Use electronegativity trends to predict the ionic/covalent character of bonds.

Assign partial
charges to the atoms in a polar covalent bond.
Which of the following bonds is most ionic in character based on electronegativity differences?
a. C–H
a. O–F
b. Na–Cl
c. N–O
Predict the ionic/covalent character of the bond between phosphorus (P) and oxygen (O). Assign partial
charges to each atom in the bond.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond: two atoms ____________ share or almost ___________ share two electrons
Polar Covalent Bond: two atoms share two electrons __________________ . The
electrons are more ________________ to the more electro_________________ atom.

The internuclear distance that corresponds to a potential energy

minimum (point “c” on the graph below) is the ______________
between two atoms.

Place the following elements in increasing order of electronegativity: Li, O, N, C

Arrange the bonds by increasing polarity: C—C, C—Br, C—O

 Draw Lewis Electron Dot Structures from molecular formulas and polyatomic ion formulas
including those with more than one central atom.
FIRST: VIDEO PRACTICE
Draw NO3- Draw PCl5

Draw C2H6O2 Draw NO3-

Hydrogen ______________________ follow the octet rule (only surrounded by ______ electrons)
C, O, N, and F ____________________ the octet rule (boron often __________________)
If an element is in period ___________ or below, then you can ___________ the octet if necessary
Carbon likes to form ______ bonds
Nitrogen typically likes to form _______ bonds
Oxygen typically likes to form _______ bonds
Halogens typically like to form _______ bond

The Lewis structure of PCl3​(phosphorus trichloride) has ____ single bonds, ____ double bonds, and
____ lone pairs on the phosphorus atom.

Draw the best Lewis structure for ammonia, NH3

- The nitrogen atom has ____ bonds and ____ lone pairs of electrons.
- Each hydrogen atom has ____ bonds and ____ lone pairs of electrons.

Recognize that C, O, N, and F follow the octet rule but that other elements do not always follow
the octet rule, such as H, B, P, S, and Cl.
Which of the following elements is least likely to obey the octet rule in its compounds?
a. Nitrogen
b. Boron
c. Fluorine
d. Oxygen
Explain why phosphorus can form PCl5​, but nitrogen cannot form NCl5​. What rule is being violated or not
followed?

Which of the following will have a Lewis structure where the central atom exceeds the octet rule?

A. BrF5​ D. BF3​
B. CH4 E. PCl5
C. CO2
 Determine when multiple valid Lewis Electron Dot Structures can be drawn for a compound and
relate these to the resonance hybrid structure for the compound.

If you can draw different resonance structures, then the electrons are ______________________ within
the compound
- Delocalization reduces electrons’ potential energy making the molecule more _______________
Which compound can have multiple resonance structures?
a. CO2
b. SO2
c. CH4​
d. H2O

Draw all the possible resonance structures for the sulfate ion SO42− and explain how these structures
relate to the resonance hybrid.

Which of the following ions will exhibit delocalized bonding?

Calculate the formal charge on the atoms in a Lewis Structure.

The more formal charges there are on the atoms in your structure, the __________________ the
structure contributes to the overall structure of the molecule (more formal charge = __________ structure)
What is the formal charge on the nitrogen atom in the following Lewis structure for NH4+
a. +1
b. 0
c. -1
d. +2

Calculate the formal charges on each atom in the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion.
 Determine the best Lewis Electron Dot Structure(s) from a consideration of formal charges.
Draw the best Lewis structure for CO2 (knowing formal structure)?

Two different Lewis structures can be drawn for N2O. Using formal charges, determine which structure is
more stable.

Arrange the diatomic molecules fluorine (F2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H2) in order of
increasing bond strength. (Hint: draw out the molecules and consider single, double, and triple bonds.)

Arrange these polyatomic ions by increasing P—O bond length: PO43−​, H2PO3−​, and P2O74−​.

Recognize the differences in relative strength and relative bond length for different bond orders.
Order single, double, triple bonds by strength and then by lengths.

Use VSEPR model to describe the electron pair geometry of molecules and polyatomic ions using
regions of electron density (electron domains or steric number).
What is the electron pair geometry of SO32−
a. Tetrahedral
b. Trigonal planar
c. Bent
d. Linear
Use the VSEPR model to determine the electron pair geometry for phosphorus pentachloride PCl5 and
explain how the number of electron domains leads to the observed shape.

According to the VSEPR Model, which one of the following molecules has a trigonal planar molecular
geometry?
 Use electron pair geometry to predict the molecular shape (as outlined by the atoms) of a
molecule or a polyatomic ion.
For trigonal planar and tetrahedral electron geometries, as the # of lone pair electrons increases, the
bond angles become more ________________________- (bond angle _____________________)

What is the molecular shape of ClO2−?

a. Linear
b. Bent
c. Tetrahedral
d. Trigonal planar
Predict the molecular shape of SF4 using the electron pair geometry and explain the reasoning behind
your prediction.

The electron pair geometry of BrF4−​molecule is ____________________ and the molecular shape is
____________________________.

Based on the shape of a molecule or polyatomic ion, predict the angle of a given bond.
What is the bond angle in a molecule with a tetrahedral shape?
a. 90°
b. 109.5°
c. 120°
d. 180°
Based on the molecular geometry, predict the bond angle for BF3​, a trigonal planar molecule.

The N-C-N angle in C2N2​is _____.

According to the VSEPR Model, which one of the following molecules would have the smallest bond
angle?

A. H2O
B. BF3
C. CH4
D. CS2
WATCH VIDEO AND PRACTICE

Account for distortions in bond angles from lone pair(s) for molecules involving C, N, and O.
Which of the following molecules has the greatest distortion in bond angles due to lone pair repulsion?
a. CH4
b. NH3
c. H2O
d. CO2
Explain why the bond angle in NH3 is less than the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5°, and how lone
pairs affect bond angles.

How many sigma (σ) bonds and pi (π) bonds are present in the structure of ethyne (C₂H₂)?

How many sigma (σ) bonds and pi (π) bonds are present in benzene (C₆H₆)?
The hybridization of the central nitrogen atom in ammonia is:

The hybridization of the central carbon atom in ethylene (C₂H₄) is:

The H-C-H bond angle in methane is approximately:

Identify simple polar molecules based on molecular shape and bond polarity.
Which of the following molecules is polar?
a. CO2
b. CH4​
c. H2O
d. CCl4
Determine whether PCl3​is polar or nonpolar based on its molecular shape and bond polarity.​
Polar Bonds: bond between 2 atoms that have a _____________ difference in electronegativity
- Dipole moment: is a vector representing the _________________ of the bond
- Polar Molecule: A molecule that has a ________________ net dipole moment
- A molecule that contains polar bonds may or may not be a polar __________________!!
- You have to consider the __________________ of a molecule in order to determine if it has a net
dipole moment
- If a molecule contains polar bonds, but the dipole moments for those bonds point equally in
opposite directions, the dipole moments ______________________ and there is no net dipole
moment on the molecule (ex. CO2)

Draw these molecules: H2O, CO2, CH3OH, CH2Cl2, SO3, SiH4, NH3, CH4, SO2, CCl4, CH3CH3.
Determine if each one is a polar or nonpolar molecule.

Definitions:

Nonpolar Covalent Bond:

Bond Length:

Polar Covalent Bond:

Bonding Pair:

Bond Energy:
Lone Pair:

Octet Rule
Electronegativity:
 Bond Order:
Resonance:

Bond Angle:

Resonance Structure:

Electronic Geometry:

Resonance Stabilization:

Molecular Geometry:

Formal Charge:

Bond Dipole:

WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU REMEMBER: