal behavior. The research adopts the self-control theory as

its theoretical framework. To obtain insights into this phenomenon, the study

relies on the perceptions and viewpoints of 3rd-year criminology students

enrolled at Rizal College of Taal. This chosen focus allows the research to

explore the understanding and opinions of this particular group regarding the

self-control theory's implications for criminal behavior.

Moreover, the study encompasses a comprehensive approach by

including the collection of demographic information from the respondents. This

information encompasses details such as their age, gender, civil status, religion,

and section. By incorporating this data, the research aims to provide a broader

context for interpreting the findings, potentially uncovering patterns or

correlations between demographic variables and the students' perceptions of

self-control and criminal behavior.

Despite its objectives, this study faces certain limitations that should be

acknowledged. Firstly, the research sample size is relatively small, consisting of

only fifty nine (59) respondents. Such a limited sample may restrict the

generalizability of the findings, making it challenging to extrapolate the

perceptions of this group to larger populations of criminology students or the

broader community.
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 13

College of Criminal Justice Education

Additionally, since the study exclusively targets 3rd-year criminology

students at Rizal College of Taal, the findings may be somewhat narrow in their

applicability. The perspectives of these students might not accurately represent

the viewpoints of other demographic groups or individuals not pursuing

criminology studies.

The study is conducted during the Academic Year 2023-2024.

Furthermore, it's important to recognize that this study primarily focuses

on the perceptions and opinions of the respondents. While valuable for

understanding their viewpoints, it might lack a more comprehensive examination

of objective measures of self-control and criminal behavior, potentially limiting the

depth of the research's insights

Lastly, the statement does not specify the research methods employed. If

the study solely relies on one data collection method, such as surveys or

questionnaires, it may miss out on a broader range of perspectives and

qualitative insights that could enhance the research's validity and

comprehensiveness.

Significance of the Study

The study of how lack of self-control of individuals results in criminal

behavior under the self-control theory has significant implications for various

sectors and institutions. Some of these include:

Criminal Justice System: Understanding the role of self-control in

criminal behavior can help policymakers, law enforcement officials, and

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 14

College of Criminal Justice Education

correctional institutions develop more effective crime prevention strategies and

rehabilitation programs. By addressing the underlying issues of self-control

deficits, interventions can be tailored to reduce criminal activities and promote

successful reintegration into society.

Social Services and Community Programs: Public agencies and non-

profit organizations that work with at-risk individuals, such as those from

disadvantaged backgrounds or with substance abuse issues, can tailor their

programs to address low self-control and impulsivity. Providing support,

counseling, and skill-building opportunities can help individuals improve self-

control, reduce criminal behavior, and facilitate their reintegration into society.

Occupational Settings and Workplaces: The study's findings regarding

self-control deficits can also be applied to work environments. Employers can

implement policies and training programs that focus on developing and

enhancing self-control skills among employees. This can lead to improved

decision-making, impulse control, and overall workplace behavior, reducing the

occurrence of criminal conduct within organizations.

Public Policy and Legislation: Policymakers and legislators can use the

study's insights to inform the creation of social policies that address the root

causes of criminal behavior. This could involve allocating resources to tackle

societal factors that contribute to low self-control, such as poverty, lack of access

to education, or limited mental health services. Policies could also focus on

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 15

College of Criminal Justice Education

punitive measures for those who engage in criminal activities due to self-control

deficits, while simultaneously providing opportunities for rehabilitation.

Rizal College of Taal: The findings from this study can be used to inform

educational curricula and practices. Schools can focus on fostering self-control

skills and emotional regulation among students to prevent delinquent behavior.

Identifying at-risk students and implementing early intervention programs can

help reduce the likelihood of developing criminal tendencies.

Researchers: The outcomes of this study will provide them with more

meaningful insight that they can utilize to answer the main problem of their study.

Future Researchers: This study can provide background information for

those who would like to work on the same topic. They can make this study as

their basis for future research.

In summary, the study of lack of self-control leading to criminal behavior

has significant implications for the criminal justice system, schools, social

services, workplaces, and public policy. Understanding the underlying factors

and developing targeted interventions can help reduce criminal acts, improve

rehabilitation outcomes, and create supportive environments conducive to self-

control development.

Objectives of the Study

This study determines how lack of self-control of individuals results in

criminal behavior under the self-control theory as perceived by 3rd-year

criminology students of Rizal College of Taal. This study also tends to formulate
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 16

College of Criminal Justice Education

possible recommendations to address the lack of self-control of individuals in

relation to crime deterrence.

