Higher Math

2nd Paper
Chapter-04
Polynomial and Polynomial Equations
➢ Important Topics of this Chapter for Creative Question of (a), (b) & (c):

Times Questions Board & Year the Questions

Importance Topic Appeared Have Appeared
a b c CQ
T-01: Verifying polynomial
 1 - - CB’17
equation
DB’23,21,18; RB’23,22,21,19;
Ctg.B’23,22; SB’23,22,21,18;
 T-02: Determinant (D) 25 4 2 CB’23,22; Din.B’23,22,21,19,18;
MB’23,22; JB’22,21,19,18;
BB’21,18
DB’23,22,21,19,18; RB’23,21;
SB’23,22,21,19,18; BB’23,22,19;
 T-03: Relation between roots 1 21 11
CB’23,22,21; Din.B’23,21,18;
Ctg.B’22,21,19; MB’21
DB’23,22; RB’23; BB’23,22,21;
T-04: Forming equation and JB’23,22,21,19;
 15 9 9
determining value/solution Din.B’23,22,21,19; SB’22,21,19;
CB’22,21; MB’21
T-05: Geometric and arithmetic JB’23,22; MB’23; DB’22,
 - 1 5
progression in roots Ctg.B’21; CB’21
DB’23,21; SB’23,22; BB’23,21;
T-06: Symmetric expression of
 2 7 7 CB’23,22,19; Din.B’23,21,19;
roots
MB’23; RB’22; Ctg.B’22,21
Ctg.B’23,19,17; SB’23,21;
T-07: Equation with symmetric
 - 5 7 MB’23,21; RB’22,21,17; BB’22;
roots
JB’22,21
T-08: Relation between the roots DB’23,21,19; Ctg.B’23; BB’23;
 of two equations and common - 4 9 MB’23,22; RB’22,19; Din.B’22;
root JB’21; CB’21

T-01: Verifying polynomial equation

x3 −8
01. (a) Determine the power of the polynomial expression . [CB’17]
x−2
Solution
x3 −8 (x3 −23 ) (x−2)(x2 +2x+4)
(a) = = ; Here, highest exponent of x is 2.
x−2 x−2 x−2

1
 T-02: Determinant (D)

01. (a) If the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(p + q)x + (p2 + q2 ) = 0 are real and equal, then prove that, p = q
[DB’23]
Solution
(a) If the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(p + q)x + (p2 + q2 ) = 0 are real and equal,
D = 0 ⇒ {−2(p + q)}2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (p2 + q2 ) = 0 ⇒ 4(p + q)2 − 4 ⋅ 2(p2 + q2 ) = 0
⇒ (p + q)2 − 2p2 − 2q2 = 0 ⇒ −p2 + 2pq − q2 = 0 ⇒ −(p − q)2 = 0
⇒ (p − q)2 = 0 ⇒ p − q = 0 ⇒ p = q (Proved)

02. f(x) = 3x 2 − 4x + 1 [RB’23]

(a) Determine the nature of roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
Solution
(a) f(x) = 0 ⇒ 3x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0
Discriminant of the equation = b2 − 4ac = 42 − 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 = 16 − 12 = 4 > 0
∴ The two roots will be real and unequal.

03. (a) Show that, the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(p + q)x + (p2 + q2 ) = 0 will not be real. (If p is not equal
to q) [RB’23; SB’21]
Solution
(a) Given equation, 2x 2 − 2(p + q)x + (p2 + q2 ) = 0 … … … (i)
Discriminant, D = {−2(p + q)}2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (p2 + q2 ) = 4(p2 + 2pq + q2 ) − 8p2 − 8q2
= 4p2 + 8pq + 4q2 − 8p2 − 8q2 = 4(−p2 − q2 + 2pq) = −4(p2 − 2pq + q2 ) = −4(p − q)2
For the roots of (i) to be real, D ≥ 0. That is, if p = q, then D = 0.

04. f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 [Ctg.B’23; JB’21]

(a) Find the nature of the roots of the equation f(x) = 0
Solution
(a) f(x) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + x + 1 = 0
Discriminant, D = b2 − 4ac = (1)2 − 4.1.1 = −3 < 0
∴ The roots of the equation is not real.

05. (ii) ax 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 [Ctg.B’23]

(a) If a + b + c = 0 and a, b, c is real then show that the roots of the equation (ii) are real and unique.
Solution
(a) a + b + c = 0 ⇒ a + c = −b ⇒ (a + c)2 = (−b)2 ⇒ a2 + c 2 + 2ac = b2
Now in equation (ii) ⇒ ax 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0
Discriminant = (2b)2 − 4 ⋅ 2c ⋅ a = 4b2 − 8ac = 4(a2 + c 2 + 2ac) − 8ac
4(a2 + c 2 )
We know that the sum of squares of two real number is always positive.
∴ 4(a2 + c 2 ) > 0. ∴ The roots of the equation is real and unequal

2
06. (a) Find the value of k, if the equation 9x 2 − (k + 2)x + 4 is a perfect square. [SB’23]
Solution
(a) If the term perfect square, discriminant of 9x 2 − (k + 2)x + 4 = 0 will be zero.
∴ Discriminant, D = (k + 2)2 − 144 = 0 ⇒ (k + 2)2 = 144 ⇒ k + 2 = ±12 ∴ k = 10, −14 (Ans.)

07. (a) If the roots of the equation of 4x 2 − kx + 1 = 0 are equal, then find the value of k. [CB’23]
Solution
(a) 4x 2 − kx + 1 = 0
If the roots of the equation are equal
Discriminant, D = 0 ⇒ (−k)2 − 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 1 = 0 ⇒ k 2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ k 2 = 16 ∴ k = ±4

08. (a) Under which conditions, the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 will be real? [Din.B’23]
Solution
(a) The roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 will be real if discriminant ≥ 0.
discriminant D = {−2(a + b)}2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (a2 + b2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ 4(a + b)2 − 8(a2 + b2 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a2 + b2 + 2ab − 2a2 − 2b2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2ab − a2 − b2 ≥ 0
⇒ a2 − 2ab + b2 ≤ 0 ⇒ (a − b)2 ≤ 0 ⇒ a − b ≤ 0 ∴ a ≤ b
Therefore, in the condition a ≤ b the roots of the equation 2x 2 − 2(a + b)x + a2 + b2 = 0 will be real.

09. (a) For what value of λ the roots of the equation (λ + 1)x 2 + 2(λ + 2)x + (λ − 3) = 0 will be real and
equal. [MB’23]
Solution
(a) The roots of the equation (λ + 1)x 2 + 2(λ + 2)x + (λ − 3) = 0 will be real and equal if, D = 0
∴ {2(λ + 2)}2 − 4(λ + 1)(λ − 3) = 0 ⇒ λ2 + 4λ + 4 − λ2 + 2λ + 3 = 0
7
⇒ 6λ + 7 = 0 ∴ λ = − 6 (Ans.)

10. (a) Show that, the roots of the equation 2x 2 + 6x − 8 = 0 are rational. [RB’22]
Solution
(a) Given equation is, 2x 2 + 6x − 8 = 0
∴ Discriminant = b2 − 4ac = 62 − 4 × 2 × (−8) = 36 + 64 = 100 = (10)2
Thus b2 − 4ac > 0 and a perfect, therefore the roots are rational.

11. (a) Find out the value of ‘a’, if the roots of the equation (a + 1)x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are real and unequal.
[Ctg.B’22]
Solution
(a) Given equation is, (a + 1)x 2 + x + 1 = 0 … … … (i); According to the condition, the roots of the
equation are real and unequal.
3
∴ Discriminant > 0 ⇒ 12 − 4(a + 1) ⋅ 1 > 0 ⇒ 1 − 4a − 4 > 0 ⇒ −4a − 3 > 0 ⇒ −4a > 3 ⇒ a < − 4

12. Scenario-2: (m2 + n2 )x 2 + 2(mp + nq)x + p2 + q2 = 0 [Ctg.B’22]

(c) Show that, if the roots of equation of scenario-2 will be equal. if they are real. Determine the value of
equal roots.

3
 Solution

(c) (m2 + n2 )x 2 + 2(mp + nq)x + p2 + q2 = 0 ∴ a = m2 + n2 ; b = 2(mp + nq); c = p2 + q2

∴ D = b2 − 4ac = 4(mp + nq)2 − 4(m2 + n2 )(p2 + q2 )
= 4(m2 p2 + 2mnpq + n2 q2 − m2 p2 − n2 p2 − m2 q2 − n2 q2 )
= 4(−m2 q2 + 2mqnp − n2 p2 ) = −4(m2 q2 − 2mq ⋅ np + n2 p2 ) = −4(mq − np)2 ≤ 0
But roots of the equation are real, so, D ≮ 0 ∴ D = 0
So, the roots will be equal if real.
b 2(mp+nq) mp+nq
Equal roots = − 2a = − 2(m2 +n2 ) = − m2 +n2 (Showed)

1 1 1
13. Scenario-1: x + p−x = q [Ctg.B’22; DB, SB, JB, Din.B’18]
(a) Determine the nature of roots of the equation of Scenario-1, if p = q = 1
Solution
(a) Try Yourself. Ans: Complex and unique

14. (a) Determine the nature of roots of the equation x 2 − 4x + 4 = 0 . [SB’22]

Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 02, T-2. Ans: The roots will be real, rational and unique

15. f(x) = px 2 + 2qx + r, g(x) = x 2 + (p + r)x + (p2 + r 2 + 2q2 ) [JB’22]

(b) Show that the roots of the equation g(x) = 0 will be imaginary. [If the roots of f(x) = 0 are real and
unique]
Solution

(b) f(x) = px 2 + 2qx + r = 0

According to the condition, (2q)2 − 4. p. r > 0
⇒ 4q2 − 4pr > 0 ⇒ q2 − pr > 0 ⇒ q2 > pr … … … (i)
Again, g (x) = x 2 + (p + r)x + (p2 + r 2 + 2q2 ) = 0 … … … (ii)
Discriminant of equation (ii) = (p + r)2 − 4. (p2 + r 2 + 2q2 )
= p2 + 2pr + r 2 − 4p2 − 4r 2 − 8q2 = −3p2 + 2pr − 3r 2 − 8q2
= −3p2 − 3r 2 − 8q2 + 2pr = −(3p2 + 3r 2 + 8q2 − 2pr) ∴ pr < q2 [from equation (i)]
Thus, we can say, discriminant of equation (ii) will certainly be negative.
Thus, the roots of equation g (x) = 0 will be complex. (Showed)

16. (a) Find out the value of ‘a’, if the roots of the equation (a − 1) x 2 + (a + 2) x + 4 = 0 are real and equal.
[CB, MB’22]
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 02, T-2 Ans: 10,2

17. (a) Determine the nature of roots of the equation 3x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0 . [CB’22]

Solution
(a) Try Yourself Ans: The roots will be complex and unique.
4
18. Scenario-1: (p + 1)x 2 + 2(p + 3)x + 2p + 3 = 0 is an equation. [Din.B’22]
(b) For what value of p, the equation mentioned in scenario-1 will be a perfect square?
Solution
(b) Similar to (a) of question no. 10, T-2 Ans: 3, −2

19. x 2 − 2ax + a2 − b2 = 0 … . (i) [Din.B’22; RB’22]

(a) Show that the roots of equation (i) will always be rational. If a, b are rational.
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 10, T-2

20. Scenario-1: p(x) = (x − a)(x − b) + (x − b)(x − c) + (x − c)(x − a). [MB’22]

(b) If p(x) is a perfect square, then show that a = b = c
Solution
(b) p(x) = (x − a)(x − b) + (x − b)(x − c) + (x − c)(x − a)
= x 2 − ax − bx + ab + x 2 − bx − cx + bc + x 2 − cx − ax + ac = 3x 2 − 2(a + b + c)x + ab + bc + ca
p(x) will be a whole square if the roots of equation p(x) = 0 are real and equal
∴ discriminant = 4 (a + b + c)2 − 4.3. (ab + bc + ca)
= 4(a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca) − 12 (ab + bc + ca)
= 4a2 + 4b2 + 4c 2 + 8ab + 8bc + 8ca − 12ab − 12bc − 12ca
= 4a2 + 4b2 + 4c 2 − 4ab − 4bc − 4ca = 4(a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca)
1
= 4. [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ] = 2 [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ]
2
p(x) will be a whole square if discriminant = 0
∴ 2 [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ] = 0 ⇒ (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 = 0
Summation of more than one square quantity will be 0 if they are each equal to 0.
∴ (a − b)2 = 0 or, a = b ; (b − c)2 = 0 ⇒ b = c and (c − a)2 = 0 ⇒ c = a ∴ a = b = c

21. (a) Determine the value of k, if the roots of equation x 2 − x + k = 0 are real. [DB’21]
Solution
1
(a) If the roots are real D ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 − 4k ≥ 0 ⇒ 4k − 1 ≤ 0 ⇒ k ≤ 4 (Ans.)

22. (a) For what value of a, the roots of equation x 2 − 4ax + 4 = 0 will be complex? [RB’21]
Solution
(a) If the roots are complex, then D < 0 ⇒ 16a2 − 16 < 0 ⇒ 16(a2 − 1) < 0 ⇒ a2 < 1 ⇒ |a|2 < 1
⇒ −1 < a < 1 (Ans.)

23. (a) For what value of p, expression px 2 + 4x + 3 will be a perfect square? [SB’21]
Solution
16 4
(a) According to the condition, 16 − 12p = 0 ⇒ p = 12 = 3 (Ans.)

24. g(x) = px 2 + qx + r, p ≠ 0. [BB’21]

(c) Determine the general solution of the equation g(x) = 0 and explain the discriminant.

5
 Solution
q q2 q2
(c) g(x) = px 2 + qx + r = 0 ⇒ p2 x 2 + pqx + pr = 0 ⇒ (px)2 + 2(px) (2) + 4
= 4
− pr
q 2 q2 −4pr q √q2 −4pr −q±√q2 −4pr
⇒ (px + 2) = 4
⇒ px + 2 = ± 2
⇒x= 2p
Here, discriminant = q2 − 4pr
If q2 − 4pr > 0 and a perfect square, the two roots are both
rational and unequal
2
If q − 4pr > 0 and not a perfect square, the roots are These three conditions are applicable
irrational and unequal if p, q, r is rational.
2
If q − 4pr = 0, then two roots are equal and rational.
If q2 − 4pr < 0, the roots are unreal and non-real.

25. (a) For what value of m, roots of the equation (m − 1)x 2 − (m + 1)x + 2 = 0 will be equal? [JB’21]
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 01, T-2 Ans: 3

26. Scenario: f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 is a quadratic function. [Din.B’21]

(a) If a = 1 , b = −2 , c = 1, determine the nature of roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 01 Ans: The roots of the equation are real, equal and rational.

27. f(x) = px 2 + qx + r and g(x) = rx 2 + qx + p. [RB’19]

2
(a) For what value of m will the roots of the equation (m − 1)x − (m + 2)x + 4 = 0 be equal?
(b) From the stem, if the roots of f(x) = 0 are α, β, express the roots of rx 2 + 4qx + 16p = 0 in terms of α
and β.
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 01, T-2 Ans: 10,2
4 4
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3 Ans: x = ,
β α

28. (a) Determine the nature of the roots of the equation 4x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0. [BB’19]
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 02. Ans: Real and unique, irrational. 20

29. (a) What is the value of m if the roots of x 2 − 2mx + 8m − 15 = 0 are real and equal? [JB’19]
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 01, T-2 Ans: 3,5

30. P(x) = mx 3 + nx 2 + qx + r. [Din.B’19]

(a) Determine the nature of the roots of P(x) = 0. If m = 0 and n = q = r = 1
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 04, T-2 Ans: Complex and unique

6
 T-03: Relation between roots

01. Stem: A quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + b = 0; [a ≠ 0] [DB’23]

m n 3b
(b) If the ratio of the roots of the equation in the stem is m: 3n, then prove that, √ + 3√ + √ =0
n m a

Solution

(b) Given equation: ax 2 + bx + b = 0 [a ≠ 0]

Let, the roots are α & β
b b
That is, α + β = − a ; αβ = a ∴ α + β = −αβ
α m m 3α
According to question, β = 3n ⇒ n
= β
… … … (ii)

m n 3b √3α β 3b
∴ L. H. S = √ n + 3√m + √ a = + 3√3α + √ a [From (ii)]
√β

√3α 3√β 3b √3(α+β) 3b −√3αβ 3b

= + +√a = + √ = +√a [From (i)]
√β √3√α √α √β a √α √β

= −√3αβ + √3αβ = 0 = R. H. S (Proved)

02. q(x) = lx 2 + mx + n; r(x) = nx 2 + mx + l [RB’23]

2
(c) If a root of the equation r(x) = 0 is twice of a root of q(x) = 0, then show that, l = 2n or 2m =
(l + 2n)2
Solution

(c) Given that, q(x) = lx 2 + mx + n; r(x) = nx 2 + mx + l

Let, one root of the equation q(x) = 0 is α.
Given that, one root of the equation r(x) = 0 is twice than that of q(x) = 0.
∴ One root of the equation r(x) = 0 is 2α. ∴ q(α) = lα2 + mα + n = 0 … … … (i)
∴ r(α) = 4nα2 + 2mα + l = 0 … … … (ii)
Now, from (ii) − 2 × (i),
4nα2 + 2mα + l = 0 … … … (iii); 2lα2 + 2mα + 2n = 0 … … … (iv)
(iii) − (iv)
(4n − 2l)α2 − 2n + l = 0 ⇒ 2(2n − l)α2 + (l − 2n) = 0 ⇒ 2(2n − l)α2 − (2n − l) = 0
⇒ (2n − l)(2α2 − 1) = 0
1
∴ l = 2n or, 2α2 = 1 ⇒ α2 = 2
1
Now, putting α2 = in (iii),
2
1
4n (2) + 2mα + l = 0 ⇒ 2n + l = −2mα ⇒ (2n + l)2 = 4m2 α2
1
⇒ (2n + l)2 = 4m2 2 ⇒ (2n + l)2 = 2m2 ∴ 2m2 = (2n + l)2

03. Scenario-2: Roots of equation x 2 − qx + r = 0 are α and β. [SB’23]

2 2
(c) Using α and β of scenario-2, express the roots of the equation r(x + 1) − (q − 2r)x = 0 in terms of
α and β.

7
 Solution
(c) Given that, roots of x 2 − qx + r = 0 are α and β ∴ α + β = q and αβ = r
Now, r(x 2 + 1) − (q2 − 2r)x = 0 ⇒ αβ(x 2 + 1) − {(α + β)2 − 2αβ}x = 0
⇒ αβx 2 + αβ − {α2 + β2 + 2αβ − 2αβ}x = 0 ⇒ αβx 2 + αβ − α2 x − β2 x = 0
⇒ αβx 2 − α2 x − β2 x + αβ = 0 ⇒ αx(βx − α) − β(βx − α) = 0
α β
⇒ (βx − α)(αx − β) = 0 ∴ x = , (Ans.)
β α

04. g(x) = px 2 + qx + r [BB’23]

2 2
(c) If roots of g(x) = 0 are γ and δ, then express the roots of the equation rp(x + 1) − (q − 2rp)x = 0
in terms of γ, δ.
Solution
γ δ
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3 Ans: (c); x = ,
δ γ

05. (i) mx 2 + nx + n = L [JB’23; DB’22]

(ii) S = 6x 3 − 20x 2 + 5 and T = 6 − 6x − 9x 2
p q n
(b) If the ratio of two roots of equation L = 0 is p: q then prove that, √q + √p + √m = 0.

Solution
(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 01, T-3
06. Scenario-2: g(x) = px 2 + qx + r [CB’23]
(b) If the two roots of g(x) = 0 are α and α2 then prove that p2 r + pr 2 + q3 = 3pqr.
Solution
(b) Given that, Roots of the equation g(x) = 0 are α and α2 , g(x) = 0 ⇒ px 2 + qx + r = 0
r r
Now, α ⋅ α2 = p ∴ α3 = p
−q q 3 q3
Again, (α + α2 ) = p
⇒ (α + α2 )3 = (− p) ⇒ α3 + (α2 )3 + 3α ⋅ α2 (α + α2 ) = − p3
q3 r r2 r q q3
⇒ α3 + (α3 )2 + 3α3 (α + α2 ) = − p3 ⇒ p + p2 + 3 p (− p) = − p3 ⇒ p2 r + pr 2 + (−3pqr) = −q3
⇒ p2 r + pr 2 + q3 = 3pqr [Proved]
07. Scenario-1: f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [CB’23]
Scenario-2: g(x) = px 2 + qx + r
b2 q2
(c) If the ratio of the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0 are equal then prove that ca
= pr.
Solution
(c) f(x) = 0 ⇒ ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b c
If the roots of equation are α, β then α + β = − a ; αβ = a and g(x) = 0 ⇒ px 2 + qx + r = 0
q r
If the roots of equation are γ, δ then γ + δ = − p ; γδ = p
c b2
α γ α β α+β α β (α+β)2 a a2
According to question, = ⇒ β δ γ
= δ
= γ+δ
∴ ⋅ =γ δ (γ+δ)2
⇒ r = q2
[As all ratios are equal]
p p2
cp b2 p2 b2 q2
⇒ ar
= a2 q2
⇒ ca = pr [Proved]

8
 1 1 1 q r
08. Scenario-1: f(x) = + − .; Scenario-2: g(x) = x 2 + x + . [Din.B’23]
x l−x m p p
(b) In scenario-1 if the difference of the roots of equation f(x) = 0 is n then prove that,
l = 2m ± √4m2 + n2
p p−q 3
(c) In Scenario-2 if one root of the equation g(x) = 0 is square of the other root, show that, r = ( r−q ) and
q3
3q − p − r = pr.
Solution
1 1 1
(b) Given that, f(x) = x + l−x − m and f(x) = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1
then, x + l−x − m = 0 ⇒ x + l−x = m ⇒ x(l−x) = m ⇒ lx − x 2 = lm ∴ x 2 − lx + lm = 0 … … … (i)
Let, the roots of (i) are α, β ∴ α + β = l and αβ = lm
According to the question, α − β = ±n ⇒ (α − β)2 = n2 ⇒ (α + β)2 − 4αβ = n2 ⇒ l2 − 4lm = n2
⇒ l2 − 4lm + (2m)2 = n2 + 4m2 ⇒ (l − 2m)2 = n2 + 4m2 ⇒ l − 2m = ±√n2 + 4m2
∴ l = 2m ± √n2 + 4m2 (Proved)
q r
(c) Given that, g(x) = x 2 + p x + p and g(x) = 0
q r
Now, x 2 − (− p) x + p = 0 … … … (i)
Since the roots of equation (i) are α, α2 ,
q r r
α + α2 = − p … … … (ii) and αα2 = p ⇒ α3 = p … … … (iii)
q 3
3
p−q 3 1−
p 1+α+α2
R.H.S: ( ) =( r q ) = (α3 +α+α2 ) [From (ii) and (iii)]
r−q −
p p
3
1+α+α2 1 p
= (α(1+α+α2 )) = α3 = r
= L.H.S
p−q 3 p
Now, ( r−q ) = r
⇒ (p3 − 3p2 q + 3q2 p − q3 )r = p(r 3 − 3r 2 q + 3rq2 − q3 )
⇒ p3 r − 3p2 qr + 3q2 pr − q3 r = pr 3 − 3r 2 qp + 3rq2 p − q3 p
⇒ q3 p − q3 r = pr 3 − p3 r + 3p2 qr − 3r 2 qp
⇒ q3 (p − r) = pr(r + p)(r − p) + 3pqr(p − r) ⇒ q3 (p − r) = −pr(r + p)(p − r) + 3pqr(p − r)
q3 −pr2 p2 r 3pqr q3
⇒ q3 = −pr 2 − p2 r + 3pqr ⇒ pr = pr
− pr
+ pr
∴ pr = 3q − p − r [Showed]

09. In the stimulus: f(x) = ax 2 + bx + b [DB’22]

p q b
(b) If the ratio of roots of the equation f(x) = 0 is p: q, then show that √ + √ + √ = 0.
q p a

Solution
(b) Try yourself

10. Scenario-1: mx 2 + nx + p = 0 … … … (1)

px 2 − 4nx + 16m = 0 … … … (2) [Ctg.B’22]
(b) In scenario-1, if the roots of equation (1) be α and β , then express the roots of equation (2) in terms of
α and β.
Solution
4 4
(b) T-3, Similar to (b) of question no. 03. Ans: (α1 , β1 ) = (− α , − β)

9
11. P(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [SB’22; Ctg.B’22]
2
(b) If the two roots of P(x) = 0 are α and β, then express the roots of ax − 2bx + 4c = 0 in terms of α
and β.
Solution
(b) Given equation is, p(x) = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 … … … (i)
b c
Let the roots of equation (i) be α and β ∴ α + β = − a … … … (ii) and αβ = a … … … (iii)
Again, ax 2 − 2bx + 4c = 0 … … … (iv)
2b 4c
Let the roots of equation (iv) be α1 and β1 ∴ α1 + β1 = a
… … … (v) and α1 β1 = a
… … … (vi)
4b2 4c b2 4c
∴ α1 − β1 = √(α1 + β1 )2 − 4α1 β1 = √ a2 − 4 ⋅ a
= 2√a2 − a
= 2√(α + β)2 − 4 ⋅ αβ
= 2(α − β) … … … (vii)
2b
Again, α1 + β1 = a
= −2(α + β) … … … (viii)
(vii) + (viii) ⇒ 2α1 = −2α − 2β + 2α − 2β ⇒ 2α1 = −4β ⇒ α1 = −2β
(viii) − (vii) ⇒ 2β1 = −2α − 2β − 2α + 2β ⇒ 2β1 = −4α ⇒ β1 = −2α

12. g(x) = x 2 + 2x + q is a function [SB’22]

2
(c) If a root of the equation g(x) = 0 equals to the square of another root, then prove that, q − 5q + 8 = 0
Solution
(c) g(x) = x 2 + 2x + q = 0; … … … (i)
Let the roots are, α and α2 ∴ α + α2 = −2 ⇒ α2 + α + 2 = 0 … … … (ii) and α3 = q … … … (iii)
L. H. S = q2 − 5q + 8 = (α3 )2 − 5α3 + 8 = α6 − 5α3 + 8
= α6 + α5 + 2α4 − α5 − α4 − 2α3 − α4 − α3 − 2α2 − 2α3 − 2α2 − 4α + 4α2 + 4α + 8
= α4 (α2 + α + 2) − α3 (α2 + α + 2) − α2 (α2 + α + 2) − 2α(α2 + α + 2) + 4(α2 + α + 2)
= 0 = R. H. S (Proved)
13. P(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [SB’22]
2 2 2
(c) If the difference of roots of the equation P(x) = 0 is 2π, then prove that, b − 4ac = 4a π
Solution
(c) p(x) = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 … … … (i) Let the roots of equation (i) be α and α + 2π
b c
According to condition, α + α + 2π = − a … … … (ii) and α2 + 2πα = a … … … (iii)
b2 4c
(ii)2 − 4 × (iii) ⇒ − = (2α + 2π)2 − 4(α2 + 2πα)
a2 a
b2 −4ac
⇒ a2
= 4α2 + 8πα + 4π2 − 4α2 − 8πα ⇒ b2 − 4ac = 4π2 α2 (Proved)

14. Stem-1: One root of equation x 2 − bx − c = 0 is square of another. [BB’22]

(b) With the help of stimulus-1, show that b3 + c(3b + 1) − c 2 = 0
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 12, T-3

15. f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [JB’22]

(r+1)2 b2
(b) If ratio of the two roots of the equation f(x) = 0 is r, then show that, r
= ac
.

10
 Solution
(b) f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ;
Let the roots of the equation be α and αr.
b b c
α + αr = − a ⇒ α(r + 1) = − a … … … (i) and α2 r = a … … … (ii)
b2
α2 (r+1)2 a2 (r+1)2 b2
(i)2 ÷ (ii) ⇒ = c ⇒ = (Showed)
α2 r r ac
a

16. Stimulus-1: x 2 − 2x + b = 0 and x 2 − bx + 2 = 0 are two quadratic equations. [CB’22]

2
(b) If the difference of the two roots of the equation in stimulus-1 is a constant, then prove that b + 4b −
12 = 0.
Solution
(b) x 2 − 2x + b = 0 … … … (i) and x 2 − bx + 2 = 0 … … … (ii)
Roots of equation (i) be α, β ∴ α + β = 2 , αβ = b and α − β = c [constant]
Roots of equation (ii) are α′ , β′ ; α′ + β′ = b ; α′ β′ = 2 and α′ − β′ = c
Again, for equation (i), α − β = √(α + β)2 − 4αβ = √4 − 4b = 2√1 − b … … … (iii)
Again, for equation (ii), α′ − β′ = √(α′ + β′ )2 − 4α′β′ = √b 2 − 4.2 = √b 2 − 8 … … … (iv)
From (iii) and (iv), α − β = α′ − β′ = c = 2√1 − b = √b 2 − 8
⇒ 4(1 − b) = b2 − 8 ⇒ 4 − 4b = b2 − 8 ⇒ b2 + 4b − 12 = 0 (Proved)

17. (a) What is the value of m when the two roots of the equation (m2 − 3)x 2 + 3mx + 3m + 1 = 0 are
reciprocals? [DB’21]
Solution
1
(a) If roots of the equation (m2 − 3)x 2 + 3mx + (3m + 1) = 0 are α and then,
α
1 3m+1
α. α = m2 −3 ⇒ m2 − 3 = 3m + 1; m2 − 3m − 4 = 0
(m − 4)(m + 1) = 0 ∴ m = 4, −1 (Ans.)

18. Scenario-2: px 2 + qx + r = 0 one root of the equation is square of the other root [DB’21]
(c) From scenario-2 show that, r(p − q)3 = p(r − q)3 .
Solution
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3
19. f(x) = x 2 + 2px + q [DB’21]
(b) If α and β are the roots of the equation f(x) = 0, express q(x + 1) = 4p x in terms of α and β.
2 2

Solution
β α
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3 Ans: Roots are: and
α β

20. The roots of equation x 2 + cx + b = 0 are α, β. [RB’21]

(b) Express the roots of the equation b(x 2 + 1) − (c 2 − 2b)x = 0 in terms of α and β.
Solution
α β
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 11, T-3 Ans: x = β , α

11
21. Scenario-2: x 3 − 9x 2 + 14x + 24 = 0 is a cubic equation. [Ctg.B’21]
(c) Solve the equation in Scenario-2 if the ratio of two roots of the equation is 3: 2.
Solution

(c) Equation of scenerio-2,

The three roots of the equation x 3 − 9x 2 + 14x + 24 = 0 are 3α, 2α and β
∴ 3α + 2α + β = 9 6α2 + 3αβ + 2αβ = 14 … … … (ii)
⇒ 5α + β = 9 ⇒ 6α2 + 5αβ = 14 ⇒ 6α2 + 5α(9 − 5α) = 14
∴ β = 9 − α … … … (i) 7
⇒ 6α2 + 45α − 25α2 = 14 ⇒ 19α2 − 45α + 14 = 0 ∴ α = 2, 19

If α = 2 then, β = −1
7 136
If α = then, β =
19 19
(3α)(2α)β = −24 ⇒ α2 β = −4 … … … (iii)
α = 2 & β = −1 by satisfying in equation (iii).
7 136
But α = 19 and β = 19
does not satisfy equation (iii).
∴ α = 2 and β = −1 ∴ Required roots: 6, 4, −1 (Ans.)

22. f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [SB’21; BB’19]

p q c
(b) If b = c and the ratio of the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 is p: q, then show that, √q + √p + √a = 0.

Solution

(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 01, T-3

23. Scenario-1: x 2 − px + pq = 0. [CB’21]

(b) If r is the difference between the roots of the equation in scenario-1, express p in terms of q and r.
Solution

(b) Try Yourself Ans: (b); 2q ± √4q2 + r 2

24. Scenario-1: ax 2 + bx − c = 2. [CB’21]

(b) If in scenario-1 a = 27, b = 6, c = m and one root of the equation is equal to the square of another,
determine the values of m.
Solution

(b) 27x 2 + 6x − m = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)

6 −m−2
Let, roots be α and α2 ∴ α2 + α = − 27 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii) ; α3 = 27
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (iii)
From (ii), 27α2 + 27α + 6 = 0 ⇒ 27α2 + 9α + 18α + 6 = 0 ⇒ (9α + 6)(3α + 1) = 0
2 1
∴ α = − 3 or α = − 3 ∴ From (iii), −m − 2 = 27α3
1 −1
Here, If α = − 3 , ⇒ −m − 2 = 27 × 27 ⇒ m = 1 − 2 ∴ m = −1(Ans.)
2 8 −m−2
Again, If α = − 3, − 27 = 27
⇒ m = 6 (Ans.)

