TOTAL DAILY GLOBAL CLEAR-SKY RADIATION SolarRad.

xls
ON HORIZONTAL AND SLOPING SURFACES S.L. Dingman
See Appendix E for symbol definitions and equations. Physical Hydrology, 2nd Ed.

MJ/m^2 hr MJ/m^2 day W/m^2 cal/cm^2day

Solar Constant (Isc) = 4.921 118.1 1367 2821
Input data Computed values
Site: Location: Logan
Latitude. L: 41 degrees = 0.716 radians
Slope Azimuth, a 70 degrees = 1.222 radians
Slope Angle, b: 20 degrees = 0.349 radians
Day of Year: Year Day, J: 325 ====> Date = 20-Nov
Declination, d = -19.759 degrees = -0.345 radians
Optical Air Mass, Mopt: 4.6 From Figure E-4
Weather: Air Temperature, Ta: 5.0 C
Relative Humidity, Wa: 0.50 0 <= Wa <= 1
Surface Albedo, a: 0.30 0 <= a <= 1
Dust Attenuation, gdust: 0.05 0 <= gdust <= 0.20
Parameters: Day Angle, G = 5.577402848 radians = 319.56164384 degrees
Eccentricity, (ro/r)^2 = 1.025
Vapor Presssure, ea = 0.437 kPa
Dew Pt, Td = -4.5 C
Precipitable Water, Wp = 0.8 cm
tsa = 0.57576786 ts = 0.6879415652
t = 0.52576786 gs = 0.3620584348
NON-POLAR
RADIATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE
Sunrise, Thr = -4.787 hr Sunset, Ths = 4.787 hr
Day Length = 9.574 hr
Extraterrestrial, K'ET = 15.2957782 MJ/m^2day = 177.05 W/m^2
Direct, K'dir = 8.0420285 MJ/m^2day = 93.09 W/m^2
Diffuse, K'dif = 2.76898275 MJ/m^2day = 32.05 W/m^2
Global, K'g = 10.8110113 MJ/m^2day = 125.14 W/m^2
Backscatter, K'bs = 0.58713267 MJ/m^2day = 6.80 W/m^2
CLEAR SKY, K'cs = 11.3981439 MJ/m^2day = 131.93 W/m^2
RADIATION ON SLOPING SURFACE

Longitude Difference, DW = 0.4701639042 radians = 26.938407389 degrees

Equivalent Latitude, Leq = 0.7821102795 radians = 44.811618129 degrees
Sunrise, Thr = -4.787 hr Sunset, Ths = 2.810 hr
Day Length = 7.597 hr
Extraterrestrial, K'ET = 11.9653242 MJ/m^2day = 138.50 W/m^2
Direct, K'dir = 6.29098288 MJ/m^2day = 72.82 W/m^2
Diffuse, K'dif = 2.16607328 MJ/m^2day = 25.07 W/m^2
Global, K'g = 8.45705616 MJ/m^2day = 97.89 W/m^2
Backscatter, K'bs = 0.45929228 MJ/m^2day = 5.32 W/m^2
CLEAR SKY, K'cs = 8.91634844 MJ/m^2day = 103.21 W/m^2
POLAR
RADIATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACE
Sunrise, Thr = hr Sunset, Ths = hr
Day Length = #VALUE! hr
Extraterrestrial, K'ET = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Direct, K'dir = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Diffuse, K'dif = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Global, K'g = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Backscatter, K'bs = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
CLEAR SKY, K'cs = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
RADIATION ON SLOPING SURFACE

Sunrise, Thr = hr Sunset, Ths = hr

Day Length = #VALUE! hr
If computed values < 0 , actual value = 0.
Extraterrestrial, K'ET = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Direct, K'dir = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Diffuse, K'dif = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Global, K'g = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
Backscatter, K'bs = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
CLEAR SKY, K'cs = #VALUE! MJ/m^2day = #VALUE! W/m^2
2. The spreadsheet SOLLARRAD used to obtain values where indicated
a) Verify the equivalence of the two approaches