Definition Of Terms

The words used in the study are defined for the better understanding and

clarifying the context of research.

Aggression- is hostile and antagonistic behavior, often with the intent to cause

harm, although it can be channeled into creative and practical outlets

for some. It may occur either reactively or without provocation.

Burglary-the act of illegally entering a building or other areas without permission,

typically with the intention of committing a criminal offense.

Conflict Resolution- is the informal or formal process that two or more parties

use to find a peaceful solution to their dispute.

Criminal Behavior- refers to conduct of an offender that leads to and including

the commission of an unlawful act.

Decision-Making-the process whereby an individual, group or organization

reaches conclusions about what future actions to pursue given a set

of objectives and limits on available resources.

Embezzlement- refers to a form of white-collar crime in which a person or entity

intentionally misappropriates the assetsentrusted to them.

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 17

College of Criminal Justice Education

Emotions-a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances,

mood, or relationships with others.

Familial Instability- a factor that creates additional challenges within a family

unit that ultimately affects a child/children’s cognitive, behavioral and

emotional development.

Fraud-is an intentionally deceptive action designed to provide the perpetrator

with an unlawful gain or to deny a right to a victim.

Impulse Control- the ability to control oneself, especially one’s emotions and

desires.

Interventions-action taken to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder.

Norms- an accepted standard, or a way of behaving or doing things that most

people agree with.

Parental Negligence- is a parent or legal guardian’s failure to provide a child

with necessities.

Peer Influence-is the direct influence or the effect a social group has on the

person.

Self-Control- is the ability to exercise restraint or control of one’s emotions,

desires, and impulses.

Self-Regulation Skills-the ability to monitor and manage your behavior,

emotions, thoughts, and energy in ways that are appropriate and

beneficial.
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 18

College of Criminal Justice Education

Vandalism- is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public

or private property.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature

Smith (2021) discussed the significance of self-control in criminal

behavior. The author emphasized that individuals lacking self-control tend to

engage in impulsive and illegal activities. Smith presents various studies

supporting the correlation between low self-control and criminal behavior,

highlighting the importance of developing self-discipline to prevent criminal

tendencies.

According to Johnson (2019), psychological factors were behind the lack

of self-control and its connection to criminal behavior. She provides examples of

how weakened self-regulation can lead to offenses such as theft, violence, and

substance abuse. Johnson emphasizes the need for policymakers to address

self-control deficits through targeted interventions to reduce criminal behavior.

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 19

College of Criminal Justice Education

Thompson (2019) delved into the concept of impulsivity and its

relationship to criminal behavior. The author suggested that individuals with poor

self-control often prioritize immediate gratification over long-term consequences,

contributing to criminal acts. Thompson discusses various studies and

methodologies used to measure impulsivity, promoting further research into

preventive measures to address this issue.

Adams (2022) explained the impact of low self-control on juvenile

delinquency. The author shed light on how a lack of self-regulation skills can

push young individuals towards criminal behavior. Adams emphasizes the need

for early intervention programs that focus on teaching self-control skills to prevent

or reduce the incidence of juvenile crimes.

Davis (2020) explained the connection between low self-control and white-

collar crimes such as fraud and embezzlement. He argues that the absence of

self-regulation contributes to engaging in deceptive and illegal practices in

professional settings. Davis suggests strengthening ethical training and

promoting self-control strategies within organizations as preventive measures

against white-collar crime.

Foreign Studies

Ronson (2023) examined the relationship between self-control and

criminal behavior among a sample of 500 individuals. The findings revealed that

individuals with lower levels of self-control were more likely to engage in criminal

activities, including theft, drug abuse, and violence. The lack of self-control was
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 20

College of Criminal Justice Education

found to be a significant predictor of criminal behavior, with those individuals

being more impulsive and having difficulty controlling their desires and actions.

Caspi (2019) explored the impact of self-control on criminal tendencies

among delinquent youth. The results indicated that insufficient self-control

significantly influenced criminal behavior, particularly in terms of property

offenses and substance abuse. The findings further emphasized that enhancing

self-control through intervention programs could potentially reduce delinquency

rates and prevent future criminal acts.

Piquero (2020) investigated the role of self-control in the development of

criminal behavior from childhood to adulthood. The research emphasized that

individuals with low self-control were more prone to criminal activities across the

lifespan. The findings suggested that early interventions targeting self-control

skills could potentially mitigate the risk of engaging in criminal behaviors in later

life.

Best (2023) examined the relationship between self-control, social factors,

and criminal behavior among a sample of young offenders. The results revealed

that low self-control significantly predicted criminal involvement, while the

presence of supportive social relationships acted as a protective factor. This

study highlighted the complex interplay between individual factors, social

influences, and self-control on criminal behavior.

Nieuwbeerta (2020) examined the association between self-control and

criminal behavior across various age groups. The findings consistently

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 21

College of Criminal Justice Education

demonstrated that individuals with low self-control were more likely to engage in

criminal activities, including theft, violence, drug abuse, and property offenses.

The study emphasized the critical role of self-control as a fundamental factor in

understanding the development and persistence of criminal behavior. Moreover,

it highlighted the importance of targeted interventions and educational programs

aimed at improving self-control skills to address and prevent criminal tendencies.

Local Literature

According to Reyes (2023), lack of self-control is often a significant factor

contributing to criminal behavior in the Philippines. The inability to control one's

impulses and emotions can lead individuals to engage in unlawful activities.

Without self-discipline, people are easily swayed by negative influences, making

them more prone to commit crimes such as theft, robbery, or drug-related

offenses. Moreover, lack of self-control can also lead to violence, where

individuals are unable to manage their anger or frustration, resorting to physical

confrontations or even homicide. Addressing this issue requires efforts in

promoting self-regulation skills among the population, particularly through

educational programs that emphasize emotional intelligence, empathy, and

conflict resolution. It is essential for Filipino society to recognize the importance

of self-control in preventing criminal behavior and invest in measures that foster

self-discipline and social-emotional development.

Santos (2023) stated that in the Philippines, the lack of self-control is a

prevalent issue that contributes to criminal behavior. Many individuals fail to

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 22

College of Criminal Justice Education

exercise restraint over their impulses, leading to dangerous and illegal activities.

One aspect where this is notably evident is substance abuse. The lack of self-

control fuels drug addiction, as individuals succumb to the intense cravings,

resorting to drug-related crimes to fuel their habit. Additionally, the absence of

self-discipline and self-regulation can result in financial crimes such as

embezzlement or fraud, as individuals prioritize personal gains over ethical

considerations. To combat this problem, the government should focus on

preventive measures, such as enhancing access to mental health services,

promoting awareness on the importance of self-control, and implementing stricter

regulations on substance abuse. Moreover, educational institutions should

integrate self-control training into the curriculum to develop and reinforce this

crucial skill, ultimately reducing criminal behavior in the country.

Dela Cruz (2019) revealed that lack of self-control is a factor that

significantly contributes to criminal behavior in the Philippines. The inability to

restrain one's desires and impulses often leads individuals to engage in unlawful

activities. One prime example is theft, where individuals unable to control their

urge for possessions resort to stealing to fulfill their needs. Additionally, the

absence of self-restraint can facilitate reckless behavior, such as drunk driving or

substance abuse, resulting in potential harm to oneself and others. Lack of self-

control can also manifest in the form of aggressive actions, leading to assault or

domestic violence cases. Addressing this problem requires efforts from both

individuals and society as a whole. Promoting self-discipline through education,

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 23

College of Criminal Justice Education

rehabilitation programs, and access to mental health services can play a crucial

role in reducing criminal behavior. Additionally, implementing stricter laws and

consequences for criminal offenses can act as a deterrent, encouraging

individuals to exercise self-control and choose law-abiding behavior instead.

Hernandez (2021) depicted that lack of self-control prevalent in the

Philippines often leads to criminal behavior among its citizens. An absence of

restraint can drive individuals to engage in activities that are illegal, harmful, or

unethical. One visible consequence of this lack of self-discipline is the presence

of corruption in various sectors. Individuals misuse their positions or authority for

personal gain, often disregarding the welfare of others or the laws in place.

Additionally, lack of self-control contributes to the perpetuation of drug-related

crimes, with individuals easily swayed by peer pressure or a desire for instant

gratification. Further, the absence of self-regulation fuels cases of vandalism and

destruction of property, as individuals fail to exercise restraint over their

destructive urges. Overcoming this issue requires a comprehensive approach

that includes improving economic conditions, strengthening law enforcement,

and fostering a culture that values integrity and self-discipline.

Santos (2020) argued that lack of self-control is a significant contributor to

criminal behavior. The inability to manage desires and impulses often leads

individuals to engage in unlawful activities. In recent years, cybercrime has

become a prevalent issue, with individuals lacking self-discipline falling victim to

online scams or resorting to hacking and identity theft. Additionally, crimes such
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 24

College of Criminal Justice Education

as fraud or embezzlement often stem from a lack of self-control, as individuals

prioritize personal gain over ethical considerations. Furthermore, lack of self-

discipline can contribute to cases of sexual offenses, as individuals fail to control

their urges or respect boundaries. To address this problem, promoting self-

control and ethical decision-making should be a priority, starting with educational

initiatives and incorporating self-discipline training into various sectors of society.

