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Theory of Equations

Jee advanced level theory of equations

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165 views76 pages

Theory of Equations

Jee advanced level theory of equations

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djnahar0707
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Theory of Equations DISCLAIMER “The content provided herein are created and owned by various authors and licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or suits which may arise with respect to the same.” Theory of Equations Quadratic Polynomial: y=ax'+bx+e;at0 a = leading coefficient b = coefficient of linear term c bsolute term: PO MES ane In case a=0,b40 > y = bx + cis linear polynomial a=c=0,b*0 > y= bxisodd linear polynomial Cubic Polynomial: y=ax’ + bx’ + ext d: d= absolute term ax?+bx+c=0 b Roots of quadratic equation: Sum of roots = -= yraxitbxto=0 2. ba yo? —4ac Product of roots = = x= ayb a 4ec 2 D=b?- 4ac Where D = b? ~ 4ac is called discriminant. Different graphs of Quadratic Expression: (i) Graph of y = ax? + bx 4 ¢; (a # 0, a, bye © R) when a>0,D<0 a>0 = Mouth facing upward D<0O = Parabola neither touch nor cut x= axis (no real root) y>0,VxeR u xP + 2x4 25 (x +17 +1 D=2?-8=-4<0 For x = -1,y is minimum By 1 2 3 4 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 © -00 &] & 5 10 7 26 1 2 5 10 7 © 0 (i) Graph of y = ax’ + bx + ¢; (a0, a,b,c, ¢ R) when a>0,D=0 a>0 = Mouth facing upward, D=0 = Parabola touches the x-axis (real and equal root) y = 0 for only one value of x (root) y>0,¥ xe R - {root} a Bo y= 4x44 = 2) y oO D=0=>y20,xeR Bee Leading coefficient > 0 on Mo 1 2345 6 -1 -2 @ -w i. 1 |[0 || 4 || 4 || 9||16 || 8 || 16 || || 0 (2,0) (ii) Graph of y = ax? + bx + ¢; (a ¢ 0, a, b,c ¢ R) when a> 0 and D>0 a>0 = Mouth facing upward parabola. D>0 = Parabola cuts the x-axis at 2 distinct points (two distinct real roots) OL Plot y =x - 3x+2 A, 0=3?- 4(2)=1>0 B O/T || 2)| 3 | 4 || af2 || || ~o M2 0 0 2 6 +m @ wo y>0 > xe (— =, 1) U(2, ») y<0 > xe (1,2) y=0 > xe {1,2} (iv) Graph of y = ax’ + bx + ¢; (a # 0, a,b,c © R) when a< 0 andD <0 a 0 a<0 = Mouth facing downward D>0 = Two distinct real roots parabola cuts x- axis at two distinct points ©. Ploty =-x?+3x-2 | A, ¥=-&-DH-2) y D>o Leading coefficient <0 Co-ordinate of vertex: y=axt+bx+c(a70,a,b,¢¢ R) xa a2) © Fa y= 2 4a Nature of roots y= ax? + bx +c, (a#0,a,b,c< R) D> 0 ©roots are real and distinct (unequal) D=0 coroots are real and coincident (equal) D <0 0 (C) gx) = 0 (0) 6) 20 cS) Let f(x) =ax?+bx+¢ (@z0,a,b,ceR) Also, f(x) > OV xe R =a>dandd<0 Hence b? - 4ac <0 i) Now g(x) = (ax? + bx + c) + (2ax +b) + 2a = ax’ + (b + 2a)x + (b +c + 2a) D = (b + 2a)? - 4a (b + c + 2a) 2+ 4a? + dab - 4ab - 4ac - 8a 7 - 4a? - aac = (b? - 4ac) - 4a? < 0 {from (i)} Hence for g(x); D < 0,a>0 = gx) 20, VxER Let @, B be the roots of the equation (x - a) (x - b) =c, ¢ # 0. Then the roots of the equation (x - a) (x- B) +¢=Oare ac (8) b,c (ab ()atebte (c) As a, B are roots of equation (x - a) (x - b) - ¢ =0 hence (x — a) (x — b) — = (x — a) (x - B) = (x - a) (x= b) = (K- a) (K- B) +c Clearly, roots of equation (x - a) (x - B) + ¢ = O are a,b ‘Truo/False Ifa < bce 0 f(b) = (b - a) (b - 0) <0 f(©) = 2(c - b) (c - d) <0 f@) = (d - a) d-c) >0 Also, graph of f(x) is upward parabola. Clearly, both roots of f(x) = 0 are real and distinct. The number of points of intersection of two curves y = 2sinx and y = Sx?+ 2x + 3 is (Ao (B)1 ©2 (D) A y= Sx? + 2x +3 D = 2? - 4(5) (3) = - 56<0 a=5>0—y>0VxeER vertex (2.2) - 2a" aa Clearly, y = 5x? + 2x +3 2 2 andy = 2sinx < 2 Hence, both curves do not intersect at any point. For all x; x? + 2ax +10 — 3a > 0 then interval in which a lies is: (Aja<-5 (B)-5s (D)2 a then the equation (x — a) (x- b) - 1= 0 has (A) Both roots in (a, b) (B) Both roots in (- o, a) (C) both rocts in (b, =) (0) one root in (- ©,a) and the other in (b, <=) Ts D Let f(x) = (x - a) (x -b)-1 Now f(a) f(b) = -1 . As f(x) is a upward parabola Clearly, f(x) = 0 have one root in (00, a) and other in (b, ») bce rational roots. Let D = b? ~ 4ac = m? (m € odd integer) > b?-m > (2k, #1)? - (2k+1)? = dac = (2k, + 2k + 2) (2k, — 2k) = 4ac = 4 (k, +k #1) (k, =k) = dac Clearly, LHS is multiple of 8 while RHS is not a multiple of 8 hence, D cannot be m?, so roots cannot be rational. Prove that x® — 24x” ~ 18x5 + 39x? + 1155 = 0 doesn't have integral roots. (x® + 39x2) - 6(4x7 + 3x5) +1155 = 0 Forxe | x8 + 39x? = even 6(4x? + 3x!) = even © equation (i) cannot be true. If the equation sin*x — (K+2) sin*x - (K+3) = 0 has a solution then K must lie in the interval (A) (-4, -2) (8) [-3, 2) © (-4, -3) (O) [-3, -2] D (K+2)4 (K+ 2) + 4(K+3) 2 a (K+2)+, (Kk? + 8K +16 —a—— _ K+2)#(K+4) - 2 =K+3, Clearly sin'x # - 1 hence the equation to have a solution sin’x = K +3 O0 Hence graph of f(s) is = f%)>0 vxER 1%) f->0 ———_—, a+b+1>0 Multiple Objective Type The graph of the quadratic polynomial; y = ax? + bx + c is as shown in the figure then: (A) b? - 4ac > 0 (Bb<0 (aro (e<0 A, agcp +: Graph cuts x -axis at two distinct point y D>0 = b?-4ac>0 Graph is upward parabola = a>0 Graph cuts negative y- axis = f(0)=¢<0 Also, vertex lies in IV quadrant x = 2 ba+p=2 anda w+ (F)+(§) =a) (xe ) alls Formation of quadratic equation x? (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 | A. e Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan75° - one root @ = tan 75°=2+ V3 . other root B = 2 - J3 as coeffi ients are rational. Nowa+ p= 4 ap = 2-(V3) =1 required equation is x? (0+ B)x+ oP =0 = 4x +120 Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is cos 36° (1+ -¥5) 4 *: one root & = cos 36° = (18) 4 <. other root B= as coefficients are rational Now a+p= 3, aB Required equation is: X-(a+B)x+ aB =0 14 ¥-3x-G=0 => 4x?- 2x- 1-0 Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan z “sone root a = tant =(-1)+ v2 «. other root B=(-1)- V2 as coefficient are rational (af Now a+B =~ 2, aB= Required equation is: X¢ -(0+8)x+op=0 oO x4 2x -1 10. \f @,B are the roots of the quadratic equation x? — 2x + 5 = 0 then form a quadratic equation whose roots are a +4? -a +22 and B° + 48? - 78 +35 o? -20+5=0, B-28+5=0 O° 407-0 +22=(a° -20+5)(x+3)+7 57 B + 4B? - 7B + 35 = (8? - 28 +5)(B+6)+5=5 +: equation with roots 7, 5 is x’ - 12x +35 =0 x? — 17x - 6 = 0, has roots @ and B. Let a, = a"? +B"? find the value of a. ~ 6a, = (a +6") -6(a° +B) = (a? - 6a") + (B* — 68") Ay ~ 6a, = a(x” - 6) + f° (B* -6) A) a? - 17a -6 =0 = 0? -6 =170 Similarly, B° - 6 = 178 From (i) a. — 6a, = a" (17a) +B (178) = 17(o" +B’) = 17a, x’ - ax +b = 0, a, f are its roots. V, = a” +" then show that Vin = aV,- BY, @-aa+b=0 Multiply by a” then a”! = aa" —ba™ e= (i) Similarly B"* = af’ -bB™ ~» (il) (+ Gi) (oo 4 6] =a(a" + p")-b(a™ +p) Vay = A Vy ~ OV pn " AL fQ) = ¥, £2) = 2", f@) = 2 Then cubic is f(x) = (x -1) (x - 2)(«-3) +x? AL = 7) +5) (- 3) +1) = 1680 Gc — 2x — 38) (e - 2x - 3) = 1680 Let x?- 2x-3= 0 Then (a-32)a = 1680 = 32a - 1680 = 0 (a - 60) (a + 28)=0 a-60=0,a4+28=0 -2x-63=0 2-2 +25=0 (&- 9) (« +7) D P-1t+1=0 += RENE Ls a2 542N6 , (5+ 2e)"* < (8+2V8),(6 +26)" =(5+2v6)" -3=1, @-3=-1 2 x=t V2 (+V2, + 2} Inequalities Rule: 1. Adding positive number both sides inequality remains same. Ex. 2>1=9 3>2 2. Subtracting both sides by positive number inequality remains same. Ex. 2>15 130 3. Multiply and divide by positive number doesn’t affect inequality but multiplying or dividing inequality with negative number changes sign of inequality. Ex. 4>2 = -2<-1 Type - 1: Expression which can not be factorized Dar 4(y(y0 Le 4x41>0, VxeR nxeR D =(- 3)?- 4 (1) (4) <0 and a=1>0 -3x44>0,0xER Keo A. — Sel. D = (-7/' - 4(3)(6) <0 and 3x7 - 7x +6>0,V KER nxeR A. — Sol. 0 = (-2)'- 4 (-1) (-4) <0 and a=-1<0 =x 40, VeER axed 13. ‘Type-2: Expression which can be factorized: Steps: (i) Factorize in linear as much as possible. (i) Make coefficient of x as 1 in all linear by multiplying and dividing by appropriate number. (ii) Mark zeroes of linear on number line. (iv) Give sign to respective area on number line. G1) 2K + 2) &- 20-7) <0 (x 1) (+ 2) (x= 2) & 7) <0 ees xe (-2,.1 U (2,7) TFT A. &- 3) +2) xXx +6) >0 x6 (- ©, = 6) U(- 2, 0) U (3, ©) ett Av & +9 %- 3) %- 2K + 7/3) <0 xe(}. see. 3) ‘Type - 3: (= 2) (= 3)x- 5) <0 xe [1,2] U [3,5] W4x-2¢0 K+ DK-) <0 al 1 x xe[-2,1] -3x-4x4+420 age N-4- 020 (3x - 4) (x- 120 xe (14f$--] Ropeated Linear factor (Factors with even power doesn't affect sign. (ii) Factors with odd power affect sign as linear. A. x€(-@,-)U 3, %) A, x6 6,-2U(-2,0.UG, @) tt 6 2 0 3 5 AL xe-14yUu4) i, Bi. Le 1 1 4 x ‘Type-S: Rational Inequality Q. (x=1(K-2)(K-3) 4 (x-4)(x-5) AL xe (-=.1)U(2.3)U (4,5) = = = 2(x-3/2) Ae 362773) (x-3/2) 37 pera} * (29) For x2 — 4x +5 D = 16 - 4(5) <0, a= 1> 0 = always positive Hence By cross multiplication — Bx +12.> Bxt - 12x +15 2x? - 1x+3< 0 > 2x? - 6x-x+9<0 Qx-)«-9 <0 “0 For x? +x +1 D=P-411<0, a> 0 = always positive. aS Hence given inequality reduces to x’ - 5x + 6 < 0 (&-2K-3<0 X e (2,3) 16. Q. (x17 (x41? <0 x* (x-2) ECU OY (.9U0.2) Ss ee x+5 xeeS +1 x45 HEE 39 a a8 (x41)? - (x-1)(x +5) eee x % (+ 2x41)-(x? +4x-5) («-1)(x+1) =2x+6_ 4 («=1)(x +1) — (x= 3) bape? (x3) (-1(x +9) xe (-, -1) U (1,3) 2(x-4) 1 9-7) 3) 2(x- 4) 1 - &-K-7) 7° 4° 2 2 (x 4)(x-2)—(x-1) (x7) > ee aeeay = 4x49 > he e-7)—e-2) ° Consider (x? - 4x +9): D=16 - 49) <0,a=1>0 = Always positive Hence inequality becomes 1 ay 20 (x-1-7)(x-2) x€ (1, 2) U (7, 0) 7 x +6x-7 k+4] Clearly k+ 4] >0,vxe R-{-4} <0 Hence the inequality becomes xX +6x-7<0,x#—4 (x+7)(x-1) < Ox 2-4 xe (-1.1)- (4) Find the real values of x for which y takes real values. (x+#1)(x-3) («-2) x € [-1, 2) U[3, ©) y to be real 20 Find the set of all x for which 2x 1 2x? + 5x + 20 xe Soa a ee 7 2x(x-+1) - (2%? +5x +2) (2x7 +5x+2)(x+1) (3x +2) (2x -+1)(x+2)(x+1) xe(2pu[2 3) Solve be + 4x49 42x4+5=0 Consider x? + 4x +3 =(x+1)(x+3) Case- I: Let x74 4x+320 = xe (-»,-3]U[-10) So, given equation becomes x? + 4x +3 +2x+5=0 x? +6x+8=0 (++ 4) =0 x= -2, x=-4 but x € (-00, -3] U [-1, 0) >x=-4 (i) 18. Case- Il: Let x7+4x+3<0 = xe (-3.-1) then equation becomes ~ (x? +4x+3)+2x+5=0 et ae 2 xet+V¥3, x - V3 but xe (-3,-1) =>x =(4-13) wii) Now, (i) U (ii) So, x = {-4,-1-/3} (x? 43x +1) (x? +9x—3)25 Let x7 + 3x =a (a+1)(a-3)-5 20> a?-20-820 >(a-4) (a+ Q20 = (x? + 3x —4)(x’ + 3x42) 20 => +4) (x -1) +1) (K+2)20 x € (-00, -4) U [-2, -1] U [1, 9) oo peeRe8 cy x41 27 41> 0VKER given inequality is 28 $16 3x? 7x4. BS 2x7 +2 =e 41< 30 — 7x48 and 2x? -1x+7>0 and 2x? - 1x47 >0 and (For 2x2-7x +7 > 0; D< 0, a>0) .xE RN xe [1,6] xe [1,6] 3x? — 7x +8 < 2x7 +2 x -7K+650 (x-1)(x-6)s0 19. © Find the set of values of 'a’ for which the quadratic polynomials (i) (@+4)x?-2ax+2a-6 <0, WxeR (ii) (a-1) x? -(a+1)x+(a+1)>0, VxeR A. @ Case-: a+420 D0 (a+ 6)(a-4)>0 a € (-00, -6) U (4, o) Also, a<- 4 Hence a ¢ (-o, -6)...(i) patd=O>a=-4 then given inequality becomes (0)x? +8x-14<0, v/xeR Which is not possible => ae & Ai) @ ud) ae (-0, (ii) Case-I: a-120 thenD0 (41) - 4(a-1)(a+1)1 (a+1) {(a+1) - 4@a-} <0 (a +1) (6 - 3a) <0 (a+1)(@a-5)>0 ae(~uf5.-) Also,a>1-. ae (5 | wei) -1=0 3a=1 n inequality becomes ()x? - 2x+2>0,¥VxeER which is not possible > a ¢ lll) @ vu Gi) Find the least integer value of 'm’ for which the angle between the two vectors ¥,=x1—4j+(am+1)k and @, =mi-xj+k is acute for everyx R If there is the acute angle between ¥, and ¥, then ¥,.¥,>0 mx? + 4x +(3m+1)>0 VxeER Case- Ifmz0 thenD <0 and m>0O 16 - 4m (3m +1)< 0 and m>0O 4-3m?-m<0 and m>0O 3m? +m-4>0 and m>0O Qm + 4) (m - 1) >0 and m>0O me(= Zo") and m>0O “me (1, 00) oi) ifm=0 then given inequality become (x? + 4x41>0,VxER which is not possible hence m cannot be zero=> me = Gil) (i) U Gi) me (1,0) The set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality (x-3a) (x-a-3) < 0 is satisfied for all xe [1,3] is (A) G 3) (8) (25) (© (-2, 0) (0) (-2, 3) B Let f(x) = (x - 3a) (x - a - 3) f(x) <0, Vx e [1, 3] £1) <0 and £(3)<0 (1- 3a) (1-a-3)<0 and (3 - 3a)(3-a-3)<0 (Ba-1)(@+2)<0 and 3(a-t)a 0 False Clearly, for downward parabola, a < 0 (ii) For given graph of y = ax? + bx +c we have c > 0 True Clearly, y-intercept > 0 > ¢ > 0 iii) For given graph ofy = ax? + bx + ¢ we have D> 0 True Distinct real roots > D >0 (0,c) Dp Yop P (iv) For given graph of y = ax? + bx + c, we have -Beo True zs + v>0=>0 Bros p> (v) For given graph of y = ax? +bx+e, c we have —>0 a Flase ¢>Qanda<0 For given graph of y = ax? + bx + c, we have b > 0 ~PsosPco a (-b/2a, -D/4a) ID. ID. © © For given graph of y = ax? + bx + c, we have Boo Y a False 2sos20 Let f(x) = ax? + bx +c now given D = b? - 4ac 0,¥xeR — or f(x) 0 clat+b+c)>0 Let a and b be the roots of equation x? - 10cx - 11d = 0 and those of x°10ax-11b=0 are c, d Then find the value of a + b +c + d when atbeced. atb=10c andc+d=10a a+) Satb+c+d=W(at+c) — ...(iii) (-Gi) > (a-) +(b - d) = 10(¢ - a) = (b-d)=1(c- a) _ ...fiv) Now -: a is root of first equation, a? -10ac - 11d = 0 oo W@) Also, ¢ is root of second equation, c? = 10ac - 1b = 0 oli) (vi)- gives 2 a? = 1b - 11d (c - a) (¢ +a) = 1(b - d) (e-a)(c+a)=1xN(c-a) [from (iv)] = (c +a) =121 Put in (iii) atb+c+d=10(121) = 1210 (i) ) 24, Q. Let a, B be the roots of the equation x? - px + r= Oand 58 be the roots of the equation x? -qx +r =O. then the value of r is a) 2(p-a)(2q-p) (8) 2(a-p)(2p-a) ©) 2(a~20)(2a-p) (0) 2(2p-a)(20-») D x?-px+r=0 ..(1); x? -qx4+r20 ...(2) atB=p ap =r (from equation 1) 5 tB=4 (from equation 2) 20 =2(2- (2p-a)= > = a=3 (2-4) (2q-p) = 38 > B=3(29-p) now af = r 2. 1 hence =(2p-q)-3(24-p) = Fill in the blank If 2+1N3 is a root of the equation x*+px+q=0, where p and q are real then (pq (-4,7) If coefficients are real then complex roots are in conjugate pair roots a=2+W3 and B=2-iv3 at+Be-p > pe-4 ap=q > q=(2)-(W3) =443=7 (p,q) = (-4,7) If the product of real roots of the equation x? - 3kx +2e -1=0 is 7, then =e 2 Product of roots = 2e'** 32 =82k=42 but for k = -2, log k is not defined Now, for k = 2 equationis x? - 6x+7=0 >D20. So, k=2 7 © 2 A. © If x, y and 2 are real and different and u= x’ + 4y? + 92” — 6yz—32zx — 2xy, then uis always (A) non-negative (B) Zero (C) non-positive —_(D) positive A ua x7 +(2y)" + (32) - (2) (32) ~ () (32) ~ (2y) (x) a Hf = 2y)! + (2y ~32)? + (32-x)"} ur0> x=6y positive as x, y, z are different. |, Z = 2 for these values u = 0 If one root is square of the other root of the equation x?+px+q=0 then the relation between p and q is (A) p? -(3p-Jq+q? =0 (8) p?-9(3p +1) +q@ =0 (©) p +q(a-1)+q =0 (0) p? +q(3p+1)+qi =0 A Let root a, 07 atat=-p, a (ose) =(-5) so? +a’ +3a0?(a+a") =" qs0=q = q+? +3q(-p) = -p* =p g(2p-1)+q =0 The sum of the all the values of 'm’ for which the roots x,andx, of the quadratic equation x? - 2mx + m = 0 satisfy the condition x} + x3 =x? + x3, is 3 9 5 (A) — (8) 1 (C) — is wi ) oF om? Do x,+x,= 2m, «x,=m Gixtextad 2%, +x)? ~ 3xx, (x4 x) => 8m?—3m(2m) = 4m? ~ 2m = 8m?-10m? + 2m = 0 = 2m(4m? - 5m +1) = 0 = 2m(ami - 4m - m+1)=0 = 2m(4m - 1) (m-1)=0 m=0,4,1 => sum =04+24 4 4 26. If &,B are the roots of the equation ax? + bx +c = 0 then the sum of the roots of the equation a%x? + (b? - 2ac] x +(b? - 4ac) = 0 in terms of a and B is given by (A) -(@ -B*)—() (+B) -208 (©) a*B+BFa-40p (0) (a? +B") + c a+B=— ap=£ ‘Sum of roots of second equation = -( 2) 63) (a+) +208 =-(a” +B") b? -2ac — If « and B are the roots of a(x’ - 1) + 2bx =O then, which one of the following are the roots of the same equation? 4 a ()o+Ba-B @)rrtpet Cartpet pete Bra 8 Given equation ax* + 2bx-a =0 (2=+3}+(20+2}=2(a+6)+ 82 -2(a+8)-(a+8)ea+8 1) 1)_ Ay (2015 + d}-seprzs293 =-44+2+2-12-1 If x= 3445 then find the value of x* - 12x! + 44x" - 48x +17 x=3+¥5 > x-3=V5 (x-3/ =5 4%? -6x44=0 Now, x# - 12x9 + 44x? - 48x + 17 (x? — 6x + 4) (x? - 6x 4+ 4) +1 xO+1=1 Q. if p(q - r)x? + g(r - p)x + r(p - g) = O has equal roots. Show that ain + ate Clearly x =1 satisfies the given eq” then other root is also 1 "(p-4) Now, Product of roots p(a-r) pq - = r(p - a) = pq - pr=pr—aqr = 2pr= pq + qr divide by pqr 2 qrp MULTIPLE CORRECT QUESTION If eda xs0 then x (A) C49? 362 (8) +x? 52 (C) xP+x* 2624 (0) x+x = 724 BD [x tions 1 a(x t}e4 (2 «> 0) z #rde(rrd] -afe-d) = 64 - 3(4) = 52 now x +4 “fede fe = 82«14- 4-724 If Gm are real ¢ #m then the roots of the equation (¢-m) x? -5(¢+m)x-2(¢—m) =0 are (A) Real and equal (8) Complex {C) Real and unequal (0) None of these c D = 25(¢ +m)’ + 4(€—m).2(¢-m) = 25(¢4+m)? +8(6—my >0 ©. roots real and unequal 28. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a#0 and let 8 be the roots of the equations ax’ +bx +¢ =0. Express the roots of a’x? + abex +c? =0 in terms of of aspee, af se for second equation ; sum of roots = 288 be a(-BYe (a +B).0p = 0°) + of? } a Product of roots = (: = (a8) sR. of? i) Clearly from (i) and (ii) roots are a’B, op" If @ and B are the roots of x?+px+q=0 and %8 are the roots of x° +1%+8=0 then evaluate (a-1) (-7) (4-6) (B-8) in terms of p, q, rand s. a+p=-p, y+be-f now (a-/) (B~7) (a-8) (B-8) =(«B-(a+B)y+ 7) (ob -(a +B) +8") =(a+py+¥')(a+p5 +8") =(q + py-s - ry) (q+ pS - s — r5) ={@-s) +(P- NG - 5) +B - 08} =(q-s)'-r(p-1)(a-s)+58(p-F) Identity: marae Lc) If ax + bx . c=0 : tare y, then number of 3 distinct real roots of quadratic roots are infinite and a = = Infinite roots 29 Find the value of p for which the equation (p +2)(p-1)x? + (p-1) (2+ 1) + x(p? - 1) =0 has i roots. It must be an identity hence(p +2)(p-1)= 0 and (p-1)(2>+1)=0 & (p?-1)=0 1 p=-2,1and p and p 4 <=. common value is p= 1 Let a, b, c be different real numbers then prove that (x=a)(x=b) | (x=b)(x=c) | (x=c)(x=a) _ (c-a)(c-b) (a-b)(a-c) (b-c)(b-a) = rea oe 2Alt—.on1 we ETD () Quadratic with one roots zero ) 1 is an identity. b-e)(b cso putx=b 0404 ayn! te ee ase Product of roots =>e=r0 putxze =AC“)) o, 021 true (c-a)(c—b) (i) Quadratic with both roots zero = b=0, e=0 ‘ three values x = a,b,c satisfies above aereibgreeei0 Sum of roots two degree equation has 3 roots = Product of roots = 0 = It is an identity. =b=0,cs0 Gi) Quadratic with exactly one root infinite a=0,b,c#0 (iv) Quadratic with beth roots infinite <> a= 0,b=0,c#0 If (2p-q)x? +(p-1)x+5=0 has both roots infinite. Find p and q 2p-q-0 and q=2p hence p=1,q=2 p-1=0 pt 30. Symmetric function: If f(a, B) = FG, a) Va, B Then f(a, B) is called symmetric function of a, f Check if f(,B) is symmetric or not fia, B) = a8 + af? ii) f(a, B) = cos(a - p) (ii) f(a, B) = sinfa - B) (iv) f(a, B) = (@? - B) A. @ (8, 0) = Ba + Ba = f(a, B) Yes Gi) f(B, @) = cos(B - «) = cos(« - f) = f(a, B) Yes Gi) f(B, a) = sin(B - a) = -sin(a - B) + f(a, B) No (iv) £(B, @) = (8? - a) ta -B + f(a, p) No. Condition of common rects: @ Condition for both roots common: ax’ +bx+¢,=0 ax tbxtc, aa, = by/b,= ¢/c, (I) Condition for one root common: Qa Find k for which equations x? -3x + 2 = 0 and 3x? + 4kx + 2= 0 havea common root. a (ey x -3x+2=0 5-1) -2)=0 x=42 If x = 1 is common root then 3(1)? + 4k (1) +2=0 31. 544k =0 = k=-5/4 If x = 2 is common root then 3(2)? + 4k(2) +2 =0 14+ 8k=0 = k=- 1/4 Find p and q if px? + Sx + 2 = 0 and 3x! + 10x + q = 0 have both roots in common p_5_2 3°10 4 Find the value of a and b if x? - 4x + 5 = 0, x? + ax + b = 0 have acommon root where a,b eR x - 4x +5 =0 D=16 ~ 4(5) <0 = Imaginary roots. Also, coefficients of second equation are real hence only one root cannot be common Let a, b, ¢ be distinct real numbers. If 4x*sin*é -(4sin8)x+1=0 and a? (b* —c?) x? 4b? (c? —a*) x +c (a? —b) = 0 have a common root and the second equation has equal roots then find possible value of @ where Ge (0.x) Clearly, x = 1 satisfies second equation hence, second equation has both roots 1. == 1 is common roct of both equations, Now 4(1)° sin*é -(4sing)1+1=0 = (2sine-1)' =0 = 2sind-1=0 a 1 oot = sino= > 32. © If the quadratic equation x +bx+c=0 and x*+cx+b=0, b#c havea common root then prove that their uncommon reots are roots of the equation x’ +x+be =0 Let common root be @ x2 + bx +c = 0 (a, fare its roots) x? + ex +b = 0 (a, 1 are its roots) now a+B of=c c, ay=b aty= “5 is common root 1 @ +ba+e=0 (i) — a? +cat+b=0 0+(b-c)a+(c-b)=0=(b-c)a=(b-c)sa=1 1Bp=c=B=c now uncommon roots y=b>7=b required equation, x? - (b + )x + bo = 0 x (x + be = 0 {put a = 1 in (i)} x 4x+bo=0 Hence proved. x? 4 ax+12=0,x7+bx4+15 =O and x’?+(a+b)x+36=0 have a common positive root. Find a, b & common root of equation. Let @ be the comman root. o? +a04+12=0 w 0? +ba+15=0 aD} o? +(a+b)a+36=0 (i + @ - Git) ?-920>a=3 (a>0) from (j): 943a4+12=0=a=-7 from (ii): 943415 =0 > b=-8 If one root of quadratic equation x” - x + 3a =0 is double of one root of the equation x? ~x+a=0 then find a x? -x+a=0 (a, B are its roots) =>a@-ata=0 . (i) x? -x+3a=0 (2a, y are its roots) => 4a?- 2a +3a=0_... (ii) 33. (i) - 4 (i): from (i) = $raco =a?-2a+4a=0 >afa+2)=0 >a=0,-2 If Q(x) =x? +(k-29)x-k Q, (x) = 2x? + (2k - 43)x+k both are factors of a cubic polynomial then find k. Q(x) = 0 and Q,(x) = 0 have atleast one common root but both roots cannot be common (:," coeff. are not in proportion) hence x (k- 29)x-k=0 2x’ + (2k - 43)x + k=O have only one common root (let «) @ + (k-29)a-k=0 (i) 2a? + (2k~ 43)a +k = 0 (i) - 24) 16a + 3-03 a = from (i) 2% eo 25 6 4)._24 Aye k=0, oan =k > k= 0,30 Ifx2 + abx + ¢ = 0 & x? + ack + b=0 have only one common root then show that quadratic equation with roots as their other uncommon roots is a(b + ox? +(b + c)x - abc = 0 Let common root = x? + abx + ¢ = O (a, [i are its roots) x? + acx + b = 0 (a. y are its roots) c now a + B=- ab, af a+y=-ac,ay ais commen root @ + aba +c=0 @+ace +b=0 @) - Gi) O+a(b— cla +(c- b)=0 > a(b-cla=(b-c) saz= 1 a (ii) 34. uncommon roots required equation x? ~ a(b + ¢)x + a’be = 0 12 . 3x7 = (b4e)xsabe = As tase putas in) 1 tb+e=0 > +=-a(b+e) a = a(b+c)x? + (b+c)x-abe=0 Hence Proved. Avalue of b for which the equations x? + bx - 1= 0, x7+x +b =0 have one root in common, is (a) 42 (8) -iW3 (C) We (0) 42 B Let @ be the common root then o? +ba-1=0 @+arb=0 - Gi) b+ (b-1)a=(14b) a= BAT ay (B41) (b+4 tom on (221) 4(221]-ya (b +1)’ + (b+1)(b-1)+b(b-1) =0 => (2b? + 2b) + (b” -2b* +b) =0 =b’+3b=0 = b=0,2V3i 35. Fill in the blank OQ. ithe quadratic equations x? +ax+b=0 and x?+bx+a=0 (azb) havea common root, then the numerical value of a + b is As 3 Let common root be a 0 (a, B are its roots) x + bx + a= 0 (a, y are its roots) now a+B=-a, aB=b a+y=-b, oyea Xt axt *:@ is common root a? +aa+b=0 0) @+ba +a=0 Gi) @) - (i) O+(@- blat(b- a=0>@- bas(a- b>a=1 put a =1 in (i) gives. atbe-1 Qe If every solution of the equation 3cos’x—cosx-1= is a solution of the ~ equation acos’2x + beos2x-1=0 . Then the value of (a + b) is equal to as @9 ()13 (214 A ¢ 3cos’x-1= cosx , .(3cos*x - 1) =cos*x = {(treosex) |] _ 1+ cos2x 2 2 s (Scos2x +1)’ _ 1+ c0s2x 4 2 = 9c0872x + 6cos2x +1= 2(1+082x) = 9¢0872x + 4cos2x -1=0 from comparison of given equation, we get a=9,b=4—>a+b=13 36. If x? + 3x +5 = 0 and ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 have common root/roots and a, b, ¢ € N then find minimum value of a+b +c x4 3x+5-0 D = 9 ~ 4(6) < 0 = imaginary roots also coefficient of equation are real hence only one root cannot be common both roots will be common a bic 735 for minimum 1 @+D +0), Determine the value of m for which the equation 3x? + 4mx + 2 = 0 and 2x? - 3x -2 = 0 may have a common root. 2x? - 3x -2= 0 = (2x +1)(x-2)=0 xe-32 if u is common root, then 2 ‘alent d}ns -am+n=oam=% 8 If x = 2 is common root, then 14+8m=0-3m=—-2 4 {2 = = mau ot a4 For what value of a is the difference between the roots of the equation (a-2)x? - (a-4)x-2 =0 equal to 37 Let roots a, f§ wack a+p=S4 now [a-B]=3 =>(a- py =(a+B)’ - 40p=9 (a-a 8 > = 9(a-2) -8(a-2)-(a—4) =0 = 8a? -36a +36 =0 = 4(2a°-9a+9)=0 = 2a? -6a-3a+9=0 = (2a-3)(a-3)=0 ind all values of a for which the sum of the roots of the equation x? —2a(x—1)-1=0 is equal to the sum of squares of its roots. x? ~ 2ax + 2a - 1= 0 (a, B are its roots) +B =2a, oB=2a-1 given 0+B=07 +? a+B=(a+B) - 208 2a = 4a’ -2(2a-1) anda? —4a42 4a’ -6a+2=0 2a? -3a+1=0 (a1) 2a-1)=0 1 asi 2 uudueUUOBO For what values of ‘a’ equations x? +ax+1=0 and x7+x+a=0 havearoot in common. Let @ be the common root then oF taa+1=0 0) oP +a+a=0 efi) ) - (i (a-1)a=(a-1)> asta if &=1, then from (ji): 1sttasOsa=-2 hence, a= 1, - 2 38. Maximum and minimum value of Quadratic Expression: a . _ . b y= ax’ + bx + ¢ attains its maximum or minimum at point where x =— as a< 0 or a> 0, respectively. Maximum and Minimum value can be obtained by making a perfect square. © P(x) = ax? +bx +8 is quadratic. If the minimum value of p(x) is 6 when x = 2. : Find a and b A. Clearly 2 =2sb=-4a now, p(2)=6 => 4a+2+8=6 —b+2+8=6>b=-2 i201 as—sis- 2 (O. y= 2x? — 3x41, find minimum value of y A. +_-(-3)_3 ma 24 ‘ ep a 3 yis minimum it x= hence y,., =2(2) -3(3)+1=2-2-S4122 4 4 6 4 8 OL -y=7+5x-2s?, find maximum value of y A. Aes 2a 2(-2) 4 is max. if x= = y . 7 5 5) he =7+5/—|-2)— ence You 27+6(8}-2(5} el 4 8 8 Ae 8 = 4x7 +x +26 (x42) (x? -6x +13) hence, given expression is loge (X +2) + LOB yo (x? - GX + 13) - LOg.o (K+ 2) = log,, (x7 -6x +13) = y (let) NOW Yn = ly (x? ~ 6x +13) = log, {(x-3)' +4} Youn “OB iy’ Range of Linear: y=axt+bas0 is yeR = a 5 3 a yeR Unear | _ ax tb ion-fa} Renée Of tinear' ~ cxed A. ..y_tinear Unear hence, y « R - 2} AL ya Wet y=(x-1);x #23 At x=2x-191 At x=3,x-152 Hence, ye R-{1.2} 40. Linear Quadratic Quadratic Quadratic ‘Quadratic’ Linear ‘Type 1: If common factors are there Linear Linear If common factors are there then salve by range of care of domain by taking ‘Type 2: If commen factors are not there Step |: Cross multiply and make quadratic in x Step il: Apply D 2 0 (since x is real) Step lll: Solve inequality in y and hence find the range Note: Always Cross check for coefficient of x? equal to zero. OL Find range of aa A. eX ox41 ar ress] y (x2 +x +1) (y-1)x? 4 (y+1)x4(y-1)=0 (0) Case. y-1#0=y21 (1) is a quadratic and x € R = it has real roots 2 D20 (y +14 2y-2)(y +1-2y+2)20 (By-9(3-y) 20 (3y -1)(y-3) <0 1 ye[Z.a]n yal Hence, ye [fs] 2) y-1=0 >y-l in (1) puty (0) x? + 2x +0=0-9x=0, which is real “yan bet (3) Ue) re] a. => 2yx — 6y = + 2x11 x?4 21- y)x + Gy - 11) = 0 KER roots of above equation are real hence D 20 4(1-y)’ -4(6y-1) 20 = 4fy?-ey+12}>0 => (y?-8y+12)20 = (y-6)(y-2)20 hence y ¢€ (-~,2] U[6,-) Find range of following = —2*+4 43x44 @- 3x44 43x44 Let y= => (y-1)x? + 3(y +1)x44(y-] =O (a) Case-:y-120>ye1 then D 20 Sy+- 4xy- )x4y- 020 = (3y +3+ 4y —4) (3y+3-4y +4) 20 > (7y-1(7-y)20 = (7y-Nly-7)s0 weveltsa] ny hence y« [3.7]-0 watt) ny O>y=1 Put in (a) (O)x? +6x+O=O0>x-0eER hence y can be 1 O) MvU@) r(S 42. Find range of (+1 («=2) x(x+3) =x-2 bet y= 3x => (y-1)x? +(3y+1)x#2=0 wa) Case y-1#0=ye#1 then D>0 (3y+1)"-8(y-1)20 = (9y? + 6y +1)-8y+820 => gy? -2y+920 (@>0,0<0) =yeR-{i} wut Case-it: ify -1=0 = y=1 from (a) (0)x? + 4x4 2=0-%22 -ycan bet (2) Q) U (2) yeR x? + 2x-2 4241 x? + 2x -2 x 4241 => (y-1)x?4+2(y-1)x+(y+2)=0 (a) Find range of Let y= Case-I:(y-1) #05ye1 then D 20 ay -1 -4(y-N(y+2)20 > 4(y-I{y-)-(y+2)}20 = (y-1)<0 « a) y= from (a) (0)x? + (0)x+3=0 (not possible) . y cannot be 1 (2) hence, y € (- », 1) 43. A. etna Lt Y= Foxe 3 (y-)8 +2(y-7)x4+3(y-3) =0 la) Case-I: y-1#0y at thenD20 Aly-7) -4(y-1).3(y-3)20 = 4{y’ -14y + 49-3y? + 12y-9}20 = 2y? +2y-4050 = y +y-20<0(y+5}(y—4) <0 =>ye[-54]N y#l =ye[-54] - {1} a Q) Case-Iky-1=05y=1 Put in (a) (Ox? - 12%x-6=O>x=-KHER hence, y can be 1 (2) Mu) yel- 9, 4] A. y~ X23) Y* @=3)0-9) Range = R - {1, y(3)} 1 Range - fg} Ae (5y—6)x? + 2(11- ay)x + (17y -21) =0 wna) Case-I:Sy-6 40 y 46/5 then D2>0 4(11- 9y) - 4(5y -6) (17y- 21) 20 = {1214 81y* - 198y - a5y? + 207y - 126} 20 > 4y’-9y+550 = (4y-5)(y-1)s0 =ye [3] n y#6/5 oof} ° Case-Il: 5y - 6 = 0 >y= 6/5 Put in (a) we get a(n 54), 422 Ao s) 5s a 3 = 320 ox=ler 2 oy can be 6/5 (2) (Mula) ve u3] hence Ynq=1 ax? -7x+5 5x -7x+a capable of taking all values where x being any real quantity. Find all possible values of ‘a’ for which the expression 7x45 Txta = (Sy -a) x? - 7(y -1)x+(ay-5) =0 vxeR >3D20 49ly - 1° - (Sy - aay- 5)>0VyeER 4ay*- 98y + 49- 2Oay'+ 100y + 4a'y- 20220 VyER => (48 - 20a)y? + 2(2a? + tly + (49 - 20a) 20 V ye R ay be 45. Which implies Ds0 and 49 - 20a>0 9 4(2a?+ 1)?- 4(49 - 20a)? < O and a a (2a? + 1+ 49 - 20a) (2a +1- 49 + 20a) <0 and acB (2a? - 20a + 50)(2a” + 20a - 48) <0 and ace ¥ o ~ 49 ~10a + 25)(a? + 10a-—24) <0 and a <= (a—5)'(a+12)(a-2)<0 and acs 49 - 12, 2] U {5} and ac — acl ] U {S}and a <7 ae[- 12,2] but for a=— 12 and a=2, N’ and D' have common factors which implies y ¢ R hence, ae(- 12, 2) Find the domain and Range of f(x) = Vx? -3x+2 Domai 2 -3x+220 (x-1)(x-2) 20 x € (-»,1]U[ 2,0) =D, Range: hence, Vi? = 3x +2 € [0,0e) = Range 46. General second degree in x and y f(x, y )=ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy tc Condition of general second degree in x &y to be resolved into two linear factors abe + 2fgh - af? — bg? - ch?= 0 ‘Stops for factorization: Step 1: Factorize second degree homogeneous part. Step 2: Add constant to both the linear. ient of x & coefficient of y and absolute Step 3: Compare coe term if needed. Prove that expression 2x? + Sxy + y* + 2y + 3x + 1 can be factorized into two Q. near factors and find them A. 2=2,2h=3,b=1,2g=3, 2f=2,c=1 Condition for factorization, abe + 2fgh - af? - bg? - ch = 2[a)(+ a(a(2)(2)- a(t) - (3) -(3) n248-2-8.2 =0 Hence Proved. For factorization, 2x? + 3xy + y?= (2x + y)(x + y) (2x + y + al(x + y + b) = 2x? + Sxy + y?+ 2y + 3x41 comparing coefficientof x= a+2b=3| comparing coefficient of y => a+b=2 Factors are x+y +4x+y +1 @, Prove that the expression x?-3xy+2y#-2x-3y-5 can be factorized into two ! linear factors & find them |, 2h = — 3, b = 2, 2g = - 2, 2F= -3,c=- 35 Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh - af? - bg? - ch? vay-2e)+a{-2)-9(-2)-(-3f 2K) ~(29)(- 3) ao 8 35 72-24 315 274 4 4 =0 Hence Proved. 47. For factorization, x? — 3xy + 2y?= (x — 2y)(x — y) (c= 2y + a(x - y +b) = x2 xy + Dy? 9x - ay — 35 comparing coefficient of x3 a+b=- 2 comparing coefficient of y = -a- 2b = | abeBan-7 Factors are x-2y-7, x-y+5 Ifthe equation x? + 16y? 3x +2 = 0 is satisfied by real values of x and y then 8'8 show that xe [1, 2Jandye [- u | JA. — Given equation can be expressed as x? ~ 3x4 (16y?42)=0 xeR>D20 9-4x(16y* +2) 20 (g-64y?-8) 20 => 64y?-150 (ay+ (89-1) 50-9 ye, Now, given equation, 16y? =—(x? - 3x +2) LHS > 0 = -(x’ -3x+2)>0 x'-3x42<0 (x-1)(x-2)s0>xe[1 2] Hence Proved. Theory of Equation Cubic: ax? + bx? sex +d = a(x- a) (x-B)(x-1) i ~» Sum of roots taken one at atime = a+B+y=—> - Product of roots = ay a Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = af +By+y0 =< a 4g. Bi Quadratic: ax! + bx? + ex? +dx +0 = a(x- a)(x—B)(x - y)(x- 8) Sum of product of roots taken two at atime = of + ay+ad + By +B3+ = : Sum of product of roots taken three at a time = aBy+ a5 + ay + By6 = —2 a In General: If © ,0,,64,....4, are the roots of the equation: agK’ tax”! tax? 4..4a,.x+a, #0 , where a, #0 Note: (a+b+c)’ =Za?+25ab ©, Find sum of squares of roots and sum of cubes of roots of the cubic equation x’ -px’ +qx-r=0 A. Let roots are a, f, y then a*ptyep af + By + ya = 9, aby=6 sum of squares of roots = a +6? +77 = (a+B+7) -2(o8 + By+ a) =p?-2q sum of cubes of roots +B? +7 =(a+B+y){o? +B? + 7? - (aB + By+ ye)} + Safy = p{(p’ -2q)- a} + 3° = p(p’ -3q)+3 =p’ —3pq+ 3 (. Solve the cubic 4x? + 16x? - 9x36 = 0 where sum of two roots is zero. A, — Let roots ct-a,8 now a+(-0) += > pas 49, Q. » roots = 4, Ifa, b, care roots of cubic x —x? +1=0 find atb+c=l ab+bc+ca =0,abe = 41 _ ath? +b’? +a? _ E (ab - 2abe Sa (abc) (abc = 92 2()(4) - If 0,f,%.8 are roots of the equation ml} x Jase then find the value of tana + tanB + tany+tand 14 tanx _ 3(3tanx- tan’x) 1-tanx 1- 3tan?x let tanx = t then 1+t_ 9t-3t® it 1-30 = 1-30? +t-3P? = Ot - 30? - gt? + 3t" = 3t*-6t?+8t-1-0 above equation roots tana, tanB,tany,tand => sum of roots = 0 If roots of x3 5x? + 6x -3 = 0 are O.B,y. Tell equation whose roots are O+4B+hy+1 Let a+1=x> a@=x-1 also a is root of given equation 0 -5a? +60-3=0 = (x-1)?-5(x-1) +6(x-1)-3=0 = (x8 - 3x? + 3x -1)- 5 (x? - 2x +1)+6(x-1)-3=0 = x°- 8x? +19x-15=0 which is required equation. Find the cubic whose roots are cubes of the roots of x° +3x?+2=0 If roots of given equation o,B,y then required equation will have roots oR. now let a =x=> 1y : =(*) +3(28] +2-0 2 = -3x3 =x4+2 ay -(-"] =(x+2)° => -27x? = x9 4 3x? (2) + 3x (2) +2? = 433K" +12x4+8=0 which is required equation. The length of sides of a triangle are roots of the equation x? -12x? + 47x-60=0 and A is area of the triangle then find A? Let sides of triangle are a, b,c thena+b+c=12 ab +bc +ca=47 abc = 60 Now, A? = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 6(6-a)(6-b)(6-c) = 6{e -12(6) +47(6) - 60} = 6 (216 — 432 + 282-60) =36 st. pe-1: Both roots of a quadratic equation are greater than a specified number, ie., 0B > : Make leading coefficient positive Apply conditions ()D20 i) Boa (iii) f(@) > 0 Find the value of d for which both roots of the equation Q x? —6dx +2-2d+ 9d? =0 are greater than 3 A. Step-1: a>O=> Let f(x) =x? 6dx +2-2d+ 9d? Step-2: (i) D2 0=>36d? -4(2-2d+9d’) 20 = Bd-B20>d>1 a) éd (i) Brae Fo3aado1 (ii) £(3) > 0 => 9-18d+ 2-2d+ 9d? >0 => 9d? -20d+1>0 = 9d? - 9d-11d+11>0 = 9d(d-1)-11(d-1) >0 = (9d-11)(d-1) >0> se(aau($~) 9 Gi) 9 ii) gives: ©, Find all the values of 2’ for which both roots of the equation x*+x+a=0 exceed the quantity ‘a! A Step. >O>Let f(x) =x tx+a * Step-2: () D2OSP~ 4az0>4a<1> a6 (~~, 7/4] 52. a) 3B a W) Rraeg +) asacl(——= 2) (ii) f(a) >0 > a? +a+a>0 a’ +2a>0 > a(at 2) >0=aeE (--,-2)U(0,~) 9 Gi) N Gi) gives ae (-~,-2) oO Determine the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation (a? +a-2)x? -(a+5)x-2=0 exceed the number minus one. A. step-t: divide by (a? +a-2) A>0>= Let f(x)=x? Step-2: 8 (a+5) +8(a?+a-2) @) D205 way (era 20 Sa 418049 5, 98+ ng sac Lan (a-1) (a+2)" (a-1) (a+2)° : i) 2 (a+8) a+s ii) —>4A=————— 54 > —>— +130 O FR? Waheed)” > Tar eand) (a+dart) . 2(a+2)(@-1) a + = ge > ac (-~,-2)U Jets) SS z en (a+5) 2 iii) f(-1) >0 aoa Gil) f(A) > O14 +a-2) aay” a?+2a+1 (a+1? 3 a+a-2 (a-)(a+2) = ac (2) (Le) Now, (i) 9 (ii) 0 (iii) gives ae (-00, -2) U (1, &) 53. Type-2: Both root lies on either side of a fixed number, sayd.ie, a0 Let f(x) = x? -(k+1)x+(k? +k -8) Step-2: f(2)<0 => 4-(k+1)2+(? +k-8)<0 = kt -3k+2k-6<0 = k(k-2)+2(k-3)<0 = (k+2)(k-3)<0 => ke (-2,3) @, Find the set of values of a for which zeros of the quadratic polynomial (a? +a+1)x? +(a—1)x+a” are located on either side of 3. A. Step-1: Making leading coefficient positive Let f(x)=x’ —si () xt a*+atl step-2: (3) <0 = 920-0, 2 op a’+att a’+aet = 9a? +a+1}+3(a-1)+27 7 (a +a +1) 54. 10a? +12a+6 War +12a+6 - awtaet 2(5a” +6a +3) 0 @rart) => acd Find a for which one root is positive and other root is negative for x —(3a-2)x+a?+1=0 A. Step-1: Making leading coefficient positive Let f(x) =x? +(3a-2)x-(a’ +1) then Step-2: f(0)<0 => -(a+1)<0 >aeR (Q, _ Find a for which both root lie on either side of - 1 of quadratic equation (a? -5a46)x? -(a-3)x+7=0 A. Step- 1: Making leading coefficient positive Step- 2: f(-1)<0 (a-3) 7 (a’ ~a+6) (a 5are)” (a? -5a+6)+(a-3)+7 (a? -5a+6) >t 2 (a? - 4a +10) eo => ae (2,3) ‘Type-3: Both roots lies between two fixed number, ie, d0 (id) fle) > 0 (de -Zec O._ If, Be(-6,1) then find k for which x? +2(k-3)x+9=0 has roots a, B. A, — Step-t: As leading coefficient is posi Let foo) = x2 + 2k - 3x +9 (i) D209 4(k-3)' 4x9 20 = (k-3+3)(k-3-3)20 > k(k-6) 20> ke (—~,0h[6,~) (ii) f(-6) > 0 => 36-12(k-3)+9>0 > B1-2k> 0 ke ( (iil) 0) > 0 1+ %k-3)+9>0>52k+4>05k>-2 ~2(k- (iw) -6< < 15) -12-< 2(k- 3) <2=96>(k-3)> Ake (2,9) (9 Gi). 9 Gi) NY) ke [7] 4 ©, Atwhat value of ‘a! do al the zeroes of the function (a~2)xt + 2ax+a+9 ties in the interval (-2, 1) A. Step-1: Making leading coefficient positive >, 2ax _ (a+3) bet f(x) =x + Tt a3) Step-2: 4a?__4(a+3), 4 aw nosy 2-3) 20 = ae (-~,6]-{2} a 4a (a+3) (i) f(a)>094-E (3) >o 4(a-2)-4a+(a+3) a-5 aay a7? = ae (=,2)U (5) 2a__, (a+3) f()> 0-14 5+ Gay? (a=2)+2a+(ar3) 4 4att (a-2) a-2 Joes) 1 vae(= 4 2a < <1 -2< 2(a-2) (iv) -2 a a-2 a-2 a- de a6 (00,2) U (4,00) <= » ae (1 U(2@) ions is xe (-»-1/4) U (5,6] Intersection of all cons Type-4: Both roots lies on either side of two fixed numbers, ie, acd ke (5, 24) ‘Types-5: Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e) Step Step-2: Apply condition f(d)f(e) <0 Make leading coefficient positive. q Find the set of values of m for which exactly one root of the equation Q. x? +mx-+ (m? + 6m) =0 lie in (- 2, 0) A, Step-1: Making leading coefficient positive. . Let f(x) =x? + mx+m? +6m When no root is — 2 or 0 f(-2) £0) <0 = (4-2m +m? + 6m) (m? + 6m) <0 = (m? + 4+ 4)(m? +6m) <0 => (m+2)' m(m+6) <0 = me (-6,0)- {-2} Case-tl: When one of the root is - 2 or 0 () if (-2) = 0 > 4 - 2m +m? + Em=0 =m? +4m+4=O>m=-2 For m= - 2 equation: x? - 2x- 8=0 = x = 4, -2 = No root in (-2, 0) ) If F(0) = 0-9? +6m=0 5 m=0,-6 For m = 0 equation: x?= 0 x = 0,0 = No root in (-2, 0) Hence, me(-6, 0) - {-2} Find a for which exactly one rcot of the equation x —(a+1)x+2a=0 lies in 3) A, _ Step-1: Making leading coefficient positive Let f(x) =x? -(a+1)x+2a Step-2: Case-I: When no root is 0 or 3 £(0).f(3) <0 => (2a)(9-3(a+1)+2a)<0 => 2a(6 - a)<0 >a(a- 6)>0 ae (0) U(6,~>) a) Case- I: when one of the root is 0 or 3 (@) If £()=052a-0=a=0 For a=0 equation : x?- x=0 =2x = 0, 1 => one root in (0,3) hence, a can be O 4 (b) IFFQ)=059-(@+1)3+2a-0 sa For a = 6 equation: x 7x + 12 = O= x @u Gi) hence, ac (~2,0]U (6,00) 6 |, 4 = No root in (0,3) Note: If f(p) f(@) < 0, then Exactly one root lies between (p,q) i Miscellaneous Examples AL Let f(x) = («= all = 6) + Ax = bY - d) now f(a) =A(a—b)(a—a) f(b) =(b-a)(b-c) <0 #(c) =2(c-b)(c-<) f(d) =(d—a)(d-c)>0 now f(b)f(d)<0-sexactly one root in interval (b, d) coefficient real > other root must be real for V2 € R-{-1} A. Clearly >0 (-2p) — 4(@p + 4) >0 = p?-3p- 430 > (p - 4)(P+1)>0 SPE (- 0, -1)U (4, @) A, 8 -4x4+4>3-3m for x >0,(x - 2 € [0.0) hence 3- 3mm>1 © Show that (a’ +3)x’ +(a+2)x-5 <0 is true for at least one negative x for any real value of a. A. Let F(x) = (a? +3)x? + (a+2)x-5 clearly f(x) is upward parabola and (0) < 0 = it is negative for atleast one negative x, ¥ acR

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