Latitude 41.0 deg 0.71558499 rad

Slope 20.0 deg 0.34906585 rad
Azimuth 70.0 deg 1.22173048 rad
Time -1.0 (11 am is 1 hour before noon)
Date 20-Nov
Solar constant Isc 118.1 MJ/m^2 day
Eccentricity 1.025 Cell D20
angular velocity w 0.2618 2pi/24

(i) Equivalent slope concept

Equiv latitude 0.7821 radians 44.81 degrees Cell D39
Longitude Difference 0.4702 radians 26.94 degrees Cell D38
tadj 0.796 This is the time on the equivalent plane
ket 50.251 MJ/m^2 day Equation E-6

(ii) Direct Approach

zenith angle q 1.0880 radians Equation E-4 62.34 deg
cos A -0.9614 radians Equation (2)
A 2.8630 radians This is between 0 and pi and time is in morning so
no adjustment needed 164.0368
cos z 0.4150 Equation (1)
Illumniation angle z 1.1429 radians 65.48 deg
Illumination
intensity 50.251 MJ/m^2 day
This is equivalent to the result from part (i) as we expect

(iii) Time of local sunset

Tss 2.810 hr Cell F40
zenith angle q 1.2611 radians Equation E-4 72.26 deg
cos A -0.7485 radians Equation (2)
A 2.4166 radians Time is in afternoon so this has to be between -pi and 0
Corrected A -2.4166 radians -138.46 deg
cos z 1.073048E-06 Equation (1)
This is numerically equivalent to 0 as we expect for the illumination angle at sunset.
b) Radiation for horizontal area at center of valley 10 km wide with mtns 1.5 km high.
From SOLARRAD spreadsheet cells C25 and E25 the times of horizon sunrise and sunset are
Thr = -4.7870 h Ths = 4.7870 h

For a series of times between these evaluate q and A. Then from valley geometry determine the horizon angle in the direction
of A, to determine the times of sunrise and sunset adjusted for the mountains.

Plan
N

A
x = 5 km

Sun
x/L = cos(A-/2)
L=x/cos(A-/2) in the am
L=-x/cos(A-/2) in the pm

Side view

H
h

h = atan(H/L)
 x 5 km
H 1.5 km Sun angle
t wt q A L h p/2-q cos z 5
hr rad rad rad km rad rad
4.5
-5.5 -1.439896633 1.7002368 1.91618489 5.31381268 0.2751246 -0.129440476 0.1393158199 Zenith angle
-5 -1.308996939 1.6087615 1.9990045 5.49624949 0.2664253 -0.037965221 0.2079587916 4
-4.5 -1.178097245 1.5207538 2.08522333 5.74333188 0.2554659 0.050042573 0.2689668548 Azimuth angle
3.5
-4 -1.047197551 1.4370492 2.17600815 6.07990253 0.241884 0.13374712 0.3212961449
-3.5 -0.916297857 1.3586084 2.27245406 6.54644601 0.2252438 0.212187928 0.364051293 3
-3 -0.785398163 1.2865319 2.3755368 7.21190301 0.2050658 0.284264469 0.3965007467 2.5
-2.5 -0.654498469 1.2220602 2.4860173 8.20189222 0.1808856 0.34873614 0.418089287
2
-2 -0.523598776 1.1665484 2.60429657 9.76915595 0.1523546 0.404247968 0.4284475278
-1.5 -0.392699082 1.1214023 2.73023539 12.5045726 0.1193857 0.449394021 0.4273982369 1.5
-1 -0.261799388 1.08797 2.86298296 18.1805474 0.0823193 0.482826295 0.4149593679 1
-0.5 -0.130899694 1.0673926 3.00089037 35.65355 0.0420468 0.503403687 0.3913437532
0.5
0 0 1.0604422 3.14159265 8.1656E+16 1.837E-17 0.510354122 0.3569554626
0.5 0.1308996939 1.0673926 3.28229493 35.65355 0.0420468 0.503403687 0.3123828893 0
1 0.2617993878 1.08797 3.42020235 18.1805474 0.0823193 0.482826295 0.2583886823 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
1.5 0.3926990817 1.1214023 3.55294991 12.5045726 0.1193857 0.449394021 0.1958966976
2 0.5235987756 1.1665484 3.67888874 9.76915595 0.1523546 0.404247968 0.1259761903 Note that in evaluating the azimuth angle above for afternoon
2.5 0.6544984695 1.2220602 3.797168 8.20189222 0.1808856 0.34873614 0.0498235196 times the result is 2pi - acos() the result from equaiton 2.
3 0.7853981634 1.2865319 3.90764851 7.21190301 0.2050658 0.284264469 -0.031258321
3.5 0.9162978573 1.3586084 4.01073125 6.54644601 0.2252438 0.212187928 -0.115881999
4 1.0471975512 1.4370492 4.10717716 6.07990253 0.241884 0.13374712 -0.20259958 0.6
Horizon
4.5 1.1780972451 1.5207538 4.19796198 5.74333188 0.2554659 0.050042573 -0.289927301 angle
0.5
5 1.308996939 1.6087615 4.28418081 5.49624949 0.2664253 -0.037965221 -0.376370962 Sun angle
5.5 1.4398966329 1.7002368 4.36700042 5.31381268 0.2751246 -0.129440476 -0.460451487 0.4

