Title: Air Pollution

AUTHOR DETAILS:

Dontireddy Lohith Kumar Reddy

Student,22112365
Department of Computer Science Engineering,
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Chennai-603103, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT:-
Air pollution is one of the major environmental issues. It can cause
adverse health effects such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and high
mortality rates. High population density is a huge contributory factor to
air pollution in cities and urbanized areas. The third biggest city in the
Czech Republic, Ostrava the subject of this thesis, is one of the most
densely polluted areas of the country. The main air pollutants of concern
are suspended particles and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. ostrava's high
proportion of heavy industry is a major source of air pollution compared
to the rest of the Czech Republic. Other sources of air pollution are
transport, local heating, and possibly a pollution transfer from a
neighbouring industrial region in Poland. This thesis deals mainly with
long-term time series, including air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NOx), and
meteorological variables. Information about the opening and closing of
industrial plants can be considered as an added value to this work. The
purpose of this data thesis is to compare the concentration levels before
and after the closing or opening of particular industrial plants in the city
of Ostrava during the last 35 years. So far no one has utilized these data
sets for comprehensive analyses. Air pollution is air adversely affects
human health due to the presence of various toxic pollutants. Linking air
pollution from its source to adverse human health effects is a complicated
phenomenon that requires a multidisciplinary approach for better
understanding. Decision-makers need relevant, comprehensive estimates
of the disease burden attributable to different risk factors. Many statistical
models have become very relevant for estimating atmospheric
concentrations by analysis of complex datasets to produce inferences and
predictions that can lead to better management of air pollution. This paper
focuses on the Indian scenario as a case study and presents the current
status of air quality in India with special reference to particulate matter.
INTRODUCTION:-
Increases in population growth have triggered the deterioration of
environmental quality throughout the world. Rapidly growing cities, more
traffic on roads, growing energy consumption and waste production, and
lack of strict implementation of environmental regulation are increasing the
discharge of pollutants into air, water, and soil [3]. Urban ambient air
pollution is the result of emissions from a multiplicity of sources, mainly
stationary, industrial, and domestic fossil fuel combustion, and petrol and
diesel vehicle emissions [4,5]. Fossil fuels, the primary source of energy
consumption, are the greatest source of ambient air pollution, producing
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, dust, soot, smoke, and other suspended
particulate matter. These pollutants can lead to serious public health
problems, including asthma, irritation of the lungs, bronchitis, pneumonia,
decreased resistance to respiratory infections, and premature death. The
burning of fossil fuels is also the major source of carbon dioxide emissions,
a primary contributor to global warming [6]. Motor vehicles emit PM,
nitric oxide NO2 (together referred to as NOx), carbon monoxide, organic
compounds, and lead. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is
being altered/changed by the addition of gases, particulates, and volatile
substances, which may be toxic to living beings. The levels of air
pollutants are rapidly increasing in urban and rural areas in many
megacities (urban populations greater than 10 million) of the developing
world [7]. The air pollutants so generated are detrimental to human health.
In addition, they cause negative impacts directly or indirectly, if at elevated
concentrations, on vegetation, animal life, buildings and monuments,
weather and climate, and on the aesthetic quality of the environment. Most
Asian cities cannot comply with the WHO air quality guidelines or the US
Environmental Protection Agency standards; exceptions are cities in more
developed countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan. Several Asian
cities in China, India, and Vietnam have the highest levels of outdoor air
pollution in the world.
INTRODUCTION:
Anikender Kumar and PramilaGoyal (2023) presented the study of the
daily AQI value for the city of Delhi, India using previous records of AQI
and meteorological parameters with the help of Principal
Component Regression (PCR) and Multiple Linear Regression
Techniques. They perform the prediction of daily AQI of the year 2023
using previous records of the year 2020-2023 and different equations.
After that, this predicted value was then compared with an observed value
of AQI of 2023 for the season's summer, Monsoon, post-monsoon, and
winter using the Multiple Linear Regression Technique [1]. Principal
Component Analysis is used to find the collinearity among the
independent variables. The Principal components were used in Multiple
Linear Regression to eliminate collinearity among the predictor variables
and also reduce the number of predictors. The Principal Component
Regression gives a better performance for predicting the AQI in the winter
season than any other season. In this study, only meteorological
parameters were considered or used while forecasting the future AQI but
they have not considered the ambient air pollutants that may cause the
effects. adverse health effects.

Huixiang Liu (et al.2019) have taken two different cities Beijing and
Italian cities for the study purpose. They have forecasted the Air Quality
Index (AQI) for the city of Beijing and predicted the concentration of
NOxin an
Italian City depends on two different publicly available datasets. The first
Dataset for the period of December 2013 to August 2018 having 1738
instances is made available from the Beijing Municipal Environmental
Centre [5] which contains the fields like hourly averaged AQI and the
concentrations of PM2.5, O3, SO2, PM10, and NO2 in
 Beijing. The second Dataset with 9358 instances is collected from Italian
cities from March 2004 to February 2005. This dataset contains the
attributes as Hourly averaged concentration of CO, Nonmethane
Hydrocarbons, Benzene, NOx, and NO2 [5]. However, they focused
majorly on NOxprediction as it is one of the important predictors for Air
Quality evaluation. They used Support Vector Regression (SVR) and
Random Forest Regression (RFR) techniques for AQI and NOx
concentration prediction. SVR shows better performance in the prediction
of AQI while RFR gives better performance in predicting the NOx
concentration.

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES IN INDIA:-

India has a relatively extensive set of regulations designed to improve

both air and water quality. The environmental policies have their roots in
the Water Act of 1974 and the Air Act of 1981. These acts created the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs), which are responsible for data collection and policy
enforcement, and also developed detailed procedures for environmental
compliance. The CPCB and SPCBs quickly advanced a national
environmental monitoring program (responsible for the rich data
underlying our analysis). The Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), created in its initial form in 1980, was established largely to set
the overall policies that the CPCB and
SPCBs were to enforce [25]. Starting in 1987, India‟s Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) began compiling readings of Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter with a diameter less
than 100μm (PM). The data were collected as a part of the National Air
Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP), a program established by the
CPCB to help identify, assess, and prioritize the pollution control needs in
different areas, as well as to help in identifying and regulating potential
hazards and pollution sources[26]. The CPCB reports that there are
currently 365 functional air quality monitoring stations in 127 Indian
cities, and there has been much movement in India.
CONCLUSION:-

The purpose of this literature review paper is to know in detail about the
Air Quality Index (AQI) as AQI tells whether the air around us is polluted
or not. It is important to the worst impacts or hazards of air pollution they
will not become that much aware of the air pollution and try to reduce it.
As per this review, most of the researchers worked on AQI and pollutant
concentration level forecasting that will give the actual idea about AQI.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and linear and Logistic Regression are
the choices of many researchers for the prediction of AQI and air pollutant
concentration. The future scope may include consideration of all
parameters that is meteorological parameters, and air pollutants while
predicting AQI or forecasting the future concentration level of different
pollutants.

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