Thailand - Japan Cooperation and Prospect

for Efficient Logistics Network in ASEAN

-Introduction of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map” Project-
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)

Towards Sustainable Logistics Development,

Thailand - Japan Cooperation and Prospect
September 23, 2008, Bangkok
Organized by TNSC, JILS and JETRO
1
Introduction of JETRO
„ JETRO, or the Japan External Trade Organization, is a
government-related organization that works to promote
mutual trade and investment between Japan and the rest of
the world, established in 1958.
„ JETRO has been conducting studies on logistics environment
in ASEAN and India since 2006 as one of the important
factors of investment conditions.
„ Not only studies, JETRO also has been conducting projects
to support improvement of logistics management in ASEAN
with JILS, especially in Thailand to support ASEAN Economic
Integration through industrial competitiveness of ASEAN.
„ For advancement of logistics management in ASEAN private
sectors, JETRO is now planning to introduce Green Logistics
as a higher level of management, as well as to support
improvement of logistics management and capacity building
of related agencies in CLMV countries.
2
Today’s Topics

1. Outline of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”

～Study Stage～

2. Some Results and Implications from the Study in 2007/08

～A Case of Road Transport
on East West Economic Corridor (EWEC)～

3. Outline of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”

～Project Stage～

3
Outline of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”
～Study Stage～

4
Objectives and the Structure of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”
Objectives:
1. To provide useful information on logistics-related hard and soft aspects
2. To clarify the present situation of logistics network
□ To identify bottlenecks
□ To propose measures for improvements
□ To carry business sectors’ needs to policy makers
Structure:
Route survey for 7 priority routes
□ Transportation mode: land, sea, air
□ Door-to-door cost and time are analysed by
each phase of transportation.
AND
Logistics database (CD-ROM)
□ Hard infrastructure & soft infrastructure
□ User-friendly (works on web browser)

The result of study in 2006 (English version) is available on our website. (http://books.jetro.go.jp/en/)
5
Route survey: Surveyed Routes
Selected by Business Sectors’ interests in Japan and ASEAN

Route 1: Thailand - Malaysia –

Singapore

Route 2: Thailand - Laos - Vietnam

(Hanoi) (EWEC)

Route 3: Vietnam - South China

Route 4: Thailand - Myanmar

(EWEC)

Route 5: Thailand - Cambodia -

Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City)

Route 6: Singapore – Indonesia

Route 7: Thailand - Philippine

☺☺☺ All the routes are connected to Thailand ! ☺☺☺

6
Route Survey: Data Sample 1

Transportation Time
Fig． The relation of Steel
between processWire from China to Vietnam by Air
and leadtime（8+1304_Route3_Air）
30 35

30
25
Leadtime of process（H）

Accumulared time（H）
25
20

20
Leadtime of process
15
Accumulated time
15

10
10
Commodity: Steel wire
5
5

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(HCMC)

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(Guangzhou)
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Process
In this sample, the import custom clearance in Vietnam takes most of the time,
and it diminishes the merit of air transport.

7
Route Survey: Data Sample 2

TransportationFig．
Cost of Automotive
The relation Parts
between process from Philippine to Thailand by Sea
and costs(78_Route7_Sea）
800 3000

700
2500

Accumulated costs（US$）
600
Cost of process（US$）

2000
500

Cost of process
400 1500
Accumulated costs

300
http://free-icon.org/data/dl_18/m_01.gif 1000
200
Commodity: Automotive Parts
500
100

0 0

ea n
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Thailand

lo
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Philippines
am

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Process
In this sample, the domestic transportation cost in Philippines holds the
largest share, while customs clearance also costs much in both countries.

8
Database: Collected Information

„ Basic Information: Basic Information, Intra ASEAN Trade, Development

Projects, Population Density, Dangerous Areas, etc…
„ Road Information: Major Road Network, Basic Information, Traffic Volume,
No. of Lanes, Surface Condition, Vehicle Capacity Ratio, etc…
„ Port Information: Major Port Location, Basic Information, Lead time to
Major Ports, Container Movement, Freight Rate, etc…
„ Air Port Information: Major Air Port Location, Frequency of Flight, Lead
time to Major Air Ports, etc…
„ Railway Information: Railway Network, Basic Information
„ Regulations/Procedures: Custom Procedures, EDI, Legal System,
Logistics Education, etc…
„ Logistics Column: Hot Issues concerning Logistics in ASEAN

9
Database: Screen Layout

Select Country

Ex. Frequency of Flight from Malaysia to Major

Airports in ASEAN region

Select Type of Info

10
Database: Sample Maps 1 (Each Country)

User-friendly (works on web browser)

Easy to compare logistics environment of each country

11
Database: Sample Maps 2 (ASEAN Wide)

Data collection from private companies’ point of view

Most of the data are visualized as maps,
so that users can grasp image easily.

12
Our Study in 2007/08

We’re trying to improve data accuracy to enhance reliability.

To focus on 3 routes
„ Thailand – Malaysia – Singapore – Indonesia
„ Thailand – Lao PDR – Vietnam – South China
„ ASEAN – India
To consider not only cost and time but also quality
(i.e. damage, delay, reliability)
To conduct trial transportation

Policy Recommendations
Suggestion of improvement guidelines for further actions
towards productive consequence
We need your cooperation to collect and update data !!!
13
 Some Results and Implications
from the Study in 2007/08
～A Case of Road Transport
on East West Economic Corridor (EWEC)～

14
Possibility of Road Transport on EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）

„ Drastic time reduction by shortcut compared to sea transport

„ Alternative mode of transport
Time Comparison
Slow
Time 0 20 40 60 80 100
Sea（213h）＞Road（74h） ＞Air
（29h） Air 100

Road 8
Cost * 4
Sea
Air（69,910USD） ＞Road
（5,500USD） ＞Sea（2,910USD） Fast
(40ft container or 30 tons of cargo) Cost Comparison
High
0 20 40 60 80 100
In terms of time, road transport enjoys
an advantage over sea, favorably Sea 100

compares with air. Road 35

However, bottleneck lies in high cost ! Aiｒ 14

*It is rare to carry 30 tons of cargo by air. Please consider this as for reference.
*Cost of road transport is estimated under assumption of no return cargo. Low
15
Example of door-to-door cost estimation method (road)
Country Node/Link Functions Basic elements of cost Conditions cost(US$)
Thailand Bangkok Loading (1)Road transport charge Transport charge includes loading charge
Bangkok Road Transport Transport charge including loading 700
～ ・Distance： 700km
Mukdahan ・Unit cost： setting 1US$/km
・Transport charge： 700US$
Mukdahan Export custom (3)Document fee 200US$ 200
Laos Savannakhet Transit custom (3)Document fee 200US$ 200
Transshipment (2)Transshipment fee Setting 100US$（in the case using crane） 100
Savannakhet Road Transport (1)Road transport Transport charge including loading
～ charge ・Distance： 250km
250
Den Savan ・Unit cost： setting 1US$/km
・Transport charge： 250US$
Den Savan Transit custom (3)Document fee 200US$ 200
Vietnam Lao Bao Import custom (3)Document fee 200US$ 200
Lao Bao Road Transport (1)Road transport Transport charge including loading
～ charge ・Distance： 700km
700
Hanoi ・Unit cost： setting 1US$/km
・Transport charge： 700US$
Hanoi Unloading Transport charge includes unloading charge
Total Document processing (3)Document fee 200
Total (1)Road transport 1,650
(2)Transshipment fee 100
(3)Document fee Custom document processing fee 800
Total document processing fee 200
Total 2,750
Cost of each phase of transportation is estimated under conditions above.
Total cost will be doubled (5,500USD) if no return cargo by chartered service.
16
Road Transport on Bangkok～Singapore Route (For Reference)

„ Road Transport is competitive both Time and Cost

on Bangkok～Singapore Route Slow Time Comparison
Time (Door to door) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Sea
Sea（151h）＞ 100
35
Road
Road（53h） ＞
19
Air
Air（29h）
Fast

Cost (Door to door)

High Cost Comparison
Air（64,320USD） ＞ 0 20 40 60 80 100
100

Road（2,730USD）＞ A ir
4 100

Sea（2,000USD） Road
3
4

(40ft container or 30 tons of cargo) Sea 3

*It is rare to carry 30 tons of cargo by air. Please consider this as for reference.
*Cost of road transport is estimated under assumption of no return cargo. Low
17
Some Issues concerning EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi)

„ No return cargo from Hanoi due to unbalanced trade volume

„ Improvement of convenience, e.g. business hour of customs
„ Implementation of Cross Border Transport Agreement (CBTA)
„ Maintenance of hard infrastructure, e.g. roads
„ Lack of street light in Lao PDR, Low weight limitation bridges
„ Negative impacts when traffic volume increases in future
‡Congestion at Cross Border Points
‡Damage on Road Surface
‡Environmental Load (Cost)
‡Traffic Accidents
‡Infectious disease, etc…
Actions should be taken against issues
to make this logistics network commercialized and efficient
and to enhance competitiveness of this region.
JETRO is to support this region for an action by clarifying
bottlenecks, measures for improvements and improvement effects.
18
JETRO’s Trial Transport on EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）
Key points:
‡ Loaded trucks run from both Bangkok
and Hanoi, and meet in Savannakhet, Hanoi
Loaded
where containers are transshipped.
‡ No unloaded running → cost reduction

700km

Densavan (Lao PDR)

Transshipment of / Lao Bao (Vietnam)
Loaded Containers

EWEC 250km

Mukdahan (Thailand) /
Savannakhet (Lao PDR)
Loaded
750km (2nd Mekong Bridge)

Bankok

19
JETRO’s Trial Transport on EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）

Thailand Lao PDR Vietnam

Existing Trials

Loaded Unloaded

Unloaded Loaded

Transshipment of
Containers
in Savannakhet
250km
Loaded Loaded
Our Trial

Loaded Loaded

20
JETRO’s Trial Transport on EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）

Hanoi

Vietnam

Lao PDR Thanh Hoa

Vinh

Route 23 in Thailand Route 1 in Vietnam

Thailand Mukdahan Densavanh Dong Ha

Bann Phai Suvannakhet Lao Bao

Roi Et

Nakomratchasrima
Saraburi

Bangkok Cambodia Border of Lao PDR and Vietnam

Route 2 in Thailand 2nd Mekong Bridge Savannakhet Route 9 in Lao PDR

21
JETRO’s Trial Transport on EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）
Country Thailand Lao PDR Vietnam
City Bangkok Mukdahan Savannakhet Densavan Lao Bao Hanoi

M o v em en t o f Loaded Loaded
T ru cks an d Transshipment
C o n t a in er s Loaded Loaded
Dept from
Arr at factory
terminal (east
Arrive at Arrive at Arrive at Arrive at (east bound) /
bound) / Dept Arrive at CY Arr at terminal
from factory Customs Customs Customs Customs
(west bound)
(west bound)
30-Oct-07 31-Oct-07 31-Oct-07 31-Oct-07 1-Nov-07 1-Nov-07 2-Nov-07
Date
6:30 8:00 10:45 11:05 10:20 10:45 11:55
Bangkok Accum. Time
0:00 25:30 28:15 28:35 51:50 52:15 77:25
to Hanoi (h)
(east Accum.
0 744 755 760 1,004 1,005 1,719
Distance (km)
bound) Waiting time: 50mins
Stay overnight in (Mukdahan Customs) Cutom clearance: Stay overnight in Custom clearance: Cutom clearance: 55mins Arr at factory,
Remarks Mukdahan
Customs clearance and X ray
inspection: 1 hour and 15 mins
13mins Savannakhet 20mins
Running at night (Dong Ha to
Thanh Hoa)
devanning
(2nd Mekong Bridge)

1-Nov-07 31-Oct-07 30-Oct-07 31-Oct-07 30-Oct-07 30-Oct-07 29-Oct-07

Date
23:00 13:30 19:00 10:00 10:15 9:30 10:40
Accum. Time
Hanoi to 84:20 50:50 32:20 47:20 23:35 22:50 0:00
(h)
Bangkok
Accum.
(west 1,724 994 975 981 725 723 0
Distance (km)
bound) Custom clearance and X ray
inspection: 55mins (2nd
Mekong Bridge), Custom Stay overnight in After dept from Savannakhet Custom clearance: Cutom clearance:
Remarks clearance: 1hour 50mins Savannakhet Customs, transshipment at CY 1hour 15mins 45mins
(Mukdahan)
Stay overnight in Mukdahan