Part (ii) 0.3

Solving for when horizon angle equals sun angle (solver to set h-sun angle = 0 by changing time)
-3.500000 -0.916297857 1.3586084 2.27245406 6.54644601 0.2252438 0.212187928 0.364051293 0.2
h-sun angle 0.013055876
0.1
The sun first impacts the location at the center of the valley 3.50 hours before noon
0
Solving for when illumination angle is 90 by changing time -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
3.00000 0.7853981634 1.2865319 3.90764851 7.21190301 0.2050658 0.284264469 -0.031258321 -0.1
The sun last impacts the location at the center of the valley 3.00 hours after noon
-0.2
Part (iii)
delta_t 0.5/24 0.02083333 day In the figure above sun angle is up from the horizon, i.e. p/2-q
Sum 4.1402136542
Numerical estimate is sum * delta_t*Isc*Eo 10.4 MJ/m^2 day
Note that the sum (at H98) was only over values of cosz for the hours the location was illuminated
Note that this integral can be made more precise by accounting for the partial intervals at the beginning and end. This refining is left as an exercise.
Part (iv)
From Spreadsheet SOLARRAD 12.0 MJ/m^2 day
(This does not account for horizons and assumes Tsr and Tss as -4.787 and 2.810 respectively)

Part (v)
For the mid valley location due to the valley sides the Tsr and Tss are as solved above
Tsr -3.5000
Tss 3.0000
From Spreadsheet SOLARRAD Equiv latitude 0.782 (rad) SOLARRAD Cell D39
Delta Omega 0.470 (rad) SOLARRAD Cell D38
From Equation E-25 9.972 MJ/m^2 day Modified from SOLARRAD cell C42
There is a divide by 24 in the solar constant in the above equation so that it is consistent with hours used in the integration. The result is reported in MJ/(m^2 day) because the integration is for a day

Equation E-25 evaluated in cell E124 above is an exact result. The solution to part (iii) in E112 is a numerical
approximation that could be made more accurate using smaller time steps and accounting for the start and end
times better. The solution to part (iv) neglects the shading effect of the mountains.. For this date the integrated
daily radiation is reduced about 20% due to the surrounding mountains. The above calculations are for
extraterrestrial radiation. The spreadsheet SOLARRAD gives the ratio of clear sky to ET radiation (without
mountains) as 8.9/12, so using this same ratio the estimated clear sky radiation in the valley is

7.4 MJ/m^2 day

pi/2 1.570796
use the integration is for a day