CONTENTS

PART-1: CURRENT AFFAIRS 4 CONSTITUTION, POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 25

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5 # GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper II (Main) 25
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper III (Main) 5 TEN YEARS OF ANDHRA PRADESH BIFURCATION 25
#Federalism 25
INDIA’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR 5
SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS 28
#Industry #IndustrialPolicy 5
#Federalism #Center-State Relations 28
CAPITAL ACCOUNT LIBERALISATION 8
#Mains Exhaustive 28
#ExternalSector #Liberalisation 8
CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY 29
DRIVING INDIAN ECONOMIC GROWTH 10
#Polity and Constitution 29
#MobilisationofResources #IndianEconomy 10
NONE OF THE ABOVE (NOTA IN ELECTIONS) 30
PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA (PMFBY) 12
#Elections 30
#InclusiveGrowth #Agriculture 12
TRUMP BECOMES FIRST EX-U.S. PRESIDENT TO BE CONVICTED
10-POINT AGENDA FOR AGRICULTURE 14
OF FELONY 32
#Agriculture #FoodSecurity 14
#Comparative Constitutions #Union Executive 32
MAKING INDIA A DEVELOPED COUNTRY BY 2047 15
MISSION KARMAYOGI 33
#MobilisationofResources #InclusiveGrowth 15
#Governance Reforms 33
POWER MARKETS IN INDIA 16
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX 2024 RELEASED BY OXFORD
#Infrastructure #Energy 16
ECONOMICS 34
INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF INDIA 17
#PrelimsSnippets 34
#MobilisationofResources #PrelimsSnippets 17
NATIONAL FORENSIC INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCEMENT
ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANIES (ARCS) 18
SCHEME (NFIES) 36
#MobilisationofResources #Banking #PrelimsSnippets 18
#Criminal Justice System, Governance 36
CREDIT SCORE 19
ADJOURNMENT MOTION IN LOK SABHA 36
#MobilisationofResources #Banking #PrelimsSnippets 19
#Polity and Constitution #Parliamentary Democracy 36
PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI (PM-KISAN) 20
STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL 37
#Agriculture #Inputs #PrelimsSnippets 20
#State Legislature 37
TEA CROP 20
#MajorCrops #PrelimsSnippets 20
CORN (MAIZE) 21
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & SECURITY 40
#Agriculture #MajorCrops #PrelimsSnippets 21
CHILLI 21
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper II & III (Main) 40
#Agriculture #MajorCrops #PrelimsSnippets 21 A PROGRESSIVE INDIAN POLICY ON MYANMAR 40
VADHAVAN PORT 22 #Bilateral relations 40
#Infrastructure #Transport #PrelimsSnippets 22 INDIA – US TIES 40
FASTER ADOPTION AND MANUFACTURING OF HYBRID & #Bilateral relations 40
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA (FAME-II) 23 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 41
#Infrastructure #Transport 23 #Regionalgroups #IndiaandASEAN 41
INDIAN GAS EXCHANGE (IGX) 23 INDIA – CHINA 43
#Infrastructure #Energy #FinancialMarkets 23 #Bilateral relations 43
CHABAHAR DEAL 44
#IndiaIran #Agreeements 44
GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, BIODIVERSITY &
NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY 45
#InternalSecurity 45 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 71
BRICS EXPANSION 47 # GS Paper (Prelims) and GS Paper I & III (Main) 71
#InternationalGroupings 47
URBAN FLOODING 71
INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS 49
#Disaster Management 71
#Indiaanditsneighbours #Internationalrelations 49
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION 73
WARFARE IN CYBERSPACE 50
#prelimsnuggets#Pollution 73
#Internal Security 50
ON THE HINDU KUSH HIMALAYAS SNOW UPDATE 74
RECENT TRENDS OF TERRORISM IN JAMMU & KASHMIR 50
#Environment 74
#Security 50
WHY DIRECT SEEDING OF RICE (DSR) IS YET TO PICK UP IN
G7 SUMMIT 52
PUNJAB 74
#International Organisations 52
#geography #agriculture 74
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) 52
OVERVIEW OF INDIAN OCEAN 75
#InternationalRelations #Organisations 52
#prelimsnuggets #World Geography 75
HOW DELHI GETS ITS WATER 76

SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 55 #Environment and Ecology 76

TONGA VOLCANO COULD CAUSE UNUSUAL WEATHER FOR
# GS Paper I & GS Paper II (Main) 55
REST OF DECADES 77
POVERTY DEBATE 55 #prelimsnuggets #World Geography 77
#Poverty #society 55 RUBBER 77
RISING CASES UNDER POSH ACT POINT TO BETTER #prelimsnuggets #Indian Geography 77
REPORTING 56 NITROUS OXIDE 79
#Social Issues #Women Issues 56 #prelimsnuggets #Pollution #Climate Change 79
AYUSHMAN BHARAT DIGITAL MISSION 58 NATIONAL MINERAL EXPLORATION TRUST 80
#Social Justice #Government Schemes #Health #Prelims #prelimsnuggets #Mining 80
Nuggets 58 STRATEGIC IMPERATIVE AND ENVIRONMENT CONCERN IN
THE DELAY OF THE 2021 CENSUS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 59 GREAT NICOBAR PROJECT 80
#Society #Population & Associated Issues 59 #Environment & Ecology, Biodiversity 80
GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX, 2024 60 SCIENTISTS FINDS FIRST EVIDENCE THAT BUTTERFLIES
#Indian Society #Women #Report and Index #Prelims Nuggets CROSSED THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 82
60 #Biodiversity 82
THE MARRIAGE PENALTY 63 CANOPY BRIDGE IN HOLLONGAPAR GIBBON SANCTUARY 83
#Social Issues #Social Justice # Women # Human resource 63 #prelimsnuggets #Protected Areas 83
SHOULD EDUCATION BE BROUGHT BACK TO THE STATE LIST? RANTHAMBORE NATIONAL PARK 84
65 #prelimsnuggets #Environment and Ecology 84
#Social Justice #Education #Summary 65 GANDHI SAGAR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY BEING DEVELOPED AS
INEQUALITY AMONG CASTE 66 INDIA’S SECOND HOME FOR CHEETAHS 85
#Indian Society #Salient feature of Indian Society #Caste #Protected Areas 85
#Mains Exhaustive 66 CARACAL 86
NATA PRATHA 67 #Biodiversity #Prelims Nuggets 86
#Indian Society #Women and women related issues #Prelims LARGEST LEOPARD SAFARI OPENS AT BANNERGHATTA 86
Nuggets 67 #prelimsnuggets #Biodiversity, Flora & Fauna 86
THE VULNERABILITIES OF INDIA’S ELDERLY 67 MAINLAND SEROW 87
#Society & Social Justice #Population #Elderlies #Vulnerable #Biodiversity#Flora & Fauna 87
sections 67 SHYOK RIVER 87
#prelimsnuggets #Indian Geography 87 #TemplesinIndia #Templearchitecture #HeritageandCulture
110
OLD FORT OF DELHI (PURANA QILA) 112
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 90 #Monuments #Medievalhistory #Mughalperiod 112
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper III (Main) 90 JAINISM 113
#Religion #Mahavira #Pilgrimagesites #Sculpturaltraditions
FIRST EVIDENCE OF TRANSOCEANIC MIGRATION IN
113
BUTTERFLIES 90
INTERNATIONAL YOGA DAY 2024 116
#Biology and Biotechnology 90
#Indianartforms #Culture #Miscellaneous 116
PROGRESS TOWARDS LONG-AWAITED HIV VACCINE 91
SRINAGAR GETS WORLD CRAFT CITY TAG 117
#Biology and Biotechnology 91
#ArtandCulture #Herigate #WCC #Personalities 117
VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES 92
SOMANATHAPUR 118
#Biology & Biotechnology 92
#Heritageandculture #TemplesinIndia #Architecture #UNESCO
APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY 93
118
#Nuclear Technology 93
ACTIVATED CARBON 94

PART-2: ETHICS, INTEGRITY &

#Material Science 94
POTASSIUM CYANIDE 95
#Miscellaneous 95
METHANOL POISONING 96 APTITUDE 123
#Miscellaneous 96
AGNIBAAN SORTED ROCKET 97 NATIONAL TESTING AGENCY AND THE ISSUES OF
#Astronomy and Space Technology 97 INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY 124
USING FIREWALL TO BLOCK INTERNET ACCESS 98 #Integrity in public services #Issues arising out of working of
#Internet and Communication Technology 98 institutions in India 124
KAVACH SYSTEM 98 CASE STUDIES FOR PRACTICE 127
#New Emerging Technology 98 MAINS GS PAPER IV 127
PROJECT-75 AND PROJECT-75I 99
#Defence Technology 99
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS OF INDIAN NAVY 100 PART-3: ESSAYS OF THE MONTH 130
#Defence Technology 100
ABHYAS - HIGH SPEED EXPENDABLE AERIAL TARGET 101 CONFORMITY IS JAILOR OF FREEDOM AND ENEMY OF
#Defence Technology 101 GROWTH 131
#PHILOSOPHICAL 131
HISTORY DOES NOT BELONG TO US BUT WE BELONG TO IT 132
HISTORY, HERITAGE & Culture 103
#PhilosoPhical 132
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper I (Main) 103 TECHNOLOGY IS USEFUL SERVANT BUT A DANGEROUS
MASTER 134
ARCHAEOLOGISTS, SANSKRIT SCHOLARS TIE UP TO DECIPHER
#Science & Technology 134
RIGVEDA TEXT 103
#AncientIndia #Vedicage #Harappans 103
NALANDA UNIVERSITY 105
#Ancienthistory #Culture #AncientIndiaeducationsystem 105
SATNAMI COMMUNITY 107
#ModernHistory #Peoples’revolt #Community 107
THE EMERGENCY (1975-1977) 108
#PostIndependence #PoliticalParties #Personalities 108
ODISHA STYLE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE 110
 PART ONE

Current Affairs
logical .simple .targeted
analysis & explanation
of all relevant news of the month
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper III (Main)

INDIA’S MANUFACTURING
○ Third, only a small share of employment in
manufacturing is in organised manufacturing

SECTOR (the unorganised manufacturing sector accounted

for almost 70 per cent of total manufacturing
#Industry #IndustrialPolicy employment); and
○ Fourth, employment is heavily concentrated in
small firms.
Government must align policies to augment domestic
SIGNIFICANCE OF MANUFACTURING SECTOR
investment, improve domestic value addition and export
competitiveness.
ABOUT THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
• The Indian manufacturing industry generated 16-17%
of India’s GDP.
• It employs around 27 million workers of the Indian
labour force.
• India’s manufacturing exports for FY22 reached an
unprecedented US$ 418 billion, an overall growth of
more than 40% compared to the US$ 290 billion from
the previous year.
• In this context, the Indian manufacturing sector
exhibits many peculiarities:
○ First, it contributes small and stagnant share to • Employment Generation: The manufacturing sector
GDP (17%); is a significant source of employment, particularly for
semi-skilled and skilled workers. It provides
opportunities for income generation, reduces
unemployment, and contributes to poverty reduction.
E.g., the automotive industry in India has created
millions of direct and indirect jobs, offering
employment to a diverse workforce.
• Economic Growth: Manufacturing plays a vital role in
driving economic growth and contributing to the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A robust
manufacturing sector stimulates other sectors of the
economy, such as agriculture and services, through
forward and backward linkages.
• Export Promotion: Manufacturing contributes
significantly to India’s export earnings, bringing in
foreign exchange and improving the country’s trade
○ Second, its composition is more skewed towards balance. Industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles,
skill and capital intensive activities; and engineering goods have a strong presence in

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 Economic Development

global markets. E.g., India is one of the world’s largest • Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Vocal for Local and protection
exporters of generic drugs, contributing to affordable to domestic Industries through tariffs.
healthcare globally.
• Make in India Action Plan: Increasing the
• Technological Advancements and Innovation: The
manufacturing sector’s contribution to 25 percent of
manufacturing sector promotes technological
GDP by 2020.
advancements and innovation, driving productivity and
competitiveness. The adoption of advanced • Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme:
manufacturing technologies and processes enhances ○ Keeping in view India's vision of becoming
efficiency, quality, and product development. 'Atmanirbhar', Production Linked Incentive (PLI)
• Supply Chain Development: It stimulates the Schemes for 14 key sectors were announced with an
development of supply chains, involving suppliers, outlay of Rs. 1.97 lakh crore (over US$26 billion) to
distributors, and service providers, which creates
enhance India's Manufacturing capabilities and
additional employment and business opportunities.
exports.
• Infrastructure Development: Manufacturing
○ The purpose of the PLI Schemes is to attract
necessitates the development of infrastructure, such as
transportation networks, power supply, and logistics. investments in key sectors and cutting-edge
This leads to improvements in overall infrastructure, technology; ensure efficiency and bring economies
benefiting various sectors and regions. For instance, of size and scale in the manufacturing sector and
the construction of industrial parks and special make Indian companies and manufacturers globally
economic zones (SEZs) for manufacturing purposes has competitive.
led to infrastructure development in previously
○ Strategy: Offer companies incentives on
underdeveloped areas.
incremental sales of products manufactured in
• Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A vibrant
India. The scheme also invites foreign companies to
manufacturing sector attracts foreign investment,
which brings in capital, technology, and expertise. set up units in India and avail benefits.
Foreign companies establish manufacturing facilities in ○ Incentives: Extend an incentive of 4% to 7% on
India to tap into the domestic market and utilise the incremental sales (over base year of 2019- 20) of
country’s skilled labour force. Examples include global goods manufactured in India for a period of 5 years.
automotive manufacturers like Suzuki, Hyundai, and
• Other Schemes: Start-up India, Stand-up India,
Honda, which have set up production facilities in India.
MUDRA, Schemes for development of MSMEs etc-
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO BOOST
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Program
MANUFACTURING
(NMCP), Zero Defect, Zero Effect etc.

• National Manufacturing Policy 2011: Create 100

million additional jobs by 2022

• Infrastructure: National Investment and

Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs), Special Economic Zones
(SEZs), Industrial Corridors, Dedicated Freight
Corridors, Sagarmala, Bharatmala etc.

• Policy Initiatives: Recent changes in definition of

MSMEs; Consolidation of labour laws into 4 Labour
Codes; Reduction in Corporate tax rates; Increase in FDI
limits on various sectors such as Defence, Public
Procurement Policy etc.

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 Economic Development

ISSUES PLAGUING MANUFACTURING SECTOR

• Policy Level: which caused confusion and disrupted business

○ Labour Laws: The lack of flexibility in labour laws operations.
can discourage companies from expanding their • Structural Level:
manufacturing operations or adopting new ○ Inadequate Infrastructure: India’s manufacturing
technologies. In 2020, the Indian government sector has been hindered by inadequate
introduced four labour codes to address some of infrastructure, such as poor transportation
these concerns, but they are not implemented yet in networks, inadequate power supply, and congested
entirety. As a result, India still suffers from excessive ports. These issues affect the efficient movement of
labour “regulatory cholesterol”. goods, increase costs, and hamper productivity. E.g.
○ Land Acquisition: Land acquisition for The lack of modernised ports and congested road
manufacturing projects has often faced challenges networks have resulted in high logistics costs,
due to complex regulations, unclear ownership, and making Indian products less competitive in the
resistance from local communities. This has led to global market.
delays and increased costs for setting up ○ Access to Finance: Small and medium-sized
manufacturing facilities. enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector
○ Limited Investment in Research and often struggle to access affordable financing
Development (R&D): India’s manufacturing sector options. Limited availability of credit and high
has historically underinvested in research and interest rates act as barriers to investment and
development, leading to a lack of innovation and growth. The lack of access to finance
technological advancement. Limited R&D spending, disproportionately affects smaller manufacturers,
especially by the private sector, hampers the preventing them from scaling up and adopting
development of new products, processes, and advanced technologies.
technologies, reducing the sector’s competitiveness. ○ Problem of Missing Middle: The Manufacturing
○ Complex Taxation System: The introduction of the sector is basically dominated by a large number of
Goods and Services Tax (GST) has improved the small enterprises and a relatively less number of
overall taxation ecosystem in the country, but it is large-scale manufacturing enterprises. There is
facing multiple challenges including frequent almost near absence of mid-sized firms. Such a
changes in tax rates and compliance procedures, peculiar scenario is referred to as the “Problem of
Missing Middle”. This is basically attributed

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 Economic Development

○ Technology Adoption: The adoption of new the changing requirements in manufacturing and
technologies like artificial intelligence, data analytics, prepare an employable workforce. In the context of
machine-to-machine communications, robotics and employability of engineers, there is a need for
related technologies, collectively called “Industry thorough review of standards of engineering education
4.0”, are a bigger challenge for SMEs than for and its linkages with industry.
organised large-scale manufacturing.
WAY FORWARD
• Focus on Coastal Economic zones (CEZs): Port-led
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
Industrialisation by fast tracking implementation of LIBERALISATION
CEZs. Setting up of Coastal SEZs in China such as
Shenzhen enabled it to attract manufacturing
#ExternalSector #Liberalisation
companies from Taiwan and Hong Kong; Need to
replicate the same to attract the companies from China
Gearing up to remain “future-ready for India's fast-growing
now.
economy”, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has listed a series
• Focus on Sunrise Sectors based on new-age of aspirational goals, including capital account liberalisation.
technologies such as blockchain, robotics, machine Capital account liberalisation is the process of removing
learning, big data, AI etc to leverage opportunities impediments to inflows of capital, or allowing domestic
created by Industrial Revolution 4.0. investors to invest more freely in foreign assets.
• Boosting Innovation through Start-Ups: Conducive RUPEE CONVERTIBILITY IN INDIA
ecosystem for nurturing and promoting start-ups
• Full Rupee Convertibility on Current Account:
through access to finance, handholding, tax incentives,
Current Account under Balance of Payment (BoP)
access to market etc.
includes various transactions such as Imports, Exports,
• Attracting Foreign Investment through Plug and Remittances, Gifts, Donations. On these transactions,
Play Model: Under the plug-and-play model, the India has adopted full Rupee Convertibility in 1993.
investors are provided with land at affordable cost with
• Partial Rupee Convertibility on Capital Account:
all the necessary pre-clearances including
Capital Account Convertibility (CAC) refers to the
Environmental clearances. It would provide in-built
freedom to convert local financial assets into foreign
office spaces and all the basic facilities such as
financial assets and vice versa at market determined
Electricity, water etc. One of the biggest advantages of
rates of exchange.
such a model is that it kickstarts the production as early
as possible without any hurdles. Some of the States ○ It is associated with changes of ownership in
such as Maharashtra, Haryana etc. have decided to foreign/domestic financial assets.
adopt such a model to boost foreign Investment. This ○ So, it basically refers to easing of restrictions on
model needs to be replicated by the other states as movement of capital (such as FDI, FPI etc) from one
well. country to another.
• Easing Access to Financing: Reforms in Public Sector ○ However, CAC is not just currency convertibility, but
Banks to enhance credit creation; Strengthen it also involves freedom to invest in financial
corporate Bond market; Improve financial position of assets of other countries.
NBFCs. • Full capital account convertibility is not practised
• Single Window Clearances: Government's financial anywhere in the world, but many advanced countries
support to manufacturing clusters and provide single aim for it.
window clearances to entrepreneurs and investors. CAPITAL ACCOUNT LIBERALISATION IN INDIA
This measure can be coupled with extension of the
• India has cautiously opened up its capital account
Product Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to other sectors.
since the early 1990s and presently there exists a
• Skilling India: Greater collaboration between partial capital account convertibility in India.
government-industry-academia is required to identify

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 Economic Development

also impose discipline on macroeconomic policies of

the government.
• Improved Liquidity in Financial Markets: With
enhanced credibility of the national economy as CAC is
seen as a sign of stable and mature markets enabling
higher stock market returns. Further, free rupee
convertibility also reduces transaction costs in the
economy thereby channelling improvement in the
investment climate in the economy.
• Provides Opportunities for Diversification of
Investments by residents by enabling a better access
to a global variety of goods and services. Additionally, it
furthers the case for Internationalisation of Rupee as
Indian rupee can easily be accepted in other countries.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST CAPITAL ACCOUNT
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF CAPITAL ACCOUNT
LIBERALISATION
LIBERALISATION

• Exchange Rate Volatility: A lack of suitable regulatory

• Facilitates Economic Growth: CAC opens up markets control and rates subject to open markets with a large
to global players including investors, businesses, and number of global market participants can lead to
trade partners, leading to enhanced investment sudden exit of capital causing volatility, devaluation, or
flows which in turn leads to economic benefits such as inflation in foreign exchange.
reduction in the cost of both foreign equity and debt • Unsustainable Foreign Debts: Accumulation of debt
capital, offshore rupee market development etc. from external sources makes domestic businesses
• Infrastructure Creation & Employment Generation: vulnerable to higher repayments risk in case of foreign
Improved business opportunities permeated by debt if exchange rates become unfavourable.
enhanced investments creates a positive pressure for • Credit and Asset Bubbles: Foreign investors may use
better infrastructure construction and doing business equity markets in emerging countries to bet on
practices ultimately leading to creation of more currency appreciation and capital markets, thereby
employment in the economy. distorting asset values and adding to the risk of
• Improved Efficiency of the Financial Sector as speculative bubbles.
openness to capital flows can expose a country’s • Exposure to Global Macroeconomic Shocks: Fuller
financial sector to greater competition and spur CAC aggravates the risks associated with Global
improvements in domestic corporate governance to financial crises, especially for emerging economies like
meet standards of foreign investors. Additionally, it can India. For example, the 1997 Asian financial crisis was

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 Economic Development

exacerbated because the countries affected had full • Strengthen Regulation of Financial sector, including
capital account convertibility and the financial crisis of that of Banks. Reduce the NPAs of the Banking sector
2008 led to huge foreign capital outflows from and focus on reforms in Public Sector Banks (PSBs).
emerging countries.
• Effects on Balance of Trade and Exports: Substantial
inflows could lead to an overvalued exchange rate
DRIVING INDIAN
which can make Indian exports less competitive in
the international markets.
ECONOMIC GROWTH
• Ineffectiveness of Monetary Policy: As speculative
#MobilisationofResources #IndianEconomy
short-term movements in the interest rates can lead to
other spiralling effects. Triffin Dilemma highlights
India’s real GDP growth is provisionally estimated at 8.2% in
accepted wisdom regarding this situation is that a
2023-24 by the National Account Statistics (NAS), revealing an
country cannot simultaneously enjoy a stable
upward movement from the growth rate of 7% in 2022-23.
exchange rate, unrestricted capital mobility, and
This growth was enabled by significant expansion of the
independent control over interest rates or other
manufacturing and construction sectors, in tandem with a
instruments of monetary policy.
consistent performance of the services sector.
WAY FORWARD
WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS OF INDIAN ECONOMY?
While realising that the impulses of growth could be
supplemented with foreign capital, it is imperative to
ensure that liberalisation of the capital account
responds to the requirement of the economy in an
appropriate, gradual and cautious manner as
highlighted by the Tarapore committee.

The demand side or the expenditure approach to

accounting reveals a lot about a shift in the structure of
India’s growth force. From 1991 India encountered a
consumption-driven growth phenomenon.

At the same time, the committee also laid down some

pre-conditions to be met for the introduction of
Capital Account convertibility:
• Ensuring macroeconomic stability by eliminating
revenue deficit and generating a revenue surplus. This
can also be done by controlling the borrowings by the
government by keeping a check on its fiscal deficit.
• Substantial part of the revenue surplus should be
earmarked for meeting repayment obligations. • The data in the chart below also suggests that growth
in private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) and
• To meet import and debt service payments, forex
GDP growth have moved in tandem with each other
reserves should be adequate enough.

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 Economic Development

from 2012-13 till 2022-23 with consumption focusing on high-value manufacturing sectors like
constituting more than 55.5% of the GDP. electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
• However, as the above chart also suggests, in 2023-24 Encourage technology adoption and skill
the co-movement has snapped. Contrary to development to improve competitiveness.
consumption driving the Indian growth story, in 2023- ○ Sustainable Construction: Promote sustainable
24, PFCE grew at only around 4% against the 8.2% GDP construction practices and green buildings.
growth. Investment in affordable housing and urban
• Interestingly, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) or development can spur growth in the construction
investment grew by almost 9% — emerging as the sector while addressing housing shortages.
prime mover of the Indian growth story last year. • Encourage Domestic Consumption:
Hence, there is at least a temporary decoupling of ○ Strengthen Consumer Confidence: Implement
consumption and GDP, with investment picking up measures to increase disposable income and
pace and acquiring a greater share of domestic consumer confidence, such as targeted tax relief for
output. middle and lower-income households. Ensuring job
HOW TO DRIVE INDIAN ECONOMY FURTHER? security and wage growth in key sectors can also
help.
○ Diversify Consumption Base: Encourage
consumption by broadening the base, particularly in
rural areas. This can be done through rural
development programs, better access to finance,
and improving agricultural productivity.
• Foster Innovation and Technology Adoption:
○ Support Startups and SMEs: Provide financial and
technical support to start-ups and small and
medium enterprises (SMEs), which are critical for
innovation and job creation. Creating innovation
hubs and offering incubation support can accelerate
Indian macroeconomy needs to possess a diversity of
growth in this segment.
growth drivers, and cannot rely on private
consumption as its lone long-term growth enabler. ○ Digital Transformation: Promote the digital
economy by investing in digital infrastructure,
• Sustain and Stimulate Investment:
cybersecurity, and e-governance initiatives.
○ Incentivize Private Investment: Strengthen Encourage businesses to adopt digital technologies
policies to attract private investment, such as tax to enhance productivity and reach.
incentives, simplified regulatory processes, and
• Focus on Human Capital Development:
enhanced ease of doing business. Public-private
partnerships can also be a catalyst in sectors like ○ Education and Skills Training: Invest in education
infrastructure, technology, and renewable energy. and vocational training to equip the workforce with
the skills needed for a modern economy. Focus on
○ Infrastructure Development: Continue to invest in
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and
infrastructure projects, which not only create jobs
mathematics) education and continuous skill
but also enhance long-term productivity. Prioritise
upgrading.
projects in transportation, energy, and digital
infrastructure to support broader economic ○ Health and Well-being: Strengthen healthcare
activities. infrastructure to ensure a healthy workforce. Public
health initiatives and insurance schemes can reduce
• Enhance Manufacturing and Construction Sectors:
health-related economic disruptions.
○ Boost Manufacturing Capabilities: Implement
• Maintain Macroeconomic Stability:
policies to support the ‘Make in India’ initiative,

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 Economic Development

○ Prudent Fiscal Management: Ensure fiscal weekly video conferences of stakeholders, one-to-one
discipline while maintaining the flexibility to invest in meetings with insurance companies/States, etc.
growth-enhancing projects. Manage public debt • The scheme replaced the existing two schemes
levels to prevent long-term economic risks. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) as
○ Monetary Policy: The central bank should continue well as the Modified NAIS and there will be exemption
to monitor inflation and manage interest rates to from Service Tax liability of all the services involved in
support sustainable economic growth without the implementation of the scheme.
overheating the economy. OBJECTIVES
• Boost Export Competitiveness: • To provide insurance coverage and financial
○ Trade Policies: Develop and implement trade support to the farmers in the event of failure of any
policies that enhance export competitiveness, of the notified crops as a result of natural calamities,
reduce trade barriers, and open new markets. Free pests & diseases.
trade agreements and partnerships with key global • To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their
economies can be beneficial. continuance in farming.
○ Quality Standards: Improve the quality standards • To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and
of Indian products to meet global benchmarks, modern agricultural practices.
thereby making Indian goods more attractive in the
• To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.
international market.
FEATURES OF THE SCHEME
CONCLUSION
• Coverage of farmers: The scheme covers loanee
Consumption-driven growth is not going to be sustained
farmers (those who have taken a loan), non-loanee
over time, since rising incomes will spur savings, and
farmers (on a voluntary basis), tenant farmers, and
reduce consumption share of the GDP. Thus, the
sharecroppers.
government’s emphasis on high capital expenditure is
appropriately timed and can help in creating enabling • Coverage of Crops: Every state has notified crops
business conditions for both domestic investment and (major crops) for the Rabi and Kharif seasons. The
premium rates differ across seasons.
FDI.
• Premium Rates: There will be a uniform premium of
only 2% to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops and
PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL 1.5% for all Rabi crops. In case of annual commercial
and horticultural crops, the premium to be paid by
BIMA YOJANA (PMFBY) farmers will be only 5%.
#InclusiveGrowth #Agriculture ○ The difference between the premium rate and
the rate of Insurance charges payable by farmers
shall be treated as Rate of Normal Premium Subsidy,
The Press Information Bureau (PIB) recently disclosed that
which shall be shared equally by the Centre and
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is the third
State.
largest crop insurance programme globally. The scheme
○ Hence, the premium rates to be paid by farmers
witnessed a 27% increase in farmer enrolment from 2022-23.
are very low and balance premium will be paid by
ABOUT PRADHAN MANTRI FASAL BIMA YOJANA
the Government to provide a fully insured amount
(PMFBY)
to the farmers against crop loss on account of
• It was launched in 2016, making it the third largest natural calamities.
insurance scheme globally in terms of premium and
○ There is no upper limit on Government subsidy.
shields farmers from crop loss or damage arising from
Even if the balance premium is 90%, it will be borne
unforeseen events.
by the Government.
• Nodal Ministry: The Department of Agriculture &
• Area-Based Insurance Unit: The PMFBY operates on
Family Welfare regularly monitors the implementation
an area approach. Thus, all farmers in a particular area
of PMFBY including timely settlement of claims through

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 Economic Development

must pay the same premium and have the same claim subsidies as the main reason for delay in
payments. The area approach reduces the risk of moral reimbursing claims.
hazard and adverse selection. ○ Additionally, the claims paid by the insurance
• Coverage of Risks: Following risks leading to crop loss companies are sometime utilised by the banks to
are to be covered under the scheme: offset the loan dues of the farmers thus pushing the
○ Yield losses due to non-preventable risks, such as farmers in a vicious cycle of debt.
Natural Fire and Lightning; Storm, Hailstorm, • Loopholes in Assessment of Crop Loss: PMFBY
Cyclone, Typhoon, Tempest, Hurricane, Tornado encourages the use of satellite, remote sensing
etc.; Flood, Inundation and Landslide; Drought, Dry technology and drones to improve the speed and
spells and Pests/ Diseases etc. reliability of the Cost Cutting Experiments (CCEs); most
○ Prevented sowing: In cases where majority of the of the states have been unable to carry out the crop
insured farmers of a notified area, having intent to cutting experiments in a reliable and fool proof
sow but are prevented from sowing the insured crop manner.
due to adverse weather conditions. • Other Challenges:
○ Post-Harvest losses against perils of cyclones, ○ Discourages Mixed Cropping & Crop
unseasonal rains throughout the country. Diversification: A limited number of crops are
○ Localised Calamities: Loss resulting from notified by states under PMFBY. Only these crops
occurrence of identified localised risks i.e. hailstorm, can avail of insurance.
landslide, and Inundation affecting isolated farms in ○ Low Awareness: Only 30% of the farmers are aware
the notified area. about PMFBY and its benefits.
• Innovative Technology Use: It recommends the use ○ Market Risks Not Covered: Though the scheme
of technology such as using drones to reduce the use covers all the other risks like yield, post-harvest
of crop cutting experiments (CCEs), which are losses etc. it doesn’t cover losses due to pricing
traditionally used to estimate crop loss; and using volatility.
mobile phones to reduce delays in claim settlements by WAY FORWARD
uploading crop- cutting data on apps/online.
• Promoting Competition Pricing: The provision of at
Despite the phenomenal growth, the penetration and least two insurance companies in a cluster of villages in
density of PMFBY is very low. Their penetration in terms one state will help farmers benefit from competitive
of gross premium as a percentage of GDP is 0.62%. pricing for insurance products.
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES OF PMFBY • Increase Penetration: Mandatory awareness
• Non-Inclusive: There has been negligible coverage of programmes via radio, word of mouth, campaigns and
sharecropper and tenant farmers. Due to rigid land farmer meetings. Compulsory use of at least 0.5% of
leasing laws, tenancy in agriculture in many states is the gross premium collected by insurance companies
mostly hidden and informal. As a result most of the for Information, Education, and Communication (IEC)
sharecroppers and tenants are not covered under the activities is a step in the right direction.
insurance scheme. • Faster Claim Settlements: Strict compliance of
• High Actuarial Premium Rates: Insurance companies timelines with regard to the process of claim
have charged much higher actuarial premium rates in settlement will ensure adequate and timely
some states and regions. As 80–85% of the premium is compensation to farmers
paid by the government, it puts a huge burden on the • Expanding Coverage:
exchequer, leading to delays in paying premiums and,
○ Including more crops under notification and by
in turn, delays in the claims-benefit process.
allowing insurance for mixed cropping.
• Inadequate & Delayed Claim Payment to Farmers:
○ Linking crop insurance with climatic changes and
○ Only 5-10% of the claims made for crop losses have redesigning insurance products to make them not
been paid on time. Many insurance companies cited
delay in receiving the state and Central government

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 Economic Development

just risk transfer tools but a tool to reduce the risk ○ Crop improvement through seeds and planting
and loss of crops material will play a key role in meeting the
• Making Assessment More Participatory: Robust challenges faced by agriculture.
assessment of crop loss should be done through ○ A policy framework for recognising research-based
capacity building of state govts, involvement of PRIs & seed companies through a National Research
farmers in loss assessment, auditing and multi-level Register and incentivising them to invest in priority
checking to ensure credibility of data areas and protection of their intellectual property
CONCLUSION will be the key.

Inclusivity in the agricultural sector is key to achieving the • Deploying modern cutting-edge technologies in
Sustainable Development Goals. The focus of seeds, crop protection chemicals, crop nutrition
policymakers should be to include women farmers, tenant products and biological products will not only help in
farmers and sharecroppers within the ambit of the increasing yields but also in reducing the
scheme to help make agriculture more remunerative and environmental impact.
resilient economic activity. ○ A clear-cut technology deployment plan in critical
crops like cotton, oilseeds, maize, fruits and
vegetables is required.
10-POINT AGENDA FOR • Repurposing all current subsidies in agriculture

AGRICULTURE towards promotion of sustainable practices, crop

diversification based on agro-ecological zones, water
#Agriculture #FoodSecurity and soil conservation programmes, and cultivation of
climate resilient crop varieties is key.
○ Carbon credits and green credits systems need to be
Agriculture has to grow at 6-8% per annum consistently for
brought to the doorstep of farmers on digital
transforming the sector. Hence, setting up an ambitious
platforms for ease of adoption profitably.
agenda backed by investments in research, infrastructure
and technology is required. ○ Incentivisation of these practices is needed to arrest
the adverse effects of the carbon footprint of
NEW AGENDA FOR GOVERNMENT TO CONSIDER
agriculture.
• Setting Up Agriculture Council:
• Promotion of demand driven agriculture needs end-
○ There is a need for formation of a National
to-end solutions for each of the important crops.
Agricultural Development Council (NADC), akin to
○ Farmers should be encouraged to produce
the GST Council, consisting of the agriculture
particular crops of required specifications to cater to
ministries of the Centre and States, NITI Aayog,
the demand from each of the sources.
political parties, researchers, farmer bodies,
industry, academicians, economists and others. ○ A multi-stakeholder dialogue involving end-user
industries may provide the direction to the policy.
○ This council can formulate a national agriculture
strategy with an implementation and tracking • Improving Farm Competitiveness:
mechanism. ○ Global competitiveness of the Indian farmer must be
• Increasing Investment: enhanced.

○ The government should consider stepping up ○ Mapping our cost and quality parameters against
investments in agricultural research from the those in competing countries will help address
current 0.6% to 1% of agriculture GDP. higher cost and lower quality issues through
technology deployment, agronomic practices, input
○ Well-defined high priority research projects in select
management, labour costs, etc.
areas need to be implemented over the next 3-5
years with active investment by both the public ○ Private funding of clusters for cultivation of
and private sectors. crops for export, value chain development, and

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 Economic Development

MAKING INDIA A
managing quality and traceability will have to be
taken up.
• Promoting Water Conservation: DEVELOPED COUNTRY BY
○ Drip irrigation, sprinklers and hose reel systems
of irrigation can drive water conservation. Therefore, 2047
the annual budget needs to be scaled up to at least #MobilisationofResources
three times the current levels.
#InclusiveGrowth
○ Free power and water programmes, which have
caused considerable damage to the environment,
should be stopped.
The article presents a roadmap for India on how it could
○ Farmers following water conserving practices like become a developed country by 2047.
direct seeded rice and growing crops that need less
WHO ARE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES?
water should be incentivised through direct
• International financial organisations currently classify
benefits transfer.
countries with per capita income of $13,845 and
• Liberalising Agriculture Marketing:
above as developed countries.
○ The importance of liberalising markets cannot be
• India’s per capita income as of now is $2,500 (IMF,
overlooked. A regulator to oversee the
April 2024), which shows the distance we have to travel.
functioning of the market can be put in place.
WHAT SHOULD BE THE ROADMAP?
○ Reforms in agriculture should be aimed at freeing
Based on assumptions of the future exchange rate of
farmers from the clutches of state APMCs
rupee and domestic inflation, we need to have an average
markets and promotion of alternative marketing
annual real rate of growth of 6-7% to achieve this level of
like contract farming, private mandis etc.
per capita income.
• Encouraging Formation of Farmers’ Producer
• Encouraging Private Investment:
Organisation (FPOs):
○ Assuming an Incremental Capital Output Ratio
○ Capacity building among FPOs (farmer producer
(ICOR) of 5, which is what we have seen in recent
organisations) should be encouraged.
years, a 7% rate of growth will require a real gross
○ Special guidelines by the RBI for lending to FPOs will
fixed capital formation (GFCF) rate of 35% of GDP.
be of great help.
○ The recent increase in the real GFCF rate has
• Enhancing Digitisation:
been largely due to an increase in government
○ Development of digital infrastructure and digital capital expenditures, especially of the central
public goods to support farmers is critical. government. This growth in government capex
○ Financial services for farmers including credit and cannot be sustained because it has been
insurance and multiple other services can be accompanied by a high fiscal deficit of the Centre.
enabled through digital means. ○ What is needed is a pickup in private investment by
○ Digital agricultural output management will be 1-2% of GDP.
key for farmer profitability, inflation control as ○ To achieve this, we need to create an environment
well as minimising post-harvest losses. for private investment — both corporate and non-
○ Standardisation of output parameters, creating a corporate — to increase.
large network of digitally enabled micro warehouses • Redesigning Industrial Policy:
will help the government formulate an EXIM policy.
○ Multi-Dimensional Strategy: Emphasise exports,
CONCLUSION services, manufacturing, agriculture etc.
A mission mode approach is needed to improve ○ Sunrise Industries: Identify “sunrise” industries. For
competitiveness and profitability of our agriculture. example, the food processing industry may be given

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 Economic Development

high priority as it is labour-intensive, helps

agriculture and has export demand.
To meet peak power demand during the unusually hot
○ Supply Chain Resilience: The Russia-Ukraine war
summer, the government has allowed the trading of surplus
threw up an important issue. Due to supply
electricity generated from “linkage coal” in the country’s
disruptions caused by the war, many countries
power markets. Coal linkages are typically made by the
started thinking about self-sufficiency for “critical
government to thermal units against long-term power
imports”. India also thought about manufacturing
purchase agreements (PPAs) with distribution companies
chips. What is needed is efficient import
substitution. (discoms).

• Creation of Jobs: WHAT ARE POWER MARKETS?

○ The impact of technological changes means a Power markets offer a flexible, reliable, and transparent
reduction in the absorption of labour per unit of alternative to traditional power purchase agreements
output. (PPAs), enabling generators to respond swiftly to demand

○ In this context, the emergence of Artificial fluctuations and sell surplus power at market-determined
Intelligence (AI), Gen AI and machine learning is prices.
causing both alarm and excitement. Owing to the HOW POWER MARKETS WORK?
distinction between new technology and earlier • Buyers make bids for the purchase of electricity, and
innovations, many fear an adverse impact on sellers make offers. The market clearing price — the
employment.
price at which electricity is traded — is determined by
○ We need to absorb this new technology, which will the equilibrium of demand bids and supply offers.
require further skill development. At the same
• Power markets are categorised on the basis of
time, we need to develop a mix of sectors that will
electricity delivery timing and duration of contract.
ensure jobs increase along with growth.
• The spot market includes the real-time market
• Reducing Inequalities:
(RTM) for near-immediate delivery and the intraday
○ We cannot sequence growth and equity favouring
market for same-day trades hours before delivery.
growth first and equity later. Without growth, equity
Contract markets, on the other hand, facilitate longer-
will be a distant dream. On the other hand, without
term trades.
equity, growth cannot be sustained.
• The day-ahead market (DAM) deals with closed
○ Equity also requires an emphasis on health and
auctions for 15-minute time blocks for the following
education as part of public expenditure in terms
day, while the term-ahead market (TAM) handles
both of quantum and quality.
trades from 3 hours to 11 days in advance.
○ The importance of social safety nets such as a
supply of subsidised food grains is critically • The renewable energy certificates (REC) mechanism
important. allows utilities to meet renewable purchase obligations
(RPOs) by buying RECs, each representing 1 MWh of
CONCLUSION
renewable electricity. This system benefits states that
Thus, in substance, India’s development strategy should
lack sufficient renewable capacity, and enables them to
be multidimensional. Growth may be stimulated by
purchase RECs for green energy generated elsewhere.
raising investment rates, emphasising manufacturing,
services and exports, absorbing new technologies and ○ Utilities that exceed RPO targets can trade extra
promoting a mix of sectors that are employment-friendly. RECs to allow other utilities to meet their targets.
Job creation is going to be the toughest challenge ahead. POWER EXCHANGES IN INDIA
• Power markets are hosted on a power exchange.

POWER MARKETS IN INDIA Exchanges facilitate competitive pricing, improved

resource allocation, and greater market liquidity in the
#Infrastructure #Energy power sector.

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 Economic Development

• The Electricity Act of 2003 established the ○ Market coupling is a process that matches bids
framework for power exchange operations in India, from all power exchanges to discover a uniform
and exchanges commenced in 2008. market clearing price, which also acts as a reliable
• The spot market was introduced in 2020, which further reference price for policymakers. The concept could
enhanced the flexibility and responsiveness of the lead to more efficient price discovery, reduced price
power trading system. disparities across regions, and increased market
stability.
• India has three major power exchanges regulated by
the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission ○ Capacity markets would allow generators to be
(CERC), where generators, utilities, and large paid for their available capacity, not just for the
consumers trade electricity. electricity they produce. This mechanism is aimed at
ensuring long-term grid reliability by incentivising
○ The Indian Energy Exchange Ltd (IEX) dominates
investment in generation capacity, particularly for
with more than 90% market share, followed by
peaking power plants that may not run frequently
Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) and
but are crucial during high-demand periods.
Hindustan Power Exchange Ltd (HPX).
• The introduction of these advanced market structures
• The government has recently amended various
would align India’s power markets more closely with
regulations to encourage and incentivise participation
mature international markets, potentially attracting
in power exchanges, reflecting their growing
more investment and fostering greater competition
importance in India’s electricity market.
in the sector.
SIGNIFICANCE OF POWER MARKETS
• More Flexible than PPAs: To sell their electricity,
generation units in India have traditionally used long- INSOLVENCY AND
term PPAs that typically span 25 years. These
agreements commit generators to supply power to BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF
buyers, usually public utilities, at fixed rates. PPAs are
gradually losing favour due to their inflexibility in
INDIA
adapting to dynamic market conditions, and their #MobilisationofResources #PrelimsSnippets
tendency to lock in significant generating capacity.
• Swift Meeting of Demand: Power markets allow
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India proposed that
generators to respond to short-term demand
the submission or approval of a resolution plan for a
fluctuations and sell surplus power independently of
PPAs at market prices. The flexibility is particularly corporate debtor under the IBC does not automatically

beneficial for generators of renewable energy, who release guarantors from their liability to repay the debt. The
may produce excess power during the off-peak hours. IBBI seeks to amend its CIRP regulations (Insolvency
Instead of curtailing generation, the surplus can be Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations,
traded on the market. 2016, to ensure that submitting a resolution plan does not
prevent creditors from enforcing their rights against the
• Greater Reliability & Transparency: Price-based
personal guarantor.
demand response involves multiple parties, and
typically results in greater reliability and transparency ABOUT INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF
in trading compared to bilateral contracts. This market- INDIA
driven approach enables generators to optimise their • The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of
output and revenue, while helping utilities meet India (IBBI) is the regulator set up by Ministry of
variable power demands more efficiently. Corporate Affairs, for overseeing insolvency
ROAD AHEAD FOR EXCHANGES proceedings and entities like Insolvency Professional
• Indian regulators are exploring market coupling and Agencies (IPA), Insolvency Professionals (IP) and
capacity markets as the next evolutionary step for the Information Utilities (IU) in India.
country’s power markets.

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 Economic Development

• It was established in 2016 and given statutory powers • The Board can make model bye-laws to be adopted by
through the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. the insolvency professional agencies
• It covers Individuals, Companies, Limited Liability • The Board may exercise the powers vested in a civil
Partnerships and Partnership firms. court under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (CPC)
• Objective: To speed up the resolution process for while exercising the powers under the IBC, at the time
of trying a suit, in respect of production and discovery
stressed assets in the country. It attempts to simplify
of books of account, enforcing and summoning the
the process of insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings.
attendance of persons and their examination on oath,
CONSTITUTION OF THE BOARD
Inspection of any registers, books and other
The Board consists of the following members who are documents of any person at any place or issuing
appointed by the Central Government: commissions for examining documents or witnesses.
• A Chairperson.
• Three members from among the officers of the
Central Government equivalent or not below the rank
ASSET RECONSTRUCTION
of a Joint Secretary. COMPANIES (ARCs)
○ Out of the three members, each will represent the #MobilisationofResources #Banking
Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Corporate Affairs and
Ministry of Law, ex -officio.
#PrelimsSnippets
• One member nominated by the RBI (Reserve Bank
of India), ex-officio.
The Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) has come up with revised
• Five other members nominated by the Central norms for transfer of loan exposures of lenders to asset
Government, out of which at least three should be reconstruction companies (ARCs) in the wake of increasing
whole-time members. use of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. The
• The term of office of the Chairperson and members earlier norms for sale of loan assets by banks to ARCs pre-
(other than ex-officio members) is five years or until dates both IBC and the framework for early recognition,
they attain sixty-five years, whichever is earlier, and reporting and time bound resolution of stressed assets.
they are eligible for re-appointment. WHAT ARE ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANIES?
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BOARD • Banks are financial institutions that are engaged
• Register, renew, suspend, withdraw, cancel and specify principally in the business of money lending and
the minimum eligibility requirements for registering money borrowing. The customer base of the banking
insolvency professionals, insolvency professional sector is very large and there is also a substantial risk
agencies and information utilities. involved in lending money.
• While the bank always has the option of taking legal
• Promote the development and regulate the practices
action on the defaulting borrowers, it is not always
and working of the insolvency professionals, insolvency
economically feasible to do so. The bank sometimes
professional agencies, information utilities and other
decides to just cut its losses, clean up its balance
institutions.
sheet and keep the business moving towards better
• Specify regulations and standards for the functioning avenues. This is where an Asset Reconstruction
of the insolvency professional agencies, insolvency Company (ARC) comes in.
professionals and information utilities.
• An ARC is a special type of financial institution that
• Call for any records and information from the buys the debts of the bank at a mutually agreed
insolvency professional agencies, insolvency value and attempts to recover the debts or
professionals and information utilities associated securities by itself.
• Promote best practices and transparency in Board • Regulated Under: The asset reconstruction
governance. companies or ARCs are registered under the RBI and

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 Economic Development

regulated under the Securitisation and Purchases security ARCs issue security
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of receipts receipts representing
Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act, 2002). undivided interest in
• The ARCs take over a portion of the debts of the bank financial assets
that qualify to be recognised as Non-Performing
Assets. Thus ARCs are engaged in the business of
asset reconstruction or securitisation or both. CREDIT SCORE
• All the rights that were held by the lender (the #MobilisationofResources #Banking
bank) in respect of the debt would be transferred
#PrelimsSnippets
to the ARC.
OTHER RELATED TERMS
• Asset Reconstruction: It is the acquisition of any right Improving your credit score now would make it easier for you
or interest of any bank or financial institution in loans, to access credit in the future and help in case of financial
advances granted, debentures, bonds, guarantees or emergencies and fulfilling crucial life-goals. In this regard, let
any other credit facility extended by banks for the us understand more about credit scores.
purpose of its realisation. Such loans, advances, bonds, WHAT IS A CREDIT SCORE?
guarantees and other credit facilities are together
• A credit score is an indicator of a person’s ability to
known by a term – ‘financial assistance’.
repay debt or their creditworthiness.
• Securitisation: It is the acquisition of financial assets
• It is usually expressed as a number based on the
either by way of issuing security receipts to Qualified
person’s repayment history and credit files across
Buyers or any other means. Such security receipts
different loan types and credit institutions.
would represent an undivided interest in the financial
• Credit score is also known as a credit rating.
assets.
WHO PUBLISHES CREDIT SCORES IN INDIA?
• Qualified Buyers: Qualified Buyers include Financial
Institutions, Insurance companies, Banks, State • In India, there are four credit information companies
Financial Corporations, State Industrial Development licensed by the Reserve Bank of India.
Corporations, trustee or ARCs registered under ○ Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL)
SARFAESI and Asset Management Companies ○ Experian
registered under SEBI that invest on behalf of mutual
○ Equifax
funds, pension funds, FIIs, etc. The Qualified Buyers
(QBs) are the only persons from whom the ARC can ○ Highmark.
raise funds. • The most popular credit score in India is the CIBIL
HOW DOES ARCs WORK? rating. The CIBIL credit score is a three-digit number,
which ranges from 300 to 900, with 900 being the best
Debtors / borrowers / obligators
score.
Banks offer financial The borrowers provide
WHY DO YOU NEED A GOOD CREDIT SCORE?
assistance security for such financial
assistance • A good CIBIL credit score is considered to be 750 or
higher.

• Banks and lending institutions use credit scores to
Banks / Financial Institutions
assess whether you are worthy of credit.
Transfer the bad debts / The ARCs purchase such
NPAs to ARCS financial assets to realise • The better your credit score, the higher are the
chances of getting your loan approved.
the same
• You are also likely to get additional benefits, such as

low interest rates, better repayment terms and
Qualified Buyer
quicker loan approval process.

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 Economic Development

WHAT ARE THE FACTORS USED FOR CREDIT SCORE admissible only to Small & Marginal Farmers'
CALCULATION? families, with combined landholding up to 2
There are generally four factors that are used to calculate hectares.
a credit score. The weight of each component in credit ○ The Scheme was later on revised w.e.f. 1.6.2019 and
score calculation can change depending on the scoring extended to all farmer families irrespective of the
model being used by the credit bureau. size of their landholdings.
• Payment History (High Impact): Credit score • Exclusions: Farmer families who pay income tax, with
algorithms often consider your loan repayment history, government employees and professionals like doctors
amount due, and how recently and frequently etc. are excluded.
payments were missed. • Definition of family for the scheme is husband, wife
• Credit Utilisation Ratio (High Impact): Credit and minor children.
utilisation ratio means the total amount of credit you • State Government and UT administration will
have used against the total available credit to you. If identify the farmer families which are eligible for
your credit utilisation ratio is more than 30%, your support as per scheme guidelines.
credit score will be impacted. Maintaining a credit
• The fund will be directly transferred to the bank
utilisation ratio of 30-40% improves your credit score.
accounts of the beneficiaries.
• Total Number of Accounts (Medium Impact): Having
a variety of credit products such as a home loan, auto
loan, a personal loan, and a credit card will help in TEA CROP
boosting your credit score. Hence, the total number of
#MajorCrops #PrelimsSnippets
accounts you have is taken into consideration for credit
score calculation.
• Age of Credit (Low Impact): The older your loan or Tea planters body North Eastern Tea Association (NETA) has
credit card, the better it is for your credit score urged the Assam government and the Centre to take
calculation. Lenders can make an informed choice immediate measures such as prohibiting the sale of certain
about whether to grant you credit if you have a long pesticides and approving two other pesticides for use in tea
credit history. As a result, it is suggested to maintain cultivation.
open older credit card accounts.
TEA GROWING STATES OF INDIA

PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI

(PM-KISAN)
#Agriculture #Inputs #PrelimsSnippets

Over 1 lakh farmers voluntarily gave up their PM-KISAN

benefits last year.
ABOUT PM KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI (PM-KISAN)
• PM Kisan is a Central Sector scheme with 100%
funding from Government of India.
• Under the scheme an income support of 6,000/- per
year in three equal instalments will be provided to all
land holding farmer families.
○ In the beginning when the PM-Kisan Scheme was
launched on 24th February, 2019, its benefits were

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 Economic Development

ABOUT TEA promotional measures to boost up export of Indian

• Tea is a globally popular beverage that is cultivated in a tea.
variety of climates, with different types of tea requiring
specific growing conditions.
• Temperature: Tea plants generally thrive in
CORN (MAIZE)
moderate temperatures, ideally ranging between #Agriculture #MajorCrops
13°C to 30°C. While some varieties can tolerate cooler #PrelimsSnippets
temperatures, prolonged frost can be detrimental to
the plants.
• Rainfall: Tea plants require a significant amount of Analysts have predicted that corn (maize) prices will likely be
rainfall, preferably distributed evenly throughout the lower in 2024 compared to 2023. They believe that reduced
year. Generally, tea cultivation requires an annual global exports will counterbalance the drop in production in
rainfall of around 150 - 250 centimetres. However, major producing countries.
certain varieties can thrive in regions with lower rainfall ABOUT CORN (MAIZE)
levels. • Globally, maize is known as the queen of cereals
• Humidity: Tea plants prefer areas with moderate to because it has the highest genetic yield potential
high humidity. High humidity helps in maintaining the among the cereals.
moisture levels in the soil and promotes healthy • The United States of America (USA) is the largest
growth. producer of maize, contributing nearly 31% of the total
• Altitude: Altitude plays a crucial role in determining production in the world in 2020.
the quality and flavour of the tea produced. Higher • In India, Maize is grown throughout the year. However,
altitudes, typically ranging from 600 - 2,100 metres it is predominantly a Kharif crop with 85% of the area
above sea level, often produce superior tea due to under cultivation during the season.
cooler temperatures and increased cloud cover.
• It is the third most important cereal crop in India
• Soil: Tea plants prefer well-drained, acidic soils rich after rice and wheat.
in organic matter. They can thrive in a variety of soil
• Major Corn Growing States: Karnataka, Madhya
types, including sandy loam, clay loam, and laterite
Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra,
soils. Proper soil drainage is essential to prevent
and Andhra Pradesh.
waterlogging, which can be detrimental to tea
plants. • Production: It accounts for around 10% of total food
grain production in the country. India is also the fifth
ABOUT TEA BOARD OF INDIA
largest producer of Maize in 2020 as per FAO data.
• The present Tea Board is functioning as a statutory
• Other Uses: It serves as a basic raw material
body of the Central Government under the Ministry
ingredient in thousands of industrial products that
of Commerce. It was set up under Section 4 of the
includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food
Tea Act 1953.
sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile,
• Organisation of the Board: The Board is constituted
gum, package, and paper industries, etc.
of 31 members (including Chairman) drawn from
Members of Parliament, tea producers, tea traders, tea
brokers, consumers, and representatives of CHILLI
Governments from the principal tea producing states,
and trade unions. The Board is reconstituted every
#Agriculture #MajorCrops
three years. #PrelimsSnippets
• HQ: Kolkata
• Foreign Offices: Currently the Tea Board has only one
In FY24, Indian red chilli exports hit a record $1.5 billion,
office located in Moscow. This foreign office of the
driven by robust demand from China and Bangladesh.
Board is designed to undertake the various

FOCUS | JULY 2024 | RAU’S IAS 21

 Economic Development

ABOUT CHILLI The Union Cabinet approved the development of a Rs 76,200

• Chilli is a fruit which belongs to Capsicum genus. It has crore all-weather greenfield deep major Port at Vadhavan
many varieties which are differentiated on its pungency in Maharashtra. The project will be constructed by
measured on Scoville Scale. Vadhavan Port Project Limited (VPPL), an SPV formed by
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA) and Maharashtra
• Chilli fruit when ripened and dried becomes dried red
Maritime Board (MMB).
chilli. Dried red chillies are widely used in many cuisines
as a spice to add heat to dishes. ABOUT VADHAVAN PORT

• India is the largest producer, consumer and • Vadhavan Transhipment Port when developed will
exporter of chilli, contributing about 40% of the be a deep-sea port in Palghar district
world’s chilli production. of Maharashtra.

• Major Growing Areas: Andhra Pradesh is the largest • The port will be built on coast of the Arabian Sea.
producer. Other states include Maharashtra, • Vadhavan port will form a major part of the proposed
Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, UP and Rajasthan ‘India Middle-East Europe Economic Corridor
are the main chilli growing states. (IMEC’).
CHILLI PLANT AND CULTIVATION • It’s a key project within the Indian government’s
• Climate: Chilli is a tropical and subtropical plant Sagarmala initiative to enhance the performance of
requiring a combination of warm, humid yet dry the country’s logistics sector.
weather with temperatures between 20-30℃ and
625-1500 mm of rainfall.
• Moisture: As chillies need moisture for growth,
during the growth stage it needs warm and humid
weather. However, dry weather is suitable for fruit
maturity.
• Soil: Chilli crop prefers a soil reaction ranging from
pH of 6.0-7.0. It has been found that black soil which
retains moisture is ideal in case they are grown as
rainfed crops. Under irrigated conditions, the crop
needs well-drained sandy loam with rich organic
content. They can also be grown in deltaic soil under
irrigated conditions.
• Seasons: Chillies can be grown both as Kharif and
Rabi crops. In addition they are also planted at other
times.
• Sowing Time: Sowing months are May to June for
Kharif crop, September to October for Rabi crops. If
they are grown as summer crops then January- MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA
February months are chosen.
• India has a total of 13 major ports, of which 12 ports
are Government-owned and 1 is private.
VADHAVAN PORT (Kamarajar Major Port in Ennore is privately
owned).
#Infrastructure #Transport • The country has 7517 kilometres of coastline and its
#PrelimsSnippets major ports handled 795 million tonnes of cargo in
FY23.

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 Economic Development

FASTER ADOPTION AND

• Publicity and IEC (Information, Education &
Communication) activities.

MANUFACTURING OF
HYBRID & ELECTRIC INDIAN GAS EXCHANGE
VEHICLES IN INDIA (FAME- (IGX)
#Infrastructure #Energy
II) #FinancialMarkets
#Infrastructure #Transport
In May 2024, Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) traded 4.92 MMBtu
The Union government has been attempting to fast track of natural gas, equivalent to about 124 million standard cubic
decarbonising transport for almost a decade with the meters. This represents a 99% month-on-month increase and
introduction of the Faster Adoption and Manufacture of an impressive 480% year-on-year growth, primarily due to
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, or FAME in 2015. The third increased demand from the power sector.
iteration of this policy is likely to be announced in this year’s NEED FOR GAS EXCHANGE
Union Budget.
• Market-Based Mechanism: A market-based
ABOUT FASTER ADOPTION AND MANUFACTURING OF mechanism for gas pricing and allocation is essential to
HYBRID & ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA (FAME-II) stimulate investments and generate effective price,
• Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric demand, and supply signals.
Vehicles in India (FAME-II) is a subsidy scheme which • Role of Gas Exchange: A transparent and neutral
was introduced by the government of India in April natural gas exchange is crucial to facilitate a market-
2019, for a period of three years, which was further based mechanism.
extended for a period of two years up to March 31,
• Competition and Innovation: The Gas Exchange will
2024.
promote competition throughout the value chain,
COMPONENTS OF THE SCHEME fostering innovative business models and efficient cost
The three major components of the Scheme structures, thereby enhancing the affordability of gas
• Demand Incentives: To create demand for e-vehicles, overall.
incentives (Subsidies) are provided to the ABOUT INDIAN GAS EXCHANGE LTD (IGX)
manufacturers, who in turn pass on the benefits to the • In operation since 2020, it is India’s first automated
final consumer. national level Gas Exchange to promote and sustain an
○ The scheme is exclusively for public and commercial efficient and robust Gas market and to foster gas
transport in the segments of electric three-wheelers trading in the country.
(e-3W), electric four-wheelers (e-4W) and electric ○ IGX is a neutral and transparent marketplace where
buses. The benefit of the incentive is available to both buyers and sellers trade gas as the underlying
privately owned registered electric two- commodity.
wheelers (e- 2W).
○ The exchange features multiple buyers and
○ The incentives are tied to the power of the sellers to trade in spot and forward contracts at
battery used and final price of the vehicle. designated delivery points.
○ Localised content: To be eligible for the scheme, the ○ It enables efficient and competitive discovery of
manufacturer is required to fit the vehicle with 50% gas prices and one of its most important objectives
of locally made parts by vehicle value. is also to maintain market integrity.
• Establishment of a network of Charging Stations: • Regulated By: The Exchange operates under the
2,500 charging stations are to be established so that regulatory framework of Petroleum and Natural Gas
there will be availability of at least one charging station Regulatory Board (PNGRB).
in a grid of 3 km x 3 km.

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 Economic Development

Practice questions
MCQs
Q1. Consider the following statements with 1. IGX is India’s first automated national level Gas
reference to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Exchange.
Board of India (IBBI): 2. The Exchange operates under the regulatory
1. IBBI is a statutory body set up by the Ministry of framework of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Corporate Affairs. Regulatory Board.
2. The board covers only companies and partnership Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
firms involved in the insolvency proceedings. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
3. The Board can exercise the powers vested in the (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
civil court for enforcing and summoning the
attendance of persons. Q4. With reference to the "Tea Board" in India,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? consider the following statements:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
Q2. With reference to Faster Adoption and 3. The Tea Board's Head Office is situated in
Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles in Bengaluru.
India (FAME-II) Scheme, consider the following 4. The Board has overseas offices at Dubai and
statements: Moscow.
1. The scheme covers vehicles used only for public Which of the statements given above are correct?
and commercial transport. (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
2. The incentives of the scheme are tied to the range (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
and final price of the vehicle.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Q5. With reference to PM Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-
(a) 1 only KISAN), consider the following statements:
(b) 2 only 1. It is a central sector scheme with contributions
(c) Both 1 and 2 from the Central Government only.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 2. Under the scheme, income support is provided
only to small and marginal farmers’ families.
Q3. With reference to Indian Gas Exchange (IGX), Which of the above statements is/are correct?
consider the following statements: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Descriptive Questions
Q1. “Economic growth in the recent past has been led by an increase in private consumption.” Explain this statement.
Suggest the growth pattern that will stimulate long-term investments.
Q2. 2. Account for the failure of the manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports. Suggest
measures for increasing productivity of the manufacturing sector.
Answers: 1-c, 2-d, 3-c, 4-d, 5-a

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 CONSTITUTION, POLITY AND
GOVERNANCE
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper II (Main)

TEN YEARS OF ANDHRA

• Thereafter the Parliament had also enacted various
Reorganization Acts from time to time i.e. the Bombay

PRADESH BIFURCATION Reorganization Act in 1960; The Punjab Reorganization

Act in 1966; the State of Himachal Pradesh
#Federalism Reorganization Act in 1970 and North-Eastern States
reorganization Act in 1971.
• Later, the Reorganization Acts of Uttar Pradesh,
It has been 10 years since Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated, in
Madhya Pradesh and Bihar which were enacted by the
this context, it becomes important to examine the impact of
Parliament in November 2000.
State reorganization exercise that has been carried out by the
Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act of 2014. it is also of • Latest in this category is Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
important for us to examine the impact of formation of was bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh in 2014 by the
smaller states by bifurcation of large states: Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act of 2014.

BACKGROUND OF STATE REORGANIZATION IN INDIA POINTS IN FAVOR OF CREATION OF SMALLER STATES

• The States of India were originally formed because of • More targeted governance: Division of states means
historical accidents and circumstances. After that every state will have its own leaders. Looking at the
independence there has been a growing demand for bigger picture, this means that a government who had
reorganization of the States on a more rational basis, in to formulate policies for 5 crore people, will now have
the context of not only from financial, economic, and to do the same for only 2 crores. Thus, there will be
administrative management of independent India but more efficiency in the administration and less
also due to the growing importance of regional pressure of performance on the governance. Better
languages. administration fuels growth.

• For the first time, the States Reorganization • Proximity to the capital city: Access to Capital city is
Commission (SRC) was constituted in 1953 to go into important as people of the state go to the capital to air
this problem and to recommend the principles and their grievances. All major government offices, judicial
broad guidelines on which the States can be houses like state high courts and political quarters are
reorganized. The Commission submitted its report in housed there. A new state means a closer capital city
September 1955. To give effect to the scheme of and thus provide relief to the people. This cannot be
reorganization which emerged from the consideration said about larger states.
of the proposals contained in the Report, the States E.g.: If a citizen in western U.P. were to be heard in any
Reorganization Act, 1956, was enacted by the of the state commissions or courts, he has to travel over
Parliament under Article 4 of the Constitution of India. 600 km to Lucknow, spending large sum of money to
• The new States formed because of the reorganization get justice. Reduced distances between the state capital
of States in 1956 are Andhra Pradesh, Bombay Kerala, and peripheral areas would improve the quality of
Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, and governance and administrative responsiveness and
Rajasthan. accountability.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
• Better space to articulate concerns: The people of this 5- year period while the growth rate was only
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh now have the space to 6.7% for Madhya Pradesh. With an efficient and more
articulate their concerns independently. The people of targeted administration, growth is inevitable.
Telangana are now part of a separate State, which • Better Living Standards: Per Capita income of people
means that they are not dominated by politicians from in Uttar Pradesh rose from Rs.9721 in 2000-2001 to
Andhra Pradesh. Local issues such as riparian rights are Rs.17349 in 2010-11. The same for Uttarakhand rose
highlighted and heard. Rs.14932 to Rs.44723, much better than its mother
• Proper utilization of central funds: Problem in large state. Over 2004-09, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand have
states is that the allocation of funds by the Centre can done a better job in reducing poverty than their mother
never be evenly distributed. So, some parts stand to states, reducing the poverty rates by 14.7% and 6.2%
lose and thus remain backwardly developed, while the respectively while Uttar Pradesh and Bihar could
part which holds maximum political affiliate gains. manage figures of 0.9% and 3.2% respectively. These
• Increased Growth Rate: According to Planning figures speak for themselves.
commission data, Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) • Better law and order management: Experts have
for Chhattisgarh rose from 3.1% average growth over observed that the Naxalism issue in Andhra Pradesh
1994- 95 and 2001-02 to 8.6% average since 2004-05. was a result of constant neglect and lack of progress in
Uttarakhand also shows a similar trend (4.6% to 12.3%). the Telangana region, after the creation of new State,
The industrial sector in Chhattisgarh grew at 13% over this issue has been largely addressed.

2019-21 2015-16

Telangana's Change from Telangana's

Indicator Value Top major States Value
Rank 2015-16 rank

Female population aged 6 years Kerala: 95.5;

and above who ever attended 60.9 30 of 30 Himachal: 81; -4 62.6 26 of 30
school (%) T.N.: 80.4
Himachal: 5.4;
Women aged 20-24 years married
23.5 23 of 30 Kerala: 6.3; -2 26.2 21 of 30
before 18 years of age (%)
Punjab: 8.7
Kerala: 4.4;
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000
26.4 15 of 30 T.N.: 18.6; -5 27.7 10 of 30
live births)
West Bengal: 22
Kerala: 23.4;
Stunted children (low height-for-
33.1 19 of 30 Punjab: 24.5; 9 28 8 of 30
age) (%)
T.N.:25

Punjab: 10.6;
Wasted children (low weight-for-
21.7 26 of 30 Haryana: 11.5; -10 18.1 16 of 30
height) (%)
Uttarakhand: 13.2

Punjab: 16.9; Kerala:

Underweight children (low
31.8 21 of 30 19.7; Uttarakhand: -6 28.4 15 of 30
weight-forage) (%)
21

Households with any member Rajasthan: 87.8;

covered under a health 60.8 8 of 30 Chhattisgarh:71.4; -5 66.4 3 of 30
insurance/financing scheme (%) Andhra: 70.2

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
Population that use an improved Kerala: 98.7; Punjab:
76.2 15 of 30 6 52.3 21 of 30
sanitation facility (%) 86.6; Haryana: 85

Fig: Shows Telangana’s social indicators over the past 10 years.

POINTS AGAINST CREATION OF SMALLER STATES pressure on the already dwindling fiscal reserves of
• Division vs. governance: Much more than the size of a India. It is argued that a systematic and planned
state, it is the quality of governance and administration, approach for development within the current state
the diverse talent available within the state’s can handle the issue of growth better than division.
population, and the leadership’s drive and vision • Hurts unity: If states are divided based on factors such
that determine whether a particular state performs as dominant caste, creed, language, culture, the idea of
better than the others. Devolution of powers to the making “One India” as laid down by Sardar Vallabhbhai
grass root level and an accountable bureaucracy is Patel, and the idea of present government i.e. Ek Bharat
what is needed for governance, not division. Shrestha Bharat gets impacted. Such divisions cause
o If only smaller state creation were the panacea, more hatred amongst the states, which is not
Jharkhand should have been a developed state. But favourable for interstate relations and trade.
that is far from true. Corruption in mining licenses, • Creation of Institutions: After bifurcation, both states
Naxalism still plague the state. Both Chhattisgarh have demanded Separate institutes of National
and Jharkhand account for 68% of insurgent attacks. importance, while some promises have been fulfilled,
• Reduced Self-Sustainability: A small state is likely to like IIT in Tirupati and AIIMS at Vishakhapatnam, but
face limitations in terms of the natural and human some commitments like creation of South Coast railway
resources available to it. Moreover, it will lack the kind Zone at Vizag haven’t been fulfilled.
of agro-climatic diversity required for economic and CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD
developmental activities. All these factors make it • Focus on governance: We can see that the poor
more dependent on the Centre for financial transfers governance is not necessarily linked to the size of the
and centrally-sponsored schemes. state. Today, technology can help in better governance,
o Example: Post division, Telangana has become a even for the large states and even smaller states can
landlocked state by losing out on major ports, remain misgoverned because of lack of political and
coastline, golden quadrilateral and major railway administrative will.
freight corridors. • Strengthening PRIs: In most states, the perception of
o Example: Post division from UP, Uttarakhand has exclusion has led to the demand for smaller states, this
become more dependent on Centre and World bank perception of exclusion needs to be addressed, the best
for the finance of even medium scale projects like way to deal with this is to strengthen PRIs and grassroot
household water supply scheme. devolution as per the constitutional scheme of 73rd
o In the case of Telangana, while it leads in economic amendment.
indicators, this however has not translated into social • Long term assessment: Thus, creation of smaller
development. states on one side holds potential for targeted
• Cost of Infrastructure: New States may find governance, economic growth, better representation,
themselves lacking in infrastructure (administrative and addressing sentiments of people, it also comes with
and industrial), which requires time, money, and effort challenges like resource conflict, short term economic
to build. There is a massive amount of infrastructure strain, and potential administrative disruptions and
needed for building up new capital and to make new bureaucratic burden. The need therefore is of
states self-sufficient. informed, sensitive, and participatory approach,
keeping the larger national interest in mind, instead of
o Mobilizing capital required for big infrastructure
merely pacifying political needs.
setup, which is a herculean task, it adds up more

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance

SPECIAL CATEGORY
• Bihar: Bihar has been asking for it ever since the
mineral-rich Jharkhand was carved out of it back in

STATUS 2000.
o Bihar has been ranked as the poorest state in India,
#Federalism #Center-State Relations according to the Centre's ‘Multidimensional
#Mains Exhaustive Poverty Index’ (MPI) report. It is estimated to have
nearly 52% of its population, without having proper
access to requisite health, education and living
States such as Bihar and Andhra Pradesh must reconsider standards.
their demand for Special Category Status, as it is often made o While the state meets most of the criteria for the
for political purposes. Studies have shown that the net Special Category Status, it does not fulfil the criteria
benefits a state would gain through SCS can be easily achieved of hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas.
by fully and properly utilizing funds under sanctioned projects
• Andhra Pradesh: After its bifurcation in 2014, Andhra
and tapping into existing opportunities.
Pradesh has also seen many of its political leaders
ABOUT SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS (SCS) demanding a Special Category Status on the grounds of
• It is a classification granted by the Centre to assist the revenue loss due to the city of Hyderabad going to
development of States that face geographical or Telangana.
socioeconomic disadvantages. BENEFITS PROVIDED TO SCS
• Balanced regional development in the country was its • For Special Category States 90% of the Central
prime objective of SCS. assistance is given as grant and 10% as Loan. In the case
• Also to safeguard the interest and aspirations of certain of Non-Special Category States, however only 30% of
backward regions or to protect cultural and economic NCA is given as grant and 70% as Loan.
interests of the tribal people or to deal with the • Special packages are purely discretionary. They may be
disturbed law and order in some parts of India. need-based, but the need is not the proximate reason
• It was introduced in 1969 on the recommendation of for granting a special package, which is an additional
the Fourth Finance Commission (FC). grant under Article 282, which falls under
• The criteria for SCS are based on Gadgil Mukherjee ‘Miscellaneous Financial Provisions’.
formula: • Tax sops such as concession on Customs duty, income
o Hilly and difficult terrain tax and corporate tax etc. for industrial development.

o Low population density and/or sizeable share • Special category states can carry forward unspent
of tribal population money from one financial year to the next without it
lapsing.
o Strategic location along international borders
BENEFITS FOR SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS
o Economic and infrastructural backwardness and
• To preserve cultural identity e.g.: Goa.
o Nonviable nature of state finances.
• To address socio-economic and infrastructural
• The 14th and 15th Finance Commissions (FC) have
backwardness e.g.: Bihar.
increased the devolution of divisible pool funds to
states from 32% to 41%. However, 14th FC did not • To compensate for the loss of taxation rights under the
consider special category states in its GST mechanism.
recommendations even 15th FC made no mention of the • To provide special support for recovery and resilient
SCS. infrastructure due to frequent natural calamities, such
• 14 FC proposed the continuation of higher grants and
th as earthquakes, floods, or cyclones e.g.: Odisha.
lower cost sharing for central government and centrally • To enhance infrastructure for national security,
sponsored projects. particularly in areas near international borders e.g.:
CURRENTLY BIHAR AND ANDHRA PRADESH Rajasthan.
DEMANDING SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH SCS goes beyond the literal interpretation to encompass a
• It places an additional economic burden on the centre commitment to values such as sovereignty, social
and fosters a culture of economic dependency among justice, and equality in constitutional adjudication.
states. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• Granting special status to one state often prompts • It instils a sense of civic responsibility among citizens
similar requests from other states. and prevent the usurpation of power by oligarchs and
• It will weaken the foundations of fiscal federalism, as despots through coercion.
it will result in diverting national resources away from • It ensures the balance between freedom and
other States, which too may have pressing needs. restraint. Citizens submit to constitutional authorities
• May be driven by political motives instead of objective and, at the same time, have the freedom to criticize
criteria and become a tool of political bargaining. those in power.

WAY FORWARD • Provides guidance in decision-making in cases where

the constitution is silent or grants discretionary
Recommendations of Raghuram Rajan Committee:
power.
• Suggested "multi-dimensional index" of
• Ensures that the principle of non-discrimination works
backwardness is proposed, based on per capita
as a key component of contemporary polity.
consumption according to National Sample Survey
Organisation (NSSO) data, poverty ratios, and other CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY IS REFLECTED IN
measures aligned with the multi-dimensional approach • Preamble: Outlines the principles that underpin our
to defining poverty in the 12th Five-Year Plan. States democracy, including justice, liberty, equality, and
that score 0.6 and above on the Index may be classified fraternity.
as "least developed"; States that score below 0.6 and • Fundamental Rights: It safeguards individuals’ rights
above 0.4 may be classified as "less developed"; and
against the arbitrary use of state power. Notably, the
States that score below 0.4 may be classified as
Supreme Court allows for the enforcement of these
"relatively developed".
rights under Article 32.
• Each state should get a basic fixed allocation and an
• Directive Principles: They provide guidelines for the
additional allocation depending on its development
state to pursue the goals set by the constitution’s
needs and development performance.
framers, drawing from Gandhian, socialist, and liberal
• Design specialized programs that address the needs of intellectual philosophies.
vulnerable groups with a focus on preserving their
• Fundamental Duties: Alongside their rights, citizens
cultural identities.
also have responsibilities to the nation.
• Checks and Balances: It includes judicial review of
CONSTITUTIONAL legislative and executive actions, legislative oversight of
the executive, etc.
MORALITY IMPORTANT CASES WITH RESPECT TO
#Polity and Constitution CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• In Namit Sharma v Union of India (2013), SC
highlighted that ‘Constitutional morality’ requires
Constitutional values and principles are in news because of
the recently sworn in Council of Ministers. transparent functioning of institutions which was
intrinsic to rule of law.
ABOUT CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• In Navtej Johar v Union of India (2018), it
• Constitutional Morality’ refers to the guiding values
emphasized Constitutional morality as the soul of the
enshrined in the Constitution that must be protected
Constitution embracing within itself virtues like justice,
to uphold the integrity and vision of Constitution.
equality and human dignity.
• Constitutional morality entails the adherence to
constitutional norms within a democratic system. It

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
• In K S Puttaswamy vs. Union of India, the Supreme • NOTA vote is a neutral vote that is eventually
Court confirmed the constitutional validity discounted towards the final total, it is distinct from a
of Aadhaar with certain restrictions, underscoring the negative vote which has no arithmetic value.
role of courts in checking executive abuse of power.
• The NOTA option was introduced for the first time in
• Union of India vs. Government of the NCT of Delhi,
the General Elections of 2014.
it was ruled that high-ranking officials must adhere to
constitutional morality and uphold the ideals outlined • Presently, NOTA has no legal consequence attached
in the Constitution to prevent the arbitrary use of to it. Even if the highest number of votes in a seat are
authority. polled for NOTA, the contestant with second highest
CHALLENGES FACED BY CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY number of votes wins.

• Alleged misuse of police or investigating agencies to put BACKGROUND

pressure on opposition. • UDHR: The Right to secrecy is integral part of voting and
• Use of absolute power affecting the notion of free elections under Article 21(3) of the Universal
constitutional morality in a parliamentary democracy. Declaration of Human Rights and Article 25(b) of the
ICCPR.
• Balancing religious rights with the principles of non-
discrimination against women in cases like Sabarimala. • Section 79(d) in The Representation of the People
Act, 1951: It states that “Electoral right” means the right
• Challenge of cultivating the value of constitutionalism
of a person to stand or not to stand as, or to withdraw
and human dignity in the minds of people.
or not to withdraw from being, a candidate, or to vote
• Vilification of minorities at the time of elections, or refrain from voting at an election.
compromising secularism which is basic structure of
• Law commission of India: Law Commission in its
constitution.
170th Report in 1999 had explored the concept of
• Appointments of senior officials like NSA, Principal negative voting along with a 50%+1 voting system, but
Secretary to PMO without the consent of Appointment practical challenges led to no final outcome in this
Committee of the Cabinet. regard.
WAY FORWARD: Strengthening constitutional institutions • Election Commission of India (ECI): ECI supported
and protecting against their misuse, promoting civic NOTA in 2001 and 2004 as a response to concerns
culture, protection of minorities ensuring rule of law, about voter secrecy due to EVMs. They proposed
liberty, equality, self-restraint. adding "NOTA" as an option to address the secrecy
issues.

NONE OF THE ABOVE LANDMARK CASES

• Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India: SC held that the right
(NOTA IN ELECTIONS) to vote and the right not to vote are statutorily
recognized, Court also held that secrecy had to be
#Elections maintained regardless of whether voters decide to cast
or not cast their votes.
The None Of The Above (NOTA) option is in news recently o Ballot Box system: Citizens who chose not to cast a
because Indore constituency registered the highest number of ballot when using ballot papers did so by filling in
NOTA votes in the recently held General Elections. blank ballot papers, which protected both their right
ABOUT NOTA to vote and the election's confidentiality. However,
because of how they operate, the EVMs did not
• NOTA is a voting option that allows voters to formally
provide the voters this option. The Election
express their rejection of all the running candidates,
Commission of India petitioned the Supreme Court
Selecting NOTA as a voting option signifies that the in 2009 to allow voters to select "NOTA," but the
voter has not selected any party or candidate to Government opposed the notion.
support.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
• People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India ARGUMENTS AGAINST NOTA
(2013): In 2004, the People's Union for Civil Liberties • Ineffectiveness in Changing Outcomes:
filed a PIL. The Supreme Court mandated the provision
o No Real Impact: In many electoral systems, NOTA
of a "None of the Above" (NOTA) button on EVMs to
votes do not affect the outcome of the election. Even
allow voters to express dissatisfaction with
if NOTA receives the highest number of votes, the
contesting candidates while maintaining secrecy.
candidate with the most votes after NOTA still wins,
o SC also held that maintaining vote confidentiality is that’s why it is termed as “toothless tiger”.
vital for “free and fair elections”.
o Symbolic Gesture: Critics argue that NOTA is merely
o It is in concurrence with the Fundamental Right to symbolic and does not lead to any substantial
freedom of Speech and Expression Under Article political change or reform.
19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India.
• Potential for Misuse:
o This decision enhanced democracy by empowering
o Protest Votes: Voters might use NOTA as a form of
voters and promoting fair elections. ECI was directed
protest without fully considering the implications,
to implement this provision, alongside conducting
potentially undermining serious candidates, and the
awareness programs.
democratic process. Data also showed that non-
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF NOTA urban areas and the SC and ST reserved
• Expression of Discontent: constituencies have consistently been reporting
o Voter Autonomy: NOTA allows voters to express higher NOTA vote share since the introduction of the
their dissatisfaction with the candidates without option in 2013.
abstaining from the voting process entirely. o Strategic Voting Issues: In highly polarized
o Signal to Political Parties: A significant number of elections, NOTA can split the vote, potentially
NOTA votes can signal to political parties that the affecting the results in unintended ways.
electorate is unhappy with the choices presented, • Lack of Constructive Alternatives:
encouraging better candidate selection. o No Follow-up Mechanism: Simply rejecting all
• Promotes Democratic Values: candidates does not provide a clear path for what
o Right to Reject: NOTA embodies the democratic happens next. No mechanism to address the issues
principle of choice, ensuring that voters can actively that led to the rejection of all candidates.
reject all candidates if they feel none are suitable. o Does Not Address Root Causes: NOTA does not
o Increases Voter Turnout: By providing an option for solve the underlying problems of poor candidate
those dissatisfied with the candidates, NOTA can selection, corruption, or lack of viable choices; it only
encourage more people to participate in elections. highlights these issues.
o Morally sound candidate: Discourage the parties • Potential to Undermine the Electoral Process:
from fielding tainted candidates and nominate a o Voter Disengagement: Frequent high NOTA votes
morally sound candidate. can lead to a perception of perpetual dissatisfaction
• Political Accountability: and disillusionment with the democratic process.
o Encourages Better Governance: Knowing that o Election Delays and Costs: If NOTA were to trigger
voters have a formal way to reject candidates can re-elections, it could lead to delays in governance
push political parties to nominate more qualified and and increased electoral costs, straining public
honest candidates. resources.
o Deters Malpractice: The potential for a high WAY FORWARD
number of NOTA votes can discourage unethical • Re-election: An election can be declared as "null and
practices like vote-buying and pandering. void" if maximum votes or more than 50% votes from
• Ethical Voting: Avoids Compromised Choices: Voters the constituency are polled for "None of The Above"
do not have to choose the lesser of two evils and can (NOTA) and a fresh election should be held for the
maintain their ethical standards by selecting NOTA.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
constituency. A plea has been filed in the Supreme • Twenty-Second Amendment
Court in this context. Section 1: No person shall be elected to the office of the
• Candidates who have lost against NOTA may be barred President more than twice, and no person who has held
from contesting again in the same election. the office of President, or acted as President, for more
than two years of a term to which some other person was
• Candidate review mechanism: Political parties can
elected President shall be elected to the office of the
also implement a lower threshold for NOTA votes (e.g.,
President more than once. But this Article shall not apply
30%), which could require a review of the candidate
to any person holding the office of President when this
selection process or other corrective measures without
Article was proposed by the Congress and shall not
necessarily triggering re-elections.
prevent any person who may be holding the office of
President, or acting as President, during the term within
TRUMP BECOMES FIRST EX- which this Article becomes operative from holding the
office of President or acting as President during the
U.S. PRESIDENT TO BE remainder of such term.
2. REPUBLIC OF INDIA
CONVICTED OF FELONY 2.1 Eligibility conditions for President of India: A person
#Comparative Constitutions #Union to be eligible for election as President should fulfil the
following qualifications:
Executive
1. He/she should be a citizen of India.
2. He/she should have completed 35 years of age.
Donald Trump has become the first former American 3. He/ she should be qualified for election as a member
President to be convicted of felony crimes. New York jury of the Lok Sabha.
found him guilty illegally influencing the 2016 election through 4. He/she should not hold any office of profit under the
a hush money. In this context, let us compare the eligibility Union government or any state government or any
conditions for the office of President in case of USA and India. local authority or any other public authority. A sitting
1.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA President or Vice-President of the Union, the Governor
1.1 Eligibility conditions for President of US: Candidates of any state and a minister of the Union or any state is
for president of the United States must meet basic not deemed to hold any office of profit and hence
requirements. The U.S. Constitution states that the qualified as a presidential candidate.
president must: • Further, the nomination of a candidate for election to
• Be a natural-born citizen of the United States the office of President must be subscribed by at least 50
electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders.
• Be at least 35 years old.
Every candidate must make a security deposit of Rs.
• Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years.
15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The security
Anyone who meets these requirements can declare their deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate
candidacy for president. Once a candidate raises or fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.
spends more than $5,000 for their campaign, they must
• Before 1997, number of proposers and seconders was
register with the Federal Election Commission. That
ten each and the amount of security deposit was f2,500.
includes naming a principal campaign committee to raise
In 1997, they were increased to discourage the non-
and spend campaign funds.
serious candidates.
1.2 Can a convicted person run for president in USA:
2.2 Can a convicted person become President of India:
There is no bar based on a candidate’s criminal record.
1. The eligibility conditions mentioned above state
In some American states, felons are not allowed to run for
that for person to become a President, He/she
state or local offices, but this does not apply to federal
should be qualified for the election as a member of
offices, including that of President.
Lok Sabha. The Constitution of India and
1.3 Re-election for US president: The terms for re-
Parliament has laid various grounds for
election are regulated by the twenty-second
disqualification for being elected as a member of
amendment.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
Parliament such as holding office of profit, years, he/she shall be rendered disqualified to be and
unsound mind, insolvency, given up citizenship, Member of parliament and ipso facto the office of
and disqualified under any law under the President.
Parliament. 2.3 Re-election: Article 57 of Constitution of India deals
2. The Parliament has laid down following additional with eligibility for re-election, it states that a person who
disqualifications under Representation of holds, or has held, office as president shall, subject to the
People’s Act 1951. other provisions of the constitution of India be eligible for
1. He/she must not have been found guilty of re-election to the office. Thus, a person may be elected for
certain electoral offences or corrupt practices any number of terms.
in the elections.
2. He/she must not have been convicted for any
offence resulting in imprisonment for two or
MISSION KARMAYOGI
more years. But the detention of a person #Governance Reforms
under a preventive detention law is not a
disqualification.
3. He/she must not have failed to lodge an India is on the path towards Viksit Bharat by 2047. In its
account of his/her election expenses within the journey, India aspires to become a manufacturing hub in the
time. global supply chain, critical exporter of value-added
4. He/ she must not have any interest in services and mass supplier of human skills to an ageing
government contracts, works, or services. developed world. In its pursuit, various reforms have been
carried out by the government in past 10 years, let us
5. He/she must not be a director or managing
understand the reforms carried out through Mission
agent nor hold an office of profit in a
corporation in which the government has at Karmyogi.
least 25 per cent share. ABOUT MISSION KARMYOGI
6. He/she must not have been dismissed from • Mission Karmayogi (National Programme for Civil
government service for corruption or disloyalty Services Capacity Building) was brought in 2021 to
to the State. transform India's three million civil servants into citizen
7. He/she must not have been convicted for centric, future-ready and result-oriented Karma
promoting enmity between different groups or yogis.
for the offence of bribery. • As part of Mission Karmayogi, the Capacity Building
8. He/she must not have been punished for Commission (CBC) was constituted in to provide policy
preaching and practicing social crimes such as guidance and tools to enhance the capabilities of all
untouchability, dowry, and sati. levels of India's vast civil services.
Thus, if the person is found guilty and is convicted for any
offence resulting in in imprisonment for two or more
GOALS OF MISSION KARMYOGI

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
OUTCOMES OF IMPROVED GOVERNANCE

Criteria Past experience Reformed governance

• Delayed completion of • Integrated all legal and geographic layers such as forests, wildlife
mega infrastructure like sanctuaries, roads and railway lines, as well as planning and
rail freight corridors and execution of mega infrastructure projects.
national highways was the • "Whole of government" approach where ministries are required
Infrastructure
norm. to work in a de-siloed manner to achieve national priorities by
development
• Delayed inter-ministerial harmonizing sector-specific perspectives.
permissions threw many • Capacity Building Commission providing digital training courses to
infrastructure projects equip civil servants with skills to apply PM Gati Shakti for project
into a quagmire. planning and coordination across departments.

• Online learning module on emerging technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data analysis uploaded on
Traditional governance
the online learning portal, iGOT Karmayogi Bharat.
Governance devoid of evidence-based
• Over 3,88,000 government personnel from across ministries have
policy
successfully been certified in learning modules on emerging
technologies.

• Research-based self-reflection course to promote "sewa bhaav".

Attitudinal Traditional attitudes of
• The CBC has partnered with the Ministry of Home Affairs to train
issues colonial bureaucracy
police personnel to promote public security and ease of living.

• Faceless and painless tax collection system that rewards the

honest taxpayer.
Loopholes in tax collection,
Tax system • Creation of online module on systemic solutions to repeated
corruption as a challenge.
taxpayer grievances. Over 14,000 direct tax personnel have
completed the online learning module.

Traditional municipal • Municipal corporations being brought on iGOT platform and

Municipality
governance, issues of funds, trained in municipal governance, finances, road and sewerage
reforms
functions and functionaries. engineering, solid waste management.

• Cultivating a culture of life-long learning.

One time training course at
• Section officers completed 15 lakh online learning modules on
Training foundation level, and mid-
data analytics, Government e Marketplace modules and
career training after that.
software tools like advanced excel.

GLOBAL CITIES INDEX 2024

Oxford Economics, which is an independent economic
advisory firm, has developed the Global Cities Index.

RELEASED BY OXFORD GLOBAL CITIES INDEX

• Covers the 1,000 largest cities in the world which are in
ECONOMICS 163 countries.
#PrelimsSnippets • The index is based on 5 categories of Economics,
Human Capital, Quality of Life, Environment and
Governance which are aggregated to create an overall
score for each city.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
• According to the report, these 1,000 largest cities 1. Economics Category: Based on GDP size, GDP growth,
account for 60% of global GDP and 30% of global GDP per person, Employment growth, Economic
population. stability and Economic diversity.
• Top 10 cities according to Global Cities Index: New York 2. Human Capital Category: Based on Educational
(USA), London (UK), San Jose (USA), Tokyo (Japan), Paris attainment, Universities, Corporate Headquarters,
(France), Seattle (USA), Los Angeles (USA), San Francisco Population growth, Age profile and Foreign-born
(USA), Melbourne (Australia), Zurich (Switzerland). population.
• Close to three-fourths of these cities are clustered in the 3. Quality of Life Category: Based on Life expectancy,
top 22 nations, with at least 10 big cities, and as many Income per person, Income equality, Housing
as one-third were bunched together in the top three expenditure, Recreation & cultural sites and Internet
nations: China with 159 cities, followed by the United speed.
States (US) with 92 and India with 91. 4. Environment Category: Based on Air quality,
METHODOLOGY AND INDICATORS USED TO MEASURE Emissions intensity, Natural disasters, Temperature
GLOBAL CITIES INDEX anomalies and Rainfall anomalies.
The report ranks the cities on a cumulative of 27 indicators 5. Governance Category: Based on institutions, political
grouped into following five categories: stability, business environment and civil liberties.

STATUS OF INDIAN CITIES IN THE GLOBAL CITIES • Among Indian cities, the top 10 ranked were: Delhi
INDEX (350), Bengaluru (411), Mumbai (427), Chennai (472),
• Total 91 cities are included in the top 1000 cities of the Kochi (521), Kolkata (528), Pune (534), Thrissur (550),
Global Cities Index. However, the average rankings of Hyderabad (564) and Kozhikode (580).
Indian cities is much lower. • There is a heavy concentration in some regions. The
• The low average ranking of Indian cities is due to large largest cluster was in northern belt, account for 40% of
deficit in human capital, poor quality of life and the 91 Indian cities. Next came southern India (29 cities),
environmental indicators. followed by western region (12 cities) and least in
eastern region (10 cities).

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance

NATIONAL FORENSIC
• Aims to establish an effective and efficient criminal
justice system, based on scientific and timely forensic

INFRASTRUCTURE examination of evidence.

• Creation of high quality, trained forensic professionals
ENHANCEMENT SCHEME in the timely and scientific examination of evidence for
an efficient criminal justice process, leveraging
(NFIES) advancements in technology & evolving manifestations
#Criminal Justice System, Governance and methods of crime.
IMPORTANCE OF INCREASED RELIANCE ON FORENSICS
IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Union Cabinet has approved the central sector scheme - • Securing an increased conviction rate of more than
National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme with a 90%.
total outlay of Rs 2254.43 crores for improving the criminal
• Alleviate case load and pendency.
justice system in India.
• Prevent miscarriage of justice and correct identification
ABOUT NATIONAL FORENSIC INFRASTRUCTURE
of perpetrators.
ENHANCEMENT SCHEME
• Enhanced public trust in the criminal justice system
• The scheme will be operated by the Union Home
• Restrains the police from employing inhuman
Ministry.
techniques like third degree and torture.
• The scheme will be a central sector scheme (100%
• Formulating standardised procedures and protocols for
financed by Central Government) with a total outlay of
evidence collection
Rs 2254.3 crores.
• Helps to create integrated databases and international
• The scheme will run from 2024-25 to 2028-29.
cooperation.
• Components under the scheme:
o Establishment of campuses of National Forensic
Sciences University (NFSU) in India. ADJOURNMENT MOTION
o Establishment of
Laboratories in India.
Central Forensic Science
IN LOK SABHA
o Enhancement of existing infrastructure of Delhi #Polity and Constitution #Parliamentary
Campus of NFSU. Democracy
RATIONALE BEHIND THE NFIES SCHEME
• New Criminal laws mandates forensic investigation for
Opposition is planning adjournment motion in Lok Sabha
offences involving punishment of 7 years or more,
over the issue of NEET exam issue.
which is expected to create a significant increase in the
workload of forensic science laboratories. Thus, the ABOUT ADJOURNMENT
scheme will create the required infrastructure to • A session of Parliament consists of many meetings.
address this increased demand for forensic science Each meeting of a day consists of two sittings, that is, a
professionals and laboratories. morning sitting from 11 am to 1 pm and post-lunch
• Currently, there is a significant shortage of trained sitting from 2 pm to 6 pm.
forensic science laboratories in India. The scheme is • A Sitting of Parliament can be terminated by
expected to increase the number of trained forensic adjournment or adjournment sine die or prorogation or
professionals in India. dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha). An
• Establishment of additional off-campuses of National adjournment suspends the work in a sitting for a
Forensic Sciences University (NFSU) and new Central specified time, which may be hours, days or weeks.
Forensic Science Laboratories would address shortage
of trained manpower.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
ADJOURNMENT MOTION • Decision by the Speaker:
• An adjournment motion is a procedural device used in o The Speaker has the discretion to admit or reject
the Lok Sabha. It is used to draw the attention of the the motion.
House to a definite matter of urgent public o If admitted, the Speaker will decide the time and
importance and, if admitted, it leads to an date for the discussion.
interruption of the normal business of the House.
• Discussion:
PURPOSE OF ADJOURNMENT MOTION
o Once admitted, the motion leads to an
• The primary purpose of an adjournment motion is to adjournment of the regular business of the
censure the government for its actions or inactions on
House.
a specific issue. It allows members to bring urgent
o The motion is debated, and members can discuss
matters to the forefront and hold the government
the issue in detail.
accountable by discussing its policies or any incidents
that require immediate attention. o The concerned minister responds to the points
• As it interrupts the ordinary functioning of a house, it is raised by the members.
considered as an extraordinary device. As it involves an • Voting:
element of censure of government, Rajya Sabha is not o After the debate, the House may vote on the
permitted the use of this device. motion.
• The discussion on an adjournment motion should not o If the motion is passed, it is seen as a serious
last for less than two hours and thirty minutes. indictment of the government, indicating a lack of
FEATURES AND PROCEDURE OF ADJOURNMENT confidence in its handling of the issue.
MOTION SIGNIFICANCE
• Initiation:
• Accountability: It serves as a tool for the opposition
o An adjournment motion can be moved by any and members to hold the government accountable for
member of the Lok Sabha. its actions.
o It must be supported by at least 50 members to be
• Transparency: Promotes transparency in government
admitted for discussion.
functioning by bringing critical issues to public
• Conditions for Admission: attention.
o The matter raised must be definite, urgent, and of
• Parliamentary Control: Reinforces the control of
public importance.
Parliament over the executive by ensuring that urgent
o It should relate to a recent issue. matters are promptly addressed.
o The motion should not cover trivial matters or • However, The adjournment motion is rarely admitted
those that do not require immediate discussion.
due to stringent conditions and the discretion of the
o It should not deal with matters that are sub judice Speaker.
(under judicial consideration) or are already
• In past, adjournment motions have been moved on
under discussion in the House.
various issues such as natural disasters, India-China
o It should not raise a question of privilege.
border row, Pegasus issue etc.
o It should not revive discussion on a matter that has
been discussed in the same session.
o It should not raise any question that can be raised on STATE LEGISLATIVE
a distinct motion.
• Notice: COUNCIL
o A notice for an adjournment motion must be given #State Legislature
to the Speaker before 10 a.m. on the day it is
proposed to be raised.
o The notice should clearly state the matter to be Recently Karnataka held State Legislative Council elections
discussed. where 11 candidates got elected unopposed.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
ABOUT STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS and the minimum strength is fixed at 40. It means
• The State legislature may have unicameral system or that the size of the council depends on the size of the
bicameral system, in bicameral system, the State assembly of the concerned state.

legislature consists of both State Legislative Assembly • This is done to ensure the predominance of the
and State Legislative Council. directly elected House (assembly) in the legislative
affairs of the state. Though the Constitution has fixed
• At present, six states have two Houses (bicameral).
the maximum and the minimum limits, the actual
These are Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar
strength of a Council is fixed by Parliament.
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
MANNER OF ELECTION
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
• Of the total number members of a legislative council:
• Articles 168 to 212 in Part VI of the Constitution deal
1. 1/3 are elected by the members of local bodies in
with the organization, composition, duration, officers,
the state like municipalities, district boards, etc.,
procedures, privileges, powers etc. of the state
legislature. 2. 1/12 are elected by graduates of three years
standing and residing within the state,
• Article 169 provides for the abolition or creation of
3. 1/12 are elected by teachers of three years
legislative councils in states. Accordingly, the
standing in the state, not lower in standard than
Parliament can abolish a legislative council (where it
secondary school,
already exists) or create it (where it does not exist), if
the legislative assembly of the concerned state passes 4. 1/3 are elected by the members of the legislative
assembly of the state from amongst persons who are
a resolution to that effect.
not members of the assembly, and
• Such a specific resolution must be passed by the state
5. Remainder are nominated by the governor from
assembly by a special majority, that is, a majority of
amongst persons who have a special knowledge or
the total membership of the assembly and a
practical experience of literature, science, art,
majority of not less than two-thirds of the members
cooperative movement, and social service.
of the assembly present and voting.
• Thus, 5/ 6 of the total number of members of a
• This Act of Parliament is not to be deemed as an
legislative council are indirectly elected and 1/ 6 are
amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of nominated by the governor. The members are elected
Article 368 and is passed like an ordinary piece of in accordance with the system of proportional
legislation (i.e., by simple majority). representation by means of a single transferable
COMPOSITION OF STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL vote.
• Nature of election: Unlike the members of the • This scheme of composition of a legislative council as
legislative assembly, the members of the legislative laid down in the Constitution is tentative and not final.
council are indirectly elected. The Parliament is authorized to modify or replace the
• Strength: The maximum strength of the council is fixed same. However, it has not enacted any such law so far.
at one-third of the total strength of the assembly

practice questions
MCQs
Q1. With reference to President of India and USA, 1. To become the President of USA, a person must
Consider the following statements: be naturally born in USA, while in case of India, the
person should only be a citizen of India.

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 Constituti0n, Polity and
Governance
2. While there is a cap on the number of times a (a) Only one (b) Only two
person can be elected president in USA, no such (c) All three (d) None
cap exists in case of India.
3. There is no bar on a convicted person to be Q4. Consider the following statements:
elected as President in case of USA or India.
1. Council of ministers can only be drawn from the
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? Lok Sabha.
(a) Only one (b) Only two 2. The total number of ministers, including the
(c) All three (d) None Prime Minister, in the Council of Ministers shall
not exceed 10% of the total strength of the Lok
Q2. Consider the following statements about Sabha.
Mission Karmayogi: 3. A minister who is not a member of the Parliament
1. Capacity Building Commission was constituted for any period of six consecutive months shall
under the above Mission. cease to be a minister.

2. The program aims to make civil servants’ citizen How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
centric. (a) Only one (b) Only two
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) All three (d) None
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q5. Which of the following statements about the
adjournment motion in the Lok Sabha is/are
Q3. Consider the following statements with correct?

reference to State Legislative Councils: 1. An adjournment motion can be moved by any

1. The act of abolition or creation of State Legislative member of the Lok Sabha.
Councils is considered as an amendment to the 2. It requires the support of at least 100 members to
constitution under Article 368. be admitted for discussion.

2. While the Constitution of India has fixed the upper 3. The matter raised by an adjournment motion
limit of membership, the lower limit is fixed by the must be definite, urgent, and of public
Parliament. importance.

3. The elections to State Legislative Councils are held 4. The Speaker has the discretion to admit or reject
in accordance with the system of proportional the adjournment motion.
representation by means of a single transferable Select the correct answer using the code given below:
vote. (a) 1, 2, and 3 only (b) 1, 3, and 4 only
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (c) 2, 3, and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only

Descriptive Questions
Q1. States are at the cutting edge of delivery of public services in India's constitutional scheme. In this respect, highlight
how far smaller states are more efficient as compared to larger states in the delivery of public services. Suggest a
rationale for deciding optimum size of state in India.
Q2. NOTA is a very important tool in the empowerment of India’s voters. However, it needs more substance. Comment.

Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b

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 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS &
SECURITY
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper II & III (Main)

Mains Exhaustive
A PROGRESSIVE INDIAN
lethal equipment to the junta since the 2021 coup
which were being use by Myanmar military to attack

POLICY ON MYANMAR civilians.

● Establishment of Humanitarian corridors: India
#Bilateral relations must open cross-border humanitarian corridors (like
done by Thailand) to aid civilians affected by the
conflict in Sagaing Region, Chin State, and northern
Three years after Myanmar’s 2021 coup, the military
Rakhine State. India should revoke plans to fence the
continues its brutal repression. India, prioritizing its interests,
border, reinstate the Free Movement Regime, and
maintains relations with the junta, foregoing an idealistic
collaborate with local and international NGOs to
focus on values.
provide emergency relief.
In foreign policy, the distinction between “values” and
● Protection to asylum seekers: Government of India
“interests” is often blurred because these terms lack
should stop detaining and deporting asylum seekers
standard definitions, varying based on a country’s
from Myanmar, particularly in Manipur. Despite not
interpretation which is evident in India’s approach to
ratifying the 1951 Refugee Convention, India should
Myanmar. India can establish a more progressive, values-
treat them as refugees needing humanitarian aid and
driven Myanmar policy that aligns with its national
protection.
interests which should focus on two key principles:
India, as the “Vishwabandhu,” frequently asserts its
democracy and human security.
solidarity with the people of Myanmar. It is now
INDIA’S POLICY TOWARD MYANMAR SHOULD
imperative for India to translate these words into action
REVOLVE AROUND FOLLOWING PILLARS
by implementing a values-driven Myanmar policy that
● Focus on capacity building of locals: India should prioritizes democracy, human security, humanitarian aid,
leverage its status as the largest federal democracy to and the protection of asylum seekers. This commitment
influence Myanmar, aiding its pro-democracy forces in will not only align with India’s principles but also enhance
replacing the 2008 constitution with a federal one. its regional influence and credibility.
Through capacity-building and knowledge exchange,
India can distinguish itself from China by promoting
federal cooperation, enhancing its regional influence. INDIA – US TIES
● Cease weapons sale: India must halt all weapon sales #Bilateral relations
to the Myanmar military immediately. According to
Justice for Myanmar, Indian state-owned
manufacturers have supplied non-lethal and semi- As the newly sworn-in Indian Prime Minister prepares to meet
President Biden once more at the G-7 outreach summit in

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 International Relations & Security

Italy, it becomes crucial to closely examine the achievements, ● China factor: The U.S. views China as a primary
challenges, and potential pitfalls in this bilateral relationship. strategic competitor and seeks to counter its influence
NEW PHASE OF INDIA US TIES through alliances like the Quad. India, while

● Technological cooperation: The US-India Initiative on

participating in the Quad, is cautious about being
Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) focuses on perceived as aligning too closely with U.S. policies that
enhancing collaboration in cutting-edge technologies, might provoke China, given its complex and often tense
including advancements in outer space exploration. bilateral relationship with China, especially concerning
Through iCET, both nations aim to drive innovation, border disputes.
share knowledge, and strengthen their technological ● Allegation on India for killing of separatists: Amid
capabilities. the ongoing discourse, the critical issue that remains
● Strategic trust: The relationship between the US and unaddressed is the attempted assassination of
India has been solidified through the conclusion of Khalistani separatist and U.S. citizen Gurpatwant Singh
several foundational agreements such as LEMOA Pannun in New York, which was allegedly ordered by
(Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement), Indian security officials. There are concerns over the
COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security perception that India is behind the killings of foreign
Agreement) and BECA (Basic Exchange and citizens in friendly countries had already started to
Cooperation Agreement). strain relationships.
● Maritime operations: The US and India have been
As both nations navigate the complexities of the 21st
actively conducting joint military exercises (e.g., Yudh
century, their partnership stands as a testament to the
Abhyas) to enhance their maritime capabilities and
power of diplomacy and the potential for collective action
interoperability. Additionally, both nations are
in addressing global challenges. The future of India-US
cooperating on broader maritime operations to
relations looks promising, with the potential for even
maintain stability and address common security
greater cooperation and impact on the global stage.
challenges in the region.
● Cooperation to fight climate change: the US – India
Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 is a bilateral ASSOCIATION OF
initiative aimed at enhancing cooperation between
them to tackle climate change and promote clean SOUTHEAST ASIAN
energy.
AREAS OF FRICTION BETWEEN INDIA AND UNITED
NATIONS (ASEAN)
STATES #Regionalgroups #IndiaandASEAN
● Divergent view on Global conflicts: A significant point
of divergence has been Russia’s actions in Ukraine,
which the U.S. has condemned on grounds of To strengthen its negotiating position with ASEAN, the

international law and humanitarian principles. In Commerce Department has requested additional input from

contrast, India’s perspective incorporates historical various industry and export promotion organizations

contexts and considers broader impacts on the Global regarding items for which deeper tariff concessions can be

South, including food, fertilizer, and energy security. sought. This effort is in preparation for the next round of
ASEAN-India FTA review negotiations in Indonesia.
● Impact of India’s domestic policies on bilateral
relations: Relations between South Block and U.S. MORE INFORMATION FROM THE NEWS ARTICLE
India have been strained following U.S. Ambassador’s ● The India-ASEAN FTA, officially known as the
remarks on Manipur and human rights. Tensions ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA),
escalated after the State Department commented on has disproportionately benefited ASEAN countries,
India’s democratic state pre-general election 2024 and prompting India to seek a review to address this
criticized India in its Religious freedom report. imbalance.

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 International Relations & Security

● In 2023-24, India's trade deficit with ASEAN region. They collaborate on maritime security
expanded to $38.46 billion from $7.5 billion at the issues, counter-terrorism efforts, and military
agreement's inception in 2010. exercises.
o India exported $41.2 billion worth of goods to o ASEAN is a central pillar of India's Act East Policy,
ASEAN, while imports reached $79.66 billion. which aims to increase India's engagement with
● India aims to secure greater market access for its Southeast Asia. Stronger ties with ASEAN help India
goods, more flexibility in the rules of origin (ROO) counter China's growing influence in the region.
through product-specific rules, and resolution of non- o India and ASEAN have established various
tariff barriers to mitigate the growing trade deficit, institutions to facilitate cooperation, such as the
according to sources. ASEAN-India Centre for Cooperation. These
o ROO criteria determine the origin of a product to platforms allow for regular dialogue and
qualify for FTA duty cuts. collaboration on various issues.
o For the India-ASEAN FTA, ROO requires 35 percent For India to secure its geostrategic interests in the Indo-
value addition, which is challenging for industries Pacific, maintaining cordial bilateral and multilateral
like gems and jewellery, where the raw materials relationships with countries in the region, especially ASEAN
are of high value but the value addition is less and Southeast Asian nations, is paramount.
than 10 percent.

ASEAN–INDIA FREE TRADE AREA (AIFTA)

● Originated from a framework agreement signed in
2003, in Bali, Indonesia, and officially came into
effect on January 1, 2010.
● This FTA was established due to a shared interest
between ASEAN and India in strengthening their
economic relations within the Asia-Pacific region.
● The signing of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods
Agreement has paved the way for establishing one
of the world’s largest FTAs, encompassing nearly 1.8
billion people with a combined GDP of $2.8 trillion.
ABOUT ASEAN
● This agreement includes tariff liberalization on
over 90 percent of products traded between the ● ASEAN, short for the Association of Southeast Asian

two dynamic regions, including "special products" Nations, is a regional alliance with the primary goal
such as palm oil (both crude and refined), coffee, of fostering economic and security collaboration
black tea, and pepper. among its ten member states: Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the
ASEAN'S SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
● ASEAN is India's fourth-largest trading partner,
● ASEAN came into existence in 1967, in Bangkok,
accounting for over 10% of India's total trade. Free
Thailand, following the signing of the ASEAN
Trade Agreements (FTAs) further strengthen economic
Declaration (also known as the Bangkok
ties. Singapore has become India’s investment and
Declaration) by the founding nations of ASEAN,
trading hub in the East.
including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
o India is actively involved in enhancing connectivity Singapore, and Thailand.
with ASEAN through projects like the India-
● ASEAN's motto is "One Vision, One Identity, One
Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the
Community."
Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project.
● The ASEAN Secretariat is headquartered in Jakarta,
o Both India and ASEAN share an interest in
Indonesia.
maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific

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 International Relations & Security

INDIA – CHINA
o China reacted sharply, and “urged” US to “adhere to
its commitments of recognizing Xizang as part of
#Bilateral relations China and not supporting “Xizang independence”.
o Recently, US Congress has also passed “Resolve
Tibet Act”.
It has been 4 years since Galwan valley clashes in which the
Forces of China and India locked horns in the high altitudes  Resolve Tibet Act authorizes the use of funds to
of Himalayas. As PM Modi has returned to power for the third counter Chinese disinformation about Tibet

time, there is a need to look at how India will engage with (including disinformation about the history of
Tibet, the Tibetan people, and Tibetan
China in Modi 3.0.
institutions).
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA-CHINA RELATIONS
 Act also challenges the Chinese contention that
● Managing the relationship with China is the most
Tibet has been a part of China since ancient times.
pressing challenge for the Modi government in its third
term. About 50,000 to 60,000 troops are still deployed  Act underlines the right of the Tibetan people to
on each side of the border. self-determination and human rights.

● In a pre-election interview, PM Modi had remarked

WHAT LIES AHEAD?

that stable and peaceful relations with China are ● Some analysts believe that while India has shown its
important not just for the countries, but for the whole intent on resolving the border situation through the
world. interviews given by the PM and Jaishankar, it has also
o China responded positively to the overture and said sent out a signal through Pelosi’s visit to the Dalai
that India-China ties are “more than border Lama ahead of a possible meeting between Modi and
situation” and China wishes to maintain relations Xi in Astana that in any case, India will not negotiate on
from “strategic heights and long-term perspectives.” a weaker stance.
● EAM S. Jaishankar remarked that the primarily
● Whereas some other analysts believe that while New
revolved around “patrolling rights” and “patrolling
Delhi had initially wanted to resolve the border
abilities”.
situation after the Lok Sabha election, it has now
o Limiting the dispute to “patrolling rights” and
changed its mind after the NDA got a weaker
“patrolling abilities” can be seen as a nuancing of
mandate, the government might now be wary of
the Indian position, pivoting away from the earlier
criticism which reconciliation might draw.
stance of “disengagement” and “de-escalation”.
WAY FORWARD
POST-ELECTION
● India needs stable borders as they are key for the
● Issue of Taiwan: Exchange of messages between the
Prime Minister and Taiwan’s President Lai Ching-Te government to focus on its agenda for economic
with respect to deepening cooperation trade, growth and job creation.
technology, peace, and stability in Indio-Pacific on the ● India can follow the template of ongoing engagement
social media platform angered the Chinese as they saw between Australia and China in which Australia is
it as provocation. engaging with China at the highest level without
o China saw it as deviation from One-China Policy. compromising Australia’s core Interest.
● Tibet: A seven-member bipartisan delegation of the ● Even though there is heightened awareness of security
United States Congress met the Dalai Lama in threat perception from China has led to the decoupling
Dharamsala, the former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
of Interests, the upcoming meet of Shanghai
remarked that while the Tibetan spiritual leader’s
Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in Astana
“legacy will live forever”, Xi will “be gone and nobody
(Kazakhstan) is likely to show some way ahead.
will give him credit for anything”.

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 International Relations & Security

CHABAHAR DEAL
o If Donald Trump returns to power, it could
jeopardize India's engagement with Tehran. Trump’s
#IndiaIran #Agreeements unpredictable foreign policy could complicate the
India-Iran relationship.
 Earlier, the strained US-Iran relationship,
The Chabahar Port deal is a significant milestone in India-Iran exacerbated by Iran's inclusion in the ‘axis of evil’
relations. The deal has attracted international attention, with alongside Iraq and North Korea, compelled
the US warning entities engaging in business with Iran about India to exercise caution in its dealings with
the risk of sanctions. S Jaishankar, External Affairs Tehran.
Minister, maintained that deal with Iran should be  Although the US-Iran relationship exhibited a
viewed as part of this assertive foreign policy approach. temporary improvement after the signing of the
The current agreement with Iran highlights India Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in
prioritising its strategic interests, despite potential 2015, the scenario took a negative turn when
international pressures. This contract also highlights the US withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal in
New Delhi’s efforts to reintegrate Tehran into the 2018, imposing sanctions on dealings with
global economic system, which is expected to facilitate Tehran.
significant volumes of global trade through Iran,  While a ‘carve-out’ was granted to India for the
benefiting its economy. Chabahar project, navigating the sanctions
CONCERNS regime posed challenges in sourcing
● Geopolitical shifts in the Middle East and Europe: international suppliers for the required
materials for port development.
o Significant challenges for New Delhi, particularly in
implementing its economic diplomacy strategy ● Other challenges

through connectivity projects like the International o India has faced persistent challenges in executing
North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the large-scale infrastructure projects within its
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor neighbouring regions, primarily attributed to
(IMEC). geopolitical hurdles.
o The INSTC is affected by the Russia-Ukraine conflict, o Despite handling 2.1 million tons of cargo in 2015,
while the IMEC is impacted by the Israel-Hamas sanctions impacted the port's expansion, leading
conflict. These active conflicts raise considerable to only 10% utilization of its 8.5-million-ton
doubts about the complete utilization of such capacity in 2019.
corridors. ABOUT CHAHBAHAR PORT
o The ongoing crisis in the Red Sea, arising from the ● Geographically, Chabahar is positioned on the
Israel-Hamas conflict in Gaza, has heightened Makran coast of Sistan and Baluchistan Province of
volatility and unpredictability in the entire Iran, at the Gulf of Oman's mouth, marking the sole
region. Iranian port with direct access to the Indian Ocean.
o Iran-backed Houthi militia in Yemen has ● It also stands as Iran's first deep-water port. This port
disrupted commercial vessels in the global is situated to the west of Iran's border with
shipping lane, prompting retaliatory strikes by the Pakistan.
US and the UK. ● Significance of Chabahar is multi-fold for both Iran
o For India-Iran deal to have a meaningful impact on and India.
the INSTC, it is essential for the governments o For Iran, it presents a potential shield against the
involved to work towards a peace plan in Ukraine. impact of Western sanctions.
o Stabilizing these regions is crucial to fully realize o Given that the majority of Iran's population resides
the benefits of these ambitious connectivity in the western part of the country, the
projects. underdeveloped eastern region is undergoing
● US factor: transformation through Chabahar's
development.

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 International Relations & Security

o Iran envisions Chabahar as a gateway to Central so, they can maintain the Chabahar project as a viable transit
Asia, establishing a free trade zone and robust hub and link.
road and rail links between Chabahar and
Central Asia.
o Simultaneously, it provides India with an
NATIONAL SECURITY
alternative trade route, circumventing Pakistan's
restrictions on land access for trade with
STRATEGY
Afghanistan and Central Asia. #InternalSecurity
o Chabahar is also a pivotal component of the
proposed International North-South Transport
Among many strategic risks such as dealing with
Corridor (INSTC), a comprehensive transportation
interconnected challenges due to the rise of China, the new
initiative connecting the Indian Ocean and Persian
government has to make decisions on whether to build
Gulf to the Caspian Sea through Iran.
another aircraft carrier, to the process of implementing
Despite these challenges, including susceptibility to American theaterisation. Is there anything to guide these decisions?
sanctions, uncertainties in Afghanistan, and seeming
INDIA’S CURRENT NATIONAL SECURITY APPROACH
incompatibility with the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),
active diplomacy and efficient project implementation can Most powerful states publish some form of national
enable Iran and India to overcome these obstacles. By doing security strategy. India does not.

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 International Relations & Security

● Consequently, its capability investment decisions are

o In a nutshell, a national security strategy would
made by haggling between the military services.
guide the military as well as critical defence and
Plans and priorities get stuck in well-worn grooves, and
security reforms with strategic implications,
are never systematically re-evaluated. providing a holistic view of the overall national
● Grand strategic vision becomes concentrated in the security, the threats and the roadmap to address
hands of a few individuals at the apex of government, them.

where it gets hidden behind closed doors, or crowded BENEFITS OF NSS

out by other political whims. A regular and well-crafted NSS would give India five critical
benefits that it currently lacks.
WHAT IS NEEDED?

● It should not consider this reform or that

relationship in a piecemeal, haphazard way; that
would risk wasting scarce resources and undermining
national goals. India cannot afford to be so reactive.

● The government should consider national security

holistically by bringing a new rubric for making these
decisions — it should commit to writing a National
Security Strategy (NSS).

WHAT IS A NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (NSS)?

● A National Security Strategy document outlines the

country’s security objectives, and the ways to be
adopted to achieve these.
● Comprehensive Strategic Assessment:
● Updated periodically, it defines traditional, non-
o It would force the government to undertake a
traditional threats and opportunities while review of the country’s threats and
introducing accountability of agencies tasked with opportunities, and a stocktake of global security
the implementation of such responsibilities. trends.

o It also includes the entire range of newer o Such a periodic review would force New Delhi to
spotlight evolving challenges, such as the growth
challenges and modern threats facing India,
of the Chinese navy, even though it does not pose an
including non-traditional ones such as financial and
urgent and lethal threat today.
economic security, food and energy security,
o In the absence of an NSS, long-term threats will be
information warfare, vulnerabilities in India’s critical neglected until they pose an immediate and grave
information infrastructure, as well as those threat — when they will be much harder to manage.
associated with supply chains and environment.

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 International Relations & Security

● Coherent Long-term Planning Framework: at the working level, rather than episodically at the
o A NSS would provide a coherent framework for long- Cabinet level.
term planning. ● Better Accountability:

o Strategic competition requires intense work in o An NSS would introduce a novel accountability tool,
peacetime, to conceptualise how best to secure to ensure that the bureaucracy adheres to the
India’s expanding interests and deter its adversaries, political leadership’s intent, and that the
and then to develop the requisite military government’s policies are as transparent as possible
capabilities and international partnerships. to Parliament and the people.
o An NSS, done rigorously, would give the o The citizens of India have a legitimate need to
government an overarching strategic blueprint know how their government is planning to
to adjudicate competing demands of the security safeguard their national security, and how well
forces. For example, between the Indian Navy it is performing.
demanding a new aircraft carrier, or the Indian Army WAY FORWARD
seeking to raise a new infantry division.
● A fully effective strategy should be a public document
o In the absence of such a process, scarce resources because its purpose is to synchronise efforts widely
may get wasted on vanity projects with across government, and credibly signal the
comparatively little strategic value, and the military government’s political intent throughout the country
services left scrambling to fill capability gaps with and the world.
emergency procurements.
● A strong NSS would not automatically resolve conflicts
● Clarifies Strategic Intent: between various arms of the government, but it
o An NSS would provide an instrument for signalling should at least identify trade-offs and opportunity
to friend and foe alike. costs, so that political leaders can make rational
o It would help to clarify India’s strategic intent — decisions for long-term growth.
declaring that, for example, India takes seriously its ● In that way, an NSS would offer the intellectual
role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean, scaffolding that is absolutely necessary for India to
so that it will counter armed coercion against other, become one of the world’s leading powers.
smaller countries.
o Equally valuable, an NSS would also clarify India’s
policy for its partners, highlighting areas of
BRICS EXPANSION
converging interests, or explaining the limits on #InternationalGroupings
cooperation — to help mitigate instances of
mismatched expectations.
● Synchronisation of Efforts: The BRICS ministers of Foreign Affairs met in Russia’s Nizhny
Novgorod and held discussions on the enhanced use of local
o An NSS would create a mechanism to force various
currencies in trade and financial transactions between the
arms of the government to synchronise their
BRICS countries.
efforts.
o Within the military, an NSS would give the Integrated
Defence Staff and future joint organisations a
clearer top-down mandate to better align the work
of the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian
Navy.
o Beyond the military, an NSS would provide
common goals and plans so that various national
security agencies, including the Ministries of
Defence, External Affairs, and Home Affairs, and the
intelligence agencies, could better coordinate daily

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 International Relations & Security

INTRODUCTION ● In 2023 Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and UAE

● The meeting was the first ministerial meeting joined BRICS.

following BRICS expansion in 2023 when Egypt, ● These BRICS nations possess a notable competitive
Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE joined Brazil, advantage owing to their economical labor costs,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa as full-fledged advantageous demographics, and copious natural
BRICS members. resources, particularly during the era of the global
● Russia took over the chairmanship of BRICS on January commodities upswing.
1, 2024. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INCLUSION OF NEW MEMBERS
● The need for a comprehensive reform of the global The inclusion of new members has the potential to
financial architecture was recognised. enhance the coalition's influence on global economic
o It was noted that Paragraph 45 of the and political stages:
Johannesburg II Declaration tasks the Finance 1. Enhanced inclusivity:
Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the BRICS ● Including more countries from Africa and Asia will
countries to consider the issue of local currencies, enhance BRICS' representation of developing nations
payment instruments and platforms and to and diversify its geographical reach.
report back to the BRICS Leaders.
● A more diverse BRICS gains legitimacy advocating for
● In accordance with the Sharm El-Sheikh Action Plan Global South issues like fair-trade, climate justice, and
of the COP27, which Egypt hosted in 2022, the technology access.
necessity of reforming the policies and practices of
● Formerly representing 40% of the world’s population
multilateral development banks (MDBs) was
and a quarter of GDP, expanded BRICS now covers
emphasised in order to increase their lending
nearly half the global population.
capacities, to be able to better assist developing
2.Economic strength:
countries in financing their needs for development and
enhancing their climate action. ● BRICS, earlier represented 24% of global GDP and now

WHAT IS ‘BRICS’? with inclusion of five new economies, it could increase

its influence in IMF and World Bank forums.
The BRICS countries are considered the foremost
● In 2022, intra-BRICS trade reached $500 billion and the
geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc of leading advanced
economies, implementing competing initiatives such as expansion could enhance trade and investment,
strengthening economic ties and bargaining power.
the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent
Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint ● Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the UAE, among the world's top-
Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve 10 oil producing countries, enhance BRICS' global
currency. influence in shaping energy policies and market
● Initially termed BRIC in 2001, the acronym BRICS was dynamics, strengthening its role as a Global South
coined by Jim O’Neill, a Goldman Sachs economist, to champion.
encompass Brazil, China, India, and Russia. 3. Advocacy for reforms:
● The BRIC grouping’s first formal summit was held ● BRICS have collectively called for reforms to the UN
in Yekaterinburg, Russia, commenced Security Council to include more representation from
in 2009. During this summit, BRIC Leaders issued a the Global South.
Joint Statement elucidating the objectives of the BRIC
● An expanded BRICS can bolster the Global South's
collaboration. This comprehensive document also
political voice in international forums, advocating for
provided a detailed framework for addressing the
reforms aligned with their interests.
global financial and economic crisis.
● BRICS nations agreed to promote use of local
● South Africa officially became a member nation in
2010. The group was renamed BRICS – with the “S” currencies in trade to reduce dependence on major
standing for South Africa – to reflect the group’s global currencies.
expanded membership.

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 International Relations & Security

● The expanded BRICS could provide grounds for this ● President Muizzu has aligned himself with China,
practice. The UAE and India have agreed to trade in India’s geopolitical rival.
Rupees and Dirhams instead of the US Dollar. ● Maldives signed 20 agreements in areas like tourism,
social housing, and e-commerce.

INDIA-MALDIVES ● In 2024, Male signed its first-ever military

agreement with Beijing for free ‘non-lethal’ military
RELATIONS equipment and training.

#Indiaanditsneighbours ● The Maldives' ties with China have strengthened over

the past two decades, particularly through China’s Belt
#Internationalrelations
and Road Initiative, often at India's expense.
GEO-STRATEGIC AND GEOPOLITICS IMPORTANCE OF
President Mohamed Muizzu of the Maldives was among seven MALDIVES
leaders from India's neighbouring countries who attended ● Maldives is very important for India due to the
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s swearing-in ceremony. His existence of India’s Sea lanes of
presence was notable due to his political stance towards India communication(SLOCs) passing around Maldives. Most
and the strategic importance of the India-Maldives
of India’s trade and energy supplies transit through this
relationship.
route.
HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH MALDIVES
● Kerela and Lakshadweep’s security to an extent
● India views Maldives as a vital ally for securing its depends on Maldives’s stability as it forms an outer
maritime borders and monitoring the Indian Ocean buffer zone for India.
region, where China has been assertive.
o The archipelago is located just 70 nautical miles
● Despite Muizzu’s pro-China stance, the Maldives
from Lakshadweep’s Minicoy Island and 300
remains heavily reliant on Indian imports for essential
nautical miles from India’s west coast.
goods like food, medicines, and aircraft for search and
rescue missions. ● China’s PLN (People’s Liberation Navy’s) increasing
presence in the Indian Ocean and the (Xiang Yang
● India has consistently aided the Maldives during crises,
Hong 03) arrival of research vessels from China in
such as the 2004 tsunami, a 2014 desalination plant
Male has deepened India’s concerns.
breakdown, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
● China is increasing its power and status by constructing
● Additionally, the Indian Army helped thwart a coup
attempt in Male in 1988, an operation respected across bases in the Indian Ocean Region. China also wants to
Maldivian political lines. win mining rights and conduct bathymetric and
topographic surveys of the region.
INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS IN RECENT YEARS
● India cannot risk the radicalisation of
● The relations strained after President Muizzu was
Maldives which may lead to adverse downstream
elected to the Presidential Office.
consequences for regional security in general and
● President Muizzu immediately demanded
Indian security in specific.
the withdrawal of Indian Military personnel keeping
INDIA’S OPTIONS
with his disinclination to accommodate India.
● The recent push by Muizzu to diversify resources and
● President Muizzu is following India-Out and China-In
import partners asks for a sustained quiet diplomacy
policy.
from India.
● He pressed for non-renewal of the Hydrology
● India needs to consistently use sustained diplomacy as
pact with India signed in 2019, but commenced
India shares a lot of commons with Maldives which
the operationalisation of the FTA signed with China
includes geographical access, historical ties, political
(PRC) in 2017.
ties, people to people connectivity etc.
PRO-CHINA ALIGNMENT

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 International Relations & Security

● India’s deep political ties is showcased by recent high- goal actively pursued by the Indian Armed Forces. The
level exchanges done by both sides in 2023 and creation of the Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace
annual joint exercises like Ekuverin. Operations marks a significant advancement in this
process.
● When Abdulla Shahid became the UNGA President,
India has used its instrumental diplomatic clout to ● Beyond the traditional domains of warfare: Land, Sea,

ensure its victory. and Air—Cyberspace has emerged as a vital and

complex battlefield in contemporary warfare. Unlike
● India can leverage People to people (P2P) relations.
the clearly defined territorial limits of land, sea, and air,
● India has always been a first responder like in 2014 cyberspace is a global common with shared
incident of acute water supply crisis and even has sovereignty. Hostile activities in cyberspace can affect a
stood beside Maldivians through Indira Gandhi nation's economy, societal cohesion, political decision-
Memorial Hospital(IGMH). making, and defense capabilities.
● India also sent highest number of tourists to Maldives ● Therefore, integrating cyberspace operations into the
from 2020 to 2023. National Security framework is essential to develop the
● India has an official policy of not commenting or taking strategies, methods, and resources needed to create
sides in internal elections of other sovereign countries advantages and influence events in all other
operational areas and across all instruments of power.
but it can try to use its non-governmental leverage by
Track II diplomacy to ensure President Muizzu ● This doctrine focuses on the military aspects of

alone cannot sideline India. cyberspace operations, offering conceptual guidance

to commanders, staff, and practitioners for planning
● India can rope in other Quadrilateral Security
and conducting cyberspace operations. It also aims to
Dialogue (QUAD) partners. Even, France really wants
raise awareness among warfighters at all levels.
to make sure International Shipping Lines (ISL) are
not compromised and can collaborate with India for
Maldives’ security. RECENT TRENDS OF
TERRORISM IN JAMMU &
Amidst strained India-Maldives relations, Muizzu's visit
signals a potential reset. In April, India approved its
highest-ever export quotas for essential commodities to
the Maldives for 2024-25. India is trying to be
KASHMIR
accommodative to new realities and Maldives needs to do #Security
its bit to ensure it does not use its largely Muslim populace
to create rifts in its time-tested partnerships to make
There has been increasing trend of terrorism in the Jammu
Indian Ocean Region a geopolitical conquest where one
region of UT of J&K in the recent past.
wins at the other’s expense.
CHANGES IN TERRORISM LANDSCAPE OF JAMMU &
WARFARE IN CYBERSPACE KASHMIR
● Broad declining trend in terrorism in J&K: According to
#Internal Security Union Home Ministry, between 2017 and 2022 there
has been broad decline in terror related incidents in the
region. This is reflected by following data: number of
Recognizing the significance and complexities of cyberspace
infiltrators has fallen from 53 to 14, civilians killed from
in contemporary warfare, the Chief of Defence Staff,
55 to 31 and terrorist-initiated incidents from 228 to
introduced India’s inaugural joint doctrine for cyberspace
125.
operations.
● Widening in the geography of terrorism to include
WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR JOINT DOCTRINE FOR
Jammu region: In recent times, there has been a
CYBERSPACE?
broader shift of terrorist activity across the Pir Panjal
● The development of Joint Doctrines is a crucial
range to the Jammu region from the Kashmir Valley.
component of achieving Jointness and Integration, a

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 International Relations & Security

This year alone, there have been at least 6 major Solution' should have gone to Pakistan. Pakistan has
incidents in the Jammu region, including the death of 9 tried to enforce many warns on the issue of J&K and
people in Reasi in an attack on bus carrying pilgrims. each time has been successfully defeated by India. As
FACTORS FOR INCREASING TERRORISM IN RECENT the overt military adventures of Pakistan failed,
Pakistan started supporting terror groups in the valley
TIMES
to push its agenda of antagonizing citizens against
● Approaching elections in J&K: Supreme Court has given
India.
a deadline to hold elections by September 30 in UT of
● Attitude of Pakistan's military: Pakistan Army is the
J&K. As these elections are fast approaching terrorists
most important power centre in the political landscape
and their backers have stepped up their activity
of Pakistan. The Pakistani Army has a vested interest in
damage the chances of return to political normalcy. keeping the security pot boiling between India and
● Healthy Participation in Lok Sabha elections: Voter Pakistan, which increases their legitimacy and high
turnout in the Kashmir region was around 58.6% which budgets.
is the highest in past 35 years. This shows enhanced ● Lost generation of youth: Large population of youth in
trust among the citizens in the electoral process. the region remains alienated from the Indian state due
Terrorist groups and Pakistan particularly who want to to lack of economic opportunities in the past two
show the apathy of the citizen of J&K towards the Indian decades and widespread terrorism and violence in the
state must not be happy with this development. Hence, region which has made them loose family members.
have increased their activity. Often, they fall into the fishing net of terror recruiters
and succumb to resorting terrorism.
● Strategic repositioning of forces towards Eastern
● Radical Islam: Kashmir's Sufi version of Islam has been
Ladakh: Due to the enhanced security challenges being
increasingly replaced by a Wahabi cult of Islam which
posed by China along the Ladakh and Arunachal
thrives on the philosophy of jehad against the Indian
Borders, the large majority of armed forces has shifted
state. The earlier movement for self-dependence has
from the Kashmir region to Ladakh and Arunachal. This
increasingly taken a communal colour rooted against
has created a security vacuum in the J&K region making
the minority Hindu and other religions of India.
it easier for terrorist groups to attack.
● India's security centric response to Pakistani terrorism:
● Greater reliance on local terrorists: As the India's Ever since the 2008 Mumbai Terror attack, India has
border security infrastructure has improved in recent followed the policy of 'talks and terror cannot go
times, the strategy of terrorist groups has been together'. However, this overt reliance on security to
increasingly to radicalise and hire local youth as stop Pakistan's support of terrorism has not resulted
terrorists. This also helps to keep their propaganda that into complete stoppage of terrorism from Pakistan.
terrorism in J&K is home grown born out of apathy of However, changing the behaviour of Pakistan should
local citizens against the Indian state alive. demand both a mix of diplomatic and security
measures.
● New techniques and technologies employed by
terrorists: Terrorists have started to use new WAY FORWARD
techniques which are easily available such as drones, ● Security related measures:
telegram groups etc. These allow terrorist groups to o Boosting border security to reduce infiltration of
bypass the eyes of Indian intelligence agencies. terrorists, ammunitions and other support from
● Rise of new terror groups: In recent years, there has Pakistan into Kashmir.
been rise of new terror outfits in the region which are o Empowerment of J&K Police with state-of the art
either off-shoots of older terror groups such as JeM, technology and manpower who are the first
Hizbul Mujahideen like The Resistance Front, respondents in terror related cases.
● Pakistan's policy of state support to terrorism in J&K: o Improving intelligence capabilities of security forces
Even since the Independence, Pakistan has maintained like the Army in the region to have better control of
that it has moral right over province of J&K as it is terrorism.
Muslim majority and by the principle of 'Two-State

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 International Relations & Security

o Arrest routes of terror financing the region to plug ● Together the member countries represent 40% of
the flow of funds which are used to finance global GDP and 10% of the world’s population.
terrorism.
● G7 has no legal existence, permanent secretariat or
o Better training in counter insurgency operations and official members.
strict adherence to standard operating protocols to
● Leaders of G7 countries meets annually and discusses
reduce causalities among the armed forces.
emerging global issues.
● Confidence building measures:
● The Presidency of G7 meetings is held by each of the 7
o Normalisation of provincial democratic system in
countries in turn, each year.
the region while increase the trust of the people in
the region in India's constitution and liberal values.
o Addressing the alienation of citizens by focusing on NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
economic and human development.
o Special economic package and tax rebates for ORGANIZATION (NATO)
greenfield industries in the region. #InternationalRelations #Organisations
● Foreign policy related measures:

o India should try to present credible evidence of

NATO appointed Mark Rutte as its next secretary-
support of Pakistan to terror groups on global
forums like UN. general putting in charge of the world’s biggest security
organisation at a critical time for European security as war
rages in Ukraine.
G7 SUMMIT ABOUT NATO
#International Organisations ● The North Atlantic Treaty Organization also called
the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental
military alliance of European and North American
US President Joe Biden convened the Group of Seven to unite
nations.
in condemning Iran for its unprecedented and mostly
thwarted aerial assault on Israel. ● Established in the aftermath of World War II, the
organization implements the North Atlantic
Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1949.
● NATO is a collective security system: its independent
member states agree to defend each other against
attacks by third parties.
● During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the
threat posed by the Soviet Union.
● The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of
WHAT IS GROUP OF SEVEN (G7)?
the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, and has been
● The Grouping began as the Group of Six in 1975- with a
involved in military operations in the Balkans,
meeting of leaders of US, UK, West Germany, Italy,
the Middle East, South Asia and Africa.
France and Japan, because of the Oil crisis and global
● NATO's main headquarters are located in Brussels,
currency exchange issues that decided to meet
Belgium, while NATO's military headquarters are
annually.
near Mons, Belgium.
● The Group of 7 (G7) is an informal group of seven
● Founding Members: These joined together on April 4,
countries — the United States, Canada, France,
1949, to form NATO. NATO initially included 12 North
Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom, the American and Western European nations.
heads of which hold an annual summit with European
o Belgium
Union and other invitees.

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 International Relations & Security

o Canada ● The secretary general of NATO:

o Denmark o The Secretary General is the chief civil servant of

o France the NATO.

o Iceland o The officeholder is an international diplomat

responsible for coordinating the workings of the
o Italy
alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing
o Luxembourg the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most
o Netherlands major committees of the alliance.
o Norway o The secretary general however, does not have a
o Portugal military command role; political, military and
strategic decisions ultimately rest with
o United Kingdom
the member states.
o United States
o Term: Four years which can be extended repeatedly.
● Most recently, Sweden joined the alliance in 2024.

practice questions
MCQS
Q1. With reference to the Group of seven (G7), (d) Neither 1 nor 2
consider the following statements:
1. It is an informal group of seven advanced countries Q3. Consider the following statements with
which meets every year to discuss global issues. reference to the North Atlantic Treaty
2. It has no legal existence. Organisation (NATO):
3. Its permanent secretariat is based in Geneva. 1. Belgium, France, Netherlands and Sweden are
4. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and among the founding members of NATO.
Investment (PGII) is an initiative of G7 countries to 2. The highest political and military decisions are under
advance public private partnership in infrastructure the command of Secretary General of NATO.
financing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only
(a) Only one (b) 2 only
(b) Only two (c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Only three (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) All four
Q4. Consider the following statements:
Q2. Consider the following statements. 1. ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA)
1. The elections to European Parliament are held by the came into effect in the year 2003.
means of direct elections on the basis of first past 2. AITGA includes tariff liberalization on over 90
the post system. percent of products traded between India and
2. European Parliament has a tenure of 6 years. ASEAN.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 3. India's trade deficit with ASEAN has decreased after
(a) 1 only the implementation of AITGA.
(b) 2 only 4. ASEAN is India’s third largest trading partner.
(c) Both 1 and 2 How many of the statements given above is/are incorrect?

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 International Relations & Security

(a) Only one (c) Only three

(b) Only two (d) All four

Descriptive Questions
Q1. To what extent does the rise of cyberspace warfare challenge traditional notions of national sovereignty and
security, and how should nations adapt their defence strategies to address these evolving threats? (Answer in 250
words)
Q2. In light of contemporary global geopolitical challenges, how can India and the United States strengthen their
strategic partnership to address mutual concerns such as regional security, economic cooperation, and climate
change? (Answer in 250 words)

Answers : 1-c, 2-d, 3-d, 4-c

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 SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
# GS Paper I & GS Paper II (Main)

POVERTY DEBATE
o Regional disparity-– India has witnessed
Inadequate industrialization in certain areas like
#Poverty #society coastal states vis a vis hinterland areas. Which
adversely impacts prospect of income and status of
a large chunk of population inhabiting these
The release of the factsheet of the Household Consumption underdeveloped areas.
Expenditure Survey (HCES) has sparked a debate. The o Uneven concentration of wealth and resources –
debate has largely been on the rate of poverty reduction The paper titled “Income and Wealth Inequality in
and, more importantly, whether it has been higher under the India, 1922-2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj”
NDA or UPA. highlights that income and wealth share of the top
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS THE RATE OF POVERTY DECLINE one per cent of the population rising to 22.6 per
cent and 40.1 per cent. Such imbalances create a
• The fall in the percentage of poor during 2004-2011
void in terms of capability and accessibility issues of
was from 37.2 per cent to 21.9 per cent at an annual
the remaining 99% of the population.
decline of 2.2 percentage points.
o Economic inflation – In a globalised world India has
• During 2011-22, percentage of poor declined from 21.9
also suffered from the events of inflation and
per cent to about 6 per cent at the annual decline of 1.6
recession. This on one hand creates hurdles for
percentage points.
those belonging to lower income groups on the
Further as per NITI’s discussion paper ‘Multidimensional other hand such events accentuate and aggravate
Poverty in India since 2005-06’ the issue of unemployment.
• India has experienced a significant reduction in o Population Pressure – Ever rising population
multidimensional poverty from 29.17% in 2013-14 to coupled with low avenues of quality life puts undue
11.28% in 2022-23, marking a decrease of 17.89% pressure on the limited resources. Such crunch
points. situations impacts the marginalised
Though poverty is showing a declining trend but it is disproportionately.
imperative to delve upon the causes of persistent poverty • Social causes of Poverty:
CAUSES OF POVERTY: The causes of poverty lie in the o Social evils like untouchability, caste system –
institutional and social factors that mark the life of the Such discrimination results into lack of proper
poor. education and result into illiteracy. This results
• Economic causes of poverty: into lack of social mobility of disadvantaged caste
and communities
o Character of the economic growth – The growth
trajectory of India’s economy has been marked by a o Gender discrimination: Lack of access to resource,
slow rate of jobless growth. Which has resulted nutrition coupled with gender stereotyping results
into unemployment and lower levels of income. into poor health, lower job opportunities,
unequal pay, dual burden and thus overall prospect
o Decreased Agricultural Output – Still around 50%
of population is engaged in agriculture and of women and third gender. A true manifestation of
associated activities yet the share of agriculture in this lies in the Feminization of Poverty.
total Gross Value Added (GVA) of economy has • Geographical Factors:
declined from 35% in 1990-91 to 15% in 2022-23. o Density of population – Certain regions like UP,
Bihar, and West Bengal exhibit a very high density

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 Society and Social Justice

of population putting disproportionate pressure on • Employment and Livelihood Opportunities: India

the available resources. When matched with poverty has to create sustainable job opportunities in both
estimations these areas reports a relatively higher rural and urban areas. Focus on the development of
rate of prevailing poverty due to lack of equitable skills and vocational training to enhance employability,
avenues for their growth and quality life standards. and support entrepreneurship and small businesses
o Uneven distribution of fertile land – Most of the through microfinance and access to credit is need of
fertile tracts lie in the alluvial northern plains and hour.
some scattered pockets like black soil region of • Infrastructure Development: Governments should
deccan plateau along with some coastal areas. Hilly invest in developing basic infrastructure so that access
areas, interior plateau and desert areas lack the to clean water, sanitation, electricity and affordable
desired level of fertility and tough terrain further healthcare can be assured, which is crucial for
complicates the problem. improving living standards.
o Environmental and climatic factors – • Gender Equality: We, as a society, must address
Environmental degradation and associated events gender disparities by empowering women through
have time and again impacted the marginalised education, economic opportunities, and legal rights.
disproportionately. For ex- Agriculture is still Gender-sensitive policies can help reduce the
catering around 50% of the population but 60 per feminisation of poverty.
cent of the area under agriculture is rainfed, i.e. • Social Inclusion: There is an urgent need to combat
dependent on rain. Environmental fluctuation discrimination and social exclusion based on factors
results in erratic monsoon which adversely impacts like caste, religion, or ethnicity. Policies that promote
the core character of the Indian economy which is social cohesion and inclusivity are vital.
Agrarian.
• Financial Inclusion: While a lot has been done, more
This all combine and culminates into what we call a needs to be done to promote financial inclusion by
Vicious Cycle of Poverty ensuring that the poor have access to formal financial
services, such as savings accounts, microcredit, and
insurance. This empowers them to manage their
finances and invest in income-generating activities.
• Data Collection and Monitoring: Strengthen data
collection and monitoring systems to track the
progress of poverty alleviation initiatives, identify gaps,
and make data-driven policy decisions.
• Sustainable Development: Promote sustainable
development by integrating environmental
considerations. Sustainable practices ensure that
economic growth benefits the poor without harming
WAY FORWARD
the environment.
• Agricultural Reforms: Reforms like providing access
to modern farming techniques, irrigation, better
infrastructure and improved market linkages. We need RISING CASES UNDER PoSH
to urgently implement agricultural reforms to improve
the productivity and income of farmers as they ACT POINT TO BETTER
constitute around 50% of the employed population.
• Social Safety Nets: The governments need to develop REPORTING
and expand social safety net programs that provide a #Social Issues #Women Issues
basic level of income security to the poor, including
cash transfer programs, food security initiatives, and
unemployment benefits. With a push from government, More women are getting into
STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) courses.

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 Society and Social Justice

Now this has resulted into jobs in corporate houses, especially (iv) interference with her work or creating an intimidating
in the IT sector. Hence, the proportion of women in corporate or offensive or hostile work environment for her; or
firms has increased considerably over time. Yet, attrition rate (v) humiliating treatment likely to affect her health or
(the percentage of employees who leave an organisation) is safety.
also, higher among women than men.
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ACT
Women leave organisations for many reasons, including
• Every employer is required to constitute an Internal
societal pressure after marriage, pregnancy, and post
Complaints Committee (ICC) at each office with 10 or
pregnancy work-life balance, reasons that rarely apply to
more employees.
men.
• The District Officer is required to constitute a Local
Now according to the news article workplace
Complaints Committee at each district, and if
harassment is one of the added reasons for such exist.
required at the block level.
HOW PoSH ACT 2013 CAME TO EXISTENCE
• The Complaints Committees have the powers of civil
• In 1992, Bhanwari Devi, a Dalit woman who was a social courts for gathering evidence, summoning and
worker employed with the Rural Development requiring the attendance of any person and
Programme of the Government of Rajasthan was gang interrogating him under oath; requirement to discover
raped. and produce documents.
• This highlighted the extents of sexual harassment • The Complaints Committees are required to provide
incidents in India’s workplaces. for conciliation before initiating an inquiry, if
• The Supreme Court in its Landmark judgement Vishaka requested by the complainant.
v. State of Rajasthan (1997) - framed guidelines and • Non-compliance with the provisions of the Act shall
issued directions to the Union of India for a law to be punishable with a fine of up to Rs 50,000. Repeated
combat workplace sexual harassment. violations may lead to higher penalties and cancellation
How Act defines the Workplace harassment of licence or registration to conduct business.

“Sexual harassment” includes any one or more of the REASON FOR PERSISTENT HIGH RATES OF
following unwelcome acts or behaviour (whether directly HARASSMENT
or by implication) namely: • Legal challenges with act
(i) physical contact and advances; or o Powers of civil court have been given to Internal
(ii) a demand or request for sexual favours; or Complaints Committee without specifying if
members need to have a legal background. Thus
(iii) making sexually coloured remarks; or
members often lack legal jurisprudence which
(iv) showing pornography; or affects their investigation as well as decisions.
(v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal o A very modest fine of Rs 50,000 for non-
conduct of sexual nature; compliance with the act is not enough deterrent for
Further Act also states that corporations or entities that employ more than 10
The following circumstances, among other circumstances, people.
if it occurs, or is present in relation to or connected with o Employer nominates members to Internal
any act or behavior of sexual harassment may amount to Complaints Committee that creates a situation of
sexual harassment:— Conflict of Interest.

(i) implied or explicit promise of preferential treatment in o Prior internal inquiry is misused promotes a
her employment; or culture of suppression of legitimate complaints
to avoid the concerned establishment falling into
(ii) implied or explicit threat of detrimental treatment in
disrepute.
her employment ; or
o Provision of conciliation between complainant and
(iii) implied or explicit threat about her present or future
accused/ defendant, in the act treats a criminal act
employment status; or
as a civil dispute.

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 Society and Social Justice

o Law provides a punishing a woman if she is found Discussions should be organised around these issues
to have filed a false or malicious complaint which is in civil society.
a completely abusive provision intended to nullify • Special attention should be given towards sectors
the objective of law. It acts as a deterrent for genuine where women are most vulnerable to sexual
complaints in a fear of being persecuted in case of a harassment. E.g., Garment sector, Domestic workers.
complaint being wrongfully proved false.
• Law needs to be made gender neutral as sexual
• Challenges related to Governance harassment challenges can be faced even by
o Lack of Data: Government maintains no transgenders and males.
centralised data relating to cases of harassment of • Nationwide audit of functioning of Internal
women at workplaces, do not publicly compile and Complaints Committee and Local Complaints
release data on how many companies and districts Committee. Earmarking of budget for the functioning
comply with guidelines and have committees, of Local Complaints Committee.
number of complaints filed and outcome of these
• Justice Verma committee noted that Internal
complaints.
Complaints Committee system should be replaced by
o Dysfunctional Local Complaints Committee Employment Tribunal, as dealing with such complaints
dysfunctional: 95% of India’s women workers are in-house could discourage women from coming out.
employed in informal sector, but Local
Committees to be formed under POSH Act have
either been not formed in most districts or is not AYUSHMAN BHARAT
well publicised. Thus, leaving women in informal
sector with no avenue to report. DIGITAL MISSION
o Non creation of Internal complaints committees #Social Justice #Government Schemes
- Many firms have not even constituted Internal
#Health #Prelims Nuggets
Complaints Committees and firms who have
constituted ICC, members were inadequate or
lacked representatives from outside the company.
Taking inspiration and operational leanings from the
• Social Factors seamless integration and adoption of UPI, India’s healthcare
o Stigma and fear of repercussion: Women are is on its way to replicate a similar revolution in the country
discouraged to report sexual harassment through the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM).
incidents because of fear of being forced to ABOUT AYUSHMAN BHARAT DIGITAL MISSION
withdraw from work by the family members.
• Aim: To create a national digital health ecosystem that
• Gaps in learning supports universal health coverage by 2030 in an
o Digital divide: Women can also file complaints efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and
through Women and Child Development Ministry’s safe manner leveraging digital technologies.
SHeBox, an online complaint platform for all women • Implemented by: National Health Authority
workers. But most India’s women workers find it
• Component:
difficult to access these redressal methods,
especially SHeBox, given the low number of o Ayushman Bharat Health Account-ABHA
women who use the internet in India is low. number: A 14-digit unique id created using
personal details like Name, mobile and Aadhar. It
WAY FORWARD
captures details of all health-related records such as
• Empowering National Commission of Women with laboratory test results, visits to doctors, illness,
power to summon people and carry out independent surgeries etc. Having an ABHA health ID card is
investigations, impose fines, search and seizure in not mandatory.
matters of sexual harassment at workplace.
o Healthcare professional registry: Database of all
• Awareness about the act should be increased among medical professionals in both traditional and
females, added to school and college curriculums.

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 Society and Social Justice

modern medicines and a unique id for all the • Foundation for Government and Administrative
doctors, nurses, ASHA workers etc. Planning: The data obtained from a census is critical
o Health facilities registry: Database of all for government at all levels. It serves as a primary
healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics, resource for planning and making policies that
diagnostic labs, pharmacies etc. target specific needs and issues identified through
the census. This data aids in making informed
decisions that can lead to more effective governance
THE DELAY OF THE 2021 and the allocation of resources where they are
needed most.
CENSUS AND ITS • Granular Data for Local Governance: A unique

IMPLICATIONS feature of the census is that it provides primary data

down to the smallest administrative units, such as
#Society #Population & Associated Issues villages or urban wards. This granularity allows
local governments to plan and provide services that
are finely tuned to the specific needs of their
The postponement of the 2021 Census in India raises
communities.
various questions and concerns. One plausible explanation
• Snapshot of Population Characteristics: The census
offered is the strategic delay by the Bharatiya Janata Party
acts like a photograph capturing a moment in time,
(BJP) to influence the upcoming delimitation process in
providing a snapshot of the population and its
anticipation of the 2029 Lok Sabha elections.
characteristics at regular intervals. This snapshot
ABOUT CENSUS
helps in monitoring changes and trends in the
• Census is a complete enumeration of the entire population over time, aiding in forecasting and
population of any country. strategic planning.
• It provides information on the size, distribution, • Demographic Trends and Insights: By consistently
socioeconomic characteristics, demographics etc of tracking changes in the population, a census
a country's population. highlights trends in growth, aging, migration, and
• The responsibility of conducting the decennial Census other demographic shifts. Understanding these
rests with the Office of the Registrar General and trends is vital for predicting future needs, such as
Census Commissioner, India under Ministry of educational facilities, healthcare services, and
Home Affairs. infrastructure development.
• Conduct of census in India is guided by the Census Act, • Electoral and Constituency Delimitation: Census
1948. data is crucial for the delimitation of electoral
• Census is conducted every 10 years. Till date, India has constituencies. It ensures that representation is
successfully conducted 15 successive censuses since balanced and based on the latest population data, thus
1872. upholding the principle of electoral equity and fairness.

BENEFIT OF UNDERTAKING REGULAR CENSUS • Financial Allocation and Grants: The data from a
census is also used by finance commissions to
• Comprehensive Demographic and Socio-cultural
allocate central funds to states. These allocations are
Data: A census collects authentic and detailed
based on population figures, ensuring that resources
information on various aspects such as demographic
are distributed in proportion to the number of people
profiles, economic activities, literacy and education
they are meant to serve.
levels, as well as data on housing, urbanization,
fertility rates, and mortality. It also gathers specifics CONSEQUENCES OF THE DELAY
about different ethnic and social groups, languages, • Welfare Schemes: The delay in census data affects the
religions, migration patterns, and disabilities. This implementation of welfare programs, such as the
broad spectrum of data is essential for understanding National Food Security Act, which could benefit from
the composition and needs of a population. updated demographic data.

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 Society and Social Justice

o For example under National Food Security Act, o It will take 134 years, until 2158, to achieve full
2013 67% of the population is entitled to gender equality, which is five generations past the
subsidised food grains. Under the 2011 Census, 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.
India’s population was about 121 crores, hence • Iceland (93.5%) is again ranked 1st and has been
PDS covered approximately 80 crore people. leading the index for a decade and a half. It also
However, population growth over the last decade continues to be the only economy to have closed over
should mean PDS coverage to around 92 crore 90% of its gender gap.
people but the current delay in Census data is • Southern Asia ranks seventh among eight global
depriving these people of subsidised food regions, with a gender parity score of 63.7 per cent, an
entitlements improvement of 3.9 percentage points since 2006.
• Legal Challenges: The extended postponement could • However, six out of the seven economies in this region,
be viewed as an abuse of governmental privilege, including India, are ranked below the top 100. Only
potentially infringing on fundamental rights, and Bangladesh, for the first time in the region, has
might lead to legal challenges. achieved a double-digit rank of 99.

o As setting the date of the Census is the Central • India's performance in Southern Asia is particularly
government’s privilege under the law but troubling. In 2024, India closed 64.1% of its gender
postponing the 2021 Census by more than five gap, ranking third lowest in the region, just ahead of
years can be construed as an abuse of privilege the Maldives and Pakistan. India’s overall rank is 129th,
marginally lower than last year (127).
and infringement of people’s fundamental rights
• The decline is mainly attributed to slight decreases in
‘Educational Attainment’ and ‘Political Empowerment’
GLOBAL GENDER GAP as women's representation in India's political sphere
remains low, with only seven women in the newly
INDEX, 2024 formed council of ministers, and just two holding
#Indian Society #Women #Report and Index cabinet positions. However, despite the overall
decline, there was a minor improvement in
#Prelims Nuggets ‘Economic Participation and Opportunity.’

ABOUT GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX

In the 2024 edition of the Global Gender Gap Index, India • It is an annual report highlights the current state
ranks 129th out of 146 countries surveyed, positioning it 18th and evolution of gender parity.
from the bottom.
• It was first introduced by the World Economic
Forum in 2006.
• It is the longest-standing index tracking the progress
of numerous countries’ efforts towards closing
these gaps.
• It presents a picture of the current state and
evolution of gender parity across four indices:
economic participation and opportunity,
educational attainment, health and survival, and
political empowerment.

KEY FINDINGS OF GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX’24 The LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgenders,
Queer, Intersex, and Asexual)
• The 2024 Index shows that while no country has
achieved full gender parity, 97% of the economies community is among the most marginalised communities
included in this edition have closed more than 60% of because they don’t fit into the stereotypical categories of
their gap, compared to 85% in 2006. the gender of ‘men’ or ‘women’

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 Society and Social Justice

LGBTQ Issues: o In a historic verdict, the Supreme Court of India

• Marginalisation and Social Exclusion: Due to the struck down the colonial-era law known as
stigma attached to sexual orientation, LGBTQ people Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. This law
are relegated to the margins of society. This criminalised consensual same-sex relationships,
marginalisation often excludes them from accessing and its decriminalisation was a crucial step
basic services like education, healthcare, housing, towards ensuring equality and dignity for
justice etc. homosexual individuals. The judgement
emphasised that sexual orientation is an inherent
• Poor economic condition: Dropping out of school due
aspect of an individual's identity and
to harassment and discrimination at the workplace
discrimination based on it is a violation of
results in their poor socioeconomic status.
fundamental rights.
• Homophobia: LGBTQ experience homophobic jokes,
• 2019: Transgender Persons (Protection Of Rights)
hate crimes and physical attacks, discrimination in the
Act, 2019
workplace and negative media representation.
• 2022: Supreme Court noted that all types of
• Psychological distress: Stigmatisation, discrimination
atypical family units (single parents, transgenders,
and harassment in their daily lives have an impact on
same-sex couples) are also entitled to legal
their Mental health.
recognition and protection under various social
• Criminalization: Lacking other means of support,
welfare legislation like typical heterosexual family
many LGBTQ youths are forced to turn to criminalised
units.
activities to survive.
• 2023: A five-judge Constitution Bench of the
o Drug Addiction: LGBTQ people are more likely to
Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI)
use alcohol, tobacco and other substance abuse
refused to grant legal status to same-sex
than the general population.
marriages. The majority view upheld that the right
• Legal injustice: Homosexuality had been criminalised to marriage is not a fundamental right. SC has
till a few years ago. Even after it was decriminalised, underlined that the issue of same-sex marriage can
there is still a lack of legal recognition for same-sex only be resolved through legislative route.
marriages.
However, the right to enter into a union/relationship is
EVOLUTION OF RIGHTS FOR HOMO-SEXUALS: SOME unrelated to sexual orientation and is a feature of
KEY MILESTONES fundamental rights in Articles 19 and 21.

• 2014: National Legal Services Authority vs. Union • Present status: Govt. has already acknowledged
of India the right to love, right to cohabit, right to choose
one’s partner, right to one’s sexual orientation as
o A significant development occurred with the
fundamental right under Article 21.
Supreme Court of India recognizing transgender
people as a third gender. This landmark TRANSGENDER PERSONS (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS)
judgement acknowledged their rights and ACT, 2019
provided legal recognition and protection to the
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
transgender community.
aims to protect rights of transgenders and their welfare.
• 2017: Justice K. S. Puttaswamy vs. Union Of India
• Definition of a Transgender person: The act defines
o Another important step was taken in 2017 when a transgender person as one whose gender does not
the Supreme Court of India ruled that privacy is match the gender assigned at birth. It includes
a fundamental right. This decision had far- transmen and trans-women, persons with intersex
reaching implications for the LGBTQ+ variations, genderqueers, and persons with
community as it paved the way for greater sociocultural identities, such as kinnar and hijra.
recognition and protection of their rights to
• Self-identification: A transgender person may make
privacy and personal autonomy.
an application to the District Magistrate for a certificate
• 2018: Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India of identity, indicating gender as ‘transgender’.

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 Society and Social Justice

• Prohibition against discrimination: Prohibits • No reservations to transgenders for employment and

discrimination against a transgender person in- education in Transgender Act, despite being directed
(i) Education, employment and healthcare. by SC verdict in NALSA judgement, 2014.

(ii) Access to goods, facilities, opportunities available • Non-addressal of rights in marriage, divorce and
to the public. adoption to LGBTQ community.

(iii) Right to movement, reside, rent, or otherwise • Insignificant electoral and societal impact due to their
occupy property. minimal presence in policymaking institutions for
voicing their concerns.
(iv) Opportunity to hold public or private office.
• Lack of dedicated health policy and affordable access
• Welfare measures by government: Mandated
for transgenders who have higher rates of mental
government to undertake measures to ensure full
health issues, suicide, HIV-prevalence, conversion
inclusion, participation of transgender persons in
therapy etc.
society and steps for their rescue and rehabilitation,
vocational training and self-employment, create • Education issues: Poor literacy and higher dropout
schemes that are transgender sensitive, and promote rates, lack of gender sensitisation and sex education.
their participation in cultural activities. SUPREME COURT HAS ISSUED SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS
• Offences and penalties: Recognise offences against TO THE POLICE
transgender persons like forced or bonded labour; • No Harassment: Police should not harass queer
denial of use of public places; physical, sexual, verbal, couples by summoning them to police stations or
emotional or economic abuse. Penalties for these visiting their residences solely to inquire about their
offences vary between 6 months & 2 years, and a fine. gender identity or sexual orientation.
• National Council for Transgender persons (NCT): • Freedom of Choice: Queer individuals should not be
Consisting of: forced to return to their families if they do not wish to
o Union Minister for Social Justice (Chairperson) do so.
o Minister of State for Social Justice (Vice- Chairperson) • Protection of Freedom: When queer individuals file
o Representative from ministries including Health, complaints alleging that their family is inhibiting their
Home Affairs, and Human freedom of movement, the police should verify the
o Resources Development. genuineness of the complaint and ensure their

o Other members include representatives of the NITI freedom is not curtailed.

Aayog, and the National • Protection against Violence: If a complaint is filed
o Human Rights Commission. apprehending violence from the family due to the
complainant's queer identity or relationship, the police
o Representatives from transgender community and
should verify the genuineness of the complaint and
five experts from nongovernmental organisations.
provide appropriate protection.
The Council will advise the central government as well as
monitor impact of policies, legislation and projects with • Preliminary Enquiry: Before registering an FIR against
respect to transgender persons. It will also redress the a queer couple or an individual in a queer relationship,
grievances of transgender persons. the police should conduct a preliminary enquiry to
determine if the complaint discloses a cognizable
However, due to the lack of comprehensive LGBTQ
policy, the issues persist like: offence, following the guidelines set in the Lalita
Kumari vs Government of UP case.
• Transgender Act does not take into account the
heterogeneity of LGBTQ community. Ignoring these India needs a separate anti-discrimination law which inter
intersectionality can leave them even further behind. alia prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.

• Lack of comprehensive discrimination code makes Presently, several laws have an anti-discrimination aspect

them vulnerable to discrimination in matters of to them but they are fragmented and may fail to capture
employment, housing, health and education etc. the multitudinous forms of discrimination.

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 Society and Social Justice

THE MARRIAGE PENALTY

• Unpaid care work: Women in India often have to bear
the burden of unpaid care work, such as taking care of
#Social Issues #Social Justice # Women # children, elderly family members, and household
chores. It is often undervalued and not recognized as
Human resource
work.
• Societal norms and cultural expectations: In India,
Recently, an investigation highlighted anomalies related to traditional gender division of labour dictate that
hiring of women employees in Apple iPhone maker Foxconn women should focus on household duties and raising
assembly plant in Tamil Nādu. It was alleged that married children, while men are the primary breadwinners. Any
women are being rejected on grounds of pregnancy, family deviation from such established norms attracts
commitment and greater number of leaves. ostracization and marginalization which acts as a
Though Foxconn came up with the clarification statement demotivation for women to take up formal jobs.
in which it highlighted that 25% of its new recruitment • Lack of access to education: Girls are often denied
comprises women and around women constitute 70% of access to education, or they drop out of school early
its total workforce. due to poverty or familial responsibilities. This lack of
However, this news article delves into several factors education and skill development limits their
responsible for low Female LFPR in India. employment opportunities and earning potential.

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE (LFPR) • Limited job opportunities: Women often face
discrimination in the job market, and there are fewer
• The labour force participation rate is the measure to
job opportunities available to them compared to men.
evaluate working-age population in an economy.
For example, in the technology and finance sector.
• Labour force participation rate is defined as the
• Safety concerns: Women in India often face safety
percentage of working population in the age group of
concerns and harassment at the workplace and also
15- 64 in the economy, currently employed or seeking
while commuting to and from work. It discourages
employment.
them from seeking employment outside of the home.
• As per OECD, it is calculated as the labour force divided
• Rising Household Incomes: Rising incomes allows
by the total working-age population.
women to escape harsh labour on farms and
STATUS OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION construction sites and focus on their families.
RATE
• Lack of Rural connectivity: Lack of transport network
• As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022-23
to villages may prevent women from taking non-
o LFPR for male in India increased from 75.8% in 2017- agricultural work in Neighbouring towns. Lack of
18 to 78.5% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase transport services affects women more than men.
in LFPR for female was from 23.3% to 37.0%.
• Nuclear families: The growing trend of nuclear
Now as per the findings of the report FLFPR is rising. families keeping childcare left to women with no
However, It is still concerning when we focus on support from family elders.
o Gender disparity – Male (78.5%) i.e. more than • Lack of supportive policies: India lacks supportive
double of that of Women. policies, such as parental leave, and flexible work
o Rural Urban Gap – Higher in rural areas – reflects arrangements, which can enable women to balance
feminization of agriculture; lower in urban areas – work and family responsibilities.
Lack of formal employment opportunities GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE FEMALE
o Comparison with developed economy – Europe WORK PARTICIPATION
and central Asia – 52%; North America – 56% ; East 1. For Survival and Education of Females
Asia and Pacific – 59%. FLFPR in India is below the
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme: For creating
global average of 47 percent for several years.
awareness among the people to educate all girl
REASONS FOR LOW FLFPR IN INDIA children in the country. The initiative intends to tackle
the issue of the diminishing sex ratio in recent years,

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 Society and Social Justice

raise social awareness, and improve the effectiveness 5. Equal Opportunity and Congenial Work
of welfare benefits for girls. Environment
• National Education Policy (NEP), 2020: The policy • Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017: The Act
prioritises gender equity and envisions ensuring increased the paid maternity leave from 12 weeks to 26
equitable access to quality education to all students, weeks, also made a provision for mandatory crèche
with a special emphasis on Socially and Economically facility in establishments having 50 or more employees,
Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs). permitting women workers in the night shifts with
2. For Safe and Convenient Accommodation adequate safety measures, etc.

• Working Women Hostel: One of the main difficulties • The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act,
faced by working women is lack of safe and 2013: To provide protection against sexual harassment
conveniently located accommodation. The objective of of women at workplace and for the prevention and
the scheme is to promote availability of safe and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for
conveniently located accommodation for working matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
women, with day care facilities for their children, 6. Promoting Entrepreneurship
wherever possible, in urban, semi urban, or even rural • Female Entrepreneurship: To promote female
areas where employment opportunities for women entrepreneurship, the Government has initiated
exist. schemes like MUDRA, Stand Up India and Mahila e-
3. For Supporting Women affected by violence Haat.
• One Stop Centre (OSC) and Universalization of • Rashtriya Mahila Kosh: Provides micro-credit at
Women Helpline: To provide 24 hours immediate and concessional terms to poor women for various
emergency response to women affected by violence livelihood and income generating activities.
through referral (linking with appropriate authority • Prime Minister’s Employment Generation
such as police, One Stop Centre, hospital) and Programme (PMEGP): Under the scheme, women
information about women related government entrepreneurs are provided 25 per cent and 35 per
schemes programs across the country through a single cent subsidies for the project set up in urban and rural
uniform number. Women Helpline (WHL) will be areas respectively.
integrated with One Stop Centre Scheme (OSC) under
MEASURES TO IMPROVE FEMALE WORK
which one OSC shall be established in every State/UT
PARTICIPATION
to provide integrated support and assistance to
women affected by violence, both in private and public • Need of National Women’s Urban Employment
spaces under one roof. Guarantee Act (WUEGA): Women should form at least
50% of the programme management staff, with a vision
4. Codification of the Labour Laws for harmonizing
for decentralized management and local community
the needs of job seekers, workers and employers
involvement. Includes provisions for childcare at work
• Labour Codes: The four Labour Codes namely, the sites, free public transportation for women, and work
Code on Wages, 2019, the Industrial Relations Code, availability within a 5-km radius.
2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020 and the
• Ensure high participation of women in
Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions
MGNREGS: Recommendations given by Parliamentary
Code, 2020. Codification of the Labour Laws provides a
Standing Committee on Rural Development and
policy framework for harmonizing the needs of job
Panchayati Raj: Government must take measures for
seekers, workers and employers.
better promotion of “women-centric works” through
• The Labour Codes will, inter-alia, reduce multiplicity of creation or linking of existing livelihood projects under
definitions & authorities, facilitate implementation and the scheme. Ministry of Rural Development needs to
use of technology in enforcement of labour laws and bridge the wage disparity among states by notifying a
bring transparency and accountability in enforcement, uniform wage rate structure.
promote setting up of more enterprises, catalysing the
• Identification of niche sectors: There is need for
creation of employment opportunities in the country.
identification of niche sectors like countries like the

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 Society and Social Justice

United States initiative like Girls Who Code in the USA exam after it was held, while the CSIR-NET and NEET-PG
aim to close the gender gap in technology, Japan and exams have been postponed.
Italy are focusing on the healthcare and social work HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
sectors as areas of potential job growth for women.
• The Government of India Act, 1935 during the British
• Accounting for care work: There is a need to capture rule created a federal structure. The legislative subjects
the value of care in the GDP calculation. Flexible Work were distributed between the federal legislature
Options as like Netherlands: Promote work models like (present day Union) and provinces (present day States).
part-time work, remote work, and parental leave Education was kept under the provincial list.
policies, empowers women to manage work-life
• After independence, this continued and education was
balance effectively.
part of the ‘State list’ under the distribution of powers.
• Invest in a wide range of care infrastructure and
• However, during the Emergency, the Congress party
services solutions: Covering not only childcare, but
constituted the Swaran Singh Committee to provide
also elder care, domestic work, and long-term care for
recommendations for amendments to the
highly dependent adults to reduce dependency and
Constitution.
access the silver economy. For instance, Japan has
leveraged some private sector partnerships for o One of the recommendations of this committee was
to place ‘education’ in the concurrent list in
investments in affordable senior living and care
services. As the share of elderly persons in India’s order to evolve all-India policies on the subject.
population is expected to rise from 10 per cent o This was implemented through the 42nd
currently to 20 per cent by 2050, India, too will need to constitutional amendment (1976) by shifting
prioritise elder care infrastructure and service ‘education’ from the State list to the concurrent list.
investments.
Arguments for Arguments for moving
JAPAN’S ‘WOMENOMICS’ 'education' in the 'education' to the
concurrent list state list
• Japan was grappling with falling fertility rates, a
declining population, and stagnant growth, a series • Uniform education • India's diversity
of reforms on “womenomics” were introduced as policy: Ensures makes a 'one size fits
part of the “Abenomics” era. consistent educational all' policy impractical.
• Women’s labour force participation rate (WLFPR) in standards across the • Disparity in
Japan has grown by ten percentage points, from 64.9 country. expenditure: States
percent in 2013 to 75.2 per cent in 2023. • Enhanced synergy bear a larger share of
• Majority of the “womenomics” reforms have been between Centre and education expenses
linked to investments in the care economy and States: Promotes (85% of total revenue
rebalancing gender norms. cooperation between expenditure by
Centre and States for education
aligning national departments in 2020-

SHOULD EDUCATION BE objectives with

implementation at the
21).
• States' significant
BROUGHT BACK TO THE state level. expenditure on
education justifies
STATE LIST? their autonomy.
#Social Justice #Education #Summary • Tailor-made policies
for syllabus, testing,
and admissions can
The NEET-UG exam has been embroiled in controversies over be more effective.
the award of grace marks, allegation of paper leaks and other
irregularities. The government also cancelled the UGC-NET

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 Society and Social Justice

• Central institutions • Similarly, SCs constituted 20 per cent of the

can still regulate population and their consumption share was 16 per
higher education. cent.

Issues like corruption and lack of professionalism are not • The OBCs accounted 43 per cent of the population,
resolved by centralisation alone. Problems with NEET and their consumption share of 41 percent.
NTA highlight flaws in centralised systems. Hence, let us • General category accounted 28 percent of the
take a look at many international practices. population; their consumption share of 36 percent.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES These findings underscore the persistent disparities in
• In the U.S., State and local governments set the the distribution of consumption across various social
overall educational standards, mandate groups. Despite minimal fluctuations over time, SCs and
standardised tests and supervise colleges and STs consistently lag behind people from the General and
universities. The federal education department’s OBC categories.
functions primarily include policies for financial aid, • The overall Gini coefficient decreased from 0.359 in
focussing on key educational issues and ensuring equal 2017-18 to 0.309 in 2022-23, indicating a reduction in
access. overall income inequality during this period by 0.050.
• In Canada, education is completely managed by the KEY AREAS IMPACTED BY CASTE
provinces. • Employment opportunities: Discrimination in hiring
• In Germany, the constitution vests legislative powers and occupational segregation often restrict lower-caste
for education with landers (equivalent of States). individuals to menial and low-paying jobs.
• In South Africa education is governed by two national • Education: While affirmative action policies have
departments for school and higher education. The improved access to education for lower-caste
provinces of the country have their own education individuals, disparities in the quality of education
departments for implementing policies of the national received still exist. Between 2017-18 and 2021-22, the
departments and dealing with local issues. SC category growth in number of students enrolled in
higher educational institutes is 25.43% (ministry of
education report).
INEQUALITY AMONG o Higher dropout rates among lower-caste

CASTE students are attributed to economic pressures,

social discrimination, and a lack of support systems.
#Indian Society #Salient feature of Indian Over 8,000 students from the Scheduled Caste,
Society #Caste #Mains Exhaustive Scheduled Tribes, OBC, and minority communities
have dropped out of technical institutes, including
IITs, IIMs, IIITs, NITs, and IISERs, in the last five years
India has made remarkable strides in lifting millions out of up to 2023 (Ministry of Education).
multidimensional poverty, yet inequality among various caste • Income disparities: On average, individuals from
groups persists. Despite the Constitution’s abolition of caste lower castes earn less than their upper-caste
discrimination and the launch of affirmative action counterparts. SCs/STs earned significantly lesser than
programmes, the shadow of caste continues to shape their non-SC/ST counterparts.(Deshpande and Sharma)
economic realities. • Entrepreneurship: Lower-caste entrepreneurs often
DISPARITIES IN CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AMONG face difficulties in securing loans and investments due
DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS to discriminatory practices by financial institutions.
According to the World Inequality Lab Efforts should concentrate on augmenting income
• In 2022-23, while STs accounted for 9 per cent of the generation and consumption abilities among the lower
population, their consumption share stood at only 7 deciles, particularly within the ST and SC communities.
per cent. This is also essential for fostering social harmony and
economic stability across society. Continued monitoring

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 Society and Social Justice

THE VULNERABILITIES OF
of trends and targeted interventions addressing
specific socio-economic challenges faced by different
groups are necessary to ensure sustained progress
towards greater economic equity.
INDIA’S ELDERLY
#Society & Social Justice #Population
#Elderlies #Vulnerable sections
NATA PRATHA
#Indian Society #Women and women related
STATUS OF ELDERLY POPULATION IN INDIA
issues #Prelims Nuggets
• UNFPA’s India Aging Report: 10% of the population is
60 plus (double by 2050)
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) issued • By 2046, it is expected that the elderly population will
notices to the Union Ministry of Women and Child surpass the population of children aged up to 15.
Development and the States of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, • Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI)
Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat over a practice known as ‘Nata o More than 40% of India’s elderly population is in the
Pratha’. poorest wealth quintile, and around 18.7% of them
live without any income such levels of poverty may
ABOUT NATA PRATHA
affect their quality of life and healthcare utilisation.
• It is a centuries-old social practice, where girls are
o Women, on average, had higher life expectancy at
sold by their family members under the guise of
the age of 60 and at 80, when compared to men with
marriage in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, variations across States and Union Territories.
Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat. o Since 1991, the elderly sex ratio (females per 1,000
• It is usually practiced by the Bhil tribe, the one of the males) has been rising consistently, except in Union
largest tribes in South Asia. Territories and western India.

• It is a practice in which two persons can enter into a o Poverty is gendered in old age, with older women
more likely to be widowed, living alone, and
relationship similar to marriage without any legal and
dependent on family support.
religious/social obligation by getting a divorce from
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE ELDERLY POPULATION
existing marriage or otherwise.
1. Ageism: It refers to stereotypes, prejudices and
• The practice involves monetary dealing in which a
discrimination towards others or oneself based on age.
bride price is usually paid to the woman or her parents It is generally believed that old age people lack on
or previous husband by the new groom. productivity.
• This involves selling “on a stamp paper” or marrying off 2. Change in family structure and social milieu:
underage girls from some communities. These “sales Traditionally in India, the family took care of
and marriages” are usually conducted by their own the elderly. However, with increasing nuclearization,
many children do not prefer to take care of their
families.
parents. Higher levels of unemployment and the
• In this custom woman typically goes to live with the search for better economic opportunities have forced
man, leaving behind the children from her previous family members to move to urban centres away from
marriage. The custom allows men to live with as many their parents.
women resulting in children being abandoned by their 3. Challenges of oldest old (80+): There is dependency.
parents. They need constant care and attention. Increased
burden of healthcare costs especially non-
• Traditionally, both the man and the woman are
communicable diseases such as Cancer, Hypertension
supposed to be married or widowed, but the custom
and Diabetes. Often, they do not get the benefits of
has evolved to include single people as well. health insurance schemes due to age caps in existing

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 Society and Social Justice

health insurance policies. This leads to increased out- conditions can be costly and challenging, particularly
of-pocket expenditures. for those without health insurance. #Non-
4. Challenges of elderly women: Elderly women have communicable diseases.
faced a lifetime of gender-based discrimination, lack GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
access to property, have been burdened by household
SAGE PROJECT
chores and often do not indulge in recreational
activities. Women experience proportionately higher • SAGE stands for Senior Care Ageing Growth Engine. A
rates of chronic illness and disability in later life as project to support India’s elderly population by
compared to men. More than 50% of women over 80 identifying, evaluating, verifying, aggregating and
years of age are widows. delivering products, solutions and services directly to
stakeholders.
5. Economic Challenges: (More than 40% of India’s
elderly population is in the poorest wealth quintile, and • Components
around 18.7% live without income.) There is a high level o SAGE PORTAL: A portal to transparently select start-
of destitution among the elderly with many living below ups under the program. All proposals will be
the poverty line. Senior citizens will have no option but uploaded on it and selection will be based on blind
to never retire and continue to work if physically review by an independent screening committee of
possible when their ability to produce and earn has experts.
declined. Access to social security measures is very low o Equity support: A total of Rs 100 crores has been
in India. (Only 29 % of the elderly benefit from earmarked for equity support of selected start-ups
various social security schemes) in the next 5 years. Maximum equity support for any
6. Emotional challenges: They are often widowed and start-up will be Rs 1 crore. The funding will come
often miss the companionship of their life partner. from Senior Citizen Welfare Fund.
They experience loneliness. Retirement brings a lack of SENIOR CITIZEN WELFARE FUND
identity which old age people often find difficult to
• It was established in 2016 to fund activities that would
adjust to.
bring significant changes to the lives of the elderly in
7. Mental Health Issues: Mental health problems, India.
including depression and anxiety, are often overlooked
• It is funded by unclaimed deposits in EPF and other
among the elderly in India. The stigma surrounding
public funds.
mental health issues prevents them from seeking help
• Rastriya Vayoshri Yojana is funded through this.
or receiving adequate support which ultimately leads
to depression and anxiety. (one in five elderly citizens RASHTRIYA VAYOSHRI YOJANA
are facing mental health issues.) • A central sector scheme Implemented by Artificial
8. Technology: They fail to adapt to modern technologies Limbs Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO)
and feel alienated for example, Often they are not • Expenditure for the implementation of the scheme will
adept with social media sites, using smartphones and be met from the “Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund.
accessing the internet. Elderly citizens may be more FEATURES
susceptible to online scams, phishing, and other forms
• To provide Senior Citizens, belonging to the BPL
of cyberattacks due to their limited experience with
category and suffering from age-related disabilities,
online security.
with physical aids & assisted living devices which can
9. Healthcare: Many elderly individuals in India have restore near normalcy in their bodily functions.
limited access to quality healthcare services, especially
• The scheme will address disabilities like low vision,
in rural areas. The healthcare infrastructure may not be
hearing impairment, loss of teeth and locomotor
adequately equipped to address the specific health
disability with such assisted-living devices which can
needs of the elderly. Moreover, the elderly population
restore near normalcy in their bodily functions.
in India is increasingly susceptible to chronic health
conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, heart • The devices are distributed in the camp mode.
disease, and arthritis. The management of these WAY FORWARD

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 Society and Social Justice

The Draft National Policy for Senior Citizens 2020 has • Development of the concept of ‘Silver Economy’ which
made the following suggestions: focuses on developing financial products for old age
PROMOTING PRODUCTIVE AGEING needs.

• The age of retirement should be increased from 60 to HEALTHCARE

65. Second life career: Finding suitable places where • Universalisation of healthcare especially for the old age
old age can contribute to their experience. population. All old age persons should be covered
• These careers can be teaching in schools, or acting as under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme.
consultants in government departments and • The upper age limit for coverage of health insurance
businesses. should be increased.
• Need to better create awareness in people in younger • Greater attention on addressing non-communicable
age groups about old-age planning, looking after health diseases with which old age people suffer
and engaging in Yoga etc to have a healthy old age life. disproportionately.
PROMOTING MULTIGENERATIONAL AND INTER- • Increased research and investment in setting up old
GENERATIONAL BONDING age homes, geriatric care and specialized professionals
• The Maintenance of Senior Citizens Act should be who can address the needs of the elderly.
amended to make it compulsory for the next SPECIAL FOCUS ON ELDERLY FEMALES
generation of old age persons to take care of them if • Increasing pension for widows.
they want an inheritance.
• Mass drives for ensuring they have access to
• Promotion of NGOs, and community-based government schemes.
organizations to work for the old age population.
Innovations in Old Age:
ECONOMIC SECURITY AND PENSION
o Startups working on developing tools for the elderly
• Senior-friendly tax structures- Promote and expand the need to be promoted. Special tools such as hearing
existing pension programs to ensure income security aids and other prosthetics must be much more
for senior citizens. The old age pension scheme under accessible.
the Ministry of Rural Development should be reviewed
o Applications for the old age population can be
occasionally to cover all seniors living with a disability
developed.
or those below the poverty line.

practice questions
MCQS
Q1. With respect to the nata pratha, consider the (c) All three
following statements: (d) None
1. It is a centuries-old social practice in which girls are
sold to new grooms by their family members. Q2. With reference to the Ayushman Bharat Digital
2. In this practice, two persons can enter into a legal Mission, consider the following statements:
marriage. 1. The scheme aims to create a national digital health
3. It is usually practiced by the Bhil tribe. ecosystem that supports universal health coverage
How many of the statements given above are correct? by 2030.
(a) Only one 2. Under the scheme, a 14-digit unique id created
(b) Only two using personal details like name, mobile and
Aadhar number.

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 Society and Social Justice

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) State subject
(a) 1 only (b) Union subject
(b) 2 only (c) Concurrent subject
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Residuary subject
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Q5. With reference to the Global Gender Gap Index
Q3. The SAGE project, sometimes appearing in news 2024, consider the following statements:
related to 1. It is an annual report released by the World Bank.
(a) Early childhood care 2. Iceland has achieved full gender parity in 2023.
(b) Elderly care Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(c) Elimination of urban poverty (a) 1 only
(d) Gender equality (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
Q4. Education is a part of which list of the Seventh (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Schedule of the Indian Constitution?

Descriptive Questions
Q1. Analyse the economic, social, and geographical factors contributing to persistent poverty and suggest policy
measures to achieve sustainable and inclusive development.
Q2. Discuss the socio-economic and cultural factors leading to the low Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR)
in India and propose innovative solutions to enhance women's participation in the workforce.

Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-b, 4-c, 5-d

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 GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT,
BIODIVERSITY & DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
# GS Paper (Prelims) and GS Paper I & III (Main)

URBAN FLOODING
• Sea Level Rise: Example: Coastal cities like Mumbai
and Chennai are vulnerable to sea level rise, which can
#Disaster Management exacerbate flooding, particularly during high tides and
storm surges. The 2019 floods in Mumbai were
worsened by high tide conditions.
Urban flooding has become increasingly frequent in India's • Climate Change: Example: The increasing frequency
major cities (Chennai floods, most recent in Hyderabad), with and intensity of extreme weather events due to climate
an increasing impact on life, property and increased incidence change are causing more severe and unpredictable
of tropical diseases. rainfall patterns. For instance, the unprecedented
NATURAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO URBAN rainfall in Kerala in 2018 led to widespread flooding.
FLOODING IN INDIA • Hills and Slopes: Example: Shimla and other hill cities
• Monsoon Rains: Example: The Indian subcontinent experience rapid runoff due to their steep slopes,
experiences heavy monsoon rains from June to leading to flash floods during heavy rains. The terrain
September. Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata accelerates water flow, increasing the risk of flooding in
frequently face intense rainfall during this period, lower-lying urban areas.
leading to waterlogging and urban flooding. • Seasonal Variability: Example: Cities like Lucknow
• Topography: Example: Bengaluru's natural experience seasonal variability in rainfall, with some
topography, with its undulating terrain, can lead to years receiving exceptionally high rainfall. This
water accumulation in low-lying areas. This becomes variability can overwhelm urban drainage systems not
problematic when combined with urban development designed for such fluctuations.
that disrupts natural drainage patterns. ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
• Cyclones and Storm Surges: Example: Coastal cities • Rapid Urbanization without Adequate Planning:
such as Chennai, Visakhapatnam, and Mumbai are Example: The city of Gurgaon, near Delhi, has seen rapid
susceptible to cyclones and storm surges. The 2017 urban development without corresponding
Cyclone Ockhi caused significant flooding and damage improvements in infrastructure. The lack of adequate
in coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. drainage systems has led to frequent waterlogging
• Soil Characteristics: Example: Certain soil types, such during monsoon seasons.
as clayey soils found in parts of Chennai, have low • Encroachment on Natural Water Bodies: Example: In
permeability, leading to poor drainage and increased Chennai, extensive encroachment on natural water
surface runoff during heavy rains. bodies and wetlands has significantly reduced the city's

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

capacity to absorb and drain rainwater. The 2015 floods o Rain Gardens: Small, vegetated areas designed to
were exacerbated by the loss of these natural buffers. absorb and filter rainwater.
• Outdated Drainage Infrastructure: Example: o Stormwater Management Systems:
Mumbai's drainage system, parts of which date back to o Retention Basins: Constructing basins to hold
the British colonial era, is not equipped to handle the excess rainwater and release it slowly.
high-intensity rainfall the city experiences. The 2005
o Detention Ponds: Similar to retention basins but
floods highlighted the inadequacies of the city's
usually dry until a storm event occurs.
drainage system.
o Bioswales: Landscaped channels designed to
• Poor Solid Waste Management: Example: In Kolkata,
concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while
improper disposal of solid waste often clogs drainage
removing debris and pollution.
channels, leading to severe waterlogging during heavy
• Upgrading Drainage Infrastructure:
rains. The accumulated waste obstructs water flow,
causing flooding even during moderate rainfall. o Enlarging and Improving Drainage Systems:
Ensuring that drainage systems are capable of
• High Population Density: Example: Delhi's high
population density puts immense pressure on existing handling increased volumes of water.
drainage infrastructure. During the 2020 monsoon, o Regular Maintenance: Keeping drainage systems
several areas of the city experienced severe flooding clear of debris and in good repair.
due to the overburdened drainage system. • Urban Planning and Zoning:
• Illegal Construction: Example: In Hyderabad, illegal o Floodplain Management: Restricting development
constructions along the Musi River and other in areas prone to flooding.
watercourses have obstructed natural water flow paths,
o Elevated Structures: Building homes and
leading to increased flooding during the monsoon
infrastructure above anticipated flood levels.
season.
• Smart Technology and Data:
• Lack of Urban Green Spaces: Example: Bengaluru has
o Flood Monitoring Systems: Using sensors and IoT
lost a significant number of its lakes and green spaces
devices to monitor water levels and provide early
to urban development. The reduced capacity for water
warnings.
absorption has led to frequent flooding in several parts
of the city. o Predictive Modelling: Utilizing data and simulations
to predict flooding and plan responses.
• Water Mismanagement: Example: In Surat, the release
of water from the Ukai Dam without adequate warning • Community Involvement and Education:
during heavy rains in 2006 led to severe flooding. Poor o Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating residents
water management practices and coordination issues about flood risks and how to reduce their impact.
often exacerbate flooding. o Community-Led Projects: Encouraging local
• Unplanned Urban Expansion: Example: Jaipur has initiatives to implement flood mitigation measures.
expanded rapidly without proper urban planning, • Nature-Based Solutions:
leading to the development of residential areas in low-
o Wetland Restoration: Rehabilitating wetlands to act
lying regions prone to flooding. The lack of planned
as natural sponges for rainwater.
drainage networks has made these areas vulnerable to
flooding during heavy rains. o Urban Forests: Increasing tree cover to enhance
water absorption and reduce runoff.
STRATEGIES TO CURB URBAN FLOODING
• Regulatory Measures:
• Green Infrastructure:
o Building Codes: Implementing stringent building
o Green Roofs: Installing vegetation on rooftops can
codes that require flood-resilient construction.
absorb rainwater and reduce runoff.
o Stormwater Fees: Charging fees based on
o Permeable Pavements: Using materials that allow
impervious surface area to fund flood mitigation
water to infiltrate the ground can reduce surface
projects.
runoff.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

BEST PRACTICES/CASE STUDIES • Environmental pollution is very prominent in point

• Several cities worldwide have adopted the sponge city source areas such as mining, foundries and smelters,
approach, with notable examples including: and other metal-based industrial operations.

o Shanghai, China: Implementing green roofs, LIST OF HEAVY METALS AND THEIR IMPACT
permeable pavements, and extensive green spaces • Lead: Lead exposure can cause developmental issues,
as part of its sponge city initiative. cognitive impairment, and damage to organs like the
o Berlin, Germany: Utilizing green roofs, rain gardens, brain, kidneys, and nervous system. It’s especially
and retention basins to manage stormwater and harmful to children.
improve urban resilience. • Mercury: Mercury affects the nervous system, leading
o Singapore: Integrating green infrastructure and to tremors, memory loss, and other neurological
advanced drainage systems to transform the city into problems. It accumulates in fish, posing risks to those
a model of sustainable water management. who consume contaminated seafood.

As the incidence of extreme weather events due to climate • Cadmium: Cadmium exposure can harm the kidneys,
change, there must be more focus on urban flooding. lungs, and bones. It’s commonly found in tobacco
Guidelines laid down by NDMA for urban flooding should smoke and contaminated water.
be followed by cities • Arsenic: Arsenic is a carcinogen and can cause skin,
lung, and bladder cancers. It’s often present in
groundwater.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION • Copper: While essential in small amounts, excessive
#prelimsnuggets#Pollution copper exposure can lead to liver and kidney damage.
• Chromium: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is
carcinogenic and can cause lung cancer when inhaled.
IISc develops method to remove heavy metal contaminants
• Nickel: Nickel exposure can cause skin allergies and
from groundwater.
respiratory issues.
HEAVY METALS
• Zinc: Essential for health, but high levels can lead to
• Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic • Thallium (TI): Sources include coal combustion,
numbers. semiconductor manufacturing, and exhaust emissions.
• With the assumption that heaviness and toxicity are The clinical presentation of thallium toxicity varies
inter-related, heavy metals also include metalloids, such based on dose, age, and acute or chronic exposure.
as arsenic, that are able to induce toxicity at low levels
of exposure.
• In recent years, there has been an increasing ecological
and global public health concern associated with
environmental contamination by these metals.
• Also, human exposure has risen dramatically as a result
of an exponential increase of their use in several
industrial, agricultural, domestic and technological
applications.
• Reported sources of heavy metals in the environment
include geogenic, industrial, agricultural,
pharmaceutical, domestic effluents, and atmospheric
sources.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

ON THE HINDU KUSH

conditions. These phases of a recurring climate pattern
across the tropical Pacific Ocean significantly influence

HIMALAYAS SNOW UPDATE global weather

disturbances.
patterns, including western

#Environment
WHAT ARE WESTERN DISTURBANCES?
• Western disturbances are low-pressure systems that
The Ganga River basin — India’s largest — reached a record originate over the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian,
low snow persistence in 2024, the Hindu Kush Himalaya snow and the Black Seas and bring rain and snow to the HKH
update of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain region in winter.
Development (ICIMOD) has reported.
WHAT IS SNOW PERSISTENCE?
• Snow persistence is the fraction of time snow is on the
ground.
ABOUT HINDU KUSH MOUNTAINS
• In the river basins of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH),
snowmelt is the biggest source of water in the streams.
• Overall, it contributes 23% of the runoff to the region’s
12 major river basins every year.
WHAT CAN BE DONE IN THIS REGARD?
• The HKH mountains extend around 3,500 km over eight
countries — Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, • Reforestation with native tree species can help the
India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Pakistan. ground retain more snow.

• These mountains are also called the “water towers of • Better weather forecasting and early warning systems
Asia” because they are the origins of 10 crucial river can also help local communities prepare for impending
systems on the continent — Amu Darya, Indus, Ganga, water stress.
Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse, • Improving water infrastructure and developing policies
Yellow river, and Tarim. for protecting areas receiving snowfall are important.
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT FINDINGS OF THE • Communities' involvement in local, national level
REPORT? decision-making and promoting regional cooperation
• In India, snow persistence in the Ganga, the are vital
Brahmaputra, and the Indus river basins dropped • There is a need to reduce emissions, which would
significantly in 2024. mitigate increasing sea-surface and ground
• The Ganga river basin noted its lowest snow persistence temperatures, both of which lower the persistence of
in 22 years, 17% below the long-term historical average snow.
(also known as ‘normal’).
• Similarly, snow persistence in the Brahmaputra basin
was 14.6% below normal in 2024.
WHY DIRECT SEEDING OF
• Outside India, the basin of the Amu Darya river — which RICE (DSR) IS YET TO PICK
flows through Central Asia — recorded its lowest snow
persistence in 2024. UP IN PUNJAB
WHY SNOW PERSISTENCE IS SO LOW? #geography #agriculture
• The primary reason for the lower persistence in 2024
was weak western disturbances.
The Punjab government has been actively promoting the direct
• Climate change and global warming is thought to
seeding of rice (DSR), or ‘tar-wattar’ technique.
exacerbate prolonged and intense La Niña–El Niño

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

WHAT IS DIRECT SEEDED RICE (DSR)? • Among the fastest warming oceans globally.
• Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) describes the process of • Dire consequences for heatwaves and rainfall patterns
growing rice from seeds sown in the ground as opposed over the Indian subcontinent.
to transplanting seedlings from a nursery. • Concerns about marine heatwaves impacting corals
• It is also known as Broadcasting seed technique. and fisheries.
• In this technique seeds are directly drilled into the land INFLUENCE ON GLOBAL DYNAMICS
• Plays a significant role in the Earth's overall ocean
response to increasing greenhouse gases and global
warming.
• Critical for understanding oceanic responses to climate
change.
IMPACT ON WEATHER PATTERNS
• Known for dramatic monsoon winds, bringing essential
rain to the Indian subcontinent.
• More than a billion people rely on this moisture for
various needs.
• Pre-monsoon cyclones pose a threat, with growing
MAJOR ADVANTAGES OF DSR numbers and intensification.
• Water efficient - Traditional rice cultivation methods BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISM
requires substantial amount of water. DSR saves water
• Supports diverse marine life and fisheries, including
up to 25%.
anchovies, mackerel, and tuna.
• Low labour cost - DSR reduces labour requirements by
• Home to attractions like dolphins and coral reefs,
eliminating nursery raising, uprooting seedlings,
drawing tourists to popular beaches.
transplanting, and puddling.
• Improves soil quality - Puddling creates a hard pan at UNIQUE CONFIGURATION
shallow depth by destroying soil aggregates, dispersing • Closed off by the Asian landmass to the north.
small clay particles, and rupturing capillary pores. • Connected to the Pacific and Southern Oceans via
• High fertilizer efficiency - Enhanced fertilizer use oceanic tunnels, influencing circulation, temperature,
efficiency due to placement of fertilizer in the root zone. and salinity.
• Economic benefits - DSR’s earlier maturity compared to OCEANIC DYNAMICS
PTR’s (transplanted rice) makes it a good fit for this crop
• Receives substantial water and heat from the Pacific
in various cropping methods. Early maturity of crops by
through the Indonesian Throughflow.
7-10 days helps in timely sowing of succeeding crops
• Cold, dense waters from the Southern Ocean mix
upward, affecting surface temperatures and circulation
OVERVIEW OF INDIAN patterns.

OCEAN WARMING TRENDS AND ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCE

• Heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean through
#prelimsnuggets #World Geography atmospheric circulation.
• Warming trend attributed to both atmospheric and
World Oceans Day, celebrated annually on 8 June, serves as a oceanic processes.
reminder of the crucial role the ocean plays in our lives and • Increased heat uptake, affecting regional weather
the urgent need to address the various challenges it faces. patterns and global climate dynamics.
RAPID WARMING

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

IMPACT ON GLOBAL CLIMATE • Channels like the Carrier Lined Channel (CLC) and Delhi
• Accelerates heat sinking, potentially moderating global Subbranch (DSB) supply water from the Yamuna and
warming. Ravi-Beas's rivers.

• Essential role in regulating global heat absorption and • The Delhi Jal Board (DJB) also extracts water directly
distribution. from the Yamuna.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE • Groundwater supplements the river-water supply.

• Geological changes in the Indian Ocean may have Trigger for Water Shortage:
influenced human evolution. • The Wazirabad Water Treatment Plant (WTP) operated
• Separation of the Indian and Pacific Oceans impacted below capacity during May 12-14 and May 18-June 1,
climate and ecosystem evolution. coinciding with a heatwave.

• Hypothesized influence on the evolution of bipedal • The plant's dependence on water from the Yamuna and
movement among early human ancestors. operational issues contributed to the shortage.

CELEBRATING AND STUDYING THE INDIAN OCEAN Challenges and Supply:

• Recognizing its importance on World Oceans Day for its • The Wazirabad WTP's production fell during May,
influence on climate, ecosystems, and human history. impacting Delhi's water supply.
• Despite other WTPs functioning above capacity, DJB
struggled to meet the city's demand.
HOW DELHI GETS ITS • Scant rainfall and transit losses from the Hathnikund

WATER barrage exacerbated the situation.

Allocation and Agreement:
#Environment and Ecology
• Delhi's water allocation from the Yamuna is regulated
by a 1994 agreement.
The Supreme Court, on Thursday, June 6, directed the • The agreement, due for revision in 2025, allocates
Himachal Pradesh government to release 137 cusecs of water roughly 435 MGD to Delhi annually.
to alleviate the drinking water crisis in Delhi. • The Supreme Court's 1996 directive emphasizes the
importance of maintaining reservoir levels for domestic
WATER SOURCE AND CRISIS IN DELHI
use.
Water Sources:
Measures to be taken to curb water crisis in Delhi

The Supreme Court's intervention underscores the

• Delhi primarily sources water from the Yamuna, Ravi-
urgency to address Delhi's water crisis amidst growing
Beas, and Ganga rivers. demand and supply challenges. With collaborative efforts

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

and adherence to water-sharing agreements, the city can • Two simulations compared: one with the eruption's
mitigate future shortages. water vapor injection and one without eruption of water
vapor.

TONGA VOLCANO COULD FINDINGS

• August-December 2023 witnessed a large ozone hole
CAUSE UNUSUAL WEATHER partially attributed to Hunga Tonga.
• Predicted the ozone hole's enlargement two years in
FOR REST OF DECADES advance; subsequent years unlikely to be impacted.
#prelimsnuggets #World Geography • Positive Southern Annular Mode in summer 2024 led to
unexpected wetter conditions in Australia contrary to El
Niño expectations.
The eruption of the underwater volcano Hunga Ha’apai off
• Global mean temperature impact negligible (0.015°C).
Tonga in 2022. The volcano has had weather altering impact
LONG-TERM REGIONAL IMPACTS
across the globe.
• Northern Australia to experience colder, wetter winters
until approximately 2029.
• North America anticipates warmer winters, while
Scandinavia expects colder ones.
• Volcanic eruption influences atmospheric wave
dynamics, impacting weather patterns.

RUBBER
ABOUT HUNGA TONGA–HUNGA HAʻAPAI #prelimsnuggets #Indian Geography
• It is under water volcano eruption (Submarine volcano)
• It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga
After 12 years, natural rubber prices stretch over ₹200/kg.
subduction zone
ABOUT NATURAL RUBBER
• It is associated with volcanic arc, which extends from
New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji. • It is a polymer of isoprene, an organic compound and
obtained from the latex of several tropical trees.
• It is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under
the Indo-Australian Plate. • Para Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the most
important tropical tree, native to the Amazon River
UNUSUAL ERUPTION
basin, and the first commercial Hevea plantations were
• Unlike typical volcanic eruptions, Hunga Tonga, an established at Thattekadu in Kerala in 1902.
underwater volcano, emitted minimal smoke but
AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
significant water vapor (100-150 million tonnes).
• Soil: Well-drained and well-weathered, such as lateritic,
• Water vapor ascended into the stratosphere, a dry layer
alluvial, and sedimentary types. pH level between 4.5
15-40 km above the surface, which usually lacks clouds
and 6.5
and rain.
• Rainfall: At least 100 rainy days a year. (150-300cm)
STRATOSPHERIC EFFECTS
• Temperature: Range of about 20 to 34°C.
• Water vapor in the stratosphere contributes to ozone
layer depletion and acts as a potent greenhouse gas. • Humidity: Around 80%, with 2000 hours of sunshine
(Water vapor in stratosphere leads to release of active • Wind: Absence of strong winds.
OH which in turn reacts with ozone to form oxygen and • Natural rubber is preferred over synthetic rubber due
monoatomic oxygen) to its high tensile strength, vibration dampening
MODELING FUTURE CLIMATE properties, and tear resistance.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

• Major rubber producing states include: Kerala (around shall be from the Department of Commerce and one
90%), Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Assam. from the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation;

ANNUAL REPORT 2021-22 • Three members of Parliament, of whom two shall be

elected by the House of People (Lok Sabha) and one by
Table- 5 Country-wise production of NR ('000
the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha);
tonne)
Country 2021 2020 % Growth • The Executive Director, ex-officio; and

Thailand 4836 4787 1.0 • The Rubber Production Commissioner, ex-officio.

Indonesia 3045 3037 03 FUNCTIONS

Vietnam 1260 1226 28

Cote d' Ivoire 965 950 1.6
China 851 693 22.8
India 757 685 10.5
Malaysia 470 515 –8.7
Other Countries 1586 1172 35.3
World Total 13770 13065 5.4
Source: Natural Rubber Statistics – May 2022 of
Association of NR producing Countries (ANRPC) for
country-wise figures and Rubber Statistical Bulletin (April-
FUNCTIONS OF THE RUBBER BOARD AS DEFINED
June 2022) of International Rubber Study Group (IRSG) for
UNDER THE ACT ARE
world total.
• To promote by such measures as it thinks fit
ABOUT RUBBER BOARD
the development of the rubber industry by:
• Rubber Board is a statutory body constituted by the
o Undertaking, assisting or encouraging scientific,
Government of India, under the Rubber Act 1947, for
technological or economic research.
the overall development of the rubber industry in the
country. o training students in improved methods of planting,
cultivation, manuring and spraying.
• Rubber Board functions under the Ministry of
Commerce & Industry of the Government of India. o the supply of technical advice to rubber growers.
• Head Office: Kottayam, Kerala o improving the marketing of rubber.
• Composition: As per Section 4(3) of the Act, The Board o the collection of statistics from owners of estates,
shall consist of: dealers and manufacturers.
• A Chairman to be appointed by the Central o securing better working conditions and the
Government. provision and improvement of amenities and
• Two members to represent the State of Tamil Nadu, incentives to workers.
one of whom shall be a person representing the rubber o carrying out any other duties which may be vested
producing interests; with the Board as per rules made under this Act.
• Eight members to represent the State of Kerala, six • It shall also be the duty of the Board:
of whom shall be persons representing the rubber
o to advise the Central Government on all matters
producing interests, three of such six being persons
relating to the development of the rubber
representing the small growers;
industry, including the import and export of rubber.
• Ten members to be nominated by the Central
o to advise the Central Government with regard to
Government, of whom two shall represent the
participation in any international conference or
manufacturers and four labour; Three members to be
scheme relating to rubber.
nominated by the Central Government, of whom two

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

o to submit to the Central Government and such Natural Sources:

other authorities as may be prescribed, half • Soils under Natural Vegetation: Natural soils release
yearly reports on its activities and the working of N₂O due to microbial processes.
this Act, and
• Oceans: Oceanic processes contribute to N₂O
o to prepare and furnish such other reports relating to emissions.
the rubber industry as may be required by the
• Other Natural Sources: Coastal waters, riparian zones,
Central Government from time to time.
estuaries, and rivers also emit N₂O naturally.
Human-Driven Sources:
NITROUS OXIDE • Agriculture: Agricultural activities are a significant
#prelimsnuggets #Pollution #Climate source of N₂O emissions. Nitrogen fertilizers and animal
manure contribute to these emissions. In the last
Change decade, agricultural production accounted for 74% of
total anthropogenic N₂O emissions2.
• Fossil Fuel Combustion: Combustion of fossil fuels
India is the world’s second largest source of nitrous oxide
releases N₂O.
(N2O), a greenhouse gas that heats up the atmosphere far
more than carbon dioxide. Nearly 11% of such global man- • Industrial Processes: Certain industrial activities also
made emissions in 2020 were from India, topped only by emit N₂O.
China at 16%. Nitrous oxide emissions grew 40 percent from IMPACT OF NITROUS OXIDE
1980 to 2020, accelerating climate change. Climate Impact:
ABOUT NITROUS OXIDE • Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas,
• Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, approximately 300 times more potent than carbon
nitrous oxide is a chemical compound, an oxide of dioxide in terms of its warming effect.
nitrogen with the formula N ₂O. • It contributes to rising global temperatures by trapping
• At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable heat in the atmosphere.
gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and taste. • Excess nitrous oxide damages the ozone layer, which
• At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful plays a crucial role in protecting life on Earth from
oxidizer similar to molecular oxygen. harmful solar radiation
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT
• Dizziness, unconsciousness, and even death.
• Long-term exposure may result in infertility.
• Contact with liquid nitrous oxide can cause severe
frostbite
USES OF NITROUS OXIDE
• Anesthetic and Analgesic: Nitrous oxide is commonly
used in medicine and dentistry as an anesthetic during
surgical procedures. It provides pain relief and helps
patients remain comfortable. Additionally, it acts as an
analgesic, reducing pain perception.
• Rocket Propellant: Nitrous oxide serves as an oxidizer
in rocket motors. When combined with fuel, it supports
combustion and propels rockets into space.
• Food Industry: As a propellant, nitrous oxide is used in
food aerosols (such as whipped cream dispensers). It
SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE creates pressure to release the food product smoothly.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

In culinary arts, it’s employed to create foam in desserts, • Conduct special studies and projects for identifying and
cocktails, and dishes like potato espuma. extracting concealed mineral deposits.
• Internal Combustion Engines: In automobile racing, • Promote sustainable mining practices and advanced
nitrous oxide is injected into an engine’s air intake. The technologies.
extra oxygen allows the engine to burn more fuel per • Focus on strategic and critical minerals through detailed
stroke, enhancing performance. and regional exploration.
• Semiconductor Manufacturing: Nitrous oxide plays a • Upgrade mineral exploration status in areas.
role in the production of semiconductors. It’s used
• Conduct geophysical and geochemical surveys, and
during chemical vapor deposition processes.
capacity building in mineral exploration.

NATIONAL MINERAL STRATEGIC IMPERATIVE

EXPLORATION TRUST AND ENVIRONMENT
#prelimsnuggets #Mining
CONCERN IN GREAT
The National Mineral Exploration Trust recently approved NICOBAR PROJECT
exploration projects submitted by Mineral Exploration and #Environment & Ecology, Biodiversity
Consultancy Ltd (earlier called Mineral Exploration and
Corporation Ltd) for gold and rare-earth elements (REE) in
Krishnagiri and Tiruppur districts. The opposition party has raised significant concerns over the
NATIONAL MINERAL EXPLORATION TRUST proposed Rs 72,000-crore infrastructure upgrade at Great
• A not-for-profit body established by an Act of Nicobar Island, labelling it as a “grave threat” to the island’s
Parliament to promote mineral exploration indigenous inhabitants and its fragile ecosystem.

• The National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) was The party demands an “immediate suspension of all
established by the Government of India on 14th August clearances” and calls for a “thorough, impartial review of
2015 under Section 9C(1) of the Mines and Minerals the proposed project, including by the Parliamentary
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. committees concerned”.

• The office of the Trust is situated in the Ministry of LOCATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GREAT NICOBAR
Mines, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi. • Great Nicobar is the southernmost and largest of the
• Structure: NMET has a two-tier structure: Nicobar Islands, covering 910 sq. km of mainly tropical
rainforest in the south-eastern Bay of Bengal.
• Governing Body: Chaired by the Minister of Mines,
oversees the Trust's operations. • Indira Point, located on the island, is India’s
southernmost point, situated only 90 nautical miles
• Executive Committee: Chaired by the Secretary of the
from Sabang in Sumatra, Indonesia.
Ministry of Mines, manages day-to-day activities.
• The island hosts two national parks, a biosphere
• Funding: NMET Fund is established to support
reserve, small populations of the Shompen and
mandated activities. The NMET Fund receives money
Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-
from holders of mining lease or a prospecting licence-
tribal settlers.
cum-mining lease, an amount equivalent to two percent
of royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule of the ABOUT GREAT NICOBAR
MMDR Act. • Great Nicobar, the southernmost of the Andaman and
OBJECTIVES Nicobar Islands, has an area of 910 sq. km.

• Support regional and detailed mineral exploration • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a cluster of about
across India. 836 islands in the eastern Bay of Bengal, the two groups

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

of which are separated by the 150-km wide Ten Degree The mega infrastructure project is spearheaded by the
Channel. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development
• The Andaman Islands lie to the north of the channel, Corporation (ANIIDCO). It includes:

and the Nicobar Islands to the south. • An International Container Transhipment Terminal
(ICTT)
• Indira Point on the southern tip of Great Nicobar
Island is India’s southernmost point, less than 150 • A greenfield international airport with a peak hour
km from the northernmost island of the Indonesian capacity to handle 4,000 passengers
archipelago. • A township

• The island comprises of unique and • A gas and solar-based power plant
threatened tropical evergreen forest ecosystems. The project spans 16,610 hectares and aims to leverage
• The region is noted for its rich biodiversity and the island’s strategic location, roughly equidistant from
fosters several rare and endemic species. Colombo, Port Klang, and Singapore, to enhance its
participation in the regional and global maritime economy.
o The endemic species comprise of 11 species of
Implementation and Approvals
mammals, 32 species of birds, 7 species of reptiles
and 4 species of amphibians. • The project was initiated following a report by NITI
Aayog, highlighting the strategic potential of the island.
o Of these, the well-known Crab-eating Macaque,
Nicobar Tree Shrew, Nicobar Megapode, are • Galathea Bay, the proposed site for the ICTT and power
endemic and/or endangered. plant, is uninhabited and located on the south-eastern
corner of the island.
o It is home to 650 species of angiosperms, ferns,
• The project received in-principal forest clearance and
gymnosperms, bryophytes, among others.
environmental clearance in October 2022.
• One of the most unique aspects of Great Nicobar is the
• A detailed project report (DPR) has been prepared, and
southernmost point, the Galathea Bay, a nesting
the government is expected to invite bids for the initial
ground for the Leatherback Turtle.
construction phase soon.
• The primary human inhabitants of the island are
STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes who have been
Security Interests
living on the island for countless generations.
• The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean region are crucial
o The Shompen tribe are an aboriginal people of
for India’s strategic and security interests, particularly in
about 200 to 300 members who inhabit the interiors
countering the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy's
of Great Nicobar.
expanding presence.
o This particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) is
• India's concerns include Chinese military activities at
a semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer community, key Indo-Pacific chokepoints such as Malacca, Sunda,
practicing basic horticulture and pig rearing, who and Lombok.
probably migrated around 10,000 years ago.
Military Upgrades:
o They are a unique group, anthropologically
Significant military infrastructure upgrades at the
completely distinct from the other PVTGs of the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, including:
Andaman Island as well as from the Nicobarese.
• Revamping airfields and jetties
o Their language, Shompanese, unrelated to any other
• Building additional logistics and storage facilities
existing language, seems to have adopted a few
• Establishing a base for military personnel
words from Nicobarese in the context of an existing,
even if very limited, barter system between the two • Enhancing surveillance infrastructure
communities. These upgrades aim to support the deployment of
THE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile
batteries, and troops, reinforcing India’s national security.
Project Details

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS French Guiana, an unusual sighting as this species isn't native
Ecological Impact to South America.

Conservationists, wildlife biologists, and local tribal • The butterflies showed signs of exhaustion and were
councils have criticized the project for its potential believed to have travelled a long distance, possibly
ecological damage. across the Atlantic Ocean.

Major concerns include: CHALLENGES IN TRACKING INSECT MOVEMENTS

• Violation of tribal rights, particularly the Shompen, a • Tracking long-distance insect movements is difficult due
vulnerable tribal group of hunter-gatherers to the small size of insects and limitations of tracking
devices.
• Felling of nearly a million trees
• Scientists traditionally relied on citizen-scientist
• Destruction of coral reefs
observations and educated guesses to understand
• Threats to the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback
migration patterns.
turtles in Galathea Bay
INNOVATIVE APPROACH: DNA METABARCODING
Seismic Vulnerability
• In 2018, Talavera pioneered the use of DNA
• The opposition also highlights the seismic risks, noting metabarcoding to analyse pollen DNA stuck on
the area’s subsidence during the 2004 tsunami. butterflies.
• They also accuse local authorities of inadequate
• By sequencing pollen DNA, they identified it came from
consultation with the Tribal Council of Great and Little West African shrubs flowering from August to
Nicobar Islands. November, aligning with the timing of the butterflies'
• In 2022, the tribal council revoked a no-objection arrival in French Guiana.
certificate, citing insufficient information. GENETIC ANALYSIS AND ISOTOPE TRACING
Legal and Administrative Actions • Genetic sequencing of the butterflies confirmed they
• In 2023, the Kolkata Bench of the National Green had European-African roots, ruling out a North
Tribunal (NGT) declined to intervene in the American origin.
environmental and forest clearance but recommended • Isotope tracing further supported their migration path,
forming a high-power committee to review the
showing favourable winds from Africa to America
clearances. during their journey.
• The committee's report status remains unclear. CONFIRMATION OF TRANSOCEANIC JOURNEY
The proposed infrastructure development at Great
• Talavera's research supported the conclusion that these
Nicobar Island is a contentious issue, balancing strategic butterflies undertook the first recorded transoceanic
national interests against significant environmental and journey by an insect.
indigenous rights concerns.
• The journey likely began in Europe or Africa, with the
butterflies swept off course over the Atlantic Ocean,
SCIENTISTS FINDS FIRST eventually landing in French Guiana.
BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AND SCIENTIFIC IMPACT
EVIDENCE THAT • The study highlights the resilience of painted lady

BUTTERFLIES CROSSED THE butterflies and their ability to endure a perilous journey
lasting 5 to 8 days.
ATLANTIC OCEAN • It underscores the significant role of insects in global
ecosystems, including the transport of pollen, fungi, and
#Biodiversity
diseases over vast distances.
• Experts believe this research will advance
In late October 2013, Gerard Talavera, an entomologist, understanding of insect migrations and their ecological
discovered a group of painted lady butterflies on a beach in importance on a global scale.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

CANOPY BRIDGE IN
EXPERT COMMENTARY
• David Lohman, an evolutionary ecologist, praised
Talavera's detective-like tracing as a ground-breaking HOLLONGAPAR GIBBON
biological discovery.
• Jessica Ware, an evolutionary biologist, lauded the SANCTUARY
study's innovative methods and its potential to enhance #prelimsnuggets #Protected Areas
knowledge of insect migrations.
PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLIES
Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) allocates funds for canopy
bridges in eastern Assam's Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary.
HOLLONGAPAR GIBBON SANCTUARY
Establishment and Renaming
• Originally known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or
Hollongapar Reserved Forest.
• Officially constituted and renamed as the Hollongapar
Gibbon Sanctuary in 1997.
• It is located in Jorhat district of Assam.
Appearance: The adult Painted Lady showcases an Biodiversity
orangish-brown hue on the upper part of its wings,
• Rich biodiversity, especially notable for its ape and
accented with black patches and white spots.
gibbon species.
• The underside reveals a marbled pattern of gray, black,
• Home to India's only ape and gibbon species, the
and brown with four distinctive black spots at the
hoolock gibbons.
centre.
• Its wingspan ranges from 5.1 cm to 7.3 cm (2.0 – 2.87 in), • Houses Northeastern India's only nocturnal primate,
allowing for fast and agile flight the Bengal slow loris.

Behaviour: Painted Lady butterflies are known for their Vegetation

strong migratory behaviour, flying thousands of miles in • Upper canopy dominated by the hollong tree
seasonal migrations. (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus).
Characteristics: They have orange and brown wings • Nahar (Mesua ferrea) dominates the middle canopy.
adorned with black and white spots, with a wingspan
• The lower canopy consists of evergreen shrubs and
ranging from 5-9 cm.
herbs.
Distribution: Found worldwide, they inhabit diverse
HOLLOCK GIBBON
environments including gardens, meadows, and open
fields. Scientific Classification

• Found on all continents except Antarctica and South • Family: Hylobatidae

America. • Species: Hoolock
Life Cycle: They undergo complete metamorphosis, • Type: Primate
starting as eggs laid on host plants (like thistles), then
• Distribution:
becoming caterpillars, pupating, and finally emerging as
butterflies. • Regions: South Asia

Feeding Habits: Adults feed on nectar from various • Primary Presence: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar
flowers, contributing to pollination. • Specific Regions: Northeastern India, Northern and
Western Myanmar, Southern China

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

• Collaborative decision involving NFR, Assam State

Forest Department, and Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
• Facilitate gibbon movement across the railway track.
• Preserve arboreal nature of gibbons, reducing risks
during crossings.
Design and Construction:
• Safety nets beneath bridges as a fail-safe measure.
• Integration of lianas and creepers for natural
appearance.
Population Size:
Past Efforts:
• Estimated: Around 12,000 individuals
• Previous attempts by NFR and Assam State Forest
Physical Characteristics:
Department, including artificial and natural canopy
• Fur Coat: Black or dark brown. bridges.
• Facial Features: White facial ring, prominent eyebrows • Gibbons showed preference for natural canopy bridges
• Sexual Dimorphism: Males slightly larger than females over artificial one.
Behavior and Habitat: Environmental Impact:
• Locomotion: Specialized for brachiation (tree-to-tree • Mitigates habitat fragmentation, aiding gibbon
movement) conservation.
• Habitat: Tropical rainforests, subtropical woods, mixed • Ensures minimal disruption to the sanctuary's
deciduous forests ecosystem.
• Arboreal Preference: Rare terrestrial activity, upper • Aligns with broader biodiversity conservation efforts in
levels of tree canopy Assam.
Social Structure: Future Plans:
• Familial Units: Monogamous dyads (male-female pairs) • Continuous monitoring of gibbon behavior and bridge
with progeny effectiveness.
• Group Size: Typically, two to four individuals. • Potential expansion or improvement based on
• Social Bonds: Strong pair ties, engage in duets for observations.
territorial behavior. • Long-term commitment to maintaining gibbon habitat
Vocalizations: connectivity.

• Importance: Vital for territory demarcation and social

cohesion RANTHAMBORE NATIONAL
• Characteristics: Musical compositions audible over
considerable distances PARK
Diet: #prelimsnuggets #Environment and Ecology
• Mostly frugivorous: Fruits, leaves, occasional insects
Conservation Status:
ABOUT RANTHAMBORE NP
• IUCN Red List: Endangered
• Ranthambore National Park is one of the biggest and
• Legal Protection: Classified under Schedule 1 of the most renowned national parks in Northern India. The
Indian (Wildlife) Protection Act 1972 Park is located in the Sawai Madhopur district of
• Cites: Appendix I southeastern Rajasthan, which is about 130 km from
Purpose of Canopy Bridges: Jaipur.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

• Ranthambore is also famous for housing one of the

largest banyan trees in India at Jogi Mahal.
FAUNA
• The national park in Rajasthan is primarily known as the
home to Royal Bengal Tigers.
• Other than this, the national park also has a rich
population of leopards, sloth bears, several deer
species like chital (spotted deer), marsh crocodile, palm
civet, jackal, desert fox, serpent eagle, waterfowl that
along with others make 40 species of mammals, 35
species of reptiles and 320 species of birds.
CONSERVATION EFFORTS: Focus on tiger preservation,
• The Park spans an area of 1,334 km² (515 sq mi) and is
community involvement, anti-poaching measures, and
bounded by two rivers:
habitat management.
o Banas River to the north.
o Chambal River to the south.
• Once considered as one of the famous and former
GANDHI SAGAR WILDLIFE
hunting grounds of the Maharajas of Jaipur, today the
Ranthambore National Park terrain is a major wildlife
SANCTUARY BEING
tourist attraction that has drawn the attention of many DEVELOPED AS INDIA’S
wildlife photographers and lovers.
HISTORY OF RANTHAMBORE TIGER RESERVE SECOND HOME FOR
• Ranthambore National Park was established initially as
Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary in 1955 by the
CHEETAHS
Government of India. #Protected Areas
• In 1973, it was declared as one of the Project Tiger
reserves in India.
The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary will be the second home
• It was on 1st November 1980 that Ranthambore was for cheetahs in India, after the Kuno National Park. The
declared a national park, while the forests located Madhya Pradesh government has announced that it has
beside it were named Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary & completed its preparations for the ambitious project.
Keladevi Sanctuary.
Key facts related to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary
• Historical Significance: Includes the ancient
• The sanctuary is spread across an area of 368.62 sq. km,
Ranthambore Fort (made by Chauhan rulers in 10th
in the districts of Mandsaur (187.12 sq km) and
century), a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating back to
Neemuch (181.5 sq km) in western MP.
the 10th century.
• It sits atop a flat rocky plateau, with the Chambal River
FLORA
cutting the sanctuary into two almost equal halves.
• In the popular national park of Ranthambore the terrain
• It has Savanna ecosystem (comprising open grasslands
alternates between dry deciduous forests and open
interspersed with dry deciduous trees and shrubs.) due
grassy meadows.
to shallow top soil.
• There are about 539 species of flowering plants in
• It has trees like Salai, Kardhai, Dhawda, Tendu, Palash
Ranthambore National Park.
etc.
• The Dhok tree is the most common type of tree that
• It is part of World famous Chaturbhuj Nala rock
dots the national park apart from it, mango, tamarind,
shelters.
and banyan are amongst the other tree species that can
be found in abundance here.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

• It is knowns for some rare wildlife species like Wild Dogs followed by Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar
(Dholes), Chinkara, Leopard, Otter, Mugger crocodile. Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
• A Sanskrit fable exists about a small wild cat named
deergha-karn or long-eared.
• It is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red
List, listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972, and included in Appendix I of
CITES.

LARGEST LEOPARD SAFARI

OPENS AT BANNERGHATTA
#prelimsnuggets #Biodiversity, Flora &
Fauna
CARACAL
#Biodiversity #Prelims Nuggets
South India’s first and the country’s largest leopard safari was
inaugurated by Karnataka Environment Minister at the
Caracal: An Intimate History of Mysterious Cat, a book by Bannerghatta Biological Park.
Dharmendra Khandal and Ishan Dhar is the first and INDIAN LEOPARD
definitive work exploring the Caracal’s biology and ecology,
• Indian leopard is a leopard subspecies widely
the fascinating history
distributed on the Indian subcontinent.
with humans, and the
• A leopard does not have any stripes.
changes in its distribution
over time in the country. • It has spots peppered on its body.

ABOUT CARACAL • A leopard can kill for the pleasure of killing by pouncing
continuously on its prey.
• It is a medium-sized
wild cat native to • The species Panthera pardus is listed as Vulnerable on
Africa, the Middle the IUCN Red List
East, Central Asia, and arid areas of Pakistan and • Leopards have survived outside protected areas in
northwestern India. many parts of India since historical times.
• It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short STATUS OF LEOPARDS INDIA REPORT
face, long tufted ears, relatively short tail, and long • India’s leopard numbers rose by 8% from 12,852 in
canine teeth. 2018 to 13,874 in 2022.
• Its coat is uniformly reddish tan or sandy, while the • Highest number of leopards were reported in
ventral parts are lighter with small reddish markings. Madhya Pradesh (3,907).
• It is typically nocturnal, highly secretive and difficult • Three other States reported over 1,000 animals each —
to observe. Maharashtra (1,985), Karnataka (1,879) and Tamil Nadu
• It is territorial, and lives mainly alone or in pairs. (1,070).
• It is a carnivore that typically preys upon birds, rodents, • Uttarakhand reported a 22% decline in the Leopard
and other small mammals. Population.
• In India, it is known locally as Siyah Gosh, a Persian • Odisha has witnessed a sharp decline in its leopard
name that translates as ‘black Ear’ and occurs in Sariska population — approximately one-fourth lost —
Tiger Reserve and Ranthambhore National Park, primarily due to poaching between 2018 and 2022.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

o Leopard densities from both the tiger reserves #Biodiversity#Flora & Fauna
(Similipal and Satkosia tiger reserves) in the State
have increased significantly.
• Shivalik hills and Gangetic plains recorded a 3.4% The mainland serow, has been recorded at the lowest
yearly decline. elevation beyond Bhutan, its natural home.
• Central India and Eastern Ghats, Western Ghats and ABOUT MAINLAND SEROW
hills of the northeast, and Brahmaputra flood
• It is a mammal that appears somewhere between a goat
plains recorded growth of 1.5%, 1%, and 1.3% per
and an antelope.
annum respectively.
• It is a species of serow native to the Himalayas,
• About 65% of leopard population is present
Southeast Asia, China and Bhutan is the natural
outside protected areas in Shivalik landscape.
home and habitat. The serow is species of medium-
• In Uttar Pradesh, both leopard and tiger numbers have
sized goat-like or antelope-like mammals.
increased.
• The habitat is across the India-Bhutan border in
CAUSES FOR DECLINE
Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary and the Royal Manas
• According to the report, the biggest threats to the National Park in the Himalayan country.
dwindling leopard population are poaching of prey for
• They are territorial and lives alone or in small groups.
bush meat, targeted poaching for tiger and leopard
skins and body parts. • They are around 3 feet high at the shoulder and has a
coat with bristly or coarse guard hairs that cover the
o Habitat loss due to mining and other human
activities. layer of fur closest to its skin.

o Road accidents are also a significant cause of leopard • Only male mainland serows have horns, which are light-
fatalities. colored, about 6 inches long, and curve slightly
towards the animal’s back.
BANNERGHATTA BIOLOGICAL PARK
• According to the International Union for Conservation
• Bannerghatta Biological Park, also known as the
Bannerghatta Zoo, is a zoological garden located in the of Nature, the mainland serow inhabits areas at
city of Bengaluru. altitudes of 200-3,000 metres.

• It was initially a small zoo and picnic corner within • There are three other species of the animal: Japanese
Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) which was started in serow, red serow (found in eastern India, Bangladesh,
1974. and Myanmar), and Taiwan or Formosan serow.

• The bifurcation of the Biological Park and the National • The mainland serow is classified as Vulnerable by the
Park took place in 2002. IUCN and is listed under Appendix I of CITES.
• The Bannerghatta Biological Park covers a total area of
731.88 hectares and includes a zoo, safari park,
butterfly park and rescue centre
SHYOK RIVER
SAFARI IN BANNERGHATTA BIOLOGICAL PARK #prelimsnuggets #Indian Geography
• Following the guidelines of the Central Zoo Authority
(CZA), visitors can view big cats spread over an area of
Five soldiers lost their lives after a tank was swept away by
20 hectare with a 6.5-metre-high chain link net to
strong water currents in the Shyok river during military
ensure their safety.
training in Ladakh on Friday night.
• As per guidelines given by the CZA, we have ensured
ORIGIN AND COURSE
that only hand-reared and zoo-born leopards are part
of the safari • Source: The Shyok River originates from the Rimo
Glacier, situated in the Karakoram Range of the
Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir.
MAINLAND SEROW • Flow through Regions:

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

o The river flows southeast from its source, joining the • Gravel Deposits: The Shyok River is known for
Pangong range. depositing large quantities of gravel during floods,
o It then takes a northwestern turn, running parallel to earning its name "Shyok," derived from Tibetan words
its previous path. meaning "gravel spreader."

o It passes through northern Ladakh and enters Gilgit– CULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
Baltistan in Pakistan. • Name Misinterpretation: Despite its sometimes-
LENGTH AND PATH incorrect gloss as the “river of death,” the Shyok River is
vital to the region's landscape and ecosystem.
• Length: The Shyok River spans approximately 550 km
(about 340 mi). • Ecosystem Role: The river supports the surrounding
ecosystems and communities, providing essential water
• Geographical Features:
resources for agriculture and daily life in the areas it
o Shyok Valley: The valley widens at its confluence with
flows through.
the Nubra River.
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
o Narrow Gorge: The river narrows into a gorge near
• The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-
Yagulung.
Himalayan River of South and Central Asia.
o Towns: It continues through Bogdang, Turtuk, and
• Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and
Tyakshi before crossing into Baltistan.
its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River
o Confluence: Eventually, it joins the Indus River east of which is formed by the successive confluences of the
the town of Skardu. five Punjab rivers, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi,
GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE Beas, and Sutlej rivers.
• Paleolithic Fault Lines: The river's course, along with the • Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit,
Nubra River, which also originates from the Siachen Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers.
glacier, indicates a series of paleolithic fault lines that
shape their upper courses.

Practice questions
MCQs
Q1. Which of the following are right bank tributaries (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
of Indus River?
1. Shyok 2. Gilgit Q3. With reference to the Carbon Border
3. Kabul 4. Zanskar Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), consider the
Select the correct code: following statements:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 1. The CBAM is a measure of the European Union and
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 , 4 USA that encourages the global industry to embrace
greener and more sustainable technologies.
Q2. Which of the following are heavy metals? 2. In its transitional phase, the CBAM will apply only to
1. Lead 2. Mercury the imports of cement, iron and steel, aluminium,
3. Hydrogen 4. Chromium fertilizers, electricity and hydrogen.
5. Helium 3. India has challenged the CBAM before the World
Select the correct code: Trade Organization under the ‘Special and
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only Differential Treatment Provisions’.

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 Geography, Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management

How many of the above statements is/are correct? 2. Painted lady butterflies can do pollination only in
(a) Only one (b) Only two their peripheral regions.
(c) All three (d) None 3. They can even lead to proliferation of diseases in
new areas.
Q4. With reference to the caracal, consider the How many of the statements given above are correct?
following statements: (a) Only one (b) Only two
1. It is a medium-sized wild cat native to arid areas of (c) All three (d) None
Pakistan and northwestern India.
2. It is diurnal, highly social, and often seen in large Q6. With reference to rubber, consider the following
groups. statements:
3. Deergha-karn, a Sanskrit fable, tells the story of a 1. They grow well in tropical and humid conditions.
caracal. 2. Rubber board is a statutory body under ministry of
Which of the statements given above are correct? agriculture and farmers welfare.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 3. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of rubber in
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 India.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Q5. With respect to butterflies, consider the (a) Only one (b) Only two
following statements: (c) All three (d) None
1. Painted lady butterflies can do transoceanic
migration.

Descriptive Questions
Q1. The problem of Urban Flooding poses challenges which are different from the flooding in other parts of the country.
In this respect, highlight the causes of urban flooding with possible solutions to address the same.
Q2. What is the Heat Island effect? How can cities be designed to mitigate the Heat Island effect?

Answers: 1-c, 2-c, 3-b, 4-c, 5-b, 6-a

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 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper III (Main)

FIRST EVIDENCE OF
○ Sample Collection: A small tissue sample is taken
from the organism you want to identify. This could

TRANSOCEANIC be a leaf, leg, or even a tiny insect wing.

○ DNA Extraction: Scientists extract the DNA from the
MIGRATION IN sample.
○ PCR Amplification: A technique called Polymerase
BUTTERFLIES Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to make millions of
#Biology and Biotechnology copies of the targeted DNA barcode region. This is
necessary because the amount of DNA in a small
sample is usually very small.
Scientists have found the first evidence of transoceanic ○ DNA Sequencing: The amplified DNA is then
migration in butterflies using DNA Metabarcoding and sequenced, revealing the exact order of its
genetic sequencing technique. nucleotides (A, C, G, T). This sequence represents the
KEY HIGHLIGHTS organism's DNA barcode.
• DNA metabarcoding was used to analyse pollen DNA ○ Data Analysis: The obtained DNA barcode
stuck on a group of painted lady butterflies sighted sequence is compared to a reference library. This
in French Guiana (South America). comparison helps identify the closest match of the
• By sequencing pollen DNA, it was identified that the unknown organism.
pollen belonged to the West African shrubs, confirming • Applications: DNA barcoding has diverse applications
that the butterflies from Africa had crossed the like identifying unknown species, detecting invasive
Atlantic Ocean and landed in South America (in a species, analysing food for authenticity (e.g., checking if
journey of 5-6 days). fish is really what the label says), and aiding
WHAT IS DNA BARCODING? conservation efforts.