12
25. Scenario: f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 is a quadratic function. [Din.B’21]
(b) According to the scenario if the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α, β, then express the roots of the
b2
equation cx 2 − ( a − 2c) x + c = 0 in terms of α, β .
Solution
α β
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 11, T-3 Ans: x = β , α

26. f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c [MB’21]

2 2 2
(b) If roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α and β, then express the roots of the equation a x − (b − 2ac)x +
c 2 = 0 in terms of α and β.
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3. Ans: x = α2 , β2

f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c
27. [MB’21]
g(x) = px 2 + qx + r
(c) If the ratio of two roots of the equation f(x) = 0 is the same as the ratio of the two roots of the equation
g(x) = 0, then show that b: q = √6: √35 when a = 2, c = 3, p = 5, r = 7.
Solution
(c) Let, the roots of the equation αx 2 + bx + c = 0 are α, mα
Roots of the equation px 2 + qx + r = 0 are β, mβ
b c
According to the condition, α(m + 1) = − a … … . . (i); α2 m = a … … … … (ii)
q r
Again, β(m + 1) = − p … … … … (iii); β2 m = p … … … … (iv)
(m+1)2 b2 (m+1)2 q2
(i)2 ÷ (ii) ⇒ = ; (iii)2 ÷ (iv) ⇒ =
m ac m pr
b2 q2 b2 q2 b2 6 b √6
∴ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ = ∴ b: q = √6: √35 (Showed)
ac pr 6 35 q2 35 q √35

28. F(x) = 27x 2 + 6x − (m + 2) [DB’19]

(b) If one root of F(x) = 0 is equal to the square of another, find the value of m.
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 12, T-3. Ans: −1 or 6
29. Stem: mx 2 + nx + s = 0 is a quadratic equation. [Ctg.B’19]
1
(c) From stem, if m = 9, n = 2, s = − 3 (p + 2) and if one root of the equation obtained is equal to the
square of another, then determine the value of p.
Solution
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 12, T-3 Ans: −1, 6

30. ϕ(x) = ℓx 2 + mx + n. [SB’19]

2 2
(b) If the roots of ϕ(x) = 0 are a and b, express the equation of nl(x + 1) + (2nl − m )x = 0 in terms of
a and (b)
Solution
a b
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-3 Ans: x = b , a

13
31. Roots of x 2 + px + q = 0, p, q ≠ 0 are u and v [JB’19]
2 1 1
(b) Show that roots of qx + px + 1 = 0 are and u v
.
Solution

(b) x 2 + px + q = 0 ∴ u + v = −p; uv = q ∴ qx 2 + px + 1 = 0 ⇒ uvx 2 − (u + v)x + 1 = 0

1 1
⇒ ux(vx − 1) − 1(vx − 1) = 0 ⇒ (ux − 1)(vx − 1) = 0 ∴ x = u , v
1 1
∴ Roots of the equation are u and v (Showed)

1 1 1
32. Stem: + = [DB, SB, JB, Din.B’18]
x p−x q
(b) If the difference of the roots of Scenario-1 is r then write the relation between p, q & r.
Solution

(b) Try Yourself Ans: 2q ± √4q2 + r 2

T-04: Forming equation and determining value/solution

01. Stem: A quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + b = 0; [a ≠ 0] [DB’23]

(c) If a = 1, b = −4, and if the roots of the equation in the stem are α & β, then determine the equation with
roots (α + β) & (α − β).
Solution

(c) If a = 1, b = −4, then the given equation will be: x 2 − 4x − 4 = 0

According to the question, if the roots are α & β,
−4
α + β = −( 1 ) = 4
−4
αβ = 1
= −4
Considering α > β, α − β = √(α + β)2 − 4αβ = √42 − 4(−4) = 4√2
∴ Equation with roots (α + β) & (α − β):
x 2 − {(α + β) + (α − β)}x + (α + β)(α − β) = 0
⇒ x 2 − (4 + 4√2)x + 4 × 4√2 = 0
∴ x 2 − 4(1 + √2)x + 16√2 = 0; Which is the required equation. (Ans.)

02. (a) If one root of the equation x 3 + (p2 − 3)x − (p + 2) = 0 is −1 + ip, then solve the equation. [DB’23]
Solution

(a) If one root of the equation x 3 + (p2 − 3)x − (p + 2) = 0 is −1 + ip, then its conjugate root will be
−1 − ip
Let, the other root be α
That is, (−1 + ip) + (−1 − ip) + α = 0
⇒ −2 + α = 0 ∴ α = 2
∴ The three roots of the equation are −1 ± ip & 2. (Ans.)

14
03. f(x) = 3x 2 − 4x + 1 [RB’23]
(b) If the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α, β, then determine the equation with roots |α − β| & α2 + β2 .
Solution

(b) Given that, f(x) = 3x 2 − 4x + 1 and f(x) = 0 ∴ 3x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0

4 1
Let, roots of the equation are α, β; α + β = 3 ; αβ = 3
16 4 2
Now, |α − β| = ±√(α + β)2 − 4αβ = ±√ 9 − 3 = ± 3
16 2 10
Again, α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ = 9
−3 = 9
Equation formed with the roots being |α − β| & α2 + β2 , x 2 − {|α − β| + α2 + β2 } + |α − β| × (α2 +
β2 ) = 0
2
±6+10 10 16 4
∴ |α − β| + α2 + β2 = ± 3 + 9
=
= 9 ,9
9
2 10 20
Now, |α − β| ⋅ (α2 + β2 ) = 3 × 9 = ± 27
16 20
∴ The two equations are, x 2 − x + = 0 ⇒ 27x 2 − 16x + 20 = 0
9 27
2 4 20 2
Or, x − x + = 0 ⇒ 27x − 12x + 20 = 0
9 27

04. P(x) = x 3 − 7x 2 + 8x + 10 [RB’23]

(c) If one root of the equation P(x) = 0 is 5, then determine the other roots.
Solution

(c) Given that, one root of the equation x 3 − 7x 2 + 8x + 10 = 0 is 5.

⇒ x 3 − 5x 2 − 2x 2 + 10x − 2x + 10 = 0 ⇒ x 2 (x − 5) − 2x(x − 5) − 2(x − 5) = 0
⇒ (x − 5)(x 2 − 2x − 2) = 0
2±√4−4⋅1⋅(−2) 2±√12
Now, x 2 − 2x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2⋅1
= 2
= 1 ± √3
The roots of the equation are = 5,1 + √3, 1 − √3

05. f(x) = mx 2 + nx + l [BB’23]

n2 −2lm
(b) If roots of f(x) = 0 are p and q then, show that, (mp + n)−2 + (mq + n)−2 = l2 m2

Solution
n
(b) If roots of f(x) = 0 ⇒ mx 2 + nx + l = 0 are p and q, p + q = − m … … … (i)
l n
pq = m … … … (ii) ; (i) ⇒ p + q = − m ⇒ mp + mq = −n ∴ mp + n = −mq … … … (iii)
and mq + n = −mp … … … (iv)
Now, (mp + n)−2 + (mq + r)−2 = (−mq)−2 + (−mp)−2
−n 2 l
1 1 p2 +q2 (p+q)2 −2pq ( ) −2
m m
= m2 q2
+ m2 p2
= m2 p2 q2
= m2 ⋅(pq)2
= l 2
[From (i) and (ii)]
m2 ⋅( )
m
n2 2l
− n2 −2lm
m2 m
= m2 l2
= l2 m2
= R. H. S (Showed)
m2

15
 1
06. (a) Determine a quadratic equation, whose one root is [JB’23]
2+i3
Solution
1 2−3i 2−3i 2 3
(a) Given that, one root of the equation is 2+3i = (2+3i)(2−3i) = 4+9
= 13 − 13 i
2 3
∴ The other root = 13 + 13 i
2 3 2 3 4
∴ Summation of the roots = (13 + 13 i) + (13 − 13 i) = 13
2 3 2 3 4 9 1
∴ Product of the roots = (13 + 13 i) (13 − 13 i) = 132 + 132 = 13
4 1
∴ Required equation, x 2 − 13 x + 13 = 0 ⇒ 13x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 (Ans.)

07. Scenario-2:g(x) = x 4 + 3x 3 + x 2 + 13x + 30

[Din.B’23]
(c) In Scenario-2 if one root of the equation g(x) = 0 is 1 − 2i then solve the equation.
Solution
(c) Given that, g(x) = x 4 + 3x 3 + x 2 + 13x + 30 and g(x) = 0
Then, if one root of the equation x 4 + 3x 3 + x 2 + 13x + 30 = 0 is 1 − 2i the other root is 1 + 2i
Now, quadratic equation with roots 1 + 2i and 1 − 2i
are, x 2 − (1 + 2i + 1 − 2i)x + (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i) = 0
⇒ x 2 − 2x + 1 + 22 = 0 ∴ x 2 − 2x + 5 = 0
Now, x 4 + 3x 3 + x 2 + 13x + 30 = 0
⇒ x 4 − 2x 3 + 3x 2 + 5x 3 − 10x 2 + 25x + 6x 2 − 12x + 30 = 0
⇒ x 2 (x 2 − 2x + 5) + 5x(x 2 − 2x + 5) + 6(x 2 − 2x + 5) = 0
⇒ (x 2 − 2x + 3)(x 2 + 5x + 6) = 0
Therefore, the other two roots of g(x) = 0 will be equal to the roots of x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
Now, x 2 + 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) = 0
⇒ (x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 ∴ x = −3, −2
Therefore, the remaining roots of g(x) = 0 are 1 + 2i, −3, −2

08. (a) If one root of the equation x 2 + 7x + k = 0 is −8, then determine the value of k and the other root.
[DB’22]
Solution
(a) Given equation: x 2 + 7x + k = 0 and its root is −8
Therefore, (−8)2 + 7 × (−8) + K = 0 ⇒ K = −8
The equation is, x 2 + 7x − 8 = 0; Comparing it with equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 we get,
c
αβ = [α, β are the two roots of the equation]⇒ −8 × β = −8 ⇒ β = 1 ∴ The other root is 1.
a

09. (a) Determine equation with a root (2 − 3i). [SB’22]

Solution
(a) Given root of the equation is (2 − 3i); ∴ The other conjugate complex root will be (2 + 3i)
So, the equation with roots (2 + 3i) and (2 − 3i) will be-
x 2 − (2 + 3i + 2 − 3i)x + (2 + 3i)(2 − 3i) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 4x + 13 = 0

16
 1 1
10. (a) If the roots of equation 3x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 be α, β then determine the value of + . [BB’22]
α β

Solution
(a) Given equation is, 3x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 ; whose roots are α and β
2
2 2 1 1 α+β −
3
∴ α + β = − 3 … … … (i) and αβ = 3 … … … (ii) ∴ α + β = αβ
= 2 = −1
3

11. (a) If one root of equation 3x 2 − mx + 4 = 0 is thrice of another, then determine the value of m. [JB’22]
Solution
(a) Given equation, 3x 2 − mx + 4 = 0 whose roots are α and 3α
m m 4 4 2
∴ α + 3α = 3
⇒ 4x =
3
… … … (i) and 3α2 = 3 ⇒ α2 = 9 ⇒ α = ±3
2 2 m
∴ From equation (i) , if α = 3 , then 4x ⋅ 3 = 3 ⇒ m = 8
2 2 m
If α = − , then 4x ⋅ − = ⇒ m = −8 (Ans.)
3 3 3

12. (a) In the equation x 2 − 6x + 25 = 0 , determine the value of x . [JB’22]

Solution
(a) x 2 − 6x + 25 = 0
Let the roots be α and β ∴ α + β = 6 and αβ = 25.
∴ α − β = √(α + β)2 − 4αβ = √36 − 100 = 8i ∴ 2α = 6 + 8i ∴ α = 3 + 2i
Again, 2β = 6 − 8i ⇒ β = 3 − 2i ∴ x = 3 ± 2i
13. 10x 2 − 8x + 1 = 0 is a polynomial equation. [CB’22]
(b) Determine such a quadratic equation whose roots are the absolute values of the sum and difference of the
roots of the quadratic equation mentioned in the stem.
Solution
(b) Given quadratic equation is 10x 2 − 8x + 1 = 0
8 4
whose roots are, α and β ∴ α + β = 10 = 5 … … … (i)
1
αβ = 10 … … … (ii) ∴ α − β = √(α + β)2 − 4αβ
16 4 6 √6 4 √6
= √25 − 10 = √25 = 5
… … … (iii) ∴ Roots of the new equation are 5
and 5
4 √6 4 √6
∴ The equation is x 2 − ( + )x + × = 0 ⇒ 25x 2 − (20 + 5√6)x + 4√6 = 0
5 5 5 5

14. Stimulus-2: One root of the equation x 4 − 7x 3 + 18x 2 − 22x + 12 = 0 is 1 + i. [CB’22]

(c) Solve the equation in scenario-2.
Solution
(c) Given equation, x 4 − 7x 3 + 18x 2 − 22x + 12 = 0 … … … (i)
One root is 1 + i , thus the other root will be 1 − i
Let two other roots be α and β ∴ α + β + 1 + i + 1 − i = 7
⇒ α + β = 5 … … … (ii) and α. β. (1 + i)(1 − i) = 12
∴ α. β. 2 = 12 ⇒ αβ = 6 ∴ α − β = √(α + β)2 − 4αβ = √52 − 4.6 = 1 … … … (iii)
From (ii) and (iii) , 2α = 6 ⇒ α = 3 and 2β = 4 ⇒ β = 2 ∴ Roots are, 3, 2, 1 + i, 1 − i
17
15. x 2 − 2ax + a2 − b2 = 0 … … . . . . (i) [Din.B’22]
x − 9x + 27x − 33x + 14 = 0 ... ... ... (ii)
4 3 2

(b) If the roots of equation (i) are α and β , then determine the equation with roots being α + β and |α − β|.
(c) If a root of equation (ii) is 3 − √2, then solve the equation.
Solution
(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 03, T-3 Ans: x 2 − 2(a + b)x + 4ab = 0
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 07, T-4 Ans: Roots are = 2, 1, 3 + √2, 3 − √2

16. (a) If 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ (x − 2)(ax 2 + bx + c), then determine the values of a, b, c where a, b and c
are constants. [Din.B’22]
Solution
(a) Given equation, 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ (x − 2)(ax 2 + bx + c)
⇒ 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ ax 3 + bx 2 + cx − 2ax 2 − 2bx − 2c
⇒ 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 9x + 2 ≡ ax 3 + (b − 2a)x 2 + (c − 2b)x − 2c
Equating the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and constant term of equation (i), we get,
Equating the coefficient of x 3 , we get, a = 2
Equating the coefficient of x 2 , we get, b − 2a = −9 ⇒ b − 4 = −9 ⇒ b = −5
Equating the coefficient of constant term, we get, −2c = 2 ⇒ c = −1

17. ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 is a cubic equation. [SB’21]

(c) If a = 1, b = −9, c = 23, d = −15 and one root of the equation is 3, then find out other roots of the
equation.
Solution
(c) If one root of x 3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15 = 0 is 3, then (x − 3) is a factor of it.
x 3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15 = 0 ⇒ x 3 − 3x 2 − 6x 2 + 18x + 5x − 15 = 0
⇒ x 2 (x − 3) − 6x(x − 3) + 5(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ (x − 3)(x 2 − 6x + 5) = 0
⇒ (x − 3)(x − 5)(x − 1) = 0 ∴ x = 1,3,5 ∴ Other roots are 1, 5 (Ans.)

18. f(x) = x 2 − 5x + 4 [BB’21]

2
(a) Determine the solution of the equation x + i2√2x + 16 = 0 with the help of the stem.
(b) If f(x) = 0 has roots a, b, determine the quadratic equation with roots a2 + b2 and a3 + b3
Solution
2 2 2
(a) x 2 + i2√2x + 16 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2. x. √2i + (√2i) = −16 − 2 ⇒ (x + √2i) = (3√2i)
2 2
⇒ (x + √2i) − (3√2i) = 0 ⇒ (x + √2i + 3√2i) (x + √2i − 3√2i) = 0
⇒ (x + 4√2i) (x − 2√2i) = 0 ∴ x = −4√2i or x = 2√2i
(b) f(x) = x 2 − 5x + 4 = 0 ; its roots are a, b
⇒ x 2 − 4x − x + 4 = 0 ⇒ (x − 4)(x − 1) = 0 ∴ a = 4 and b = 1
∴ a2 + b2 = 16 + 1 = 17 ; a3 + b3 = 64 + 1 = 65
∴ Required equation x 2 − {(a2 + b2 ) + (a3 + b3 )}x + (a2 + b2 )(a3 + b3 ) = 0
⇒ x 2 − (17 + 65)x + 17 × 65 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 82x + 1105 = 0

18
19. φ(x) = x 3 − 9x 2 + 21x − 5 [BB’21]
(a) Determine the quadratic equation whose one root is 2 − 3i.
(b) If one root of the equation φ(x) = 0 is 5 then determine the other roots.
Solution
(a) Similar to (c) of question no. 07, T-4 Ans: x 2 − 4x + 13 = 0;
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 04, T-4 Ans: α = 2 + √3 ; β = 2 − √3

20. Scenario-1: One root of a cubic equation is 2 − 3√−1 and product of the roots is 65. [JB’21]
(b) Determine the equation according to scenario-1.
Solution
(b) Try Yourself Ans: x 3 − 9x 2 + 33x − 65 = 0
−1
21. (a) Determine a quadratic equation with rational coefficients which has a root (3 + √2i) . [CB’21]
Solution
(a) Similar to (a) of question no. 06, T-4 Ans: 11x 2 − 6x + 1 = 0

22. (a) If the roots of the equation x 3 + qx + r = 0 are a, b, c then determine the value of
(b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c). [CB’21]
Solution
(a) The roots of the equation x 3 + qx + r = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i) are a, b, c respectively.
∴ a + b + c = 0 and abc = −r
∴ (a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b) = (−c − c)(−a − a)(−b − b) = −8abc = 8r

23. Scenario-2: g(x) = x 3 − 3x 2 − 8x + 30. [Din.B’21]

1 1
(a) If roots of the equation x 2 + 5x + 3 = 0 are α, β then determine the value of β
−α .
(b) In according to scenario-2 if one root of the equation g(x) = 0 is 3 + i, find the other root.
Solution
(a) According to question, α + β = −5, αβ = 3
1 1 α−β √13
(α − β)2 = (α + β)2 − 4αβ ⇒ (α − β)2 = 25 − 12 ⇒ α − β = ±√13; − = =± (Ans.)
β α αβ 3
(b) If one root is, 3 + i then other root 3 − i
By condition, 3 + i + 3 − i + α = 3 ⇒ 6 + α = 3 ⇒ α = −3 ∴ Other roots are −3, 3 − i (Ans.)

24. Scenario: f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 is a quadratic function. [Din.B’21]

2 2
(c) In scenario, if a = 1, b = −2n, c = n − m then form such an equation whose roots will be the absolute
value of the sum and difference of roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
Solution
(c) According to Question, f(x) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 2nx + n2 − m2 = 0
⇒ x 2 − {(n − m) + (n + m)}x + (n − m)(n + m) = 0
⇒ {x − (n − m)}{x − (n + m)} = 0 ⇒ x = n + m, n − m ∴ Sum of roots = 2n
Difference of roots = 2m ∴ Required equation-x 2 − (2m + 2n)x + 4mn = 0
⇒ x 2 − 2(m + n)x + 4mn = 0 (Ans.)
19
 1
25. (a) If one root of the equation x − = k is √5 − 2, then what is the value of k? [MB’21]
x

Solution
(a)
1
x − x = k ⇒ (√5 − 2) −
√5+2
=k Alternative: x 2 − kx − 1 = 0
(√5−2)(√5+2)
If one root is −2 + √5 then another root = −2 − √5
⇒ √5 − 2 − (√5 + 2) = k k
Therefore, −2 + √5 − 2 − √5 = − (− 1) ⇒ k = −4
⇒ k = −4 (Ans.)

26. px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i) [MB’21]

q(q2 −3p)
(b) If two roots of equation (i) are α and β, then show that, (pα + q)−3 + (pβ + q)−3 = p3

Solution

(b) If the roots of equation px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 then α, β

q 1
α + β = − … … … … (i); αβ = … … … … (ii)
p p
(i) ⇒ pα + q = −pβ … … … … (iii); pβ + q = −pα … … … … … (iv)
L. H. S = (pα + q)−3 + (pβ + q)−3
1 1 1 α3 +β3
= (−pβ)−3 + (−pα)−3 = − − =− ( )
p3 β3 p3 α 3 p3 α 3 β 3
q3 3q
1 (α+β)3 −3αβ(α+β) 1 − 3+ 2 1 q
p p
= { } = − 3 × 1 =− × (3pq − q3 ) = (q2 − 3p) = R. H. S (Showed)
p3 (αβ)3 p p3 p3
p3

27. (a) x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 4 = 0 if one root of the equation is 2i then solve it. [SB’19]
Solution
(a) If one root is 2i then the other is −2i
Let the other root be, α + 2i − 2i = −1 ∴ α = −1 ∴ Solution, x = −1, 2i, −2i

28. Roots of x 2 + px + q = 0, p, q ≠ 0 are u and v; one root of 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 14x − 5 = 0 is 2 − i. [JB’19]

1
(c) Find a quadratic equation with one root equal to the real root of the second equation and other root is 4
Solution
(c) If one Root is 2 − i then other root will be 2 + i
Now, if α is the real root of 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 14x − 5 = 0
9 1 1 1
α + 2 − i + 2 + i = ∴ α = ∴ Quadratic equation with roots and
2 2 2 4
1 1
(x − 2) (x − 4) = 0 ⇒ (2x − 1)(4x − 1) = 0 ⇒ 8x 2 − 6x + 1 = 0

29. P(x) = mx 3 + nx 2 + qx + r. [Din.B’19]

(c) Determine the equation whose roots are respectively the sum and the absolute value of the difference
of the roots of P(x) = 0 where m = 0, n = 2, q = 1, r = −1
Solution

(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 24 Ans: 4x 2 − 4x − 3 = 0

20
 T-05: Geometric and arithmetic progression in roots

01. (ii) S = 6x 3 − 20x 2 + 5 and T = 6 − 6x − 9x 2 [JB’23]

(c) If the roots of the equation S = T are in harmonic series then, determine the value of x. [NB: Harmonic
1 1 1
series is a , a+d , a+2d]

Solution

(c) Given that, S = T ⇒ 6x 3 − 20x 2 + 5 = 6 − 6x − 9x 2 ⇒ 6x 3 + 9x 2 − 20x 2 + 6x + 5 − 6 = 0

⇒ 6x 3 − 11x 2 + 6x − 1 = 0
1 1 1
Let, the roots are respectively α−d , α , α+d
1 1
According to the question, (α−d)α(α+d) = 6 ⇒ α(α2 − d2 ) = 6 … … … (i)
1 1 1 α+d+α−d+α 3α
Again, + + =1⇒ =1⇒ = 1 … … … (ii)
(α−d)α α(α+d) (α+d)(α−d) α(α−d)(α+d) α(α2 −d2 )
3α
⇒ 6
=1⇒α=2
3α 3 3
From (ii) we get, α(α2 −d2 ) = 1 ⇒ α2 −d2 = 1 ⇒ 4−d2 = 1 ⇒ 3 = 4 − d2 ⇒ d2 = 1 ∴ d = 1
1 1 1 1 1
∴ Determined roots ( , , ) = (1, , ) (Ans.)
2−1 2 2+1 2 3

02. Scenario-2:8x 3 − 36x 2 + 22x + 21 = 0. [MB’23]

(c) If the roots of the equation of scenario-2: are in arithmetic progression then determine the roots.
Solution

(c) Given that, 8x 3 − 36x 2 + 22x + 21 = 0 , the roots of the equation are in arithmetic progression.
Let, the roots are α + k, α and α − k ; [where k is an arbitrary constant]
−36 9 9 3
Now, (α + k) + α + (α − k) = − ( 8
) = 2 ⇒ 3α = 2 ⇒ α = 2 … … … (i)
−21 −21 21 1
and α(α + k)(α − k) = ⇒ α(α2 − k 2 ) = ⇒ k 2 = α2 + ( ) ×
8 8 8 α
3 2 21 2 9 7 16
⇒ k 2 = ( 2) + 8
×3 = 4+4 = 4
=4
1 3 7
∴ k = ±2; ∴ the roots of the equation are α and α ± 2. That is − 2 , 2 and 2 (Ans.)

03. g(x) = 3x 3 − 26x 2 + 52x − 24 [DB’22]

(c) If the roots of equation g(x) = 0 are in geometric progression, then solve the equation.
Solution

(c) Given equation is, g(x) = 3x 3 − 26x 2 + 52x − 24 = 0 … … … (i)

α α 26 1 26
Let the roots be αr, α, r
; According to condition, αr + α + r = 3
⇒ α (r + 1 + r ) = 3
… … … (ii)
α 24 24
And, αr ⋅ α ⋅ r = 3
⇒ α3 = 3
=8⇒α=2
1 26 r2 +r+1 13
From equation (ii), 2 (r + 1 + r ) = 3
⇒ r
= 3 ⇒ 3r 2 + 3r + 3 = 13r ⇒ 3r 2 − 10r + 3 = 0
1 α 2 1 2 α 2
⇒ r = 3, 3 , so, if r = 3, αr = 6, α = 2, 𝑟 = 3 and if r = 3, αr = 3 , α = 2, r = 6 ∴ roots = 2, 6, 3

21
04. M(y) = 8y 3 − 42y 2 + 63y − 27. [JB’22]
(c) If the roots of M(x) = 0 follows geometric progression, then solve the equation.
Solution
3 3
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-5 Ans: , , 3
4 2

05. Scenario-1: 8x 3 − 52x 2 + 78x − 27 = 0 is a cubic equation. [Ctg.B’21]

(b) Solve the quadratic equation of scenario-1 if the root of the quadratic equation is in geometric
progression.
Solution
1 3 9
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 03, T-5 Ans: 2 , 2 , 2

06. Scenario-2: 8x 3 − 42x 2 + 63x − 27 = 0. [CB’21]

(c) Solve the equation for scenario-2, where the roots are in geometric progression.
Solution
3 3
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 05, T-5 Ans: 4 , 2 , 3

T-06: Symmetric expression of roots

01. Scenario-02: x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0. [DB’23]

(c) If the three roots of the scenario-02 are α, β, γ, then determine the value of ∑(α − β)2 .
Solution

(c) According to question, if the three roots of the equation x 3 + px 2 + qx + r = 0 are α, β & γ,
That is, ∑ α = −p , ∑ αβ = q & ∑ αβγ = −r
∴ ∑(α − β)2 = (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2
2
= 2(∑ α − ∑ αβ) = 2{(∑ α)2 − 2 ∑ α β − ∑ α β} = 2{(∑ α)2 − 3 ∑ α β}
= 2 × {(−p)2 − 3 × q} = 2(p2 − 3q) (Ans.)

02. Scenario-1: Roots of equation 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 1 = 0 are α, β and γ [SB’23]

(b) Find the value of ∑ α2 β from scenario-1.
Solution

(b) Given that, roots of 5x 3 − 4x 2 + 1 = 0 are α, β and γ

−4 4
∴α+β+γ=− 5
= 5 … … … (i)
0 1
αβ + βγ + γα = 5
= 0 … … … (ii) and αβγ = − 5 … … … (iii)
∴ ∑ α2 β = α2 β + αβ + β γ + βγ + γ2 α + γα2
2 2 2

= α2 β + αβ2 + β2 γ + βγ2 + γ2 α + γα2 + 3αβγ − 3αβγ

= αβ(α + β + γ) + βγ(α + β + γ) + γα(α + γ + β) − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ)(αβ + βγ + γα) − 3αβγ
4 1 3
= 5 × 0 − 3 × (− 5) = 5 (Ans.)

22
03. (a) If roots of the equation 3x 3 − 2x 2 + 1 = 0 are α, β, γ then, find the value of ∑ α2. [BB’23]
Solution
2
(a) Given equation, 3x 3 − 2x 2 + 1 = 0 ; If α, β, γ are the roots, α + β + γ = 3 ; αβ + βγ + γα = 0
1 2 2 4
αβγ = − 3 ∴ ∑ α2 = α2 + β2 + γ2 = (α + β + γ)2 − 2(αβ + βγ + γα) = (3) − 2.0 = 9 (Ans.)

04. Scenario-2: Roots of the equation ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 3cx + d = 0 are α, β, γ [CB’23]

18(b2 −ac)
(b) Show that, ∑(α − β)2 = a2
Solution
(b) Given in scenario, ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 3cx + d = 0
3b 3c d
The roots of the equation are α, β, γ ∴ α + β + γ = − a
; αβ + βγ + γα = a
; αβγ = − a
3b 2 9b2
Now, (α + β + γ)2 = (− ) ⇒ α2 + β2 + γ2 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα) =
a a2
3c 9b2 9b2 6c
⇒ α2 + β2 + γ2 + 2 ( a ) = a2 ∴ α2 + β2 + γ2 = a2 − a
∑(α 2 (α 2 (β 2 (γ 2
Now, − β) = − β) + − γ) + − α)
= α + β − 2αβ + β2 + γ2 − 2βγ + γ2 + α2 − 2αγ
2 2

9b2 6c 3c
= 2(α2 + β2 + γ2 ) − 2(αβ + βγ + γα) = 2 ( a2 − a
)− 2(a)
18b2 12 6c 18b2 18c 18b2 −18ac 2
18(b −ac)
= − − = − = =
a2 a a a2 a a2 a2

05. Scenario-1:f(x) = 3x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 4 [Din.B’23]

1
(b) In Scenario-1 if the roots of f(x) = 0 are, a, b, c then determine the value of, ∑ 2
a b
Solution
(b) From Scenario-1 we get, f(x) = 3x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 4 and f(x) = 0
2
Therefore, if the roots of the equation 3x 3 − 2x 2 + x − 4 = 0 are a, b, c then, a + b + c = , ab + bc +
3
1 4
ca = 3 and abc = 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c2 b+c2 a+a2 c+a2 b+b2 a+b2 c
Now, ∑ = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 =
a2 b a b b a b c c b c a a c a2 b2 c2
c2 b+b2 c+abc+c2 a+a2 c+abc+a2 b+b2 a+abc−3abc bc(a+b+c)+ca(c+a+b)+ab(a+b+c)−3abc
= (abc)2
= (abc)2
2 1 4 2
(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)−3abc × −3× −4 2−36 9 −34 −17
= (abc)2
=3 3
4 2
3
= 9
16 = 9
× 16 = 16
= 8
( ) 9
3

06. Scenario-2: f(x) = x 3 − px 2 + qx − r. [MB’23]

1
(c) If the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are, α, β, γ then determine the value of ∑ 3.
α
Solution
(c) According to the question, x 3 − px 2 + qx − r = 0 roots of the equation are, α, β and γ.
That is, α + β + γ = p … … … (i)
αβ + βγ + γα = q … … … (ii) αβγ = r … … … (iii)
1 1 1 1 (βγ)3 +(γα)3 +(αβ)3 ∑ αβ{(∑ αβ)2 −3αβγ(∑ α)}−3(αβγ)2
∴∑ = + + = =
α3 α3 β3 γ3 (αβγ)3 (αβγ)3
q{q2 −3r⋅p}−3γ2 q3 −3pqr−3r2
= r3
= r3
(Ans.)

23
07. f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 5, g(x) = x + 1 [RB’22]
(c) If the three roots of the equation f(x) ⋅ g(x) = 0 are p, q, r , then determine ∑ p3 q.
Solution
(c) Given functions are, f(x) = x 2 − 4x + 5 and g(x) = x + 1
According to the condition, f(x) ⋅ g(x) = 0
⇒ (x + 1)(x 2 − 4x + 5) = 0 ⇒ x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 5 = 0 … … … (i)
If the three roots are p, q, r, p + q + r = 3 … … … (ii)
pq + qr + pr = 1 … … … (iii); pqr = −5 … … … (iv)
Now, ∑ p3 q = p3 q + p3 r + q3 p + q3 r + r 3 p + r 3 q
= p3 q + pq3 + pqr 2 + q3 r + qr 3 + p2 qr + r 3 p + rp3 + pq2 r − pqr 2 − p2 qr − pq2 r
= pq(p2 + q2 + r 2 ) + qr(p2 + q2 + r 2 ) + rp(p2 + q2 + r 2 ) − pqr(p + q + r)
= (p2 + q2 + r 2 )(pq + qr + rp) − pqr(p + q + r)
= [(p + q + r)2 − 2(pq + qr + rp)](pq + qr + rp) − pqr(p + q + r)
= [(3)2 − 2 ⋅ 1]1 ⋅ −(−5) × 3 = (9 − 2) + 15 = 22
08. Scenario-02: x 3 + dx + h = 0. [Ctg.B’22]
1
(c) If the three roots of the equation in scenario-2 be α, β, γ , then determine the value of ∑ 3 .
α
Solution
3h2 −d3
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-6 Ans: h3
1
09. (a) If three roots of the equation x 3 − ax 2 + bx − c = 0 are α, β and γ then determine ∑ α2 . [Ctg.B’22,21]
Solution
(a) x 3 − ax 2 + bx − c = 0 its roots are α, β and γ Then, α + β + γ = a ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i)
αβ + βγ + γα = b ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
1 1 1 1 β2 γ2 +α2 γ2 +α2 β2 (αβ)2 +(βγ)2 +(γα)2
αβγ = c ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (iii) ; Now ∑ α2 = α2 + β2 + γ2 = α2 β2 γ2
= (αβγ)2
(αβ+βγ+γα)2 −2(αβ.βγ+βγ.γα+γα.αβ) (αβ+βγ+γα)2 −2αβγ(α+β+γ) b2 −2ca
= (αβγ)2
= (αβγ)2
= c2 (Ans.)

10. 2x 3 − 3x 2 + 4x − 1 = 0 is a polynomial equation. [CB’22]

(c) If the roots of the cubic equation in the stem are α, β, γ , the determine the value of ∑ α2 β
Solution
3
(c) Similar to (b) of question no. 02, T-6 Ans: 2

11. Scenario-1: Roots of the equation x 3 − 2x 2 + 1 = 0 are a, b, c [DB’21]

(b) Determine the value of ∑a2 b from scenario-1
Solution
(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 08 Ans: 3
12. ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 is a cubic equation. [SB’21]
(b) If a = 3, b = −2, c = 0, d = 1 and three roots of the equation are α, β, γ, then find the value of ∑ α2 β.
Solution
(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 02, T-6 Ans: 1

24
13. Ψ(x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 8 [BB’21]
(c) If three roots of the equation Ψ(x) = 0 are a, b, c then determine ∑a3 b.
Solution
(c) The roots of Ψ(x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 8 = 0 are abc ∴ ∑a = 3 ; ∑ab = 5 ; abc = 8
∴ ∑a3 b = a3 b + b3 c + c 3 a + b3 a + c 3 b + a3 c
= (a3 b + b3 a + abc 2 ) + (b3 c + c 3 b + bca2 ) + (a3 c + c 3 a + cab2 ) − abc 2 − bca2 − cab2
= ab(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) + bc(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) + ca(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) − abc(a + b + c)
= (ab + bc + ca)(a2 + b2 + c 2 ) − abc(a + b + c) = (∑ab){(a + b + c)2 − 2(ab + bc + ca)} − abc(∑a)
= (∑ab) {(∑a)2 − 2∑ab} − abc(∑a) = 5{32 − 2 × 5} − 8 × 3 = −29
14. Scenario-1: f(x) = x 4 − 3x 3 − 11x 2 + 23x − 10. [Din.B’21]
(c) In according to scenario-1 if one root of the equation f(x) = 0 is 1 and other roots are α, β, γ then
determine α3 + β3 + γ3 .
Solution
(c) According to question, 1 + α + β + γ = 3 ⇒ α + β + γ = 2 … … … . (i)
Again, 1. αβγ = −10 ⇒ αβγ = −10 … … … . . (ii)
Again, αβγ + αβ + γα + βγ = −23 ⇒ −10 + αβ + γα + βγ = −23
⇒ αβ + βγ + γα = −13 … … … … . (iii)
Again, α3 + β3 + γ3 − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ){(α + β + γ)2 − 3(αβ + βγ + γα)} = 2{4 + 39} = 86
∴ α3 + β3 + γ3 = 86 + 3αβγ = 86 + 3 × (−10) = 56 (Ans.)
15. f(x) = x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 3 is a polynomial expression. [CB’19]
(b) If roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α, β, γ then determine the value of ∑ α3 .
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-6 Ans: −11
16. P(x) = mx 3 + nx 2 + qx + r. [Din.B’19]
(b) The roots of the equation P(x) = 0 are α, β, γ, determine ∑ α3 .
Solution
−n3 3qn 3r
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-6 Ans: m3
+ m2
−m

T-07: Equation with symmetric roots

01. f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 [Ctg.B’23]

1 1
(c) If the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α, β then find the equation having roots α +β and β + α.
Solution
(c) f(x) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + x + 1 = 0
If the roots of the equation is α, β
α + β = −1
1 1 α+β −1 1 1 1
αβ = 1 ∴ (α + β + β + α) = (α + β) + αβ
= −1 + 1
= −2 and (α + β) (β + α) = αβ + 1 + 1 + αβ
1 1 1
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 ∴ Equation having roots (α + β) and (β + α)
1 1 1 1
⇒ x 2 − (α + β + β + α) x + (α + β) (β + α) = 0 ⇒ x 2 − (−2)x + 4 = 0 ∴ x 2 + 2x + 4 = 0 (Ans.)

25
02. Scenario-1: Roots of equation 3x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 are a and b [SB’23]
1 1
(b) From scenario-1 find the quadratic equation with roots a + and b + b a
.
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 01, T-7 Ans: 3x 2 − 16x + 16 = 0
03. Scenario-1: The roots of the equation 3x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0 are α and β. [MB’23]
(b) From Scenario-1, determine an equation with roots α−2 and β−2 .
Solution
(b) Given that, the roots of the equation 3x 2 + 4x + 7 = 0 are α and β
−4 7
That is, α + β = 3
… … … (i); αβ = 3 … … … (ii)
4 2 7
1 1 α2 +β2 (α+β)2 −2αβ (− ) −2× 26 1 1 9
−2 −2
Now, α +β = α2
+ β2
= (αβ)2
= (αβ)2
= 3
7 2
3
= − 49 and α−2 β−2 = (αβ)2 = 7 2
= 49
( ) ( )
3 3
−26 9
∴ Equation with roots α−2 and β−2 : x 2 − ( 49 ) x + 49 = 0 ⇒ 49x 2 + 26x + 9 = 0 (Ans.)

04. f1 (x) = 4x 2 − 7x + 3 [RB’22]

1 1
(c) If the two roots of equation f1 (x) = 0 are p, q, the determine the equation with roots p3
and q3
.
Solution
(c) f1 (x) = 4x 2 − 7x + 3 = 0 … … … (i); whose two roots are p and q
7 3 49 1
∴ p + q = … … … (ii) and pq = … … … (iii) ∴ p − q = √(p + q)2 − 4pq = √ − 3 = … … … (iv)
4 4 16 4
7 1 7 1 3 3
Now (ii) + (iv) ⇒ 2p = 4 + 4 = 2 ⇒ p = 1 and (ii) − (iv) ⇒ 2q = 4 − 4 = 2 ⇒ q = 4
1 1 1 1 1
Thus, the equation with roots p3 and q3 is, x 2 − (p3 + q3 ) x + p3 q3 = 0

1 1 1 91 64
⇒ x 2 − (13 + 3 3
)x + 3 3
= 0 ⇒ x 2 − 27 x + 27 = 0 ⇒ 27x 2 − 91x + 64 = 0 (Ans.)
( ) ( )
4 4

05. Stimulus-1: The three roots of equation ax 3 + bx + c = 0 are α, β, γ. [BB’22]

γ2 α2 β2
(b) With the help of stimulus-1, determine an equation with roots α+β β+γ
, and γ+α.
Solution
(b) Given equation is, ax 3 + bx + c = 0 ; whose three roots are α, β, γ
b c
∴ α + β + γ = 0 … … … (i) αβ + βγ + γα = a … … … (ii) ; αβγ = − a … … … (iii)
α2 β2 γ2
Now, for equation with roots β+γ , α+γ , α+β,
α2 β2 γ α2 (α+β)(γ+α)+β2 (α+β)(β+γ)+γ2 (β+γ)(γ+α)
β+γ
+ α+γ
+ α+β
= (α+β)(β+γ)(γ+α)
α2 .−γ.−β+β2 .−γ.−α+γ2 .−α.−β α2 βγ+αβ2 γ+αβγ2 αβγ(α+β+γ)
= −γ.−α.−β
= −αβγ
= −αβγ
=0
α2 β2 β2 γ2 α2 γ2 α2 β2 β2 γ2 α2 γ2
Again, . + . + . = + . + . = αβ + βγ + γα = b⁄a
β+γ α+γ α+γ α+β β+γ α+β −β.−α −β −γ −α −γ
α2 β2 γ2 α2 β2 γ2 c
Again, β+γ . γ+α . α+β = −α.−β.−γ = −αβγ = − a
α2 β2 γ2 α 2 β2 β2 γ 2 α 2 γ2 α2 β2 γ2
∴ The equation will be, x 3 − (β+γ + γ+α + α+β) x 2 +((α+γ)(β+γ) + (α+γ)(α+β) + (α+β)(β+γ))x + (α+β)(β+γ)(γ+α) =0
b c b c
⇒ x 3 − 0. x 2 + a x − a = 0 ⇒ x 3 + a x − a = 0 ⇒ ax 3 + bx − c = 0

26
06. g(x) = x 2 − px + q. [JB’22]
q q
(c) If the roots of g(x) = 0 are α, β, the determine the equation with roots p−α
and p−β
.

Solution
(c) g (x) = x 2 − px + q = 0 ; whose roots are α, β ; α + β = p … … … (i) and αβ = q … … … (ii)
q q q q q q q(α+β) pq
Now the equation with roots p−α and p−β; ∴ p−α + p−β = β + α [∴ p = α + β] = αβ
= q
=p
q q q2
Again, p−α . p−β = β.α = q ∴ The required equation is x 2 − px + q = 0 (Ans.)

07. The roots of equation x 2 + cx + b = 0 are α, β. [RB’21; Ctg.B’17]

1 1
(c) Determine the equation with roots α + and β + .
β α

Solution
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-7 Ans: bx 2 + (bc + c)x + (b + 1)2 = 0

08. f(x) = ax 2 + bx + (c) [SB’21]

1 1
(c) If the two roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are α, β find the equation with roots α +β and β + α.

Solution
(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-7 Ans: acx 2 + (bc + ab)x + (c + a)2 = 0

09. Scenario-1: Three roots of equation 3x 3 + 2x 2 − x − 1 = 0 are α, β, γ. [JB’21]

1 1 1
(b) Form an equation with roots , ,
α β γ
according to scenario-1.

Solution
1 1
(b) Three roots of the equation 3x 3 + 2x 2 − x − 1 = 0 are α, β, γ ∴ x = α ⇒ =
α x
1 3 1 2 1 3 2 1
∴ 3 ( x ) + 2 ( x ) − x = 1 = 0 ⇒ x3 + x2 − x − 1 = 0
⇒ 3 + 2x − x 2 − x 3 = 0 ⇒ x 3 + x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 (Ans.)

10. x 3 − 11x 2 + 47x − 85 = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii) [MB’21]

1 1
(c) If the roots of equation (ii) are 5, α, β, then determine the equation with roots α + and β + β α
.

Solution
(c) According to the condition, 5 + α + β = 11 ⇒ α + β = 6 … … … (i)
5αβ = 85 ⇒ αβ = 17 … … … … . (ii)
α+β 1
Required equation, x 2 − (α + β + αβ
)x + 2 + αβ + αβ = 0
6 1 108x 324
⇒ x 2 − (6 + 17) x + 2 + 17 + 17 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 17
+ 17 =0
⇒ 17x 2 − 108x + 324 = 0 (Ans.)

11. Stem: The roots of 8x 2 − 6x + 1 = 0 are a and (b) [Ctg.B’19]

1 1
(b) From stem, determine an equation whose roots are a + and b + b a
.
Solution
(b) Similar to (c) of question no. 06, T-7 Ans: 8x 2 − 54x + 81 = 0

27
12. Scenario: px 2 + qx + r = 0. [RB’17]
2 2
(c) If the roots of the equation of scenario are α, β then find the equation whose roots are , .
α β

Solution
(c) Given equation, px 2 + qx + r = 0
q r
roots, α, β ∴ α + β = − and αβ =
p p
2 2 2 2 2 2
Equation with roots α and β , x 2 − (α + β) x + α × β = 0
−q
α+β 4 p 4
⇒ x 2 − 2 ( αβ ) x + αβ = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 2 ( r )x + r =0
p p
2qx p
⇒ x2 + r
+ 4 × r = 0 ⇒ rx 2 + 2qx + 4p = 0
∴ rx 2 + 2qx + 4p = 0 which is the required equation.

T-08: Relation between the roots of two equations and common root

01. Scenario-1: 2mx 2 + nx + 1 = 0 & nx 2 + 2mx + 1 = 0 [DB’23]

(b) If the two equations of the scenario-1 have a common root, then prove that, 2m + n + 1 = 0
Solution
(b) Let, the common root be α.
That is, 2mα2 + nα + 1 = 0 … … … (i)
nα2 + 2mα + 1 = 0 … … … (ii)
α2 α 1
Applying the method of cross-multiplication, n−2m = n−2m = (2m)2 −n2
α2 α
Taking the 1st two ratios, n−2m = n−2m = α ⇒ α = 1 … … … (iii)
Putting the value of α obtained from (iii) in (i),
2m × 12 + n × 1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2m + n + 1 = 0 (Proved)

02. (i) ax 2 + 2cx + 2b = 0; (ii) ax 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 [Ctg.B’23]

(b) If equations (i) and (ii) have common roots then show that a + 2b + 2c = 0
(c) If the difference of the roots of the equations of (i) and (ii) are equal then show that, b = c and b + c +
2a = 0
Solution
(b) Similar to (b) of question no. 01, T-8
(c) ax 2 + 2cx + 2b = 0 … … … (i)
2c
Roots of the equation is α, β then α + β = − a
2b
αβ = a
and ax 2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 … … … (ii)
−2b
Roots of the equation is γ, δ then γ + δ = a
2c
γδ = a

28
 According to question α − β = γ − δ ⇒ (α − β)2 = (γ − δ)2 [Squaring]
−2c 2 2b −2b 2 2c
⇒ (α + β)2 − 4αβ = (γ + δ)2 − 4γδ ⇒ ( ) − 4⋅ =( ) −4⋅
a a a a
4c2 8b 4b2 8c 4c2 −8ab 4b2 −8ac
⇒ a2
− a = a2 − a ⇒ a2 = a2
2 2 2 2) (8ab
⇒ 4c − 8ab = 4b − 8ac ⇒ 4(b − c + − 8ac) = 0
⇒ 4(b + c)(b − c) + 8a(b − c) = 0
⇒ (b − c)(b + c + 2a) = 0
Either,b − c = 0 Or, b + c + 2a = 0 (Showed)

⇒ b = c (Showed)

03. f(x) = mx 2 + nx + l [BB’23]

1
(c) If f(y) = 0 and f (y) = 0 have a common root, then show that, l + m = ±n.

Solution

(c) f(y) ⇒ my 2 + ny + l = 0 … … … (i)

1 m n
f( ) = 0 ⇒ + + l = 0 ⇒ ly 2 + ny + m = 0 … … … (ii)
y y2 y
Let common root of (i) and (ii) is α
α2 α 1
mα2 + nα + l = 0 ; (ii) ⇒ lα2 + nα + m = 0 ∴ mn−ln = l2 −m2 = mn−ln ⇒ α2 = 1
mn−ln n(m−l) −n(l−m) −n
Again, α = l2 −m2
= (m+l)(l−m) = (m+l)(l−m) = m+l
−n 2 n2
⇒ α2 = (m+l) = 1 ⇒ (m+l)2 = 1 ⇒ (l + m)2 = n2 ∴ l + m = ±n (Showed)

04. Scenario-01:ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and bx 2 + cx + a = 0 [MB’23]

3 3 3
(b) If the quadratic equations of Scenario-1: have a common root then show that, a + b + c = 3abc
Solution
(b) Let, the common root be λ. Therefore λ will satisfy both the equations.
That is, aλ2 + bλ + c = 0 … … … (i)
bλ2 + cλ + a = 0 … … … (ii)
λ2 λ 1
By cross-multiplication we get, ab−c2 = bc−a2 = ca−b2
Taking the first two ratios, Taking the last two ratios
λ2 λ ab−c2 λ 1 bc−a2
ab−c2
= bc−a2
⇒ λ = bc−a2 … … … (iii) bc−a2
= ca−b2 ⇒ λ = ca−b2 … … … (iv)
ab−c2 bc−a2
From (iii) and (iv) we get, bc−a2 = ca−b2
2 )2 2 2
⇒ (bc − a = (ab − c )(ca − b )
⇒ b c + a − 2a2 bc = a2 bc − ab3 − c 3 a + b2 c 2
2 2 4

⇒ a4 + ab3 + c 3 a = 3a2 bc ⇒ a(a3 + b3 + c 3 ) = a ⋅ 3abc ⇒ a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc [Showed]

05. φ(x) = lx 2 + mx + n. Ψ(x) = nx 2 + mx + l [RB’22]

(b) The two equations φ(x) = 0 and Ψ(x) = 0 have only one common root, then express m in terms of 𝑙
and n

29
 Solution

(b) Given equation is, ϕ(x) = lx 2 + mx + n = 0 … … … (i)

and ψ(x) = nx 2 + mx + l = 0 … … … (ii)
The common root of the two equations is α
∴ 𝑙α2 + mα + n = 0 … … … (iii)
and nα2 + mα + 𝑙 = 0 … … … (iv)
α2 α 1
From (iii) and (iv) ⇒ m𝑙−mn = n2 −𝑙2 = m𝑙−mn … … … (v)
n2 −𝑙2
From equation (v), α2 = 1 ⇒ α = ±1 and α = m𝑙−mn
If α = 1, n2 − 𝑙 2 = m(𝑙 − n) ⇒ m = (+)(n + 𝑙)
If α = −1 , n2 − 𝑙 2 = (−)m(n − l)
⇒ m = (−)(n + 𝑙)

06. Scenario-2: ax 2 + 3x + c = 0 and cx 2 + 3x + a = 0 are two quadratic equations [Din.B’22]

(c) If the equations of scenario-2 have a common root, then prove that, c + a = ±3.
Solution
(c) ax 2 + 3x + c = 0 … … … (i)
cx 2 + 3x + a = 0 … … … (ii)
Let the common root of the equations be α
∴ aα2 + 3α + c = 0 ; cα2 + 3α + a = 0
α2 α 1
Now, = =
3a−3c c2 −a2 3a−3c
2
Now, α = 1 ⇒ α = ±1
(c+a)(c−a) (c+a)2
Again, α = 3(a−c)
⇒ α2 = 9
⇒ 9α2 = (c + a)2
⇒ (c + a)2 = (9 × 1) [ ∴ α2 = 1 ] ⇒ c + a = ±3 (Proved)

07. Scenario-2: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 … … … … … . . (i)

cx 2 − 2bx + 4a = 0 … … … … . (ii) [MB’22]
(c) If the roots of equation (i) are α and β and that of equation (ii) are β and γ, then prove that,
2a + c = 0 or (2a − c)2 + 2b2 = 0.
Solution

(c) ax 2 + bx + c = 0 whose roots are α and β

and cx 2 − 2bx + 4a = 0 whose roots are β and γ
b
∴ α+β = −a
c 2b 4a
αβ = a ; β + γ = c
; βγ = c
Common root of both the equations is β
∴ cβ2 − 2bβ + 4a = 0 … … … (i)
aβ2 + bβ + c = 0 … … … (ii)
β2 β 1
∴ = =
−2bc−4ab 4a2 −c2 bc+2ab

30
 2(2ab+bc) (2a+c)(2a−c) (2a+c)2 (2a−c)2
Now, β2 = − = −2 Again, β = or, β2 =
2ab+bc b(2a+c) b2 (2a+c)2
or, −2b2 (2a + c) −
2 (2a + c)2 (2a − c)2 = 0 or, (2a + c)2 [2b2 + (2a − c)2 ] = 0
Either, (2a + c)2 = 0 or, 2a + c = 0 Or, 2b2 + (2a − c)2 = 0 (Proved)

08. f(x) = x 2 + 2px + q; g(x) = x 2 + mx + l [DB’21]

l
(c) In the equation f(x) = 0, p = 2 and q = m. Again, if f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0 have a common root, show
−3
that the equation 2x 2 + (l + m − 2)x = (l + m − 2)2 has roots 3 and .
2

Solution
l
(c) f(x) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2px + q = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2 × 2 x + m = 0
⇒ x 2 + lx + m = 0 … … … (i)
g(x) = 0 ⇒ x 2 + mx + l = 0 … … … … . (ii)
Now, if the common root is α,
α2 + lα + m = 0 … … … … (3)
α2 + mα + l = 0 … … … … (4)
By (−), (l − m)α + (m − l) = 0 ⇒ α = 1
Putting in (iii), 1 + l + m = 0 ∴ 𝑙 + m = −1
Now, 2x 2 + (l + m − 2)x = (l + m − 2)2 ⇒ 2x 2 − 3x = 9
⇒ 2x 2 − 3x − 9 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 − 6x + 3x − 9 = 0
⇒ 2x(x − 3) + 3(x − 3) = 0
⇒ (x − 3)(2x + 3) = 0
3
Either, x − 3 = 0; x = 3 or, 2x + 3 = 0 ∴ x = −
2
3
∴ Roots are 3 and − 2 (Showed)

09. Scenario-2: x 2 + gx + h = 0, x 2 + hx + g = 0 [JB’21]

(c) If the equations of scenario-2 have a common root, form an equation with the other roots.
Solution

(c) Let; common root is α

α2 + gα + h = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i);
α2 + hα + g = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
(i) − (ii) ⇒ α(g − h) + h − g = 0
⇒ (g − h)(α − 1) = 0
Here, g ≠ h ∴ α = 1
h g
∴ other two roots are , ⇒ h, g
1 1
2
∴ Required equation: x − (g + h)x + gh = 0 (Ans.)

10. Scenario-2: x 2 + ax + b = 0 and x 2 + bx + a = 0. [CB’21]

(c) If the two equations in Scenario-2 have a common root, show that the equation formed by their other two
roots is x 2 + x + ab = 0.
31
 Solution

(c) x 2 + ax + b = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (i);
x 2 + bx + a = 0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (ii)
If there is a common root then, let, it be α
∴ α2 + ax + b = 0 … … … (iii)
and α2 + bx + a = 0 … … … (iv)
α2 −α 1
∴ a2 −b2 = a−b = b−a
α = −(a + b) = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (iii)
∴ 1st Side = 2nd Side ⇒ α = −(a + b) = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (v)
∴ If other root of (iii) β, β = −a − 1 [∵ α + β = −a]
If there other root of equation (iv) is γ then, γ = −b − 1 [∵ α + γ = −b]
∴ β + γ = −a − b − 2 = −(a + b) − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1
βγ = {−(a + 1)}{−(b + 1)} = ab + (a + b) + 1 = ab
∴Equation formed with β and x 2 − (β + γ)x + βγ = 0
∴ x 2 + x + ab = 0 (Showed)

11. P(x) = rx 2 − 2nx + 4m and Q(x) = mx 2 + nx + r.

(c) If the equations P(x) = 0 and Q(x) = 0 have a common root, prove that, (2m − r)2 + 2n2 = 0 or
2m + r = 0. [DB’19]
Solution

(c) rx 2 − 2nx + 4m = 0 = P(x) … … (i)

mx 2 + nx + r = 0 = Q(x) … … … (ii)
Let the common root be α
∴ rα2 − 2nα + 4m = 0 And mα2 + nα + r = 0
α2 α 1
∴ By cross-multiplication, = =
−2nr−4mn −r2 +4m2 nr+2mn
−2n(r+2m) 4m2 −r2
⇒α= 4m2 −r2
= n(r+2m)

∴ (4m2 − r 2 )2 = −2n2 (r + 2m)2

⇒ (2m − r)2 (2m + r)2 + 2n2 (2m + r)2 = 0
⇒ (2m + r)2 {(2m − r)2 + 2n2 } = 0
∴ 2m + r = 0 or, (2m − r)2 + 2n2 = 0 [Proved]

12. f(x) = px 2 + qx + r and g(x) = rx 2 + qx + p. [RB’19]

(c) If f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0 have a common root, establish a relation amongst/between p, q and r.
Solution

(c) Similar to (c) of question no. 11, T-8 Ans: (r + p)2 = q2

32