EDU421: GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

CONTENT
1. MEANING OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
2. DIFFERENCE AND NEED FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
3. FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
4. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES
5. HISTORY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN NIGERIA
6. PROBLEMS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN NIGERIA
7. DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN WESTERN WORLD
8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
9. FOUNDATION OF GUIDANCE
10. SCOPE OF GUIDANCE
11. APPRIASAL OF STUDENTS
12. TEST TECHNIQUES
13. INFORMATION SERVICE
14. PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW UP SERVICE IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
15. COUNSELING SERVICES
16. BASIC SKILLS IN A COUNSELING PROCESS
17. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
18. GROUP COUNSELING
19. BEHAVIORAL COUNSELING THEORY
20. OPERANT CONDITIONING

1.MEANING OF GUIDANCE COUNSELING

Guidance is cone from the word GUIDE which means to direct the , wesbet dictionary
define it as an act of directing , from the layman view guidance means to assist, help,
manage, to inform and enlighten .
Guidance is a developmental process that continues through life during which
individual explore educational,vocational and social plans ,make choices understand
and implement them to achieve their life goals . Guidance services must be provided
by person with professional and adequate knowledge.
According to Sheltzer and stone 1980 Guidance is a process of helping an individual
to understand himself and his world
Egochukwu 1999,define Guidance as an umbrella referred to all that is done to
protect and guide the development of people irrespective of age or tribe on social
status .
Aremu2002 sees guidance as an embracing concepts which facilitates better
understanding of individual or groups of individuals with a view assistance to assist
the individuals to live a balance or an adjusted life.
CONCEPT OF COUNSELING
The different form and different interpretations of counseling existed long ago in this
society what is happening now ,that is ,it is been institutionalized, schools now have
units where you can go to for assistance
The term counseling has been defined by various psychologist in several ways,
dictionary definition counseling emphasized on “advice” mental exchange of ideas or
to recommend this definition is the reason why so many people see counseling as a
profession, everybody can undertake , believe that everybody can advise ,counseling
has more in depth meaning.
Shelter and stone 1976 define counseling as a learning process in which individuals
learn about themself their interpersonal relationship and behaviors, behavior that
advance personal developments counseling is a one on one relationship in which
someone who is a professional has a relationship with someone who is not a
professional .
Ioama 1996 stress that’s counseling is not meant for problematic situation or people
in problem it is also meant for normal people,
Aremu 2002 she define eats is a face to face in which counsellor by virtue of training
helps the clients to face ,perceive, clarify ,solve ,and resolve it’s adjustments problem
Thompson and poppen 1972 they sees counseling as a person to person relationship
in which one person help another to resolve area of conflict that has not either to be
resolve .
According to Justine and George define counseling as a learning process design to
increase adaptive behavior and decrease non adaptive behaviors .

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

GUIDANCE COUNSELING
Guidance is merely one we counseling Is sure way
exchange exchange
Guidance deals with facts it deals with feelings more
and principles. personal and intimate in
nature,supportive
relationship that enable
the clients to explore their
problems, understand the
challenges ,resolve and
come to terms with their
problems
It is more public it usually privates and
highly confidential

2.NEED FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

Different circumstances led to guidance and counseling but in Nigeria,following
factors are responsible
Challenges in education
 Technological change
 Manpower needs
 Increase in number of school children
 Challenges in needs

The educational system which undergoes several changes after the

independence in 1960 then is the need to search for a philosophy in education to
meet the needs and aspiration of our people lead to introduction of a new national
policy of our educational system the old system of education was constituted-based
or conjunctive based up the 6-3-3-4 system cane to reface that.
Guidance and counseling is needed in school to guide students and train them,
making the right choices of courses, and vacation based On their interest which
appropriate to their interest and ability
Guidance and Counseling helps people and individual to identify that talent and
nurture them in those areas and these area is could d be social education and
community development
guidance and counseling we help to pursue the effects of interest of change in
education system a The achiever of life goes irrespective of religion ,
affections ,personalities, threat and your background. The following are the need of
guidance and counseling:

1.MANPOWER NEEDS
No nation can rise above the level of their human capital developments, their
shortage or manpower on and middle. Guidance and counseling required to put
the(the nation) or trade in other to meet the needs
2. CHALLENGES IN EDUCATION
Despite the propagation of decree of 1991 by federal military governments to act
like the activities of cultists in our higher institution of learning, cultism is highly the
school the school authorities are manpower though this decree do suspend ,
remove, expell any student cult involved in cultism in and outside the school but
cultism is assuming new dimension that has result serval consequences therefore
there is need for guidance and counseling to guide ,educate and inform admitted
students consequences of cultism i .e orientation
3. SOCIAL CHANGES
The home is the first social ground for any individual unfortunately the home loose
place as a social agent because parent no longer pay attention to the development of
their children,thereby going after money and changes the home and family life has
resolved to the high rate of the divorce youth restiveness,style parent, crime and
others , children now study far away from home no love . The influence of the
home ,church and mosque are no longer strong as they used to be , it is getting to a
situation whereby the school maybe called upon to resolve service such as mental
health and literally for children. Today’s world are reflected in the behavior of young
adolescents this create stress on individual who can not cope . Guidance and
counseling becomes the home for correcting,re-orientating and redirecting the youth
and society to the path of sanity.
The glamour for the share of national cake by the three major group created political
stability, tribal loyalty, religious interference.
Guidance and counseling can inculcate into citizen tolerance, love and unity these are
characterized for national development
4. ECONOMIC CHANGES
Educational policy and politics has gone through economic and social changes which
has expose young people to a wide range of career which are the world of banking,
computer, medicine in private and public sector this has created employment
opportunities in the local state and national governments level. Guidance and
counseling has expose the young to information about employment opportunities at
the local state and national level
5. MORAL DISCIPLINE
The complexity and of modern society lead increase in the rate unhealthy behaviors
of both youth and adult such as rape, Juvenile delinquency, drug abuse , kidnapping.
Guidance and counseling programs in school will help raise moral tone of our school.

3.FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

1. Appraisal service
2. Educational service
3. Information service
4. Planning service
5. Placement service
6. Follow up service
7. Referral services
Appraisal service: This is a service rendered by the school counselor of the collecting,
organizing , and interpreting data regarding the student so that students will be able
to understand themselves better. A clear understanding and knowledge of personal
strength and weaknesses will enhance individual ability to make the right choice at
any given opportunity. The result derived from appraisal service will help not only
the counselor but also the parent , teacher and school administration to understand
the student better.
Information service: student are provided with valid usable information relating the
educational,vocational and personal social needs , or also help them adjust to their
environment.
Educational service: Student are assisted to plan suitable educational programs and
make progress in it , he or she is assisted to choose course, subjects, school college
or institution for adjustments. Girls and encourage by counselor to pursue courses in
the male dominated occupation
Planning services: Planning refers to deciding in advance what an individual want to
do and how to achieve that goal. It is one of the financial function of guidance and
counseling
Placement service: It refer to the assistance which the counselor render to the
clients so as to enable you make appropriate choice, movement from one school to
another and from school to employment, it involves information service of education
and public appraisal,and counseling services /assistance, appropriate to the student
choice and progress in school subjects, extra curricular activities ,community service
and employment
Follow up service: it involves providing service of guidance to the student or client
that use the secondary school system. It is also concerns with the evaluation function
of management . Hence in most case of service seen as serving a dual purpose. The
service can be used to access the effectiveness of guidance programs. It can also be
use to provide information in local, national, occupational, educational and tracing
opportunities available outside the community.
Referral service: Referring an individual to a place where he/she can get adequate
knowledge

4.GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER

DISCIPLINES
Guidance and counseling is closely related to all profession that are directly concern
with human,education, curriculum, school and school administration is the process
of change and guidance facilitate in changing process both are concerned with
welfare and adjustments of the individual within the society. The aim of educational
can not be achieved with guidance.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING AND CURRICULUM
Guidance helps to influence curriculum to improve learning both share the goals of
helping the individual achieve the maximum potential and become capable of self
directing, school administration carry out guidance responsibilities eg the provision
of adequate budget and qualify personnel , these are made by the school
administration.
SCHOOL AND HOME
Every child comes from home to school the home and the school reinforced each
other in the course of educating the socializing the child, parent need the assistance
in understanding the emotional and social development of the children. Parent
should encourage to assist their children’s school to get up-to-date information
about the welfare of their children from counselor.

5. HISTORY OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN NIGERIA

Prior to western influences in Nigeria, various type of social service which helped
young people and children to develop and grow into responsible and productive
members of their communities where provided by other members of the community,
parent pass on skills in calving,hunting, framing, and other occupations needed later
in life to young people of different stages of their developmental. Some behaviors or
skills are learnt either through observing adult or acquire through other means of
training, each community has it culturally based social service for youth and children
like the extended family system ,in which relatives play and significant part in
providing guidance and counseling for young people.
Guidance and counseling as educational service has a short history in Nigeria, at
the initial stage in Nigeria education system, educational and vocational guidance
service were assuming necessary because the selected few who went to school to
study various subjects were successful considered very capable of self directed
academically, and Job were render available in those days, school guidance and
counseling start in Nigeria in the late 1950s with emphasizing on vocational
guidance.
Pre-independence Era
The idea of formal guidance and counseling started as toward the end of 1980 saint
Theresa college Ibadan through the effort of a few Reverend sister who were
teaching in the school and they saw the need of vocational guidance for their five
students. The Reverend sisters assisted with Mrs ORUWARIYE invited some educated
businessmen from the community to advise them on how place the final year
students into Jobs and other establishments although this people were vocational
guidance specialists they knew more about the world of employment than the
organizers this effort gave in sight to the student about the world of work (many of
them were assisted to select good jobs and also they were lead into higher
institutions)
The result was encouraging, they now make other students to apply that same
techniques.
In conclusion the singular mode led to emergency of career masters while interested
teachers at the school system were assigned jobs of coronation and dissemination of
career information to the student
Post independence era
In the educational sector the concept of guidance and counseling received and boost
shortly after the 1959 experiments at Ibadan with the appointment of Mrs Berepiki
as a vocational officer in the Federal Ministry of Education in 1962
In 1962 Ibadan career council was formed , the aim was to propagate professional
guidance for the student. In 1967 Nigeria career council grew out of Ibadan career
council. The members in Ibadan council were the ones that formed Nigeria council, a
journal named””career” was published by this body
Introduction of modern guidance was introduced to Aytoro comprehension high
school in Ondo western region and it becomes the first institution where modern
guidance service were introduced in Nigeria
In 1964 a seminar of vocational guidance was organized by Federal Ministry of
Education. Activities in 1970 were not working, in 1976 counseling association of
Nigeria was formed in Ibadan through the activities of these professional associations
and the public enlightenment program guidance become recognized as important
educational service that could facilitate the achievement of educational objectives in
Nigeria for example in 1977 the proponent of the national policy on education
recognized the importance of guidance and counseling in Nigeria educational system
and so a cause in the policy making guidance to gain official recognition in Nigeria
educational system, Since 1977 universities, colleges of education have course on
guidance and counseling in other to produce a enough work force to meet the needs
of students in schools. Yearly counseling associations of Nigeria holds his yearly
conference (CASSON)

6.PROBLEMS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN NIGERIA

 Lack of adequate funding
 Poor physical facilities
 High ratio of students to counselor
 Attitudinal problem
 Poor time table
 Trained counselor functioning as class teachers
 Juvenile delinquency
 Inadequate communication

7. DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN WESTERN

WORLD
Early years(1888–1958) industrial and technological development in United States
became advance ,Aliens cake from all over the world they came to seek “greener
pasture” in America, it led to an increase in social and psychological problems, in
other to control it there was need for moral and vocational guidance. In 1908 Frank
Parsons pioneered activities in the field of guidance he organized bureaus to provide
a vocational counselor that same year Parson coined the form Vocational Guidance in
his book “choosing a vocation which was published after his death , other pioneers
are the Meyer bloom-Field , succeed as the director of vocational guidance bureau.
Meyer taught his first vocational course at the university of Harvard in 1911.
Frank P . Godwin of Cincinnati’s weaver in New York, George Morril in. San Francisco
and Hugo munsterberg of Harvard university , each of these individual put in their
best to the growth of the service of guidance.
In 1910 Meyer blooms fields organized the first national conference of vocational
guidance in U.S
Early weaver promoted the second national conference in guidance in 1912
In 1895 George Morril was the first American to practices counseling within the
school system at California school of mechanics act, San Francisco.
Hugo munsterberg also pioneered the development of career guidance in the
industry with the publication of his text psychology and industrial efficiency.
8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
There are five basic principle of guidance:
1. Guidance is concerned primarily and systematically with the personal
development of individual. 2.The primary mode by which guidance is conducted lies
in individual behavioral or processes
3. Guidance is oriented towards cooperation, rather then compulsion between the
client and the counselor
4. Guidance is based upon recognizing in dignity and worth of individual as well as
their right to choose
5. Guidance is continuous sequential, educational processes
6. Guidance and counseling are for everybody either male or female
Guidance service help to manipulate the environment to help client

9.FOUNDATION OF GUIDANCE
Guidance and counseling is an applied psychology and the services are deeply rooted
in psychology, the theories in psychology can be apply to Guidance and counseling
PSYCHOLOGY ASPECT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
What is psychology: psychology is the science of behaviors and mental processes by
Myere 1999, or the study of human mind and behaviors, as she said psychology
study the way man thinks, behaves and the force that make them behave ,
psychology have interest in the overt behavior (internal and external behaviors)
Guidance and counseling to understand, predict and control human behavior
through the application of psychology
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Man is a social animal born into a social environment where he requires some
learning experiences which shape his or her personality and help in process of social
adjustment, the societies culture and tradition modified the life of the individual and
so one can meet deviate from the values believes and culture of the society, the
individual sociological problems which need counseling services as you develop the
counseling knowledge of the cultural characteristics and of the clients environment
combined with the professional experts will help him or her to interpret the clients
problem correctly and than proffer solutions to his or her needs.

10. SCOPE OF GUIDANCE

There are three types of scope of guidance
1. Educational/Academic
2. Vocational/career
3.Personal social guidance
Educational/Academic: The term educational guidance was coined by Truman Kelly
1914, he first coined the term educational guidance, it is essentially in the counseling
services because student needs valid useable information that relate to their
developmental level concerning present and future educational opportunities
requirement for entrance into secondary, polytechnic, colleges of education and
university and also problem of students in the institution
Vocational/career : Vocational guidance and counseling is a process where by
individual are helped to choose an occupation, prepare for it ,enter it and develop in
it , considering vocational and career choice the interest attitude and personality of
the individual must be suitable for the job or work.
Personal social: The aim is to help the student understand them, develop social
skills, estiquette, family relationship, know how to get along with people understand
social rules and responsibilities,emotional and behavior difficulties that arose from
developmental stages are dealt with through personal social counseling

11. APPRAISAL OF STUDENT

This aim at providing systematic and objective information about the client ,Daga
1986 define the term to refer to measure and evaluation of human attributes of
characteristics which may include intelligence, attitude, specific ability, interest and
other personality, characteristics of which test can be assess, it is of collecting,
analyzing and using variety of objectives and subjective ways to obtain personal,
psychological and social data about each student for the purpose of understanding
the student problems better and to be able to give them effective assistance in their
effort to recognize themselves and their resources, their strength and weaknesses is
there for a source of personal information about the student
PURPOSE OF TEST
1. Prediction
2. Selection
3. Clarification
4. Evaluation
5. Behaviors measurement
Prediction: Test given obtain a kind of measure capability and achievements and
other characteristics to enable the individual make decision. Decisions involve
prediction which has to do with how well a person will perform at a later date or
time which means prediction is based of qualitative data and likely to be reliable and
accurate.
Selection: test are used by institutions to assess some candidates or reject
candidates when they are selecting them
Clarification: refers to an agreement according to some systematic division into
classes or group eg Age, intelligence are used to clarify in school
Evaluation: test can be used to asses and evaluate program method treatment in
evaluation the objectives of the tax are render to see what extend they have been
achieved the evaluation help the school teacher or counselor to determine the
degree to which educational or counseling objective are met to identify the strength
and weaknesses in the method employed and how to master the necessary
adjustment
Behaviors measurement : test provide more or less objective evidence about the
individual usual behaviors or significant deviation from it , the individual pattern of
behaviors include value, interest, habit, interpersonal relationship and method of
solving problems .

12. TEST TECHNIQUES

1. Test techniques refers to the used of range of standardized question of uniformity
of procedure in administration and score
2. Test techniques of appraisal involves the utilization of standardized test to
measure the ability of the individual student by compell him or her in form of
qualitative and quantitative general human characteristics eg
A. Attitude test
B. Mental ability test
C. Achievement test
3. Test techniques refers to use of standardized set of stimulus situation that elicit
response from what interference are drawn
NON TEST TECHNIQUES
Non test techniques refer to to used to range of questions that is unique and
individual that can be measure through test examples are
 Observation
 Anecdotal record
 Rating scale
 case study
 cumulative record
 interview
 social matrix techniques
 questionnaire
 Autobiography
In non test techniques they are design to put a check to the limitation and and
imperfections of the test techniques
TEST TECHNIQUES :
MENTAL ABILITY TEST: This is a type of psychology test that is used to measure the
level of the student mental intelligence and how they communicate with one
another
ACHIEVEMENT TEST: This is a test that is used to evaluate student performance in
class as a kind if accurate test which measure primarily the teaching outcome and
progress of teachers in terms of teaching, and the student in terms of understanding
what they have been learnt
ATTITUDE TEST: This helps to measure the characteristics of student and there
capability, it measure the potential of one to achieve a given activity, it predicts the
individual future capability

14. INFORMATION SERVICES

Information service are services is design to provide student with reasonable
knowledge with educational, vocational,emotional and social opportunities so that
they can reasonable and realistic choices and decisions about their lives , therefore
information service provide information to student as regard the area to given
interest and attitude, intelligent planning , prepare and understanding oneself and
the world at large. A information service helps student to meet the challenges of day
to day or today or tomorrow. Information service also helps to offer accurate and
current information in other that student that can make intelligent choice of
educational programs
NEED FOR INFORMATION SERVICE
Need for information service in the guidance program can be overemphasized it
should be noted that without adequate and valid information the guidance functions
will not achieved its main purpose of assisting the client individually or in group
through self understanding and adjustments. The following are the needs of
information services.
1. Make wise and inform decisions about educational pursue career and other like
expectation
2. Be aware of current development in society in other to take appropriate decisions
3. It helps in preparation of self understanding and give an enlightenment in the
world of work
4. Understand and evaluate one’s ability and match them with job requirements
5. Consider and evaluate one’s ability interest and match them with actual
occupational requirements
6. Learn about job hunting ,how to get informations about jobs full form and
attended interviews
7. Understand the curricula and know about curricula programs in school and the
subject in combination suitable for different career
8. Become fully aware of educational and occupational opportunities within the
community
9. Develop in the student the recognition of the relationship between the personal
values and the influence of importance people in his life or his choice of occupation
10. Have a greater understanding of his or her personal/social life , how to get on
with others, improve self work and self esteem,develop personal social skills , boy or
girl relationship know more about sex education and reproductive health.
USES OF INFORMATION SERVICES
Among the uses the information services are
1. Assurance: to ensure that student demonstrates confidence in the appropriateness
of their decisions ,checking the accuracy or adequate advantage
2. Explore and studies alternative
3. Helps students readjust their appropriate goals
4. Put data collected on the individual together (synthesis)
5. Verification: to verify and clarify choices made on decisions taken
6. Evaluate students knowledge and understanding of a decision
TYPE OF INFORMATION SERVICES
The three main type of information services are:
 Educational information service
 Vocational educational service
 Personal social information service
EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICES
Educational and vocational decisions are link and interdependent, educational status
can influence choice of vocation, the choice of subject of a client would determine
the Choice of course , despite information of career choice and education , the client
need information in relation to the individual personality, vital information necessary
for maximum social and personal adjustment is given to the client to help sharpe the
desired personality.
TYPES AND SOURCES IF EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION
The following are the sources of educational information:
1. primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
The teacher or counselor should give information about the timetable ,rules and
regulations, curriculum and curricular activities available schools and colleges values
of literacy etc information could also obtain local , state and national sources, from
school handbook , bulletin notice boards media (magazine, radio, television ,internet
etc)
Personal social information
This involves understand self and other people the aim is to ensure that students or
clients acquire adequate self knowledge positive attitude and inter personal skills to
understand themselves and relate with others , this will help the student to improve
their relationship with other examples of personal social includes:
Understanding self(who you are) getting along with others , boy girl
interaction,manners personal appearance,social skills,family relationships,healthy
living and family planning.
Personal social information deals with achieving insight and understanding about
everyday life and among others , positive relationship with others and developing
healthy relationship among living, personal social information can also be gotten
from books associations etc.
VOCATIONAL/OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION
Occupation is any job one does to earn a living it includes data about labour
force ,sex, age and qualifications necessary for employment, the guidance counselor
should have relevant information about job availability and dissemination of
information to the student. Other types of occupational information after in guidance
program includes:
Colleges , on - the requirement, benefits and implication of certain job or occupation,
statistical data, unemployment process facts about promotion and advancement
opportunity guide to gain enhance to a field of work , facts about labour union
relations , professional organization.

15. Placement Service in Guidance and counseling

This is a process which helps for the realization of the aims of guidance and
counseling in respect of job placement of the student. Thus his basic objectives,
welfare and adjustment of individual in the consent of job for which he is best fitted
and from which he gets satisfaction, the individual will therefore his satisfaction and
ability in recruitment to the job (fitness and satisfaction) .The services include
educational and vocational placement.

Follow up services in Guidance and counseling

The formal and systematic monitoring on the individual progress of students who
have undergone academic advising, counseling refer placement or any special
intervention program to ascertain their progress and status

16. COUNSELING SERVICES (COUNSELING PROCESS)

Counseling is the service render to a client by a trained counselor on how the client
problem can be solve, it is the service offer to the individual who is undergoing a
problem and need professional help to overcome it, it involve two individual one
seeking help and the other a professionally trained person whose aim is to orient and
direct him towards a goal, counseling can be summary refer to as a healthy
relationship designed to assist individuals in coping with life situation
The counseling process involves services of actions and steps taking progressively
towards a desired goal which is the focus of counselor. The following are the
characteristics of counseling.
1. It is aid interaction between the counselor and the client
2. It is structured around the need of the client
3. It give room to prepare for the problem to be resolved and provide a lasting
solution to the problem
4. It is based on self direction and self acceptance of the client
5. It acceptable mode of interaction is verbal communication
6. It is characterized by a high degree of privacy and confidentiality

17. BASIC SKILLS IN A COUNSELING PROCESS

some of the basic skills include:
1 . Establishing a rapour: counselor should maintain a friendly and pleasant tone
through the interview, there should also be a conversational atmosphere in which
the clientele complete relaxed throughout the interview
2. Obtain the client view of the problem
3. Identify or choose a workable counseling technique to be used in the interview
4. Be real and ask true promoting questions
5. Summarized and conclude the interview

18. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING

This is the contact between the counselor and the client for the purpose of resolving
problem such problem could be personal, social, vocational and educational etc.
INDICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
There is need for individual counseling when the following exist:
1. In time of crisis and the truth is sentimental
2. In cases demanding strict privacy and confidentiality
3. When individual live in isolation
4. When persons are rejected by their peers
5. When individual lack self confidence and self esteem
6. For shy individuals
7. For introvert and extrovert client
8. For persons who are tridents and social mischief
COUNSELING PROCEDURES IN INDIVIDUALIZED COUNSELING
1. Emphasis must be on developing rapour between the counselor and the client
2. Counselor must explain the nature of the relationship, the role to be play by the
counselor, the kind of help offered , the challenges away, time involves and goals of
counseling
3. Counselor should rely on his or her expertise and skills and make client overcome
the problem by helping the client to express his or her thought freely
4. The counselor is required to pay close attention to verbal and non verbal gestures
of the client , references should be made when necessary
5. Counselor should show understanding and acceptance to the client as this will
enhance confidence and the client will be more honest to open up in communication
6. In conclusion, the counselor should use summarize state to end the discussion.
BENEFITS OF INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
1. There is maximum operation and attention from the clients
2. The client is given opportunity to think and explore
3. There is high level of privacy and confidentiality
4. Testing and other evaluate tools are effectively employed ,analyze and
interpretation of individual basic
5. It gives room for effective assessment of the counseling
LIMITATION OF INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
1. More time consuming
2. Has no support or encouragement from peers
3. No opportunity to benefit from other people expression and experience

19. GROUP COUNSELING

This is a dynamic interaction between the counselor and number of client having the
same or similar problems at the same time
GOALS OF GROUP COUNSELING
1. Learn to trust oneself and others
2. To achieve self knowledge
3. To recognized commonality of participant
4. To increase self acceptance and self confidence
5. For resolving certain conflict
6. To increased self direction
7. To make wise choices
8. To clarify ones value
PROCEDURES IN GROUP COUNSELING
1. Identify the objective
2..Organized the decisions
3. Form group that every member will benefit from
4. Explain your role and role of the members
5. Build relationship that is transparent and honest to all
6. Counselor should observe how successful and effective the group can be
BENEFIT OF GROUP COUNSELING
1. Counselor is able to interact with more clients at once
2. Client with similar problems come together for solution
3. Individual develop capacity for mutual interaction
4. Client are able to learn more flexible with each other
5. There is economy of time and resources
6. Avenue for adequate problem solving, dealing with common problems, critical
issues are handle
7. Group interaction where individual benefit from each other
8. Everyone in the group has right to share ideas
9. Everyone gain support from the other
LIMITATIONS OF GROUP COUNSELING
1. The individual may not have one to be relationship with every member of the
group
2. It does not give enough room for client explore
3. The privacy and confidentiality of the individual is enroll
SIMILARITIES OF GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING
1.Both individual and group counseling assist the client to achieve self direction and
self responsibility
2. The client experience normal development problems , they consider common
means , interest, and experience
3. In both approaches the principles of privacy and confidentiality are considered
DIFFERENCES
1. There is tend ancient to help or learn from each other only in the group counseling
2. Privacy and control are observing seen in individualized counseling
3. Individualized counseling entails a one-to-one relationship while group counseling
involves the relationship between the counselor and more then one client
4. There is more intimate relationship between the counselor and the counselee in
individualized counseling than the group counseling .

19. BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELING THEORY

The scholars associated with this theory are Hohn Arumbuttz and Car Thor-ensem
according to them observation behaviors are what counselor are to be concerned
with and that observable behaviors concerned with , they believe that man is not
supposed to be at the mercy of his unconscious or drives , they believed that the
human person is a thinking being and behavioral counseling is a process of helping
people to learn to solve certain interpersonal, emotional and decisions making
problems, that human being assume to be an active organism that can solve his or
her own problems, he interact with his environment and his environment can
influence him he too an influence his environment, they believed that human are
born natural having good or bad character, he interact with his environment to forms
behaviors, the personality of human being is brought about by his hereditary and
learning. According to them habitbare negative and positive behavior of individual
IN BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
1. Both human behavior is learnt and can be unlearnt
2. Counselor are alter specific behavior of an individual by changing certain
conditions in his environment
3. Many counseling procedures are derived from learning theories such as
conditioning, imitation and cognitive learning
4. Counseling method are not forced but flexible
5. The client has what it takes to solve his or her own problem
6. Counselor procedure are static, fixed or pre-determined and can be specifically
design to help the client in solving their particular problem

20. OPERANT CONDITIONING

B.F Skinner opined that all red pins are not elicited by stimulus , he worked on
learning process by associating learning directly with the outcome of the
environment. According to skinner human behaviors can be manipulated by
introducing some valuables that will facilitate the occurrence of the required
behaviors. He popularized the use of positive and negative reinforcement in changing
behaviors. Positive reinforcement are all stimulus which when presented act or
strengthen the behaviors that follows , negative reinforcement are those stimulus
that strengthen the responses that them away or weaken the behaviors or responses
that produce them . The duty of a counselor therefore is to employ reinforcement to
strengthen desire behavior and weaken undesire ones
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
This refers to the process of delivery of reinforces upon the occurrence of correct
responses
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Fixed interval: The reinforcer is delivered in a fixed number of time eg every five
minutes to strengthen the desire responses
2. Fixed ratio interval : The reinforcer should be given after a fixed number of
responses of occurrence of behaviors
3. Continuous reinforcement: when reinforcement stops, that behaviors disappear
4. Variable interval: reinforcer are given at variable unlike continuous reinforcement
which can be count at a time