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General Chemistry I - Tutorials 6 and 7

This document provides a summary of tutorials 6 and 7 from a general chemistry course. It includes questions about estimating enthalpy changes for chemical reactions using bond energies, calculating average bond enthalpies, predicting reaction exothermicity using oxidation states of carbon, drawing Lewis structures and analyzing molecular structure and bonding for molecules like P4, furan, and aspirin. It also asks about the shapes, hybridization, and polarity of molecules like SO3, PCl3, and dichlorobenzene.

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Duc Anh Nguyen
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236 views10 pages

General Chemistry I - Tutorials 6 and 7

This document provides a summary of tutorials 6 and 7 from a general chemistry course. It includes questions about estimating enthalpy changes for chemical reactions using bond energies, calculating average bond enthalpies, predicting reaction exothermicity using oxidation states of carbon, drawing Lewis structures and analyzing molecular structure and bonding for molecules like P4, furan, and aspirin. It also asks about the shapes, hybridization, and polarity of molecules like SO3, PCl3, and dichlorobenzene.

Uploaded by

Duc Anh Nguyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Chemistry I

Tutorials 6 & 7

1. Using the above Table 8.4, estimate ∆H for each of the following gas- phase
reactions (note that lone pairs on atoms are not shown) and comment on obtained
results:
2. Ammonia is produced directly from N2 and H2 by using the Haber process, which is
perhaps the most widely used industrial chemical reaction on Earth. The chemical
reaction is
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
a) using the above Table 8.4 to estimate the enthalpy change for the reaction. Is it
exothermic or endothermic?
b) To increase the NH3 production yield, how could we process?
3. Given the following bond-dissociation energies, calculate the average bond
enthalpy for the Ti ¬ Cl bond.

4. (a) Using average bond enthalpies, predict which of the following reactions will be
most exothermic:

(b) Make a graph that plots the reaction enthalpy you calculated on the vertical axis
versus oxidation state of carbon on the horizontal axis. Draw the best-fit line through
your data points. Is the slope of this line negative or positive? Does this mean that as
the oxidation state of the carbon increases, the reaction with elemental fluorine
becomes more or less exothermic?

(c) Predict the reaction enthalpy for the reaction of carbon- ate ion with fluorine from
your graph, and compare to what you predict using average bond enthalpies.

5. A common form of the elemental phosphorus is the tetrahedral P 4 molecule, where


all four P atoms are equivalent:

At room temperature, P is a solid.


a) Are there any lone paire of electrons in the P4 molecule?
b) How many P-P bonds are there in the molecule?
c) Draw a Lewis structure of a linear P 4 molecule that satisfies the octet rule.
Does this molecule have resonance structures?
d) On the basis of formal charges, which is more stable, the linear molecule or
the tetrahedral molecule?
6. The reaction P4(g)  2P2(g) has ΔH = 217 KJ/mol.
If the bond energy of a single P-P bond is 200 kJ/mol, calculate the bond energy of
the PP bond.
Compare the value you obtain with the bond energy in N 2 (946 kJ/mol), and suggest
an explanation for the difference in bond energies in P2 and N2.

7. The I3- is linear but I3+ is bent. Explain?

8. I2+ exists in equilibrium with its dimer I42+ in solution. I2+ is paramagnetic and the
dimer is diamagnetic. Crystal structures of compounds containing I42+ have shown this
ion to be planar and rectangular, with two short I-I distance (258 nm) and two longer
distance (326 nm)
a) Using molecular orbitals, propose an explanation for the interaction between two
I2+ units to form I42+.
b) Which form is favored at high temperature? Why?

9. The following plot shows the potential energy of two Cl atoms as a function of the
distance between them.

(a) To what does an energy of zero correspond in this diagram?

(b) According to the valence-bond model, why does the energy decrease as the Cl
atoms move from a large separation to a smaller one?

(c) What is the significance of the Cl ¬ Cl distance at the minimum point in the plot?
(d) Why does the energy rise at Cl ¬ Cl distances less than that at the minimum point
in the plot?

(e) How can you estimate the bond strength of the Cl ¬ Cl bond from the plot?

10. In the hydrocarbon

(a) What is the hybridization at each carbon atom in the molecule?

(b) How many s bonds are there in the molecule?

(c) How many p bonds?

(d) Identify all the 120° bond angles in the molecule.

11. The molecule shown below is called furan. It is represented in typical shorthand
way for organic molecules, with hydrogen atoms not shown.

(a) What is the molecular formula for furan?

(b) How many valence electrons are there in the molecule?

(c) What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atoms?

(d) How many electrons are in the p system of the molecule?

(e) The C¬C¬C bond angles in furan are much smaller than those in benzene. The
likely reason is which of the following: (i) The hybridization of the carbon atoms in
furan is different from that in benzene, (ii) Furan does not have another resonance
structure equivalent to the one above, or (iii) The atoms in a five-membered ring are
forced to adopt smaller angles than in a six-membered ring.

(f) Perform the same with Thiophene and pyridine.

12. The figure that follows shows ball-and-stick drawings of three possible shapes of
an AF3 molecule.

(a) For each shape, give the electron-domain geometry on which the molecular
geometry is based.

(b) For each shape, how many nonbonding electron domains are there on atom A? (c)
Which of the following elements will lead to an AF 3 molecule with the shape in (ii):

Li, B, N, Al, P, Cl?

(d) Name an element A that is expected to lead to the AF 3 structure shown in (iii).

Explain your reasoning.

13. Give the approximate values for the indicated bond angles in the following
molecules:
14. Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b)
CS2, (c) SO3, (d) PCl3, (e) SF6, (f) IF5.

15. Dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2, exists in three forms (isomers) called ortho, meta,

and para:

Which of these has a nonzero dipole moment?

16. The nitrogen atoms in N2 participate in multiple bonding, whereas those in

hydrazine, N2H4, do not.

(a) Draw Lewis structures for both molecules.

(b) What is the hybridization of the nitrogen atoms in each molecule?


(c) Which molecule has the stronger N ¬ N bond?

17. Acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin, has the Lewis structure

(a) What are the approximate values of the bond angles labeled 1, 2, and 3?

(b) What hybrid orbitals are used about the central atom of each of these angles?

(c) How many s bonds are in the molecule?

18. (a) Write a single Lewis structure for SO 3, and determine the hybridization at the

S atom.

(b) Are there other equivalent Lewis structures for the molecule?

(c) Would you expect SO3 to exhibit delocalized p bonding?

19. Consider the H2+ ion.

(a) Sketch the molecular orbitals of the ion and draw its energy-level diagram.

(b) How many electrons are there in the H2+ ion?

(c) Write the electron configuration of the ion in terms of its MOs.

(d) What is the bond order in H2+?

(e) Suppose that the ion is excited by light so that an electron moves from a lower-
energy to a higher- energy MO. Would you expect the excited-state H 2 ion to be
stable or to fall apart?

(f) Which of the following statements about part (e) is correct: (i) The light excites an
electron from a bonding orbital to an antibonding orbital, (ii) The light excites an
electron from an antibonding orbital to a bonding orbital, or (iii) In the excited state
there are more bonding electrons than antibonding electrons?

20. Explain the following

a) The peroxide ion O22- has a longer bond length than the superoxide O2-.

b) The magnetic properties of B2 are consistent with the 2p MOs being lower in
energy than the 2p MO.

c) The O22+ ion has stronger O-O bond than O2 itself.

21. The iodine bromide molecule, IBr, is an interhalogen com- pound. Assume that
the molecular orbitals of IBr are analogous to the homonuclear diatomic molecule F 2.

(a) Which valence atomic orbitals of I and of Br are used to construct the MOs of
IBr?

(b) What is the bond order of the IBr molecule?

(c) One of the valence MOs of IBr is sketched here. Why are the atomic orbital
contributions to this MO different in size?

(d) What is the label for the MO?

(e) For the IBr molecule, how many electrons occupy the MO?

22. (a) The nitric oxide molecule, NO, readily loses one elec- tron to form the NO +
ion. Which of the following is the best explanation of why this happens: (i) Oxygen is
more electronegative than nitrogen, (ii) The highest energy electron in NO lies in a
p2*p molecular orbital, or (iii) The p2*p MO in NO is completely filled.

(b) Predict the order of the N ¬ O bond strengths in NO, NO +, and NO-, and describe
the magnetic properties of each.

(c) With what neutral homonuclear diatomic molecules are the NO+ and NO- ions
isoelectronic (same number of electrons)?

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