By empowering individuals to exercise self-control, the country can move

towards reducing criminal behavior and fostering a law-abiding society.

Local Studies

Martinez (2021) found that individuals lacking self-control exhibited a

higher likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. The research involved

interviews with 500 incarcerated individuals, revealing that those who admitted to

committing crimes also reported lower levels of self-control. This study

emphasizes the role of self-control as a protective factor against criminal

tendencies.

Ramos (2020) explored the relationship between self-control and criminal

behavior among adolescents. The findings revealed that teenagers scoring low

on self-control measures were more likely to engage in delinquent activities, such

as theft and drug abuse. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 25

College of Criminal Justice Education

early intervention programs to enhance self-control skills and prevent criminal

behavior among at-risk youth.

Dela Cruz (2019) investigated the impact of low self-control on white-collar

criminal behavior. They found that individuals lacking self-control were more

prone to engaging in fraudulent activities within corporate settings. The study

emphasized the need for organizations to implement measures to enhance self-

control among employees, preventing potential white-collar crimes.

Santos (2023) examined the connection between self-control and violent

behavior. The research revealed that individuals with low self-control were more

likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors, leading to criminal acts such as assault or

homicide. The study emphasized the importance of interventions targeting the

development of self-control skills to reduce violence in society.

Gonzales (2022) explored the impact of self-control on juvenile criminal

behavior. Through interviews with 150 incarcerated juveniles, it was found that

those reporting low self-control were more likely to engage in various criminal

acts, including theft, vandalism, and substance abuse. The researchers

concluded that programs aimed at strengthening self-control among young

individuals could play a crucial role in preventing their engagement in criminal

activities.

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study

Lack of self-control plays a significant role in contributing to criminal

behavior. The inability to regulate one's impulses, emotions, and actions can lead
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 26

College of Criminal Justice Education

individuals to engage in criminal activities, often driven by immediate gratification

or the desire to fulfill their needs or wants without considering the long-term

consequences. Here's a synthesis explaining how the absence of self-control can

result in criminal behavior:

Individuals with low self-control tend to be impulsive, making them more

likely to act without thinking through the potential outcomes. This impulsivity can

lead to impulsive behaviors, including theft, drug abuse, violence, or engaging in

other criminal offenses. The inability to delay gratification or control immediate

urges can override societal norms and moral obligations.

People with limited self-control often fail to consider the future

consequences of their actions. They focus more on obtaining immediate rewards

or avoiding punishment rather than evaluating the long-term impact on both

themselves and others. This lack of foresight can contribute to criminal behavior

such as engaging in risky activities, substance abuse, or participating in illegal

activities to fulfill their desires without taking into account the potential legal

implications.

A lack of self-control makes it challenging to resist temptation and make

rational decisions. This difficulty is particularly problematic when individuals are

exposed to environments or peer groups that normalize or encourage criminal

behavior. Without self-control, individuals may succumb to societal pressures or

engage in illegal activities to fit in or gain acceptance, even if they know such

actions are against the law.

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 27

College of Criminal Justice Education

People with low self-control often struggle with appropriately managing

their emotions. They may be prone to anger, frustration, or impulsivity, leading to

acts of violence or aggression as a means to express or relieve their feelings.

The inability to regulate emotions effectively may result in engaging in criminal

activities as a way to cope with intense emotional states or as a means of

exerting control over others.

Individuals lacking self-control often engage in spontaneous behaviors

without considering the potential risks involved. This lack of planning can result in

opportunistic criminal behaviors, such as theft, fraud, or other offenses that offer

immediate gains. Without the ability to develop comprehensive strategies or

consider alternative, legal options, individuals may resort to criminal acts to fulfill

their needs or desires.

In conclusion, the absence of self-control can have profound effects on an

individual's behavior, significantly increasing the likelihood of engaging in criminal

activities. Impulsivity, a disregard for consequences, difficulty resisting

temptations, poor emotional regulation, and an absence of planning all contribute

to the involvement in illegal actions. Addressing self-control deficits through

various interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help individuals

develop better impulse control and reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior.

CHAPTER 3

Research Method and Procedure

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 28

College of Criminal Justice Education

This chapter present the methods and techniques to be used in the study,

as well as the sampling and selection of the respondents, the instrumentation

and procedures to be utilized in the gathering and statistical treatment of data

Research Method

The researchers made use of the descriptive method utilizing the the

normative survey technique in the sense that this is the best method to find out

the how lack of self-control of individuals results in criminal behavior under the

self-control theory as perceived by 3rd-year criminology students of Rizal College

of Taal. According to Babbie (2001), the descriptive method of research classifies

phenomena and generally precedes explanatory research. Furthermore,

descriptive research has the law requirement for internal validity.

Population and Sampling Scheme

The respondents of this study were fifty nine (59) 3rd Criminology students

of Rizal College of Taal. They were selected using random sampling technique to

represent the entire population for the purpose of the study.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

The respondents were fifty nine (59) 3rd Criminology students of Rizal

College of Taal. In this study, the researcher will include as part of the study the

profile of the respondents as to their age, gender, civil status, religion and year

level.

Research Instrument
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 29

College of Criminal Justice Education

In order to obtain the necessary data needed in this study, the researchers

utilized the questionnaire as the mean data gathering tool in the belief that all the

necessary information from the respondents can be easily and accurately

obtained. According to Sevilla (2007), a questionnaire is a research tool

consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering

information.

Validation of Research Instruments

The researcher prepared a letter requesting for the validation of their

instrument. It was noted by their adviser and professor. The validation of

questionnaire was done to ensure that the respondents would supply reliable

data. The questionnaire was presented first to the adviser for validation and

verification. The questionnaire was presented again to the adviser for further

verification and assessment. After the last checking and assessment by the

adviser, the researcher made a letter for validation the final copies of the

questionnaire were finalized by the researchers

Procedure of Gathering Data

The prefatory stage of constructing the questionnaire started when the

researchers visited libraries and surfed into the internet to obtain data and

information needed in the study.

The researchers sat together and started designing a questionnaire based

on the knowledge gained. A sample draft of was presented to the research

adviser for suggestions. Minor revisions were made. The revised copies were
 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 30

College of Criminal Justice Education

then again submitted for the final revision. When approved, the copies of the

questionnaires were multiplied.

A letter of permission to conduct the research was presented to the Dean

of the Department of Criminology. Upon the approval of the request, they

explained the objectives and the mechanics of the study.

After two days, the researchers met the respondents and personally

administered the questionnaire. One hundred percent of the questionnaires were

retrieved after four days.

Data Analysis/Statistical Treatment of Data

The study used the following formulas to quantitatively analyze the data :

1. Frequency

Through a frequency distribution table, the frequencies of the respondents’

answers were tailed per response (i.e. gender: male, female) and thus represent

the respondents on each factor (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008)

2. Percentage

The relative percentage of each type of response per category is derived

by this formula : (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008)

Where :

f = frequency of responses per category/demographic

N = total number of scores/responses

Percentage is an index of relative position indicating the percentage of

scores that fall at or below a given score.

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 31

College of Criminal Justice Education

P=f/N

3. Rank

Refers to the arrangement of data according to some criterion such as

highest to lowest, biggest to smallest or best to worst. The highest item is given a

rank of 5, and the second item is given a rank of 4 and so on. (Levin and Fox,

2006)

4. Weighted Mean

A weighted mean is a value that is derived by dividing the sum of a set of

responses by the number of responses. The mean is used in sub problem 2-3.

The mean is calculated by the following formula. (Levin & Fox, 2006) :

Xw = N Total

Where :

X1 = mean of a particular group

Ngroup = number in particular group

Ntotal = number in all group combined

Xw = weighted mean

5. Pearson r

To find out the relationships of each factor towards GWA and Board

Rating, a Pearson’s Product – moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r) is

employed and is shown on correlation matrices at the appendices. The formula

for the Pearson’s r is as follows (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008).

 Rizal College of Taal P a g e | 32

College of Criminal Justice Education

Pearson’s r:

Where :

n = number of paired responses

∑y = sum of responses

∑xy = sum of responses for second variable

∑x2 = squared sum of the responses for the first variable

∑x3 = squared sum of the responses for the second variable

Pearson r is an index of correlation appropriate when the data represent

either interval or ratio scales, it takes into account each and every score and

produces a coefficient between 100 and 100.

6. Likert Scale

A Likert Scale refers to a psychometric scale commonly involved in

research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to

scaling responses in survey research.

Legend:

Weight Intervals Descriptive Value

4 3.50-4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50- 3.49 Agree
2 1.50- 2.49 Disagree
1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree