Training Center

A short introduction to
Protection and
Automation Philosophy

Philippe Goossens & Cédric Moors

 Training Center
Contents

• Definitions and basic concepts

• Differential and distance protection functions – a short introduction
• Protection system of 150 / 220 / 380 kV interconnections
• Protection system of busbars
• Protection system of transformers between busbars
• Bay arrangements
• Transformer 150 / 70 teed on 150 kV interconnection line

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Definitions and
basic concepts
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What is a fault?

In the context of this lecture, a fault is:

“a low-resistance connection between two points in an electric circuit through
which the current tends to flow rather than along the Intended path”

Faults are characterized by:

-Their nature
Typical examples: 1-phase / 2-phase / 3-phase, phase-to-phase / phase-to-
ground, metallic / with arc resistance, transient / permanent
-Their cause
Typical examples: lightning strokes, equipment failure, human errors ...
-Their consequences
Direct consequences are low voltage(s) and / or high current(s)

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Typical example

1-phase fault on a overhead line

resulting from a lightning strike

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Surge arrester

Goal: stop the propagation of the overvoltage wave travelling on the transmission line

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Typical example

1-phase fault on a overhead line

resulting from a lightning strike

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Typical example

1-phase fault on a overhead line

resulting from a lightning strike

2 kA 2 kA

2 kA 2 kA

10 kA 2 kA

12 kA
6 kA 6 kA

𝑈4 + 𝑈8 + 𝑈12 𝐼4 + 𝐼8 + 𝐼12
𝑈𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜 =
3 3
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What is a fault?

Type of faults registered on the 380 kV between 2006 and 2014

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What is a fault?

Faults restistance values registered on the 380 kV between 2008 and 2014

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What is a fault?

Faults can also have important impacts:

- Safety
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPsALFWtuqY

- Thermal effects on equipment, with risk of damage / destructions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8EQPx-ptKk

- Mechanical efforts on equipment, with risk of damage / destructions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j8D_N1v0tU

- System instability

- Customers installations / processes (power quality / voltage dips)

Once a fault happens, it must be eliminated as fast as possible

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What is a protection system?

A protection system is the set of equipment and

functions aimed at detecting a fault and tripping the
network component where this fault is located.

Main components of a protection system:

• Measurement transformers: Current Transformers
(CTs) and Voltage Transformers (VTs)

• Protection function(s): makes the decision to trip

the circuit breaker from CTs and VTs
measurements

• Circuit breaker: trips the network component and

interrupts the shortcircuit current

This lecture is limited to equipment protections (system

protections are not considered)

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What is a protection system?

A protection system does not only relate to one bay, but to a set of bays through
appropriate coordination of the corresponding protection functions

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Measurement transformers
Measurement transformers are devices designed to provide in their
secondary coil a signal proportional to the voltage or current in its primary
side

Voltage transformer
Can introduce measurement errors but cannot saturate (low voltage during
faults)

Current transformer
Can introduce measurement errors and saturate (large current measured
during fault)
Saturation must be avoided during the time required by the protection to
make the decision to trip, through appropriate design of the CT (max Icc,
burden on secondary side, precision class)

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Circuit breakers

Circuit breakers are devices designed to energize / trip network components, with
the possibility to interrupt shortcircuit currents.

Main characteristics of a circuit breaker:

- Nominal voltage
- Shortcircuit current
- Medium used for arc extinction: SF6, vacuum, air blast, CO2 …
- Max I²t allowed
- Speed of operation

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Characteristics of protections

Protection systems can be characterized with the following attributes:

- Dependability: « A dependable protection is one that always operates for conditions
for which it is designed to operate » [3]
- Security: « A secure protection is one that will not operate for conditions for which it
is not intended to operate » [3]

Dependability enhancement leads to Security worsening, and Security enhancement

leads to Dependability worsening

2 protection functions:
- more Dependable
- … but less Secure

[3] “The Electrical Engineering Handbook”, IEEE press, pp 1270

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Characteristics of protections

- Reliability: the protection system is both dependable and secure, according to

the level of dependability and security for which it has been designed
- Selectivity of a protection system: the circuit breakers that must be tripped to
eliminate the fault are the only ones to be tripped

Selectivity OK Selectivity NOK

Tripped CB Tripped CB

- Speed: relates to the time needed by the protection system to eliminate the
fault

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Main type of protection functions

Most usual protection functions used in TSO application:

- Distance protection function (see next slides)
- Differential protection function (see next slides)
- Under/overcurrent protection function
- Under/overvoltage protection function

Nowadays, protection functions are implemented through numerical relays.

Several protection functions can be used in the same physical device.

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Protection system design

Designing a protection system consists in deciding which protection functions and devices
must be implemented at the various substations / bays in order to fulfill the requirements
stated in the grid code (see below), while ensuring a good level of selectivity and reliablity.

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Differential and
distance protection
functions
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Differential protection

First Kirchoff law: at any node in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into
that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node
.
I1 I2
ΣI=0

I3 I4

If the sum of all currents is not 0, there is a fault at the node

Application to overhead lines (shunt capacitors neglected):

No fault: I1 + I2 = 0

Fault: I1 + I2 ≠ 0

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Differential protection

𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

𝐼𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = 0,5 𝐼1 − 𝐼2

Fault

Why stabilizing current and 2-

slopes characteristic?
• Shunt capacitors
No fault • On-load tap changers
• CTs errors
• CTs saturation

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𝐼
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Telecommunication typical implementation

3-end line differential

protection with direct
communication through
dedicated optical fiber

2-end line differential

protection with
communication
through TDM
(« Access ») network

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Differential protection

Differential principle applied to lines, cables, transfos and busbars

Main characteristics:

- Naturally selective

- Dependability and security barely dependant from network environment

(short-circuits power at different ends, direct and zero-sequence
impedances …)

- Requires CTs compatibility at all ends

- Requires permanent communication between the different ends (with

symetrical paths)

- Differential protections must be replaced at all ends at the same time (no
interoperability between different manufacturers / generations of devices)

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Distance protection

3-ph fault without

arc resistance

I I Zd

V V Fault
Rf

Z t  k0 Z d

with Zd proportional to Conclusion: measurement of local

V
 Zd the distance between the voltages and currents allows to
I busbar and the place of estimate the distance to the fault
the fault
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Distance protection

2 Locate Zd in the Z, R plane

1 From V and I, calculate Zd

• 2 3 Fault in zone 1  trip after t1 (0 ms)

Z3 t3
P Z2 t2
A Z1 t1 B

Z1 t1
Z2 t2 P P
Z3 t3
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Distance protection

Each zone is characterized by:

• Resistance and reactance limits
• Direction (forward / reverse)
• Time delay

Zone 1: identification of a fault on the line, reactance limit usually set to 80% of
the direct impedance of the line. Instantaneous tripping (decision after 30 ms)

Zone 2: backup for next forward busbar (busbar fault or circuit breaker failure in
the corresponding bays). Reactance limit usually set to 120% of the direct
impedance of the line. Typical Tripping time: 500 ms.

Zone 3: backup for next forward lines. Reactance limit usually set to cover the
longest line. Typical tripping time: 900 ms.

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Distance protection

Impact of fault resistance for 3-phase faults

I Id I Zd Id

V V Rf

Z t  k0 Z d

V  Id 
 Z d  R f  R f  
I I 
Impedance to Error
measure

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Distance protection
Impact of fault resistance for 1-phase faults

I 𝐼𝑑 I Zd 𝐼𝑑

V V Rf

𝐼 𝐼𝑑

Z t  k0 Z d

Impedance to
measure
V Rf Rf I d
 Zd  
I (1  k0 ) 1  k0 1  k0 I
Error

The value of K0 must be provided to the

relay in order to compensate its effect
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Distance protection

Distance principle applied to lines, cables, transformers

Main characteristics:

- Selectivity eached through distance protection settings coordination in

various bays

- Dependability and security strongly dependent from network environment

(short-circuits power at different ends, k0 factor, fault resistance …)

- Does not requires CTs compatibility at all ends

- Requires communication between different ends (only if POTT logic

applied, see next slides)

- Distance protections must not be identical at all ends

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 Telecommunication infrastructure requirements
Training Center

Conv Conv

- Fault clearing time objective at 380 kV: 100 ms (CB time included)

- Performance target for communication channel:

100 – 40 (CB time) – 40 (prot. decision) – 15 (converter) = 5 ms
- Other constraints: asymmetry on communication paths < 0,3 ms (current
differential protection)
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 Telecommunication infrasructure overview
Training Center

PROXIMUS
Satellite NETWORK

TELEPHONY SCADA

Optical
SERVERS

Radio
Optical Optical
Optical
SCADA PROT
TELEPHONY

Optical Optical

SERVERS
Optical
PROT

Copper
PROT

Optical Optical

HV
SUBSTATION
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Training Center

Protection system of
150 / 220 / 380 kV
interconnections
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Protection system design

One of the protections must be a

distance protection

Two independant protections  priority to dependability

Consistent with N-1 criterium

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 Protection scheme150 / 220 / 380 interconnection link

Backward Forward • P1 protection = distance protection with

(BW) (FW) POTT teleprotection logic (see next
slides)

• P2 protection = line differential protection

Communication channels:

• Distance protection: one for POTT logic

• Line differential protection: one for

transmission of currents measurements

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 Protection scheme150 / 220 / 380 interconnection link

Distance protection  zones definition

900 ms
500 ms

F1 F2 F3
F4 F5

For this fault: tripping after 550 ms if

the line differential protection is not
in operation  not consistent with
grid code requirement 36
 POTT logic

POTT = Protective Overreach Transfer Trip

t = 0 ms

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 POTT logic

Distance protection on
B side detects the fault
in TPR zone

Sending of the
corresponding TPR
signal to A side

t = 30 ms

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 POTT logic

The TPR signal arrives to A

side, where the distance
protection has also
detected the fault in TPR
zone from t = 30 ms

 tripping decision without

waiting unitl t2

t = 50 ms

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 POTT logic

Circuit breaker trips on

B side

t = 80 ms

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 POTT logic

Circuit breaker trips on

A side

t = 100 ms

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 Training Center
Telecommunication typical implementation

2-end line
teleprotection
with direct
communication
through
dedicated optical
fiber

2-end teleprotection
with communication
through TDM
(« Access ») /
Proximus network

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 Autoreclose function

The autoreclose function is an automatism aimed at reclosing the line as fast as possible
(short delay) once the fault has been eliminated, in order to maximize its availability

Justification:

• Most of the faults on overhead lines are not permanent (typical example: lightning
strikes), they disappear after arc extinction

• This function is particularly useful during thunderstorms (several trippings in short

periods of time)

Principles:

• Only one tentative is allowed. If the fault is still present, definitive 3-ph tripping of the line.

• From 150 kV to 380 kV:

• 1-phase fault: 1-phase tripping, followed by a 1-phase autoreclose attempt

• 2- and 3-phase faults: 3-phase tripping followed by a 3-phase autoreclose attempt

• No autoreclose function on cables, transformers and busbars (most of the time:

permanent fault)
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 Autoreclose function

30 – 36 kV 70 – 110 kV 150 – 220 kV 380 kV

1-phase fault None None 1s 1s
3-phase fault None Half-fast (1 – 1,5s) Half-fast (1 – 1,5s) Half-fast (1 – 1,5s)
of slow (10 s) of slow (10 s) of slow (10 s)
Through “send – Through “send – Through “send –
couple” logic couple” logic couple” logic.

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 Send – couple logic

• Only used with manual closing and 3–phase autoreclose function, in order to prevent
false parallels

• Implemented through synchrocheck function

• Before transmitting the closing order to the circuit breaker, the synchrocheck checks that
one of the following conditions is fulfilled:

• Send condition: voltage on busbar side, no voltage on line side

• Couple condition: voltage on both sides of the circuit breakers, with the following
condition simultaneously met:
- ΔU < 10%
- Δφ < 20°
- Δf < 20mHz

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 Illustration on 3 autreclose

t = 0 ms

2 of 3
fault

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 Illustration on 3 autreclose

t  30 ms

Trip
protection Trip

2 of 3
fault

Trip

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 Illustration on 3 autreclose

t = 80 ms

Fault
eliminated

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 Illustration on 3 autreclose

t=1s Each end of the line must be

Send assigned to “send” or “couple”

0
0

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 Illustration on 3 autreclose

t = 1,5 s

Couple

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 Illustration on 1 autreclose

t = 0 ms

1 fault

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 Illustration on 1 autreclose

t  30 ms

Trip
Trip
protections
phase 4
Phase 4

1 fault

Trip
phase 4

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 Illustration on 1 autreclose

t = 80 ms

Fault
eliminated

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 Illustration on 1 autreclose

t=1s

Autoreclose at
both sides

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Implementation

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Protection system
of busbars
 Training Center
Busbar and circuit breaker failure protection

One main protection is sufficient to cover busbar faults

Backup protections provided by distance protections

• 150 kV – 380 kV: all

substations equippd with
busbar and CB failure
protections

• 30 kV – 110 kV: 2-busbar

substations equipped with
busbar and CB failure
protections

The CB failure protection is implemented

in the busbar protection
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 Busbar protection principle

• Main protection = differential protection

• Each busbar is equipped with it own differential function, in order to trip only one busbar
in case of fault

• Each differential function must know at each time which bay is connected to which
busbar

• Example: fault F1 on R1

F1
t = 0 ms

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 Busbar protection principle

t  10 to 20 ms

3-phase trip of
R1 differential
protection

F1

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 Busbar protection principle

t  60 to 70ms

Fault
eliminated

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 Busbar protection principle

• During the transfer of one bay from one busbar to the other (both disconnectors closed),
there is only one differential function that protects both busbars

• In case of a busbar fault at that moment: both busbars are tripped

Fault F1 on R1:
F1

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 Busbar protection principle

If the busbar protection is out

of service, the fault will be
eliminated by the distance
protections

Coordination of the distance

protection of the coupler with
the distance protection of the
lines is critical to optimize the
security of the protection
system
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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 0 ms

 Fault F1

F1

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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 250 ms

Tripping of
the
coupler
F1

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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 500 ms

Tripping
through
zone 2 of
distance F1
protections

(*)

(*) tripping initiated by the

opening of the CB on
primary side

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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 550 ms

Fault
elimination

F1

(*)

(*) tripping initiated by the

opening of the CB on
primary side

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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 5’’

TRIP(*)

TRIP(*)

(*) tripping through clearing

function (automatism)

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 Busbar protection principle - illustration

t = 5,7’’

(*) IN

(*) circuit breaker clausing

though fast transfer function
(automatism)

68
 Circuit breaker failure without CB failure protection

t = 0”

 Fault F

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 Circuit breaker failure without CB failure protection

t = 120 ms

Circuit breaker
failure (no tripping)

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 Circuit breaker failure without CB failure protection

t  1000 ms

Tripping
through
zone 2 or
zone 3 of
distance
protections
CB failure

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 Circuit breaker failure without CB failure protection

t  1050 ms

Fault
eliminated

Both
busbars
lost due to
the failure CB failure

of a single
equipment

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 CB failure protection principle

• The tripping signal issued by bay protections is sent to the circuit breaker and to the CB
failure protection at the same time

• If current is still flowing through the CB 170 ms after the fault occurence, the other bays
connected to the same busbar are tripped

• Consequence: the CB failure protection is implemented in the busbar protection

170 ms

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 CB failure protection principle

t = 0 ms

Fault

74
 CB failure protection principle

t = 30 ms

Trip issued
by bay
protections

75
 CB failure protection principle

t = 80 ms

CB failure

CB tripped

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 CB failure protection principle

t = 90 ms

No current

CB failure
protection
reset

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 CB failure protection principle

t = 200 ms

(170 ms
after start
back-up):
trip to
other bays

78
 CB failure protection principle

t = 250 ms

Fault
eliminated

79
Implementation

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Training Center

Protection system of
transformers
between busbars
Protection system design

One of the protections must

be a distance protection

Two independant protections for each part of the

protection zone  priority to dependability

Consistent with N-1 criterium 82

 Transformer protection principle

P1

• Distance protections on primary side of the

Z1 Zp
transformer: one zone to detect F1 fault, one zone to
500 ms 0 ms
detect busbar fault on primary side

• Internal protection of the transformer (Buchholz): only

F1 F3
able to detect internal faults through oil move detection
(F2)

• Distance protections on secondary side of the

F2 transformer: one zone to detect F3 fault, one zone to
detect busbar fault on secondary side

P2

Differentia protection (able to detect F1, F2 and F3 faults)

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Bay arrangements
 Double busbar one breaker substation arrangement
Training Center

One circuit breaker for each bay

Main advantages:
• Any bay can be connected to any
busbar without loss of supply

• Cost

Main drawbacks
• Loss of supply in case of busbar
fault

• Loss of supply during circuit

breaker maintenance

• Disconnector operation needed

to supply any bay from the other
busbar

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 Training Center
One and Half substation arrangement

3 circuit breakers used to feed 2 bays  1,5

circuit breaker for each bay

Main advantages:
• No loss of supply in case of busbar
fault

• No loss of supply during circuit

breaker maintenance

• No disconnector operation needed to

supply any bay from the other busbar

Main drawbacks :
• Cost (more circuit breakers)

• Complexity of protections and relaying

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Ring bus substation arrangement

No « classical » busbar, ring topology

Main advantages:

• No loss of supply during circuit

breaker maintenance

Main drawbacks :
• Difficult to extend with a new bay

• Very bad reliability if one circuit

breaker is out of operation

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 Sequence to switch one bay from busbar 1 to busbar 2
Training Center

1. Close the CB of the bus coupler

and block any tripping
2. Close disconnector to busbar 2 BB1
3. Open disconnector to busbar 1 BB2
4. Release CB of the bus coupler

88
 Sequence to switch one bay from busbar 1 to busbar 2
Training Center

1. Close the CB of the bus coupler

and block any tripping
2. Close disconnector to busbar 2 BB1
3. Open disconnector to busbar 1 BB2
4. Release CB of the bus coupler

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 Sequence to switch one bay from busbar 1 to busbar 2
Training Center

1. Close the CB of the bus coupler

and block any tripping
2. Close disconnector to busbar 2 BB1
3. Open disconnector to busbar 1 BB2
4. Release CB of the bus coupler

90
 Sequence to switch one bay from busbar 1 to busbar 2
Training Center

1. Close the CB of the bus coupler

and block any tripping
2. Close disconnector to busbar 2 BB1
3. Open disconnector to busbar 1 BB2
4. Release CB of the bus coupler

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Training Center

Transformer 150/70 kV
teed on 150 kV
interconnection line
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Interconnection 150 kV
Busbar150 kV

Busbar 150 kV

Connection Teed150/70 kV
point transformer

93
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

P2 protection =

• 3-ends line differential protection

• Communication channel between each protection

• Instantaneous tripping of any fault on the interconnection line

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Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

P1 = protection

• 2 distance protections with POTT logic between A and B ends, and remote tripping of
the transformer (validation through local criterium)

• Communication channel between A and B ends (POTT), and between A and C ends

95
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line
3 zones:

• Z1: covers. 80% of the line

• Z2: covers the next busbar (backup for busbar faults)

• Ztpr must cover the complete line, including a part of

the transformer

96
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

2 zones 2 zones
towards towards
the line the transfo

97
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

2 zones 2 zones
towards towards
the transfo busbar

98
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

P1

• Distance protections on primary side of the

transformer: one zone to detect F1 fault

• Internal protection of the transformer (Buchholz): only

able to detect internal faults through oil move detection
F1 F3
(F2)

• Distance protections on secondary side of the

transformer: one zone to detect F3 fault
F2
P2

Differentia protection (able to detect F1, F2 and F3 faults)

99
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

100
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

1) t = 0 ms F
 Fault F

3-phase fault F beyond 85% of the line.

Line differential protection out of service

How will the fault be eliminated?

101
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Tx
2) t = 30 ms Trip
F

The fault is seen in zone 1 by distance protection P1 at B end

• Tripping order to Db circuit breaker

• “Tx” transmission to end A (POTT)

102
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Tx
3) t = 40 ms Trip
F
Rx
Trip
Tx

The fault is seen in zone Zptr by the

distance protection at end A & reception  • Tripping order to Da circuit breaker
“Rx” from end B (POTT)
• Transmission “Tx” to end C

103
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Tx
4) t = 50 ms Trip
F
Rx
Trip
Tx

Rx
Trip

Receptionl “Rx” from A side

 Tripping order to Dc circuit breaker
& validation through local criterium 3U<ph/n

104
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

5) t = 80 ms F
Rx
Trip
Tx

Rx
Trip

Db tripped

105
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

7) t = 90 ms F
Rx
Trip
Tx

Rx
Trip

Da tripped

106
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

8) t = 100 ms

Rx
Trip

Dc tripped

 Fault eliminated

107
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

9) t = 100 ms

Automatic tripping order to dc from open

position Dc Meename

108
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

10) t = 150 ms

Tripped dc

Transfo 150/70 kV out of service

109
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

1s

11) t = ~ 1,1 s

Closing order sent to circuit breaker on A

side thorgh “Send” function?

110
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

12) t = ~ 1,2 s

Closed Da circuit breaker

Line under voltage

111
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose
1,5 s

13) t = ~ 1,6 s

Closing order sent to B end (“couple” function)

Closing order sent t Dc (“Send” function)

1,5 s

112
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

14) t = ~ 1,7 s

Closed CB at B end

Closed Dc CB

113
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

14) t = ~ 1,72 s

Closed CB at side Dc

114
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

15) t = ~ 1,8 s

Closed CB at C side
(“couple” function)

115
Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

3-phase fault between the Dc CB and the transformer.

How will the fault be eliminated?

116
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

1) t = 0 ms

3-phase
fault F

117
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

2) t = 25 ms

F
C end: tripping order sent to Dc and dc by transformer differential
protection

118
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

C end: distance protection at 150 kV side of the tranformer sees

3) t = 30 ms the faul in the first zone towards transformer and send tripping
orders to DC

Towards Towards
Line transformer
119
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

4) t = 30 ms

Tx

Tx

A and B ends: distance protections see the fault in Ztpr zone. F

Afstandsbeveiliging ziet de fout in Ztpr and send een POTT signal
to the other end

120
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

5) t = 40 ms

Tx

Rx
Tx
Rx
Tx

F
A and B ends: distance protections see the fault in Ztpr zone and
receive POTT signals.  tripping order sent to Da and Db,
translission of tripping signal towards C end

121
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

6) t = 60 ms

Tx

Rx

F
Receptionl “Rx” from A side
 Tripping order to Dc circuit breaker
& validation through local criterium 3U<ph/n

122
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

7) t = 80 ms … 90 ms

Tx

Rx

Tripping Da, Db, Dc and dc  Fault eliminated

123
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

1s

11) t = ~ 1,1 s

Closing order sent to circuit breaker on A

side through “Send” function?

124
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

12) t = ~ 1,2 s

Closed Da circuit breaker

Line under voltage

125
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose
1,5 s

13) t = ~ 1,6 s

Closing order sent to B end (“couple” function)

Closing order sent t Dc (“Send” function)

1,5 s

126
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

14) t = ~ 1,7 s

Closed CB at B end

Closed Dc CB

127
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

14) t = ~ 1,72 s

Closed CB at side Dc

128
 Transformer 150/70 kV teed on 150 kV interconnection line

Autoreclose

15) t = ~ 1,8 s

Closed CB at C side
(“couple” function)

129
Training Center

Many thanks for your attention!

cedric.moors@elia.be

ELIA SYSTEM OPERATOR

Boulevard de l'Empereur 20
1000 Brussels

+32 2 546 70 11
info@ elia.be

www.elia.be
An Elia Group company