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These notes are designed according to the CAIE pattern and syllabus. I made these notes
according to the questions which can be asked by the examiner in CAIE / IGCSE examination.
Student can easily learn and practice it. Hope it can be a source of Good grades Insha’Allah.
Sir Khizar Hayat

Notes prepared by: Sir Khizar Hayat

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SOME GEMS FROM MY TREASURE

Zunera Bugti “STAR STUDENT” B
Tamanna Ilahi Sharjah School A*
Mahnoor Rais Stanmore School A*
Mohammad Bilal Karachi Cambrdige School A*
Mariya Vayani Stanmore School A*
Abdullah Amir Stanmore School A*
Suhana Bilal The Academy GC-II A*
Yassa Ahmer Khan The Academy GC-II A*
Syeda Zoha Asif The Academy GC-II A*
Sheheryar Wijdan Hampton School A*
Musab Muzammil The Academy BH A*
Ayesha Kamran The Academy BH A*
Sunidiya Devi Kingley School A*
Haseeb Khan The City School A*
Arsalan Khan The Academy BH A*
Muskan Syed The Academy BH A*
Areesha Usmani The Academy BH A*
Anfal Shah The Academy BH A*
Afrah Abid The Academy BH A*
Laiba Hasan Stanmore School A*
Hamna Imran The Academy BH A*
Wajiha Dildar The Academy BH A*
Rayyan Vayani The Academy BH A
Unisa Danish The Academy BH A
Nabiha Rizawan The Academy BH A
Maihak Batool The Academy BH A
Riva Naveed The Academy BH A
Shahwaiz Usmani The Academy BH A
Omer Aboya The Academy BH A
Shayan Tahir The Academy BH A
Hassan Obaid The Academy BH A
Wania Rehan The Academy BH A
Maryam Rehan The Academy BH A
Aliza Haider The Academy BH A
Sohan Ali The Academy BH A
Maherwaan Kumar The City School A
Siddiqui Ali The City School A
Armaan Ali The Academy BH A
Laiba Irfan The Academy BH A
Muzaina Shavez Stanmore School A

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Hina Mirza Stanmore School A

Armaan Nooruddin Stanmore School A
Manahil Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School A
Saad Zubair Karachi Cambrdige School A
Syed Omar Karachi Cambrdige School A
Esha Muzammil Karachi Cambrdige School A
Hamna Ali Stanmore School A
Atika Amir Stanmore School A
Yousuf Khan Stanmore School A
Haniya Imran Stanmore School A
Maryam Shahzad The Academy GC-II A
Bisma Warsi The Academy GC-II A
Maria Kukda The Academy GC-II A
Mohammad Ahmed The Academy BH A
Aneesha Waheed The Academy BH A
Arsam Ansari The Academy BH A
Haris Junaid The Academy BH A
Shahmeer Ali The Academy BH A
Syeda Noor Dawood Public School A
Nawal Masood River Oaks Academy A
Bahisht Abdul Razzaq Karachi Cambrdige School B
Saim Nadeem Karachi Cambrdige School B
Emaan Ovais Anjerwala Karachi Cambrdige School B
Ashbal Ahmed Khan Stanmore School B
Abubakar Jawed Stanmore School B
Kashmala Khan Stanmore School B
Eera Ahmed Stanmore School B
Umama Hani Khan Stanmore School B
Marium Imran Stanmore School B
Syed Rohan Ali Stanmore School B
Ibrahim Khan Stanmore School B
Fizza Amin The Academy GC-II B
Ayeza Shakir The Academy GC-II B
Shanzae Imad The Academy GC-II B
Aliyan Ahmed The Academy GC-II B
Talha Wasiq The Academy BH B
Rahim Bilal The Academy BH B
Bilal Faisal The Academy BH B
Ayesha Majeed The Academy BH B

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CHAPTER NAME PAGE

Chapter 06 How far did the Pakistan Movement develop 6-17

during the early 20th century?

Chapter 07 How successful was the Khilafat Movement in 18-22

advancing the Pakistan movement?

Chapter 08 How successful was the Pakistan movement in 23-33

the years 1927-1939?

How successful were attempts to find solutions to

Chapter 09 34-43
the problems facing the sub-continent in the
years 1940 – 1947?

How important were the contributions of Jinnah,

Chapter 10 44-47
Allama Iqbal and Rahmat Ali to the success of the
Pakistan Movement to 1947?

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CHAPTER: 06
How far did the Pakistan Movement develop
during the early 20th century?

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PROCLAMATION ACT (1858)

Historical Background / Personality / Date:
After War of independence control of British India was transferred to the Crown from the East India Company (EIC).
Queen Victoria was offered the position of empress.
Description / Features:
• Mughal empire completely abolished
• East India company abolished
• Doctrine of lapse abolished – no further expansion will be made by British
• British will respect culture and religion of Indians
Consequence / Impact:
• India came under direct control of British Government.

Q. Why Bengal was partitioned by British in 1905? (7)

• Vast province
Bengal was the most populated province with a population of more than 80 million. It was difficult for British to govern
such a big province as it created problems in maintaining law and order, collection of taxes and providing emergency
help in times of floods and cyclones. So, it was sensible to divide it into two provinces.

• Economic Disparity
The western part of Bengal had Hindu majority, whereas the eastern part had Muslim majority. There was a growing
economic disparity between the Hindus and Muslims. Hindus were the dominant community enjoying monopoly over
industry, trade and politics. Muslims on the other hand, were generally backward and poor. British perhaps wanted
reduce this disparity so they divided Bengal.

• INC provoking speeches for Self-rule

British also closely observed the political activities of the INC in the 1890's when leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak had to
be in prison as they delivered provoking speeches in which they demanded self-rule for India. Therefore, the British
decided to distract the attention of the INC towards a new issue so they portioned Bengal.

Q. Why INC opposed / criticized the partitioned of Bengal? (7)

• Divide & Rule policy

The INC strongly opposed the partition because it did not like it. It was seen by the INC as just another instance of the
old British strategy of "divide and rule." By doing this, the British were splitting India's two largest communities—Hindus
and Muslims—and tightening their hold on political power.

• Indian nationalism
INC held that, regardless of differences in identity and culture, all the citizens of India were, at the heart, Indians. Thus,
Indians comprised all communities living in Bengal, whether they were either Muslims or Hindus. INC condemned the
partition of Bengal as a sort of slaughter of their motherland since it saw the entire nation as "mother India."

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• Loss of economic monopoly

The INC, which was predominately Hindu, was also displeased with the loss of its monopoly over Bengal's politics and
economy. Muslims represented an important minority in East Bengal and had established their own government. Their
financial situation consequently started to get better. The INC began an aggressive effort against the British because
they were concerned about all of these scenarios.

Q. How British reacted over Hindu led protests against the partition of Bengal? (7)

• Imprisonments & Media censorships

Public meetings and newspapers were restricted by the British. A number of editors were imprisoned, trialed and sent to
jail for writing against the British government. Freedom of expression and media was restricted because of press act
1908. Moreover, thousands of protestors were arrested and jailed.

• Strict actions against Tilak & leaders

After an immediate trial after his arrest in June 1908, Mr. Tilak was sentenced to six years in jail. Under these
circumstances, a large number of revolutionary leaders left India, as jails became crowded with people the British
considered to be revolutionaries.

• Constitutional reforms
The Hindu-led INC's growing protests alarmed the British. They therefore made the decision to draft new constitutional
reforms in hopes to win over the moderate Hindus. John Morley, the Secretary of State of India, collaborated with
Viceroy Lord Minto, the Indian Council's Act 1909 and the Morley-Minto Reforms were finally introduced.

Q. Why the partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911? (7)

• INC’s protests & terrorist activities

A country-wide anti-partition campaign was launched. Mob rallies were organized and shutter down strikes were
observed as a token of resentment against the partition. With the passage of time, the opposition to the partition
became fierce and eventually adopted the terrorist behavior. Many senior British officials were attacked including Lord
Minto who survived a murder attempt. This pressurized the British to think about reversal of partition.

• Swadeshi movement
The INC started the Swadeshi Movement in which boycott of the British goods and institutions was observed. At many
places, the British factory-made cotton cloth was thrown in the bonfire to mark the hatred against the foreign goods.
This created serious economic difficulties for the British so they started thinking for the reversal of partition.

• King George coronation ceremony

King George V was scheduled to visit India in 1911. The INC, threatened to boycott the Coronation ceremony of the King
that was a royal tradition and a hallmark of British authority over its colonies. This threat of the INC was a serious blow
to the pride and prestige of the British who were now pressurized to reconsider the partition.

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SIMLA DEPUTATION (1906)

Historical Background / Personality / Date:
On 8th October 1906, a delegation of 36 Muslims led by Sir Aga Khan, called on the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla.
Description / Features:
The delegation conveyed a set of demands that included:
• The right of separate electorates for Muslims
• Recognizing them in respect of their political importance and the service they had rendered to the Empire
• Higher percentage of seats to the Muslims in the councils than their numerical strength
• Formation of Aligarh university
Consequence / Impact:
The Viceroy promised to convince the British government for the acceptance of these demands. This success became
the immediate reason for the formation of the ML (Muslim League) in December 1906.

Q. How Simla deputation played an important role for the betterment Muslims in
India? (7)

• British sympathy towards Muslims

The Muslim delegation was able to persuade the British to accept them as an important Indian community. This was
possible mainly due to the attempts of Sir Syed and his colleagues to improve relations with-the British. Now, their
efforts had started bearing fruit as the British were prepared to work with the Muslims and grant them concessions like
the separate electorates.

• Political awareness among Muslims

Success of the Simla delegation also showed the growing political awareness among Muslims about their rights and
status in India. Since the Hindus had already started making progress in all walks of life, the rivalry between Muslims and
Hindus was bound to grow. The Muslims had started realizing that they needed to secure a better position in the British
India.

• Sense of nationalism among Muslims

It also showed the growing sense of nationalism among Muslims. Muslims started working for them and considered
them as a nation by demanding separate electorates and share in the central legislature. For this reason, the Muslims
decided to make their own political party only after two months on 30th December 1906.

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REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

INC Hindu dominated party:
• Indian National Congress claimed to represent all Indians
• INC only backed and supported interest of Hindus
• INC also demanded for Hindi as official language of India by replacing Urdu
• Partition of Bengal was resisted by the INC which shocked Muslims

Impact: This realized the Muslims that they must have their own political party which support Muslims.

Success of Simla deputation:

• In October 1906 about 36 Muslim delegates led by Sir Aga Khan called on the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla
• It demanded a greater share of Muslims in the councils and separate Muslim electorates
• Lord Minto's encouraging response convinced the delegates that the organized efforts were more likely to be
successful

Impact: This encouraged the Muslims that they can put their demands in front of British but before that they need a
political party.

Victory of Liberal party in Britain:

• In February 1906, the Liberal Party won elections in England

• It was generally more sympathetic towards the Indians and especially at times towards Indian Muslims
• It announced that it would expand the legislative councils by including more Indians

Impact: Muslims realized it was time to think of making a Muslim political party because the INC had not been sincere
towards them

Arya Samaj movement:

• Arya Samaj, Shuddhi and Sang-thun were the movement to promote Hinduism in India
• Arya samaj was founded by “Daya-nand Saras-wati” in 1877
• It aimed to purify Hinduism of some of the impure practices which it had fallen into
• It also believed in forceful conversions of other communities
• Muslims were the specific target of this movement.

Impact: It was important to have a political party which could safeguard culture and religion of Muslims.

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MORLEY MINTO REFORMS (1909)

Background:
• Lord Minto and Secretary of States John Morley worked together to draw a series of reforms which were passed
by the British Parliament in 1909 as the Councils act.
Features:
• The number of the members of the Legislative Council at the Center was increased from 16 to 60.
• The number of the members of the Provincial Legislatives was also increased. It was fixed as 50 in the provinces
of Bengal, Madras and Bombay, and for the rest of the provinces it was 30.
• Right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims.
• The members of the Legislative Councils were permitted to discuss the budgets, suggest the amendments and
even to vote on them.
• Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs.
• The Governor General was empowered to nominate one Indian member to his Executive Council.
Death:
It was criticized by the Indian National Congress.

Q. Why Morley Minto reforms opposed by Indian National Congress? (7)

Nominal powers to the Indians

The INC was disappointed by the reforms. The reforms gave nominal powers to the central and provincial legislative
councils. They could not make, change or annul any of the laws. Instead, the members could only ask questions on
important matters express their opinions or advise the government respectfully.

INC wanted greater size of the councils

The INC also wanted a greater increase in the size of the councils at all levels so that a greater number of Indians could
make way to the power corridor. The British knew all this and therefore, they increased the size of the councils
according to their own policies as they were in no mood to raise the legislative councils to the status of a parliament.

INC against of separate electorates

The INC sharply criticized the granting of separate electorate to the Muslims. It was unhappy on Muslims getting a
relatively higher position in the councils despite their much smaller numbers. The INC declared this an undemocratic
step because such a special concession to Muslims directly threatened the Hindu dominance in Indian politics.

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LUCKNOW PACT (1916)

Background:
• The British failed in granting more rights to Indians in the period upto 1914, which brought the Muslim league
and Congress closer together. In 1916, both the communities held their annual session in Lucknow. This was
called the Lucknow pact.
Features:
• There shall be self-government in India.
• Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government
• There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded joint electorates
• The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150
• Voting rights for all
• The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary
Death:
It was a peak of Hindu Muslim unity.

Q. Why Lucknow pact was signed in 1916? (7)

Hindu Muslim unity

INC persuaded the ML leaders to change the policy of "loyalty to the British" and make a demand for self-rule. This
brought ML closer to INC that already was demanding "Swaraj" (self-rule). Gradually both parties realized it would be
better to ask for constitutional reforms jointly.

British policy of repression

The British policy of repression during the WW1 also brought the two parties closer to each other. Therefore, both
parties set up joint councils to improve common understanding on key issues. So, both decided to cooperate with each
other in order to generate feelings of goodwill and friendship.

To reduce mutual friction between Hindus and Muslims

ML and INC also wanted to reduce mutual friction and to accommodate each other. The main figure in this regard was
Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah who believed in a unity between the INC and the ML.

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MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS (1919)

Background:
These reforms were jointly drafted by the Secretary of State, John Montague and the Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.
Features:
• The Central Legislature was to consist of two houses, Upper House (Council of the State), and the Lower House
(Legislative Assembly).
• Council of the State was to consist of 60 members. The Legislative Assembly was to consist of 144 members.
• The duration of the Upper House was five and of the Lower House was three years.
• Powers were divided between the center and the provinces.
• The system of Diarchy or a kind of double government in the provinces was introduced.
• The Governor General had the power to nominate as many members to his Executive Council as he wanted.
• Both the houses had equal legislative powers
• In case of a tie, the Governor General was to call a joint meeting where the matter was to be decided by
majority vote.
• The Executive Council was not responsible to Legislate.
• Provincial Legislatures were supposed to be unicameral.
• New reforms were to be introduced after ten years.
Impact:
It was resisted by Indians.

Q. Why Mont ford reforms were criticized and opposed by the Indians? (7)

No powers to Indians
This act disappointed Indians because they expected much more reward from British after supporting them in World
War I but the major powers were still in the hands of British viceroy and the executive council. The Viceroy could pass
any law he liked in the Centre, likewise, could veto any law he disliked.

Diarchy – Double government

In the provinces subjects were divided between the Governor (Reserved subjects) and ministers (Transferred subjects).
Indians did not want any kind of interference in the provincial subjects so they resisted.

Princely states – A talking shop

The council of the princes were too having no real powers but they can only give suggestions to the British. It became a
kind of talking shop.

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ROWLATT ACT (1919)

Background:
The British anticipated a violent reaction to the Mont-Ford reforms. They appointed an investigative committee under
Justice Rowlett in Dec. 1917. In the light of its report the Rowlett Act was passed in 1919.
Features:
• The Act empowered the local administration/police to arrest anyone without warrant
• Detention without the right of bail and decide where the people in a province should live
• Rights of the provincial government to order people where to live.
Impact:
It was Gandhi launched a countrywide strike against it, and Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in
protest.

AMRITSAR MASSACRE (1919)

Background:
As part of protest against the Rowlett Act, there was unrest in Amritsar and five Europeans were killed.
Features:
• An angry mob of 20,000 gathered in a public park, Jallianwala Bagh
• Though all were peaceful protesters, General Dyer, the local British Commander was determined to restore
peace as he had banned all public meetings
• He sealed the only exit of the park and ordered a shootout without warning
• Over 1600 rounds were fired and about 400 people were killed while another 1200 were wounded.
Impact:
Dyer was trialed under the Hunter Committee and was removed from his service without any further punishment.

Q. Why were Indians not given self-rule by 1919? (7)

Loss of Britian in WWI

The British had suffered from huge losses during World War I and they wanted to compensate the loss and reconstruct
the damages in Britain done by Germans during war, so India became a secondary issue for them. That’s why they not
considered the demands of Indians for self-rule.

Wealth of India
The Indian subcontinent continued to be a significant source of revenue for the British. Moreover, India's strategic
location was essential to British naval power and trade interests. At this crucial moment, when they were in dire need of
income to maintain the health of their economic growth, they could not afford to leave India.

Workforce in India
Furthermore, a large portion of the British army was made up of Indians, particularly Muslims and Sikhs. There were
thousands of British workers in India. The British who was serving in India would have become liabilities rather than
assets if India had been granted self-rule without proper planning.

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British pride in danger

The British believed that granting in to the Indians' growing demand for self-rule would damage their reputation before
it did that of the rest of the world. Such a move may have suggested that the British were in a position of weakness in
India.

Q. To what extent had India benefited by the early 1920s from supporting Britain in the
First World War? Explain your answer.? (10)

Employment to Indian soldiers - Positive outcome

During World War I, India supplied the British Empire with a significant number of soldiers, with over a million of them
fighting in different battle zones. This helped Britain in developing its war effort and strengthening its armed forces.

Political opportunities - Positive outcome

Some Indian leaders believed that India's support for Britain during World War I was an act of loyalty and that it would
lead to more political benefits from the British government in the form of increased autonomy and self-governance.

Benefits in the economy - Positive outcome

India's industrial and agricultural output increased during World War I as it provided food, fuel, and other resources to
Britain and its allies. Due to the rise in demand for goods and services, this resulted in a boost to the economy in some
parts of India.

Loss of lives and economy - Negative outcome

India experienced tremendous losses in terms of both human lives and material goods during World War I. More than
74,000 Indian soldiers were killed and numerous others were injured. The war also exhausted India's resources, as the
Indian population suffered to severe financial hardships and high taxes.

Economically exploitation - Negative outcome

India's industrial and agricultural output increased during World War I, but at a price. Due to Britain's economic
exploitation of India, which resulted in the demand of resources at low prices, many Indians suffered food shortages,
inflation, and financial hardship.

Political unrest - Negative outcome

In spite of India's World War I support for Britain, the British government failed to make good on its promise to make
more political concessions. Native Indians became deeply frustrated and unhappy as a result, believing their wartime
sacrifices went unappreciated.

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Additional Questions:
Q1. Who was Anne Besant? [4]
Early Life:
• Annie Besant was born on 1st October, 1847
• She was a prominent member of Theosophy (a movement in Europe & USA with new religious ideologies)
• Also, a women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self-rule.

Work & Contribution:

• She travelled to India and in 1898 helped establish the Central Hindu College in India, in 1908
• Annie Besant became President of the Theosophical Society
• She started guiding society toward Hinduism and away from Buddhism
• She also became involved in politics in India, joining the Indian National Congress
• She granted Jinnah the title “The ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” for his successful efforts for “Lucknow-
Pact1916”.

Death:
Besant died on 20 September 1933.

Q2. Who was Agha Khan? [4]

Early Life:
• His real name was Sultan Sir Mohammed Shah
• Born on 2nd November 1877 at Karachi
• Under the supervision of his mother, he got his religious and oriental education.

Work & Contribution:

• In 1885 at the age of eight he succeeded his father as Imam of Shia Ismaili Muslim
• He was recognized for his public services from the German Emperor
• He was member of Indian Legislative Council from 1902-1904
• In 1904, he became the president of All Indian Muslim League
• He suggested a separate electorate for Muslims
• He tried to create fair relations between Hindus and Muslims.

Death:
Aga Khan died on 11th July 1957.

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Q4. Who was Lala Hardiyal? [4]

Early Life:
• Lala Har Dayal was born in Delhi to a Punjabi family
• He completed his BA in Sanskrit from Delhi’s St. Stephen’s College
• After that, he received his MA Sanskrit from Punjab University, further studied at Oxford university
• He was much influenced by the Arya Samaj.

Work & Contribution:

• He wrote extensively and explored anarchist and revolutionary ideas
• In Paris, he edited a magazine called ‘Vande Mataram’
• He lived in different places in the USA and studied and wrote on the works of Karl Marx
• He inspired many youngsters to join the freedom movement of the country
• He was involved in the Gadar Party in the USA.

Death:
He died on 4th March 1939.

Q3. What was the Silk Letter Conspiracy? [4]

Historical Background + Personalities:
• Between 1913 up to 1920, the Deobandi sect of Sunni Muslims in India led this revolutionary movement
• Its goal was to free India from British domination with the aid of Afghanistan, Germany, and the Ottoman Turkey
• Masterminds were Molana Obaidullah Sindhi and Molana Mahmud ul Hasan.

Details:
• The term "Silk Letters Conspiracy" comes from the fact that these letters were written on silk fabric
• After traveling to Afghanistan, both leaders convinced the Amir of that country to start a rebellion in the Indian
tribal area

Result / Consequence:
British also succeeded in foiling this conspiracy.

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CHAPTER: 07
How successful was the Khilafat Movement in
advancing the Pakistan Movement?

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KHILAFAT MOVEMENT 1919-24

• Started in 1919 by the Muslim religious leaders of India
• Aim to save the respect of Turkey and the institute of Khilafat.
• Leaders: Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad .
• Gandhi merged his non-cooperation campaign with it.
• Jinnah and the Muslim League stayed away from it but supported the cause of the Khilafat Movement.
• The Movement ended in 1924 with the abolition of the Khilafat by Kemal Attaturk.

REASONS OF EMERGENCE OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Anti-Muslim British Policies:
• Road widening project in UP – Kanpur
• Mosque was amid of that project, Governor of UP James Meston ordered to demolish Eastern part of Mosque
• A temple on the same road was spared because Hindu pressurized British
• Many Muslim leaders believed British wanted to induce fear of Hindus that Muslims could be forced to
cooperate with the British
• Clash of views between Russia and British over ruling of Afghanistan and Persia

Impact: These steps hurt the religious sentiments of the Muslims and added to their worries about ignorance of
Muslim interests in India.

To save Turkey’s caliphate system:

• Muslims did not want to fight for British against Germany and alliance Turkey
• British promised not to harm the Caliphate system of Turkey after victory in WWI
• However, after the War, Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and abolish the Turkish Empire
• Also wanted to divide its slices among the victors

Impact: Muslims of India wanted to keep the Khilafat alive of Turkey

Muslim’s respect for Khalifa:

• Muslims had a special respect for the Turkish Ottoman Empire as the Sultan of Turkey
• Khalifa considered as the spiritual head of the entire Muslim world
• He was the custodian of all the holy places of Islam in Arabia and other Middle Eastern states
• Any punishment of Turkey meant an insult of the Khalifa and to hurt the religious sentiments of the Muslims

Impact: Muslims of India wanted to save the Khalifa of Turkish / Ottoman Empire

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Anti-Indian policies of British:

• The Khilafat Movement mixed with the larger Indian freedom movement, which was becoming stronger after
World War I.
• The strict actions of the British government following the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919 and the unfair
Rowlatt Act made people in India even more against the British.
• The Khilafat Movement gave Indians one more reason to come together in their fight against British rule.

Impact: Indians wanted to give combine resistance to British so they started Khilafat Movement

KHILAFAT CONFERENCES
First conference:
• Main aim was to persuade British to keep their promises about maintaining the Turkish Empire
• After passing resolution everyone agreed to send a delegation to Britain
• Aim was to make sure that British were aware of Muslim strength of Muslims support for the Khalifa
• Muslims boycotted British goods besides Hindus
• Muslims adopted a policy of noncooperation against British

Second conference:
• It was decided that all three organizations (Muslim League, Congress & Khilafat people) would be working
together to oppose plans to dismember the Turkish Empire.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali visited Britain and insisted the Britain not to punish Turkey
• British Prime Minister Lloyd George said Austria has had justice; Germany has had justice-pretty terrible justice
–Why should Turkey escape?
• Disappointment for the Muslims

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REASONS OF FAILURE OF KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Hijrat Movement 1920:
• The Khilafat leaders in 1920 declared India as Dar ul Harb, (a land under the enemy rule)
• Asked Muslims to migrate to an independent Muslim state/Dar ul Islam. Afghanistan
• About 18,000 Muslims sold their properties and left for Afghanistan
• Government of Afghanistan refused to accommodate them
• Accordingly, they had to return to their homeland to face further miseries

Impact: This gave a financial setback to the Muslims and their passion for Khilafat Movement lowered.

Moplah’s Uprising 1921:

• Moplahs (Muslim peasants) were basically the descendants of Arab traders living in the South of India i.e.
Malabar district
• Their anger was against Hindu landowners and the British
• Nearly 10,000 Moplahs at Tirur destroyed the police station, Hindu properties including temples and seized all
arms
• The British troops killed more than 4,000 Moplahs while several more were wounded.

Impact: This sours the unity between the Hindus and Muslims so the effectiveness of Khilafat movement
affected badly

Gandhi’s withdrawal – Chauri Chaura Incident 1922:

• Gandhi joined Khilafat Movement on the term and conditions of non-violence
• But in the town of Chauri Chaura, an angry mob took control of a police station and burned 22 policemen alive
• Gandhi reacted on this violent event and announced the withdrawal of his support for the Khilafat Movement.

Impact: Withdrawal of Gandhi at critical moment proved to be fatal for the Khilafat movement because he had
unified the two largest communities of India -— Hindus and Muslims.

Abolition of Khilafat by Kemal Attaturk 1924:

• Turkey became a republic under a military revolution in 1922
• The last Khalifa Sultan Muhammad/Mehmet VI was deposed
• Attaturk, had regained some of the lost Turkish territories and forced the Allies for a new peace treaty, the
Treaty of Lausanne
• He became a hero in the eyes of the Turkish people
• In 1924, the new Turkish Government led by Kemal Attaturk, abolished the institute of Khilafat
• The last Khalifa was sent into exile.

Impact: This proved to be a decisive blow to the Khilafat Movement.

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Additional Questions:
Q2. Who was Pundit Mohan Lal Malaviya? [4]

Early Life:
• Born on December 25, 1861, Allahabad, India
• He was an Indian scholar, educational reformer, and a leader of the Indian nationalist movement

Work & Contribution:

• He participated actively in debates on issues including free and compulsory primary education,
• He also raised his voice against recruiting of Indian labour in the British colonies
• Though a strong supporter of Congress, Malaviya helped establish the Hindu Mahasabha (“Great Society of
Hindus”) in 1906, which brought diverse local Hindu nationalist movements together
• He was the principal founder in 1916 of the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.

Death:
Died on November 12, 1946.

Q. What was Satyagraha? [4]

• It was the famous ideology of Gandhi

• According to this ideology a man must not respond violence with violence but peace
• Gandhi used this policy against the British rule continuously.
• It was an effective tool for the struggle of Indian Independence.
• Gandhi stressed the British for self-rule (swaraj) for India.

Q. What was Hindu Mahasaba? [4]

• It was formed in 1923 by Pandit Mohan Malaviya, a congressman.

• It contested its first elections in 1926.
• The party made progress when V.D Sawarkar became president.
• In 1947, the party condemned the partition settlement as a national disorder and
• Party also believed that Gandhi's religious tolerance was a threat to Hindu purity
• A fanatic Hindu member of Mahasaba Killed Gandhi on 30th January 1948.

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CHAPTER: 08
How successful was the Pakistan Movement in
the years 1927–1939?

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SIMON COMMISSION (1927)

Historical Background + Personalities:
The Conservative government sent a constitutional commission of seven members headed by Sir John Simon in 1927.

Details / features:
• Abolition of diarchy
• Federal form of government with maximum powers to the provinces
• Separate electorates for the Muslims
• Weight age for the Muslims in minority provinces
• Muslims demanded for the separation on Sind from Bombay and introduction of reforms in NWFP was not
rejected but postponed
• Muslims should not be given one third of the seats in Central Legislature.

Result / Consequence:
Opposed by Indians.

Q. Why Simon commission came to India? (7)

Unrest in India
By 1927, communal violence in India increased to such an extent following the Khilafat Movement that it threatened any
possible cooperation between Muslims and Hindus. Major Indian political parties demanded new political reforms after
rejecting the 1919 Act. As a result, the Conservative Government decided to bring forward the 1919 Act review deadline
by two years.

Fear of conservative party to loose election

The Secretary of State for India, Lord Birkenhead, believed that the Labor Party might give in too much to the Indians in
politics and feared that the Conservative Party would lose the next elections. In general, the Labor Party was seen as
being more understanding of the Indian issue.

Q. Why Simon commission was so unpopular in India? (7)

All white man delegation

The Simon Commission Report did not satisfy the major political parties of India. In fact, all the seven members of the
Commission were British. The INC and the ML, therefore, rejected the team by declaring it an "All white body".

Separate electorates to Muslims

The INC rejected Simon commission because Muslims were granted separate electorates and federal form government
recommended whereas INC was in favor of joint electorates and unitary form of government with maximum powers to
the center.

No one third seats to Muslims

The ML rejected Simon commission because no one third seats were granted to Muslims and the demand for the
separation on Sindh from Bombay and introduction of reforms in NWFP was postponed.

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DELHI PROPOSALS (1927)

Historical Background + Personalities:
In 1927 Mohammad Ali Jinnah called a conference of all Muslims leaders in Delhi to safeguard the political rights of
Muslims and make a better approach toward INC.

Details / features:
• Sindh should be separated from Bombay with full provincial status and all previous British reforms should be
applied to the Frontier Province and Balochistan
• In Punjab and Bengal, the allocated fewer seats should be corrected
• Muslims should be given one-third of the seats in the central legislature through joint electorates then the
Muslims league would be prepared to give up separate electorates.

Result / Consequence:
These demands also become a part of Jinnah’s 14 points.

NEHRU REPORT (1928)

Historical Background + Personalities:
After rejecting the recommendations of Simon commission, Nehru called an all-parties conference at Delhi in February
1928 to prepare draft for the Constitutional reforms.

Details / features:
• Full dominion Status for India (that the meant India would become independent
• Separate electorates and weightage were rejected
• The Muslims were to get proportional representative in Central legislature
• Sindh should be separated from Bombay
• Full provincial status to be given to NWFP and Baluchistan
• India should have a unitary form of government with a strong center
• The vote for all adult men and women
• India to be a federation with a two-chamber parliament

Result / Consequence:
Opposed by Muslim league.

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Q. Why Nehru report was opposed by Muslim league? (7)

Separate electorates
Nehru rejected separate electorates while Muslim league already demanded for separate electorates for Muslims.
Moreover, Muslim league also opposed the demand of making Hindi as official language of India.

Federal form of government

The INC demanded for the unitary form of government with major powers in the center but Muslim League wanted
Federal form of government with maximum powers to the provinces.

One third seats to Muslims

The INC not considered the demand of Muslim for one third representation of Muslims in the center while Muslim
league wanted one third seats in the central legislature, so they rejected Nehru report.

JINNAH’S 14 POINTS (1928)

Mr. Jinnah presented his 14 points at the annual meeting of Muslim League in 1929. These 14 points were given to
safeguard & protect the interest of Muslims.

(i) The form of the future constitution should be federal with the powers vested in the provinces.

(ii) Autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

(iii) Adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province.

(iv) In the Central Legislative, Muslim representation shall not be less than one-third.

(v) Right of separate electorate for Muslims.

(vi) Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in the
Punjab, Bengal and the North West Frontier Province.

(vii) Full religious liberty.

(viii) No bill or any resolution shall be passed in any legislature if three-fourth of the members of that community
opposes such a bill.

(ix) Sindh should be separated from the Bombay presidency.

(x) Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in the
other provinces.

(xi) Muslims should be given an adequate share, in all the services of the state.

(xii) Adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim
education, language, religion, personal laws.

(xiii) No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of at least one third
Muslim ministers.

(xiv) No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central Legislature without the approval of Indian Federation.

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SALT MARCH (1930)

Historical Background + Personalities:
The Indians were forced to incur a heavy salt tax charged by British sellers, especially since salt was a staple in their diet.
To protest this law, Gandhi declared resistance to the Salt Act and started a campaign of mass civil disobedience.

Details / features:
• Gandhi started this march from his Ashram (home) near Ahmedabad and marched for 24 days to reach the
coastal town of Dandi
• He was accompanied by thousands of his followers.

Result / Consequence:
The British banned the INC and arrested several INC leaders including Gandhi and Nehru.

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES (1930-32)

Timeline of RTCS:
First Round Table Conference (12th Nov 1930 – 19th Jan 1931)
- Allahabad Address of Iqbal (29 Dec 1930)
- Gandhi Irwin Pact (5th March 1931)
Second Round Table Conference (7th Sept – 1st Dec 1931)
- Communal Award (16th August 1932)
Third Round Table Conference (17th Nov – 24th Dec 1932)

FIRST ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

• In this conference all the parties were represented except Congress

• Congress refused to attend unless there was a guarantee that anything agreed at the Conference would be
implemented
• British Government gave no such guarantee
• The Muslim decided to attend the Congress in spite of Congress boycott.

Muslim delegation included: Sir Aga Khan, M.A Johar, Maulvi Fazaal-ul-Haq and M.A Jinnah.

Important issues decided at the conference were:

❖ The princely States agreed to extend their cooperation in forming an All-India Federation
❖ The British agreed that representative government should be introduced at provincial level
❖ Separation of Sind from Bombay
❖ To introduce Federal System of government in India.

Result: No agreement was reached as to the question of Muslims weight age in future constitution. Since congress was
India’s largest party and absent from 1st Round Table Conference, it was difficult to take final decision.

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ALLAHABAD ADDRESS (1930)

Historical Background + Personalities:
The annual session of the Muslim league was held at ALLAHBAD in 1930, which was presided over by Allama Iqbal.

Details / features:
• Iqbal declared Islam as a complete code of life
• He was fully convinced that the Muslims of India would ultimately have to establish a separate homeland, as
they could not live with the Hindus in the united India
• He viewed that Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and NWFP should be group together to make a separate state, which
should be given a dominion status within or outside the British Empire.

Result / Consequence:
Allama Iqbal’s views acted as an inspiration to many Muslims. He has, therefore been called ‘The father of the ideology
of Pakistan’.

GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (1931)

Historical Background + Personalities:
Gandhi was imprisoned so he could not attend the 1st RTC, but viceroy lord Irwin wanted his participation in 2nd RTC, so
had meeting with Gandhi.

Details / features:
• Irwin promised to release most political prisoners and return the property seized by the government during the
protests of the non-cooperation movement.
• Gandhi also gave up his demand for full independence in return for a promise that in a federal India, Indians
would have a genuine say in the government affairs.

Result / Consequence:
Finally, Gandhi agreed and the Gandhi-lrwin Pact was signed.

SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

• In this conference all the parties were represented

• Gandhi and Nehru also participated

Success:
❖ Both communities discussed the issues related to minorities
❖ Three new provinces were created “Sindh, NWFP and Orissa”

Failure:
❖ Gandhi adopted the stubborn attitude regarding the rights of minorities

Result: Non settlement of minorities issue could be reached and the second Conference ended without reaching at any
conclusion.

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COMMUNAL AWARD (1932)

Historical Background + Personalities:
British PM Ramsay MacDonald after the failure of the second RTC as he wanted .to resolve the political crisis of India.

Details / features:
• It gave the right of separate electorates to all the minorities in India and the principle of weightage was also
applied
• Though, Muslim majority in Bengal and Punjab was reduced, the ML accepted it in order to reach a political
settlement for the future of India.

Result / Consequence:
The INC rejected it and Gandhi protested against the declaration of the Untouchables as a minority. He began a strike of
Maran Bharatt (fasting till death).

THIRD ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

• The congress once again abstained from the conference because Gandhi had started his civil disobedience
movement
• Quaid-e-Azam did not take part in this conference and Sir Aga Khan led the Muslim delegation

Success:
❖ Few discussions over the future of India

Failure:
❖ Gandhi adopted the stubborn attitude regarding the rights of minorities
❖ Jinnah also left for London

Result: The Conference ended after few meetings without achieving anything.

Q. Why was it necessary to hold three round table conferences? (7)

To review Simon commission

The Indian people were not allowed to consider self-government of any kind by the British government. The general
populace got frustrated by this and frequently expressed their anger through violent incidents. The British were forced
to make decisions due to the political unrest, and they declared an RTC to review the Simon Commission Report.

Gandhi’s absence in first RTC

Major progress could not be made without the support of India's largest political party, the INC. In accordance with the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact, arrangements were made in March 1931 to include the INC in the political process. Gandhi gave up
his campaign of non-cooperation in exchange for being released and granted permission to travel to London for the
second RTC.

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Gandhi’s stubborn attitude

Following a few fruitful rounds of negotiations, Gandhi and Jinnah couldn't agree on anything, particularly regarding
minorities' rights. Jinnah wanted protection for minorities, but Gandhi argued that allowing minorities to practice their
religion would be enough. The RTC failed as both leaders firmly stuck to their views. Consequently, a further RTC was
required.

GOVERNMENT ACT OF INDIA (1935)

Background:
After discussing the summary of the three RTCs in the British Parliament, the Government of India Act 1935 was passed
in August 1935.
Features:
• It introduced a federal form of government for India with an upper house, the Council of State and a lower
house, the Legislative Assembly
• Diarchy was shifted to the Centre
• A greater degree of provincial autonomy was given and three new provinces were created: Sindh, the NWFP and
Orissa
• Right of vote was given to 25 % of the Indians
• The real powers were still with the British as the Viceroy could veto any law made by the provinces
• It was sharply criticized by both the ML and the INC.
Impact:
It was resisted by Indians.

Q. Why was Government Act of India 1935 so important for the Indians? (7)

Federal form of government

It was important because the British were under pressure to grant India self-rule due to the Federal form of government
and a parliamentary system. By adding more Indians, the Central Assembly and the Council of States were significantly
expanded.

Increased number of voters

Compared to the previous number of voters, five times rise in the number of voters ensured that more Indians, which
includes 25% of the total population and 5 million women, would be able to choose their own representatives.

New provinces formed

Three new provinces were created - Sindh, The NWFP, (both Muslim majority provinces) and Orissa. Thus, an increase in
the number of provinces so more representation and share of Indian in politics of India.

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Q. Why was Government Act of India 1935 rejected by the Indians? (7)

Power of governors
Although the Indians demanded total independence, the British possessed full power since the governors of the
provinces were able to overthrow the provincial governments in an emergency.

Veto power
The Viceroy had the power to veto any Indian legislation that he found unacceptable. The Viceroy was in charge of
foreign and defense policy. This meant that the Indians were granted limited authority.

Property qualification
Due to the tight property requirements, even with a five-time increase in the voter population, 3/4 of Indians were still
denied the right to vote. As a result, the vast majority of Indians didn't have a chance to choose the representatives they
wanted to govern them.

ELECTION (1936-37)
Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of
India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces - Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United
Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.

Result: The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the three exceptions being
Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.

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CONGRESS RULE (1937-39)

Religious activities ban:
• The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef
• Severe punishments were awarded to those who slaughtered the ‘mother cow’
• A policy was made by the Congress to erase the Muslim’s culture
• Hindi was imposed as the official language in all the provinces
• Azan was banned and organized attacks were made on the Muslims who were busy in worship in the mosques
• Noisy processions were passed near the mosques at prayer times
• Pigs were pushed into the mosques.

Impact: Muslims developed a strong fear about their religious and cultural traditions in case of a Hindu
dominated India.

Wardha Scheme / Vidiya Mandir Scheme:

• This was also called the “Basic Education scheme” based on Gandhi's views
• Bow in front of Gandhi’s portrait
• Sing the hymns (religious songs) of Hindu gods in morning assemblies
• Study trips of Hindu temples were arranged to teach children how to worship Hindu idols
• Hindi was made compulsory as medium of education
• It also stressed that the Muslims should leave their organization Muslim League and join the congress to get
benefits.

Impact: Muslims saw these measures as an attempt to subvert their love for Islam as their religion did not allow
bowing before any image or portrait.

INC flag with the Union jack:

• The Congress flag was given the status of national flag by hoisting it together with the Union Jack (British flag)
• This was done to convey the message that there were only two political powers in India i.e. British and Congress.

Impact: Muslims felt that INC was bent upon ignoring the political importance of Indian Muslims.

Wande Mataram song:

• This was the national song of Hindus in which the; encouraged to expel Muslims out of Hindustan
• Offending remarks were also passed in this song about Muslims
• This was not the official policy-statement of Congress, but the singing of the song was made compulsory before
the start of official business every day in the provincial assemblies.

Impact: This greatly offended the Muslims who began to feel that were being forced to become familiar with
Hinduism.

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DAY OF DELIVERANCE (1939)

Thus, more than two- and half-year rule of Congress comes to an end. Following the resignation of the congress
ministries. All India Muslim league officially celebrated the ‘Day of Deliverance’ on 22nd December 1939 as a celebration
to mark an end of Congress rule, which was as based on tyranny, oppression and injustice.

Q. How did Jinnah reorganize the Muslim league during congress rule? (7)

Grassroot support
Jinnah encouraged party members to increase grassroots support. He started an active campaign to increase the ML's
voters. He made persuasive speeches in favor of the party while on a tour of several cities, trying to gain support for the
ML. His efforts started to pay off, and the group's membership significantly increased. Several thousand Muslims,
including the chief ministers of Bengal, Assam, and Punjab, had joined the ML by 1938.

Women’s subcommittee
Throughout its 1937–1939 rule, the INC strongly supported Jinnah's viewpoints. Despite the criticism and predictions of
failure from the Muslim INC members, Jinnah continued in his efforts with unwavering resolve. In 1938, at the ML
annual meeting, Miss Fatimah Jinnah formed a women's subcommittee. Jinnah was able to include Muslim women into
the ML's mission in this way.

Islam – a proper guidance

Jinnah started urging Muslims to look to Islam for political guidance. He argued that Islam taught in its followers a strong
sense of brotherhood, equality, and liberty. The Muslims benefited from this since they could now see how seriously the
INC was threatening their rights and cultural interests.

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CHAPTER: 09
How successful were attempts to find solutions
to the problems facing the sub-continent in the
years 1940 – 1947?

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PAKISTAN RESOLUTION (1940)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• The annual session of the ML held at the Minto Park in Lahore on 23rd March 1940
• Presided over by the Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• The premier of Bengal, Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq forwarded this resolution.

Details / features:
• Demanded a separate and independent Muslim state comprising the Muslim majority provinces in the
northwestern and north-eastern zones of India

Result / Consequence:
Hindu press called it the 'Pakistan Resolution' in a sarcastic way, and the same title was eventually accepted by the ML

Q. Why Muslim league demanded for the separate homeland in 1940? (7)

Nehru Report – Violation of Muslim rights

Jinnah and the Muslim League made numerous attempts to promote some kind of Hindu-Muslim unity, but their hopes
were repeatedly destroyed. Nehru report of 1928 was a pure reflection of Hindus interest and violation of Muslim’s.
Jinnah wanted some changes in that report but INC denied. This led to the Muslim league to think about a separate
homeland where their rights will be safeguarded.

Gandhi’s attitude towards minorities

Gandhi adopted stubborn attitude towards the rights of minorities during second RTC. According to him religious liberty
is sufficient. This reflected that Hindus will not tolerate Muslims religion and culture in coming time. This made Muslim
realized the importance of separate homeland for them.

Congress Rule
The partition of India was made possible by the atrocities carried out by INC ministers against Muslims. When extreme
Hindus forced pigs into mosques and the Wardha Scheme made Muslim students bow before Gandhi's portrait, Muslims
were deprived of their right to practice their religion.

AUGUST OFFER (1940)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• An offer was made by viceroy Lord Linlithgow to win the support of Muslims in the WWII (World War II) in
August 1940

Details / features:
• New constitution of India will not be considered and finalized without the approval of Muslims
• However, Muslim League wanted an equal or greater share in the defense council
• Viceroy did not accept this demand of Muslims

Result / Consequence:
Muslim League rejected this offer.

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ATLANTIC CHARTER (1941)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• British PM Winston Churchill and US President Franklin Roosevelt met on a ship during WWII
• An agreement was signed between these two leaders

Details / features:
They agreed on:
• Every nation must have freedom of speech, self-government and self determination
• There must be economic collaboration between nations to ensure prosperity
• There must be freedom of navigation on the seas and the elimination of trade barriers
• There must respect of every nation

Result / Consequence:
Labor party of England persuaded British government for the independence of India in the light of Atlantic Charter.

Q. Why was the Atlantic charter significant to India? (7)

Self determination
The Indian independence movement was influenced by the Charter's principles of "self-determination" and the freedom
to choose their form of government, even though the Charter itself had no immediate impact on India. Labor party drew
the attention of British PM over the Independence of India.

Freedom
The desires of Indian nationalists for freedom and autonomy were encouraged by the Charter's focus on national
sovereignty, which helped India achieve its goal of independence from British rule.

Decolonization
It did add to the worldwide circumstances that encouraged decolonization campaigns. It influenced public opinion
around the world in favor of ending colonialism.

CRIPPS MISSION PLAN (1942)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• To reach a compromise between British and Indians, A member of British cabinet Stafford Cripps sent to India in
1942.

Details / features / Proposals:

• Dominion status will be granted to India after the war
• Elections will be held in India to elect a constitutional assembly which will frame constitution for India
• Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate union and have a separate constitution

Result / Consequence:
Indian national congress and Muslim league both rejected it.

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Q. How Cripps Mission plan was in favor of Indians?

Q. Explain the significance of Cripps Mission Plan for Indians. (7)

Dominion status to India

The promise of dominion status for India following the war was made by the Cripps Mission. This suggested that India
would join the British Commonwealth as an independent country with full self-governance, enjoying the same status as
other dominions like Canada and Australia.

Need of Indians in decision making

The plan recognized the necessity of Indian involvement in crucial decision-making. Even though the British were going
to retain control over defense, foreign affairs, and communications until later, the plan was to include Indian
representatives in these areas through a Constituent Assembly.

Opt out clause

According to the Cripps proposals if a province disagreed with the proposed constitution, it could choose to leave the
Indian federation. This clause gave diverse communities and regions the freedom to follow their own path while
addressing their concerns.

Q. Why Cripps Mission Plan was rejected by Indians? (7)

No self-rule to Indians
Although the mission suggested giving India dominion status after the war, it did not specify an exact date for obtaining
complete independence. Indian leaders began to question the British government's sincerity regarding their
commitment to self-rule.

Retained British authority

The mission realized that Indians should be involved in decision-making, but it retained British authority over important
areas like defense, foreign policy, and communications. Many Indian leaders saw this reservation of powers not as a true
transfer of power to Indians but as a way to maintain colonial control.

Opt out clause

The mission gave provinces the option to reject the proposed Indian federation if they disagreed with the constitution,
but the process for doing so was thought to be difficult and ineffective. This clause failed to sufficiently address the
challenges of different regions.

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QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION (1942)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• On 8th August 1942, the Indian National Congress passed the historic Quit India Resolution at Allahabad.

Details / features:
• The resolution demanded that India's British colonial rule end immediately
• The movement, organized by Mahatma Gandhi, consisted of massive rallies, strikes, and acts of civil
disobedience with the goal of forcing the British to withdraw from India
• The slogan "Quit India," which served as the movement's motto, is frequently used to sum up the resolution.

Result / Consequence:
British reacted over it strongly, did arial bombing over protestors and imprisoned many leaders of INC.

Q. Why Indian National Congress started quit India resolution? (7)

Frustration against British

Indian leaders, especially those in the Indian National Congress, were becoming increasingly frustrated with the British
government for not granting their demands for independence and self-governance. This frustration was made worse by
the Cripps Mission's failure and the lack of a clear strategy for India's post-war political future.

Want India fully independent

Under Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress leadership thought that India should become a fully
independent nation. The Congress became aggressive because of the perceived lack of progress in the political
negotiations and the delay in addressing Indian desires for self-governance.

Threat of Japanese invasions

The recent Japanese invasion of Singapore gave rise to rumors of a possible Japanese attack on India. Gandhi argued
that there was no risk of a Japanese attack in the event that the British left India.

GANDHI JINNAH TALK (1944)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• After releasing from jail, Gandhi paid a visit to Jinnah’s residence to meet him
• Several things were discussed between two leaders.

Details / features:
• Gandhi demanded immediate support of Muslim league to Indian National Congress, promised to discuss
partition later once the British will leave India
• Gandhi considered himself as a spokesperson on the behalf Indians
• Gandhi wanted all the powers to the center instead of provinces
• Also, he rejected the concept of two-nation theory.

Result / Consequence:
Jinnah rejected all these demands of Gandhi.

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Q. Why Gandhi Jinnah talk failed? (7)

Jinnah wanted secure partition

Gandhi wanted immediate support of Muslim league and promised to discuss the partition of India later once the British
left India but Jinnah wanted to secure partition first before the departure of British. He knew that partition will not
discuss once the British left.

Federal form of government

Gandhi demanded for unitary form of government with maximum powers to the center. However, Jinnah wanted
federal form of government with maximum powers to the provinces so Muslim provinces can make their own policies.

Two nation theory

Gandhi argued against the two-nation theory, claiming that Muslims in India were just local converts and that their
religious conversion did not qualify them as a nation in and of itself. Jinnah rejected his claim by emphasizing the
historical, cultural, and civilizational divide between Muslims and Hindus.

Spoke person
Gandhi claimed him as a spokesperson on the behalf of all Indians however Jinnah reminded him that he is only the
spokesperson of Hindus.

SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• The Second World War had caused many socio-economic problems in the British
• Thus, the British Government saw it fit to grant India the freedom it had been demanding for so long
• Lord Wavel invited all parties to Simla to discuss future of India in 1945.

Details / features:
• Wavel Plan suggested the formation of an Executive council with equal number of Hindu and Muslim ministers
• These ministers will have control over all affairs of India except of defense and viceroy.

Result / Consequence:
Conference failed due to the deadlock between Gandhi and JInnah.

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Q. Why Simla conference failed? (7)

Muslims as minority
According to Wavel plan, an equal number of Hindu and Muslim ministers should serve in the Executive Council. Jinnah
made an argument that Muslims would always be a minority in the Executive Council since the other non-Muslim parties
would undoubtedly back the INC. Wavell was unable to add to the already-granted share of Muslim ministers in India
that exceeded their numerical strength. So, no progress in conference.

Deadlock between Gandhi and Jinnah

Gandhi insisted that the INC be granted the authority to nominate few Muslim ministers as well. Jinnah rejected this
demand, stated that since 1940, the Muslim League had won every Muslims seat in the legislature. So again, a deadlock
between Gandhi and Jinnah which led to the failure of conference.

INC popularity in NWFP

Jinnah was also aware that, given the INC's developing popularity in the NWFP, Gandhi's demand that a Muslim minister
be nominated surely would weaken the ML's hold on some of the provinces included in his proposed map of Pakistan. In
other words, the Conference was unable to agree on the Wavell Plan.

ELECTIONS IN INDIA (1945-46)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• British Prime minister Clement Attlee asked Wavel to hold elections in India
• These elections were for central and provincial assemblies aimed to set an executive council for Indians.

Details / features:
• Muslim league campaigned for divided India
• Whereas Indian National Congress campaigned for undivided and Independent India
• INC got 91% of non-Muslim votes, got a majority in 8 provinces including NWFP
• ML got 87% of total Muslim votes

Result / Consequence:
Results were very categorical, clearly showed that all Hindus supported INC and all Muslims of India supported ML.

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Q. Why Muslim league performed better in 1945 elections? (7)

Support from grassroot level

Jinnah played a great role in uniting all groups of Muslims. Jinnah advised leaders of Muslim league to gain support from
the grassroot level. Moreover, chief ministers of Assam, Bengal and Punjab joined Muslim league so the vote bank also
increased which result in a greater number of votes for ML.

Effective campaigns
Muslim league was seen as a party of elite Muslims because rich landowners and nawabs were among the founders of it.
So, ML launched effective campaigns in the various provinces of India to overcome this ‘Image Problem’. This boosted
the popularity of Muslim league.

Congress rule
Muslims came together in shock during the INC rule of 1937–1939. They understood that their political and cultural
identities would be seriously threatened in an INC-dominated India. Muslims came close on the ML platform to demand
Pakistan. Large number of Muslims voted for ML in elections of 1945.

CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• In March 1946, members of the British Cabinet Mission arrived in India to work out a plan for achieving
independence for India as a federation
• Three members were Lord Pethic Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V Alexander.

Details / features:
It rejected the idea of establishing of Pakistan
Three parts suggested to a post British India
✓ Hindu majority territories
✓ Western Muslim population
✓ Bengal and Assam

Result / Consequence:
Congress however refused to accept the groupings and that they would not be bound by any British plan.

Q. Why Simla conference couldn’t’ achieve success? (7)

Tension between Hindus and Muslims

The Commission discovered a conflict between the ML and the INC. Whereas the ML called for India's independence and
partition, the INC insisted on an independent and united India. Each side firmly stuck to their positions.

No permanent solution
An interim government was proposed by the commission which will comprised on the members of central and provincial
legislatures. It would decide the making of states after the departure of British. ML and INC wanted a permanent
solution of India before the British leave so they rejected.

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Nehru’s opposition
Nehru clearly said that INC will not be bound with the plan of making of three autonomous units after British departure.
They want a permanent solution of India which resulted in failure of Wavell plan.

DIRECT ACTION DAY (1946)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• The ML got worried that the British would leave India without organizing a settlement and didn’t want Congress
to be left in charge of organizing a new country. Thus, the ML organized a Direct Action Day in the summer of
1946 in an attempt to stop the British government giving in to Congress.

Details / features:
• Rioting on a massive scale took place and thousands died. The British got increasingly worried that civil war
would ensue and gradually a change of mind grew over partition.

Result / Consequence:
Violence in the Punjab in March 1947 that convinced Nehru that partition should take place quickly.

3RD JUNE PLAN (1947)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• British PM Attlee announced that India would be independent by June 1948. He sent the new Viceroy Lord
Mountbatten in March 1947 to finalize the plan of independence of India.

Details / features:
• Realizing that partition of India was inevitable, on 3rd June 1947
• He announced that there would be two states, India and Pakistan
• Each state will be having a Dominion status
• Muslim majority provinces would decide to join either state by voting
• Both countries would adopt the 1935 Act as the interim constitution.

Result / Consequence:
This led to the communal violence in India.

Violence in the Punjab in March 1947 that convinced Nehru that partition should take place quickly.

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REDCLIFF AWARD (1947)

Historical Background:
• Sir Cyril Redcliff was appointed as a head of boundary commission
• Responsibility of this commission was to draw boundary line between India and Pakistan\
• Redcliff announced on 16th August 1947.

Details / features:
• Redcliff had four assistants, two from Muslim league and two from Indian National Congress
• Redcliff didn’t unjust distribution and awarded Ferozpur and Gurdaspur to India even though those were Muslim
majority areas.
• Due to this unjust distribution, headworks of two rivers Ravi and Sutlej remained in India
• Gurdaspur has an access to Kashmir, which is an easy route for India to enter there.

Result / Consequence:
Jinnah unwillingly accepted the award.

INDEPENDENCE ACT (1947)

Historical Background + Personalities:
• It was passed on August 15, 1947, and it declared that India would be divided into Pakistan and India as
Dominion states as of that date.

Details / features:
• Each state would have complete autonomy to pass laws as they see fit
• Until the two states drafted their own constitutions, the 1935 Act would act as the interim constitution.

Result / Consequence:
India designated August 15th as Independence Day, while Pakistan designated August 14th.

LORD MOUNTBATTEN
Early Life:
• Lord Lois Mountbatten was born in Windsor on 25 June 1900
• He joined the Royal Navy in 1916 and saw action in World War I
• New British Prime Minister Clement Attlee advised King George VI to appoint Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy
of India.

Work & Contribution:

• Mountbatten brought forward the date of the partition from June 1948 to 15 August 1947
• When Pakistan and India attained independence at midnight on the night of 14–15 August 1947, Mountbatten
remained in New Delhi for 10 months, serving as the first governor-general of an independent India until June
1948.

Death:
On 27 August 1979, Mountbatten was assassinated when IRA (Irish Republican Army) terrorists blew up his boat.

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CHAPTER: 10
How important were the contributions of
Jinnah, Allama Iqbal and Rahmat Ali to the
success of the Pakistan Movement to 1947?

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ALLAMA IQBAL
Early Life:
• He was a philosopher-poet born in Sialkot, Punjab in 1877
• He was educated at Government College, Lahore
• He earned a degree in philosophy from the University of Cambridge, qualified as a barrister in London.

Work & Contribution:

• He served as a member of Punjab legislative assembly
• His became famous after his address at Allahabad in 1930
• He demanded for the separate Muslim territories in the North-west of India
• He also took part in second and third roundtable conferences

Death:
He died in 1938.

Q. Explain the significance of Allama Iqbal on the struggle for Pakistan. (7)

Allahabad Address
Iqbal chaired the ML's historic session in Allahabad in December 1930. By focusing on the unique cultural, civilizational,
and historical aspects of the Muslim community, he developed the two-nation theory. Iqbal expressed his hope for the
establishment of a Muslim homeland in the northern Indian provinces where Muslims dominate. As a result, many
Muslims in India during the 1930s seriously considered dividing the country into communities.

Inspiring poetries
Iqbal is also significant because of his motivational poetry, which over time gave Muslims a sense of purpose and
gradually planted in them a sense of Muslim nationalism. His poetry encouraged Muslims to be proud of their history
and culture, giving them hope.

Convinced Jinnah to come back India

Iqbal was the one who convinced Jinnah to return to India and take charge of the Muslim community. Thus, when the
Lahore Resolution was passed in March 1940, Jinnah gave Iqbal a heartfelt tribute and expressed his wish that Iqbal had
lived to see his vision come true. Iqbal truly deserves the title "Architect of Pakistan."

Criticism on British & Hindus

Iqbal convinced a number of ML leaders to form a powerful political group that would oppose both the Congress's plans
for an India ruled by Hindus and British rule. He argued that it was unfair to occupy the territory of an independent
people and opposed the imperialist powers of the West. Because of his opinions, he became a respected and capable
leader who could speak for Indian Muslims.

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CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI

Early life:
• He was born in November 1895 into a Gujjar Muslim family in a District of Indian Punjab
• After completing his schooling, he joined the Islamia College of Lahore
• After his graduation in 1918; he initially taught at Aitcheson College Lahore
• He obtained a BA degree in 1933 and MA in 1940 from the University of Cambridge.

Work & Contribution:

• He established the Pakistan National Movement
• he issued his first memorable pamphlet “Now or Never; Are we to live or perish forever?” The pamphlet gave
reasons for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate nation coining the word Pakistan for the first time
• He coined the word “Pakistan”, and published various booklets about his vision for South Asia
• He also took part in second and third roundtable conferences

Death:
He died in February 1951.

Q. Explain the significance of Chaudhry Rehmat Ali on the struggle for Pakistan. (7)

Pakistan scheme
He introduced Pakistan's plan. He was opposed to any form of Indian federation and attended the Round Table
Conferences in London in the 1930s as a young student. Instead, he supported actively beginning the fight for a fully
separate and distinct Muslim nation that would include the Indian provinces with a majority of Muslims in the
northwest. He attempted to convince the Muslim leaders to embrace his plan, but he was unable to win them over.

Word “Pakistan”
In the 1933 pamphlet "Now or Never," he coined the name Pakistan for the newly independent Muslim state. The word
Pakistan literally means "land of the pure (Muslims)," and every letter in the word denotes a region with a majority of
Muslims both inside and outside of India. Even though Jinnah declined to meet with him, the Muslim League adopted
the name Pakistan for the sovereign Muslim state.

Rehmet Ali’s views

His ideas were far ahead of Iqbal's, who suggested creating a Muslim state either inside or outside of India. Because of
this, the majority of Muslim leaders rejected them, but in the 1930s, many started to consider partitioning India.

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MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

NOTE: For the preparation of the topic of Jinnah (achievements / efforts), prepare previous topics including following:

• Lucknow Pact,
• Delhi Proposals,
• Jinnah’s 14 Points,
• Pakistan Resolution,
• Day of Deliverance,
• Gandhi-Jinnah Talk,
• Cabinet Mission Plan,
• Direct Action Day.

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 48 | P a g e

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