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Chapter 5 Computer

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41 views4 pages

Chapter 5 Computer

Uploaded by

shihabsince99
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 05: OPERATING SYSTEMS

What is an Operating System?

Operating System (OS): An operating system is software that acts as a bridge


between computer hardware and the user. Every computer needs an OS to run
programs like browsers, MS Office, and games. It allows users to interact with
the computer without needing to understand its language. Without an
operating system, using a computer or mobile device is not possible. The OS
controls computer resources, serves as a base for application programs, and is a
collection of system programs for operating and providing an execution
environment.

Functions of Operating System

The operating system (OS) does important tasks to make computers work
smoothly:

1. Process Management: Helps create and delete processes, making sure they
sync and talk to each other.
2. Memory Management: Allocates and frees up memory for programs that
need it.
3. File Management: Organizes, stores, retrieves, names, shares, and protects
files.
4. Device Management: Keeps track of all devices, using an I/O controller to
allocate and free them up.
5. I/O System Management: Hides hardware details from users.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Manages different storage levels like
primary, secondary, and cache, ensuring programs can access data.
7. Security: Protects computer data from malware and unauthorized access.
8. Command Interpretation: Understands and executes commands given by
users.
9. Networking: In a distributed system, processors communicate through a
network without sharing memory, devices, or a clock.
10. Job Accounting: Tracks time and resources used by different jobs and users.
11. Communication Management: Coordinates compilers, interpreters, and
other software resources for computer users.

Types of Operating System (OS)

1. Batch Operating System


In a Batch Operating System, long and time-consuming computer tasks are
made faster by grouping similar jobs together and running them as a batch.

Users don't interact directly with the computer; instead, they prepare their
tasks offline using devices like punch cards and submit them to a computer
operator.
2. Multi-Programming Operating systems
when one program is waiting for input/output, another program is ready to use
the CPU. This allows many tasks to use the CPU's time.

It's important to understand that multi-programming doesn't mean performing


all tasks at the same time; instead, different tasks are in memory, and the CPU
works on portions of each task one after another.
3. Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
Time-sharing operating system enables people located at a different
terminal(shell) to use a single computer system at the same time. The processor
time (CPU) which is shared among multiple users is termed as time sharing.
4. Real-Time OS: Quickly responds to inputs. Examples: Military Software
Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real time OS example.
5. Distributed Operating System:Uses multiple processors in different machines
for fast computation.
6. Network Operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve
to manage data, user, groups, security, application, and other networking
functions.
7.Mobile OS
Designed for smartphones, tablets, and wearables like Android and iOS. Others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
8.MS-DOS:

MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System, is a single-user operating system


made by Microsoft. Introduced in 1981 with IBM, it was widely used in personal
computers during the 1980s.
Some of the disk and file maintenance commands of MS-DOS are as follows:
DIR: To list the directory
TREE: To list all disk subdirectories and their subdirectories
TYPE : To see the contents of a file on the screen
REN: To rename a disk file
DEL: To erase files from a disk
COPY: To copy files from one location of disk to another
DISKCOPY: To copy the entire diskette
FORMAT: To realign the tracks and sectors of the diskette

Short Note

GUI:
A GUI, or graphical user interface, is a visual system in computer software. It
displays interactive elements that show information and actions for users.
Objects in a GUI can change color, size, or visibility when users interact with
them. The GUI was first created in 1981 by Alan Kay, Douglas Engelbart, and
others at Xerox PARC. Apple later introduced the Lisa computer with a GUI on
January 19, 1983.

The limitations of this DOS are:

1. Under DOS, only a single program can be loaded into memory at a time.
2. DOS was not designed to handle the large amounts of RAM that today’s PCs
typically use.
3.DOS was designed for 16-bit CPUs and can not take advantage of the 32-bit
architecture of the 486, Pentium, and later chips.
4. DOS filenames are limited to eight characters, plus a three character
“extension” following a period sign.
5.DOS command-line interface is more difficult to learn than a well designed
GUI.
Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows was created by Microsoft to overcome the limitations of


MS-DOS. It started with Windows 3.0 in 1990 and later versions like Windows
95, 98, 2000, and XP followed. Key features include:

1. Windows uses a graphical user interface (GUI) instead of a command line,


making it easier for new users to learn.

2. Windows is not just an OS but a full operating environment. Learning one


program, like Microsoft Word, helps with others, creating an useful experience.

3. Single User, Multi-Tasking: It allows a user to run multiple programs


simultaneously, enhancing efficiency.

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