22
Estimation of Improvement: Time
96:00
Time Model
84:00
Trial Transport including waiting time for return cargo

72:00 Synchronized with opening time of custom house + shorter transshipment time

Synchronized + Single stop

60:00
Time (h)

48:00

36:00

24:00

12:00

0:00

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Transport Process
Single stop cross-border system is the most effective for time saving.
23
Estimation of Improvement: Cost (1st STEP)
Cost (USD) per 30 tons by road transport

60,000

50,000 Without retrun cargo

(roundtrip cost: present transport charge)

40,000

30,000 With return cargo (In the case of trial transport)

20,000 2,750 USD! competitive level

with sea transport

10,000

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Loading rate (%)

The most effective way to reduce cost is to get return cargos, and the second
is to increase loading rate by LCL (Less-than-Container Load).
24
Estimation of Improvement: Cost (2nd STEP)
Fuel is the main component of land transport cost. Energy saving means
cost saving and greener transport !
A 3 ,0 0 0
c
c Loading Rate 100% with Return Cargo
u 2 ,5 0 0
Improvement level 1
m
Improvement level 2
u
（

2 ,0 0 0
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Tr an spo r t P r o c e ss

Improvement 1 : 10% Fuel saving by eco-friendly driving (eco-driving: green transport)

Improvement 2 : 20% Fuel saving by eco-friendly driving (eco-driving: green transport)

25
Estimation of Improvement: Quality
In case of careful transport with container transshipment by high-level truck
drivers and staffs for material handling, the shock level is the same as
expressways in Japan.

Shock (G) level Vertical vibration on freight container (not on cargo itself)

Thailand Laos Vietnam

Bangkok Mukdahan Deng Savan Hanoi
Savannakhet Lao Bao

times Frequencies of vertical vibration

shock level (G)

Source: JETRO’s trial transport on EWEC

26
Issues and Possible Measures for EWEC (Bangkok～Hanoi）
Cost Need to be competitive compared with sea
-No Return Cargo due to unbalanced trade volume
-Energy saving is becoming more and more important Cost
Possible measures: Down !
„ Cooperative transport, Improvement of loading ratio
„ Promotion of Green Logistics skills such as eco-driving
„ Institutional framework for LCL Green
Logistics !
„ Freight distribution center in border points, etc…
Time Need to be competitive compared with air
Possible measures:
„ 24-hour service of custom Faster !
„ Full implementation of Single stop service at border
„ Street lights to enable to run even at night
Quality Need to improve service level of transportation
Possible measures: Level Up !
„ HRD for logistics service providers as well as shippers
„ Proper use of transport package, Proper way of cargo handling,
etc…
27
High Priority Issues for Business Sector

For shippers
1st: to secure return cargo by information sharing between
in-gourp and related companies (For Cost Reduction)
2nd: to improve loading ratio (For Cost Reduction)
3rd : to improve management by HRD, e.g. transport planning, proper use
of transport package (For Cost Reduction & Quality)

For logistics service providers

1st: to make institutional framework for LCL by administrative bodies in this
region (For Cost Reduction)
2nd: to implement Single stop cross border system ASAP by administrative
bodies in this region (For Time Saving)
3rd: to improve service level, e.g. proper way of cargo handling, safety and
eco-driving by HRD (For Quality & Cost Reduction)

For Sustainable Logistics Development in the long run,

Human Resource Development is a crucial issue for both
shippers and service providers !
28
Outline of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”
～Project Stage～

29
Toward Improvement of Logistics Performance

Quality

Efforts by both public and Improvement of Transport Quality

□ Improvement of logistics
private sectors in collaboration
management skills
is needed for improvement of □ Genba Kaizen, etc.
logistics performance. → Improvement by private sector

Improvement of Average Speed

□ Maintainance and development
of hard infrastructure
□ Simplify export & import
Cost
procedures, etc.
→Improvement by public sector
Improvement of Cost per Ton-Kilometer
□ Encourage a competitive environment（eg.
entry deregulation, etc.）
Time □ Improvement of logistics management skills
□ Genba Kaizen, etc.
→ Improvement by both public & private sector
30
Output image of the Study of “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”

Policy Logistics
Recommendations Facilitation
Administrative ASEAN Private
Bodies in Logistics Sectors in
ASEAN Network Map ASEAN
and and
Japan Japan
Strengthen competitiveness of
ASEAN region and Japanese companies
JETRO is also conducting supporting projects
to make a concrete improvement in ASEAN.
Action !
□ HRD in logistics management especially for shippers
□ Facilitate “Green Logistics” to reduce energy consumption / CO2 emission
□ Capacity building in logistics management for related agencies in CLMV countries
31
Roadmap for the Integration of Logistics Services by ASEAN
NO. MEASURES IMPLEMENTING BODY TIMELINE
SPECIFIC ISSUES
I Me mbe r c o u n try sh all e n de avo u r to ac h ie ve su bstan tial libe ralis atio n o f lo gistic s se rvic e in th e
f o llo win g se c to rs:
Maritime c argo h an dlin g se rvic e s, Sto rage & ware h o u sin g se rvic e s, Fre igh t tran spo rt age n c y
se rvic e s, Co u rie r se rvic e s, Pac kagin g se rvic e s,

Ⅱ En h an c in g Co mpe titive n e ss o f ASEAN Lo gistic s Se rvic e s Pro vide rs th ro u gh Trade ( in c lu din g

Do c u me n tatio n Simplif ic atio n ) an d Lo gistic s ( Tran spo rt) Fac ilitatio n ( N o .1 2 - 3 5 )
Ⅱ Expan din g Capability o f ASEAN Lo gistic s Se rvic e Pro vide rs
36 Adopt best practices in the provision of logistics services and SEOM/STOM Beginning
support the developmnet of SMEs in the sector, including the 2007
formation of SME networks
37 Promote regional cooperation to assist CLMV countries “ASEAN Logistics
STOM Network Map”Beginning
Project
especially least developed countries can contribute 2007
38 Develop and update an ASEAN database on logistics services ASEAN Secretariat with inputs from Beginning
providers with a view to enhance the development of “ASEANSTOM
Logistics Network
and AFFA Map” Project
2007
networking activities can contribute
Ⅳ H u man Re so u rc e De ve lo pme n t
39 Develop and upgrade skills and capacity building through joint “ASEAN Logistics
STOM, CCCAFFA andNetwork Map”Beginning
other related Project
trainings and workshops can contribute
bodies 2007
40 Encourage the development of national skills certification On-going
system for logistics service providers AFFA and other related bodies
41 Encourage the development of an ASEAN common core “ASEAN Logistics Network Map”On-going Project
curriculum for logistics management canrelated
AFFA and other contribute
bodies
42 Encourage the establishment of national/sub-regional centre Beginning
of excellence (training centre) STOM and AFFA 2007
V En h an c e Mu lti- Mo dal Tran spo rt In f rastru c tu re an d In ve stme n t
(Based on Documents by ASEAN Secretariat, http://www.aseansec.org/)
32
Action for “Asia-wide seamless logistics network” by Japan
“Partnership on International Logistics Competitiveness”
In August 2006, the Japanese government and private sector cooperatively launched
a forum called “Partnership on International Logistics Competitiveness” with an aim
at realizing “Asia-wide seamless logistics network.”
“Partnership on International Logistics Competitiveness Action Plan” (December,
2006) was decided in this partnership forum on international logistics competitiveness.
Framework of “Partnership on International Logistics Competitiveness”

Partnership Forum on International Logistics Competitiveness

Highest decision-making body (Formulation of Action Plan an evaluation, instructions to the executive board)

Executive Board
Body to handle general matters (Coordination among Working Groups (WGs), approval of their activity schedule,
exchange of views and information)

WG on Logistics WG on Human WG on Export/ WG on Wide-

Resources and Resource Import Customs area Logistics
Materials Development Procedures Network
(Based on Documents by METI & MLIT, The Government of of Japan)
33
Action for “Asia-wide seamless logistics network” by Japan
Implemented Projects in this year
～Relations between Action Plans and Implemented Projects in this year～
○ Action plan on Development of an ASEAN wide-
wide- ○Truck Run Test for Practical Realization of the
area logistics network JETRO
Mekong & JILS
Region Landis contributing
Route
・ Realize development of soft- and hard-infrastructures in the 6 ・Investigate infrastructure situations and legislations related
logistics routes for which Japanese companies have a high to international land transportation through the Second
degree of need Mekong International Bridge
・Study measures to efficient traffic operations, and prove
the measures by the implementation of the truck run test
○ Advanced utilization of logistics resources
・In the truck run test, effect of introducing GPS and RFID
・ By introducing RFID tags, exporting other advanced know-how tags are verified, and problems and challenges towards
from Japan about logistics resources, and publicizing these actual utilization are summarized.
technologies, realize more efficient logistics operations.

○ Support the Introduction of ASEAN Logistics

○ Human resource development for logistics and Qualification Program
import/export customs procedures ・Select appropriate countries as model to expand the
・Apply Japan’s logistics qualification programs and realize logistics qualification programs in ASEAN region
improvements in capacity of logistics-related human ・In the respective country, create the programs meeting for
resources in ASEAN region.
JETRO
their needs& JILS is contributing

○ Support the creation of ASEAN Single WIndow

○ Computerization of import/export customs
・Investigate the present situations of National Single
procedures towards ASEAN integration Window and import/export customs procedure in ASEAN
・ Support promotion of inter-regional connection and creation of countries
Single Windows in each country, and realize rationalization of ・Build standard data model for ASEAN Single Window,
customs-related procedures. and clarify the merits to the standardizations and
deregulation

(Based on Documents by METI & MLIT, The Government of of Japan)

34
Our Network, Advisors and Supporters which we’re proud of
Network: “ASEAN – wide Logistics Forum”
(Network by business and academic sectors between ASEAN and Japan)
Japan: Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO),Japan Institute of Logistics Systems(JILS)
Brunei: The Brunei Economic Development Board(BEDB)
Cambodia: Cambodia Freight Forwarder Association(CAMFFA)
Indonesia: Indonesia National Shippers’ Council(INSC),Indonesia Logistics Association(ALI)
Lao PDR: Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry(LNCCI),Lao International Freight
Forwarders Association(LIFFA)
Malaysia: Federation of Malaysian Manufactures,Federation of Malaysian Freight Forwarders
Myanmar: Myanmar International Freight Forwarders’ Association(MIFFA),Myanmar Custom Brokers
Association(MCBA),Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce & Industry(UMFCCI)
Philippines: Centre for Research and Communication(CRC),Philippines Chamber of Commerce and
Industry(PCCI),University of the Philippines School of Urban and Regional Planning(UP-SURP)
Singapore: National University of Singapore(NUS) Centre for Maritime Studies(CMS)
Thailand: Thai National Shippers’ Council(TNSC),Thai Federation on Logistics(TFL)
Vietnam: Vietnam Standards and Quality Centre,Vietnam Chambers of Commerce and Industry(VCCI)
Advisors
Dr. Hirohito Kuse(Tokyo University of Marine Science & Technology)
Dr. Takao Enkawa(Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Dr. Toshinori Nemoto(Graduate School of Commerce and Management, Hitotsubashi University)
Dr. Ruth Banomyong(Thammasat Business School, Thammasat University)
Supporters (data resources, data sharing …)
Government of Japan(METI,MLIT,MOF,MOFA),JICA,JBIC,Economic Research Institute for ASEAN
and East Asia(ERIA),ASEAN Secretariat,Asian Development Bank(ADB),United Nations Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP)
We would like to expand our network with you !!!
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 Thank you very much
for your kind attention!
Please contact:
Tetsuo Shibata, Mr. (Asian Cooperation Division, JETRO Tokyo), TEB@jetro.go.jp
Masaaki Toma, Mr. (Head of Logistics Project, JETRO Bangkok), Masaaki_Toma@jetro.go.jp
Chutima D, Ms. (Logistics Project Coordinator, JETRO Bangkok), Chutima_D@jetro.go.jp

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