• DNA barcoding is a method for identifying species

using a standardised, short segment of their DNA. It is
like a unique genetic ID card for each species.
○ Standardised DNA segment: It focuses on a
specific, short region of an organism's DNA (or
highly conserved gene region in any species that
acts like a unique identifier/marker/barcode). These
barcodes are chosen because they vary between
different species but are conserved within the same WHAT IS DNA METABARCODING?
species.
• It is a technique of simultaneous identification of
○ Species identification: By comparing this DNA multiple species within a single environmental
barcode to a reference library containing sample by analysing their DNA. For it, it uses a
barcode sequences from known species, scientists combination of DNA barcoding and high-throughput
can identify the unknown organism. sequencing.
• The Process:

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 Science & Technology

○ Multiple Species: Unlike DNA barcoding which commonly during unprotected sex or sharing
focuses on a single organism, metabarcoding aims injection drug equipment.
to reveal the entire community of organisms present ○ Can also transmit from an HIV-positive mother to
in a sample. her child during childbirth, breastfeeding, or
○ Environmental Samples such as soil, water, or pregnancy.
sediment are collected. These samples contain a ○ Mosquitoes or any other insect vector cannot
mixture of DNA (pollen, hair, droppings) from many transmit HIV, unlike malaria (HIV can only survive in
different organisms, including microbes, plants, and human blood).
animals.
• Treatment: Human body cannot get rid of HIV and no
• DNA Analysis: DNA is extracted from the sample, and effective HIV cure exists. Medications like
then specific target regions are amplified and antiretroviral therapy or ART can control the
sequenced using high-throughput technologies. infection and prevent disease progression.
• Bioinformatics: The resulting DNA sequences are NO VACCINE FOR AIDS
analysed using bioinformatics tools to identify the
• AIDS still has no vaccine or cure. The reason is that the
species they originated from by comparing them to
replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
reference databases.
is an incredibly error-prone process that results in
multiple variants of the virus circulating.

PROGRESS TOWARDS ○ HIV has more variants circulating in a single

patient at any given point of time than influenza
LONG-AWAITED HIV cumulatively generates in one year in all influenza
patients around the world combined. And influenza
VACCINE is the second-best virus in terms of genetic variation.
#Biology and Biotechnology STARRING ROLE FOR B-CELLS
• When the immune system encounters a virus, one of
its responses is to produce antibodies highly specific
The US Researchers have outlined two nanoparticle-based to proteins on the virions’ surface.
vaccine candidates. These novel vaccines could help the
• The immune system does this with the help of a pool
body make two classes of broadly neutralising antibodies
of specialised cells (B-cells) that produce antibodies.
to attack HIV.
HIV AND AIDS
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an RNA virus.
It belongs to the retrovirus family, which is
characterised by the presence of RNA as its genetic
material.
• HIV damages the immune system and attacks cells
that help the body fight infection, making a person
more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. If left
untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome).
• HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, which are a type of
white blood cell essential for the proper functioning of
the immune system.
• Transmission:
○ Contact with certain bodily fluids (infected blood,
• Each B-cell produces an antibody unique to one
semen, or vaginal fluids) of a person with HIV, most
protein fragment. These antibodies then bind to

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corresponding proteins on the viral surface, • Researchers have developed two promising
rendering them incapable of further infection. nanoparticle-based vaccine candidates. Using these
○ The body then retains some of these specific novel vaccines, it may be possible to engage B-cells to
antibody-producing cells in case of a future make two different classes of bNAbs.
infection. (Memory B-cell) • The antibodies generated in response to the vaccines
• A vaccine aims to generate these antibodies prior to bind to the HIV proteins in a manner similar to that of
viral infection so that whenever a virus enters the body, established bNAbs. The candidate vaccines are
the antibodies can neutralise the virus and prevent it currently being evaluated in a phase-1 clinical trial to
from initiating an infection. assess their performance in humans.

BROADLY NEUTRALISING ANTIBODIES (bNAb)

• When multiple variants of the same virus exist, VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES
generating antibodies against all the different variants
#Biology & Biotechnology
simultaneously becomes very difficult.
○ In case of HIV, the sheer volume of different
variants of the virus circulating overwhelms the Indian scientists have developed a novel way of generating
immune system’s ability to generate new antibodies. non-infectious Nipah virus-like particles (VLPs) in the
○ Additionally, by the time the immune system makes laboratory. These VLPs allow scientists to test vaccines and
treatments for the Nipah virus in safer labs with lower safety
antibodies against a few strains, the virus will have
requirements, making the research process safer and more
produced hundreds more variants.
accessible.
• Broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAb) are a kind of
antibody that can neutralise a large number of
circulating viral strains. These antibodies (bNAb)
worked by targeting areas of the viral proteins that the
virus could not afford to change, since doing so
would make it lose infectivity. Scientists have
discovered many bNAbs, and they are classified into
different groups based on the region of HIV they target.
THE CHALLENGE AND THE WAY FORWARD
• A body usually takes years to make bNAbs, and by
then the virus has already evolved to escape them. It VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES (VLPs)
takes years because the parental B-cells that make • Virus-like particles (VLPs) are molecular structures that
the bNAbs are incredibly rare. resemble viruses but lack the viral genetic material
• The immune system can produce these bNAbs in large required for replication. When introduced into the

numbers in response to a vaccine by germline body, they trigger an immune response just like a real
virus.
targeting. It has three steps.
• Size: ranging from 20 to 200 nanometres in radius. This
○ In the first step, those B-cells that can mature into
small size allows them to navigate through the body
cells that can produce bNAb are identified and
and reach the lymph nodes efficiently where they can
engaged to increase their population.
activate the immune system.
○ In the second-step, a booster dose will guide these
• Composition of VLPS:
cells into generating stronger bNAbs against HIV.
○ Unlike actual viruses, VLPs do not contain any viral
○ The final step is to refine these bNAbs such that
nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), which makes them non-
they can neutralise a wide range of HIV strains.
infectious.
PROGRESS

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○ VLPs are composed of one or more structural • Method: Rhinos are tranquilised, horns drilled, and
proteins. Some VLPs even have an outer lipid radio-isotopes are inserted.
envelope that replicates the structure of a virus's • Potential: Application to other vulnerable species like
protective shell. elephants and pangolins is envisioned.
APPLICATION OF VLPs RADIOACTIVITY
• Vaccines: They can be used as safe and effective • Radioactivity is the property of some unstable atoms
vaccines. Because they mimic the viral surface, they can (radionuclides) to spontaneously emit nuclear
stimulate the immune system to develop defences radiation, usually alpha particles or beta particles
against the actual virus. E.g., Present VLP vaccine often accompanied by gamma-rays.
include vaccines against hepatitis B and human ○ Atoms found in nature are either stable or unstable.
papillomavirus infection.
○ Instability of an atom's nucleus may result from an
○ VLP vaccines can be produced using bacterial, yeast, excess of either neutrons or protons. In such a
insect, or mammalian cells. case, the atom is radioactive and the nucleus has
○ However, use of the VLP approach in other vaccines excess internal energy.
has been limited due to challenges with stability, ○ A radioactive atom attempts to reach stability by
difficulty in manufacturing, high production costs ejecting nucleons (protons or neutrons), as well as
and sensitivity to temperature. other particles, or by releasing energy.

• Drug delivery: VLPs can be employed as • Common examples of radionuclides: Tritium

nanomachines to deliver pharmaceutically active (isotope of Hydrogen and the lightest radionuclide),
products to specific sites and into specific cells in the Carbon-14, Caesium-137, Thorium-232, Uranium-235,
body. Uranium-238, Plutonium-238, Plutonium-239.

• Research and Development: Scientists use VLPs to

study virus structure, function, and interactions with
the immune system.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIRUS AND VLPs
• Replication: Viruses can replicate inside host cells,
whereas VLPs cannot.
• Infectiousness: Viruses are infectious and can cause
disease, while VLPs are not infections and have
potential applications in medicine and research.

APPLICATIONS OF
APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY
• Radioisotope Thermo-electric Generator (RTG): A
RADIOACTIVITY radioactive material (Plutonium-238) is used which
when decays produces heat. This heat is in turn used
#Nuclear Technology by a generator to produce electricity. E.g., New Horizon
spacecraft to Pluto uses RTG as an energy source for
the spacecraft.
Researchers from South Africa have embarked on a project
• Medical Imaging: Radioactive isotopes are used in
injecting radioactive isotopes into the horns of rhinos.
medical imaging techniques such as CT scans and PET
KEY HIGHLIGHTS
scans.
• Purpose: Facilitate detection of horns at international
• Radiation Therapy: Radioactive isotopes (Cobalt-60)
borders using existing radiation monitors to curb
and (Cesium-137) are used to treat various types of
poaching.
cancer through radiation therapy.

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• Smoke Detectors: Smoke detectors use a small that increase its surface area for adsorption or
amount of radioactive material to detect smoke and chemical reactions.
trigger an alarm. • It is produced from carbonaceous materials such as
• Industrial Radiography: Radioactive isotopes are wood, coal, or coconut shells, primarily through a two-
used in industrial radiography to test the integrity of step process involving carbonisation and activation.
metal structures such as pipelines and oil rigs. ○ Carbonisation is the process of converting raw
• Carbon Dating: Carbon-14 is used in carbon dating to carbonaceous materials into a charred material by
determine the age of ancient fossils and artefacts. heating them (temperatures between 400-700°C) in
• Nuclear Power: Uranium-235 is used to generate the absence of air in an inert atmosphere (often
nuclear electricity through nuclear fission. Tritium is nitrogen) to prevent combustion. This process
being explored as a potential nuclear fuel that can removes volatile components (such as tar, methane,
undergo nuclear fusion. and other gases) and leaves behind a solid char
(carbon-rich material).
• Food Irradiation: Radioactive isotopes (Cobalt-60 and
Cesium-137) are used to sterilise and preserve food ○ Activation enhances the porous structure of the
products. char, increasing its surface area and making it highly
effective for adsorption. Here, the char is exposed to
• Geological Dating: Radioactive isotopes (Uranium-
oxidising gases such as steam or carbon dioxide at
238) are used to determine the age of rocks and
high temperatures (600-1200°C), which creates a
minerals.
network of pores.
• Sterilisation: Cobalt-60 is used to sterilise medical and
PROPERTIES
surgical instruments.
• High Surface Area allows for a high capacity of
adsorption.
ACTIVATED CARBON • Porosity: Numerous micro and macropores enhance
#Material Science its ability to trap and hold molecules from gases and
liquids. Hence, it can adsorb a wide variety of
substances, including organic compounds, chlorine,
Indian researchers have devised a method to produce and some heavy metals, due to its high porosity and
activated carbon from coconut husks which are a major surface area.
agricultural residue in Kerala, suitable for supercapacitor
fabrication.

Note:
• Adsorption is a surface phenomenon where
molecules, atoms, or ions from a gas, liquid, or
ACTIVATED CARBON
dissolved solid adhere to the surface of a solid or
• Activated carbon or activated charcoal is a form of
carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores

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 Science & Technology

liquid material. This process is different from  Good Electrical Conductivity: To ensure efficient
absorption. charge transfer.
• In absorption, the absorbate (the substance being  Chemical Stability: To maintain performance
absorbed) penetrates into the interior of the over many charge and discharge cycles.
absorbent material.  Mechanical Stability: To withstand physical
stress during operation.
POTENTIAL USES
 Cost-Effectiveness: To be commercially viable
• Water Purification: Activated carbon is widely used in for large-scale production.
water treatment plants to remove organic compounds,
 Environmental Friendliness: To minimise
chlorine, and other contaminants from drinking water.
environmental impact.
• Air Purification: It is used in air filters to capture
LATEST DEVELOPMENT
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odours, and
pollutants in both industrial and residential settings. • The prototype supercapacitors made of the coconut
husk-derived activated carbon have been found to
• Chemical Purification: Activated carbon is used to
be four-times more efficient than the existing
purify chemicals and solvents in the pharmaceutical
supercapacitors.
and chemical industries.
• Further, the supercapacitors are sustainable and
• Food and Beverage Industry: It is used for
efficient green solutions for energy storage owing
decolourisation and purification in the production of
to the availability, low cost, and eco-friendly nature of
food and beverages, such as sugar refining and wine
coconut biowaste.
purification.
• Medical Uses: Activated carbon is used in medical
applications for treating poisonings and overdoses by
adsorbing toxins in the gastrointestinal tract. POTASSIUM CYANIDE
• Gold Recovery: In the mining industry, activated #Miscellaneous
carbon is used to extract gold from cyanide leach
solutions.
Potassium cyanide, known for its high toxicity, has
• Energy storage: Can be used to manufacture
occasionally been employed as a lethal agent in murder
sustainable and efficient green solutions for energy
cases.
storage like supercapacitors.
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
WHAT ARE CAPACITORS? • It is a white crystalline solid with the formula KCN.
• A capacitor is an electronic device that stores • It is highly soluble in water. It is a reducing agent and
electrical energy by accumulating electric charges reacts with acids of all kinds to generate poisonous
on two closely placed conductive plates (electrodes) hydrogen cyanide gas.
that are insulated from each other.
○ A reducing agent (or electron donor) donates
• Supercapacitors with significantly higher an electron to the oxidising agent (electron
capacitance and energy storage capacity than acceptor).
conventional capacitors are vital in the quest for
• It is highly toxic and even a dose of 200 to 300
sustainable energy storage solutions. But, the
milligrams can kill any human.
search for an ideal supercapacitor electrode
material has been a challenge. • It is non-combustible but forms a highly flammable
and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with water
○ Ideal supercapacitor should have:
or damp air and in a fire.
 High Surface Area: To maximise the amount of
HOW POTASSIUM CYANIDE CAUSES SUDDEN DEATH?
charge stored.
• Potassium cyanide when consumed causes death by
gradually arresting the supply of oxygen to our

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body’s cells by forming complexes with • Inside the body, ethanol is metabolised to
haemoglobin and cytochrome (a protein which helps acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
in the respiration of cells), hence, depriving them of enzymes in the liver and the stomach. Later, other
their capacity to transport or exchange oxygen. enzymes transform acetaldehyde into acetate.
○ Oxygen is carried to different parts of the body from • The adverse effects of alcohol consumption (from the
the lungs by the blood using haemoglobin (which is hangover to cancer) are due to acetaldehyde.
the iron-containing, oxygen-carrying molecule of the SPURIOUS LIQUOR
red blood cells).
• Spurious liquor is characterised by the liquid mixture
• Symptoms of cyanide poisoning: Giddiness, containing methanol as well. Such liquors are
headache, and bluish tinge of the skin. If not treated typically homemade to which methanol is added to
immediately, unconsciousness and death follows. strengthen the intoxicating effects (kick) and/or to
APPLICATIONS OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE increase its bulk volume.
• Gold and Silver Mining: Used in the extraction of gold METHANOL
and silver from ores through the cyanide process. • Methanol (CH3OH) consists of one carbon atom
• Electroplating: Used in electroplating to deposit bonded with three hydrogen atoms and one hydroxyl
metals like gold and silver onto surfaces, providing a group.
smooth and shiny finish. Also, used for cleaning and • It is a toxic industrial chemical mentioned in the
polishing jewellery. Schedule I of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of
• Organic Synthesis: Serves as a reagent in organic Hazardous Chemical Rules 1989.
chemistry for various synthetic processes, including the
production of nitriles and carboxylic acids. METHANOL HAS SEVERAL INDUSTRIAL
• Jewellery Manufacturing: Used for cleaning and APPLICATIONS

polishing jewellery. • Production of chemicals: Methanol is a basic

• Photographic Processing: historically used in the building block for the production of many chemicals,
photographic industry for processing films and plates, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, MTBE (methyl
tert-butyl ether) and other aromatic hydrocarbons.
although it is less common now due to safety concerns.
• Fuel: Methanol is a clean-burning fuel that can be
blended with petrol or used in pure form in specially
METHANOL POISONING designed engines.
#Miscellaneous • Solvent: Methanol is a good solvent and is used in
various industrial and commercial applications,
such as in the production of paints, coatings, inks,
Over 50 people died after consuming a methanol-spiked and cleaning agents.
alcohol in Tamil Nadu. • Antifreeze: Methanol is used as an antifreeze
ALCOHOL IN LIQUOR because it has a low freezing point. It is often mixed
• Liquor is differentiated by its alcohol content – from the with water to create a coolant for engines.
5% or so of beer to the 12% or so of wine to the 40%
HOW DOES SPURIOUS LIQUOR KILL?
or so of distilled spirits (all by volume). In the
beverages consumed for recreational purposes, the • The deadliness of spurious liquor arises from
alcohol used is ethanol. methanol. The human body contains infinitesimal
quantities of methanol (4.5 ppm), but even for an adult,
ETHANOL
more than 0.1 ml of pure methanol per kilogram of
• Ethanol (C2H5OH), in low doses, is a psychoactive
body-weight can be devastating.
drug that reduces the level of neurotransmission in
• Once ingested, methanol is metabolised in the liver by
the body leading to its typical intoxicating effects.
ADH enzymes to form formaldehyde, which is then
converted to formic acid.

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• Accumulation of formic acid over time leads to the larger Agnibaan launch vehicle (which aims for
metabolic acidosis, i.e., the blood’s pH drops below its orbital missions).
normal value of 7.35, becoming increasingly acidic. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS
• Apart from it, consuming methanol also leads to • First Private Launchpad Launch: It marked the first
methanol-induced optic neuropathy that may result time a rocket was launched from a private launchpad
in long-term or irreversible visual impairment. in India called ‘Dhanush’.
• Eventually, methanol-poisoning can cause swelling in • First 3D-Printed Engine Flight: The rocket was
the brain, haemorrhage, and death. powered by the world’s first single-piece 3D-printed
engine called Agnilet, designed and built indigenously.

AGNIBAAN SORTED This technology has the potential to reduce

manufacturing costs and production time.

ROCKET • Agnibaan rocket is a customisable, two-stage launch

vehicle that can carry up to 300 kilograms of
#Astronomy and Space Technology payload to orbits nearly 700 kilometres in altitude.
o First Semi-Cryogenic Engine Flight in India:
Agnibaan SOrTeD utilised India's first indigenously
Agni Kul Cosmos carried out the first successful launch of its
developed semi-cryogenic engine, offering better
indigenously-built rocket Agnibaan SOrTED from India’s first
performance compared to traditional propellants.
and only private launchpad within Satish Dhawan Space
Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. It is also India’s first  It used ATF (Aviation turbine fuel) at ambient
flight with a Semi-Cryo engine. temperature and liquid oxygen (oxidiser) in
cryogenic conditions.
 Fuel loading had to begin only 3 hours before the
lift-off.
o It is India’s first rocket that was powered by
liquid fuel in the core. All the ISRO rockets have
solid fuel in the core, though the strap-on rockets
(small rockets that cling to the sides of the main
rocket at the bottom) were liquid-fuel fired.
Agnibaan is also designed to be fitted with strap-ons.
• It was also the first private rocket that was
controlled during the entire flight. Its velocity,
attitude and position were fully telemetered, and it
could be destroyed on the ground if something went
wrong.
AGNIKUL COSMOS
• It is an Indian aerospace manufacturer based
in National Centre for Combustion Research and
Development (NCCRD) of IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil
AGNIBAAN SOrTED Nadu.

• Agnibaan SOrTeD (SubOrbital Technological • In 2017, it was formally incorporated as a company.

Demonstrator) is a suborbital launch vehicle • AgniKul signed a framework agreement with the
developed by the Indian private space-startup Agnikul Department of Space in 2021 for access to ISRO
Cosmos. facilities and technical expertise for the development of
• Aim: To demonstrate the flight capability of Agnibaan its two-stage small-satellite Agnibaan launch vehicle.
SOrTeD and test and validate critical technologies for

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USING FIREWALL TO KAVACH SYSTEM

BLOCK INTERNET ACCESS #New Emerging Technology
#Internet and Communication Technology
The recent railway accident in Darjeeling, West Bengal has
highlighted the need for installation of the KAVACH system to
Pakistani media outlets reported that the country is planning prevent such tragedies.
to implement a Chinese-style firewall to block users from
WHAT IS KAVACH?
accessing social media platforms. Even those using Virtual
• KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic
Private Networks (VPN) to access the Internet are likely to be
Train Protection System (ATPS) by the Research
hit by this firewall.
Design and Standards Organisation in collaboration
with Indian industry.
• It is a state-of-the-art electronic system with Safety
Integrity Level-4 standards with the probability of an
error being one in 10,000 years.
FEATURES OF KAVACH
• It gives information to the loco pilots on the
permissible speeds to be maintained and prevents
the collision between two locomotives equipped with
functional KAVACH systems.
• It activates the train’s braking system
automatically if the driver fails to control the train as
per speed restrictions.
○ If a red signal is jumped (which marks danger) and
two trains come face to face on the same line, the
technology automatically takes over and applies
DIGITAL FIREWALL sudden brakes.
• A digital firewall is a network security system that ○ Additionally, the hooter activates by itself when
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network approaching a level crossing which serves as a big
traffic based on a set of predefined security rules. boon to loco-pilots during fog conditions when
○ The security tools can stop online traffic from visibility is low.
reaching certain sites. They can prevent malicious
actors from targeting individual users’ computer
systems or home networks, and even thwart cyber
threats on specific websites.
○ Large firewalls (like the Great Firewall of China) can
be used to prevent people from accessing large
sections of the Internet i.e., websites, social media
sites or information gathering platforms.
• Firewalls can be implemented as hardware devices,
software running on a computer, or as a cloud-based
service.
• However, setting up and maintaining a firewall is
expensive. The firewalls require constant monitoring
to thwart bad actors and fix security vulnerabilities.

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 Science & Technology

• The system also relays SoS messages during #Defence Technology

emergency situations. An added feature is the
centralised live monitoring of train movements
through the Network Monitor System. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has
HOW DOES KAVACH WORK? taken up a preliminary study on the design and development
• Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) helps in of an indigenous conventional submarine under Project-76.
two-way communication between the station master PROJECT 75
and loco-pilot to convey any emergency message, using • Under Project 75, six Scorpene-class submarines
GPS and RFID technology. (Kalvari class) are being constructed indigenously (at
1. GPS Integration: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited Mumbai) with
• KAVACH relies on GPS to continuously track the Transfer of Technology from France.
location and speed of trains. The onboard unit in each • The project was initiated in 1997, and five submarines
train receives GPS signals, which are used to are currently commissioned. Submarines under
determine the train's precise position, direction, and Project 75 (Kalvari-class):
speed. ○ INS Kalvari: Inducted in 2017
• This real-time location data is then communicated to ○ INS Kandheri: Inducted in 2019
the central control system and other trackside
○ INS Karanj: Inducted in 2021
equipment.
○ INS Vela: Inducted 2021
2. RFID Implementation:
○ INS Vagir: Inducted 2023
• A set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) devices are installed in ○ INS Vagsheer: Launched for sea trails in April 2023
locomotives, in the signalling system as well as the • Budget size: Rs 23,000 crore.
tracks. • This class of submarines have Diesel Electric
• As the train passes over these RFID tags, the onboard transmission systems and are attack submarines or
RFID reader in the train detects the tag and the ‘hunter-killer’ type which are designed to target
communicates the information to the onboard unit. and sink adversary naval vessels.
• They connect using ultra-high radio frequencies to • They have the capability of operating in a wide range
control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all of Naval combat including anti-warship and anti-
based on the logic programmed into them. submarine warfare, intelligence gathering and
• Hence, it allows KAVACH to accurately identify the surveillance, underwater mining operations and naval
train's location and trigger the appropriate safety mine laying.
actions, such as automatic braking, if necessary. PROJECT 75-I (INDIA)
Integrated Functionality: • Project 75-I is a follow-up to Project 75. It improves
• The combination of GPS and RFID technologies in upon the design and technology of its predecessor to
KAVACH provides a comprehensive system for train meet evolving maritime challenges and technological
tracking, collision avoidance, and overall railway safety. advancements.

• The GPS data gives a broad, continuous overview of • Under the initiative, the Indian Navy aims to acquire six
the train's position and movement, while the RFID conventional, diesel-electric attack advanced
tags offer precise location references at specific submarines for its fleet through international
points along the track. collaboration.
○ The advanced capabilities include air-independent
propulsion (AIP), ISR, special operations forces
PROJECT-75 AND PROJECT- (SOF), anti-ship warfare (AShW), anti-submarine
warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), land-
75I attack capabilities and other features.

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 Science & Technology

○ The AIP technology allows them to stay underwater • It is still in the early stages, with the DRDO and
for up to two weeks, compared to 48 hours for Warship Design Bureau (WDB) of the Indian Navy
Project 75 submarines. finalising the design by late 2025.
• These submarines may even be larger in size MAIN CLASSES OF SUBMARINES WITH INDIAN NAVY
compared to the ones under Project 75. 1. Sindhughosh-class: Variant of the Russian Kilo-class
• Budget size: Rs 43,000 crore. The bidding on Project- submarines. E.g., INS Sindhurakshak, INS Sindhuvir,
75I has only just begun, the project itself may take INS Sindhuratna.
another two years before it starts.
2. Shishumar-class: Based on the German Type 209
design, these are diesel-electric submarines equipped
Note:
with advanced systems. E.g., INS Shishumar, INS
• Conventional submarines need to surface to
Shankush, INS Shalki, and INS Shankul.
charge their batteries because the generator that
recharges them is powered by an internal- 3. Kalvari-class (Scorpène-class): Based on the
combustion engine that requires air. This means Scorpène design developed by Naval Group (France).
that submarines are exposed over the surface every E.g., INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela, INS
48 hours, which poses a significant risk of their Vagir, and INS Vagsheer (yet to be commissioned).
detection. 4. Arihant-class: India's indigenous nuclear-powered
• Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system allows ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs). Currently, INS
submarines to remain submerged for longer Arihant is the only operational submarine of this class.
durations (up to 15 days) without the need to surface, The second in the series, INS Arighat, is in the final
and thus, significantly enhances the operational stage of sea trials. These submarines are equipped with
endurance and stealth capabilities of submarines. nuclear propulsion and are capable of carrying ballistic
missiles.
PROJECT 76
5. Chakra-class: Nuclear-powered attack submarines
• Project 76 aims to design and develop a new
leased from Russia. Currently, INS Chakra-II, the
generation of indigenous and more advanced
submarine of this class, is in service with the Indian
submarines than its predecessors.
Navy. Chakra-III is expected to be delivered to the
• It is expected that under P-76, there will be substantial Indian Navy by 2025.
indigenous content, including weapons, missiles,
combat management system, sonars,
communications, Electronic Warfare suite, mast and AIRCRAFT CARRIERS OF
periscope.
INDIAN NAVY
#Defence Technology

Indian Navy's long-standing demand for a third aircraft

carrier is finally moving closer to realisation with Cochin
Shipyard Limited poised to commence its construction.
Aircraft carrier:
• It is a large warship that serves as a seagoing airbase
carrying fighter jets, helicopters, and other aircraft
essential for air defence and offensive operations.
• They are equipped with a full-length flight deck and
facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering
aircraft.

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 Science & Technology

• It is fundamental to command, control and #Defence Technology

coordination of operations from the sea and to
project combat power ashore, over the seas or in the
air. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),
Aircraft Carriers of Indian Navy: under the Ministry of Defence, has successfully completed the
• INS VIKRANT developmental trials of High-Speed Expendable Aerial
Target (HEAT) 'ABHYAS' with improved booster configuration
○ 1st aircraft carrier of India.
from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha. Ten
○ Decommissioned in 1997 after serving for 37 years.
developmental trials for the ABHYAS have been successfully
• INS VIRAAT conducted which demonstrates the reliability of the system.
○ 2nd and the longest serving aircraft carrier of India.
○ Decommissioned in 2017 after serving for 56 years.
(26 years as HMS Hermes and 30 as INS Vikrant)
• INS VIKRAMADITYA
○ India and Russia signed $1.5 billion for the
acquisition of the warship INS Vikramaditya
inducted to the Indian Navy in 2013. ABOUT ABHYAS

○ State-of-the-art ship, capable of operating a versatile • ABHYAS is an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle
range of high-performance aircrafts, such as the MiG (UAV) designed to act as a high-speed expendable
29K fighters, KM 31 AEW helicopters, multi-role aerial target for testing and evaluation of air defence
Seakings and utility Chetaks. systems.

• INS VIKRANT ○ It aims to provide a realistic threat scenario for

weapon systems practice.
○ India’s 1st Indigenous Aircraft Carrier, inducted
into the Indian Navy in 2022. • Developed by: Aeronautical Development
Establishment, a research laboratory under DRDO.
○ Vikrant can operate an air wing of 30 aircraft
comprising MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31, MH-60R • Propulsion: It is powered by a small turbofan engine,
multi-role helicopters, in addition to indigenous allowing it to achieve high subsonic speeds up to
Advanced Light Helicopters and Light Combat Mach 0.5.
Aircraft (Navy). • Guidance: It uses an indigenously developed digital
○ It uses the STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested autopilot for autonomous navigation and guidance.
Recovery) method to launch and recover aircraft. • Sensors: It is equipped with various sensors to monitor
• INS VISHAL: The project to build a 65000 tonne Naval its performance during test flights.
advanced supercarrier is still under consideration by • Expandable: The "expendable" nature of ABHYAS
the Indian Navy. refers to it being a single-use, disposable target drone
that is not intended to be recovered or reused after

ABHYAS - HIGH SPEED completing its designated test mission.

EXPENDABLE AERIAL
TARGET

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 Science & Technology

practice questions
MCQs
Q1. Consider the following statements: 3. Gold Mining
1. Agnibaan SOrTED was launched by the Indian 4. Fire extinguishing agent
Space Research Organisation. 5. Polishing jewellery
2. Agnibaan SOrTeD uses the world’s first single- Select the correct answer using the code given below:
piece 3D-printed engine. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (b) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(a) 1 only (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2 only (d) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Q4. Consider the following statements:
1. Firewalls can identify and block malicious software
Q2. Consider the following statements: attempting to enter a network.
1. In the beverages consumed for recreational 2. Firewalls are low maintenance and do not require
purposes the primary alcohol used is ethanol and constant monitoring.
methanol in nearly equal ratios. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. One side effect of alcohol consumption is that the (a) 1 only
blood’s pH level increases above its normal value (b) 2 only
of 7.35. (c) Both 1 and 2
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only Q5. What is "Project-75I", sometimes seen in the
(c) Both 1 and 2 news, related to?
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) India's indigenous anti-missile programme
(b) Diesel-electric attack submarines
Q3. ‘Potassium Cyanide’ has applications in which (c) A defence collaboration between United States
of the following? and Israel
1. Electroplating (d) Nuclear-powered attack submarines
2. Used as a photographic fixer

Descriptive Questions
Q1. Elaborate on the concept of radioactivity, highlighting its significance in various scientific fields and its practical
applications.
Q2. Discuss recent advancements in the rocket launch capabilities by the private sector. Explain how these innovations
could optimise India's future space endeavours.

Answers: 1-b, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a, 5-b

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 HISTORY, HERITAGE & Culture
# GS Paper (Prelims) & GS Paper I (Main)

Ancient History
ARCHAEOLOGISTS,
o This would coincide with the age of the genetic evidence
from the erstwhile Harappan woman’s bone samples

SANSKRIT SCHOLARS TIE tested at the Rakhigarhi site.

• Saraswati river is frequently mentioned in the
UP TO DECIPHER RIGVEDA Vedic Texts. The mention of the river is recorded at
least 71 times in the Rigvedic text. During
TEXT archaeological excavations, a majority of Harappan
#AncientIndia #Vedicage #Harappans settlements were discovered along the banks of the
Saraswati.

Taking forward the research to potentially establish a

relationship between the Harappan civilisation and the
people of the Vedic age, a group of archaeologists are now
collaborating with Sanskrit scholars to decipher the text
of the Rigveda.
NEW EXCAVATIONS AND DEBATES
• A clear understanding of what is mentioned in the
Rigveda text is important in order to correlate
archaeological evidence unearthed in excavations of
Harappan settlements at Haryana’s Rakhigarhi and
Banawali, at Kalibangan on the Haryana-Rajasthan
boundary, and at Dholavira in Gujarat. VEDIC PERIOD

• The National Council of Educational Research and EARLY VEDIC CULTURE (1500 BCE-1000 BCE)
Training (NCERT) recently made a major addition to the • Rig Vedic Samhita is the earliest text that relates to the
Class 12 History textbook, Themes in Indian History Early Vedic period.
Part 1, based on DNA evidence from the 4,600- year- • The early Aryans lived in the area of eastern
old remains of a woman, indicating that the Afghanistan, Pakistan, Punjab and fringes of
Harappans were an indigenous people. Western Uttar Pradesh. The concept of polity
developed in the Rig Vedic time.
• There is a debate about the period of origin of the
Vedas, with one set of historians holding that the Vedas • Various units of habitation and divisions such as the
janas, gana, grama and kula are referred to in the
originated between 2,000 BC and 1,500 BC. However,
Rig Veda.
another set of historians, believe that the Vedas date
• The Bharatas and Tritsu were the ruling Aryan clans.
farther back to 2,500 BC or 4,500 years ago.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• The Bharata clan was opposed by ten chiefs and five o Women attended the sabhas and vidhatas. The
out of them were Aryans. This battle was known as the king sought the support of the samiti and sabha
Battle of Ten Kings. The battle took place on the for his activities.
banks of the river Paurushni, identified with the o The purohita or priest offered advice to the king.
river Ravi. In turn they received rewards for their services.
• Social Divisions: o Senani was the chief of army.
o The Vedic people distinguished themselves from the o There is no evidence of tax collecting officers.
non-Aryan people. Perhaps people made voluntary contribution
o The Rig Veda refers to Arya varna and Dasa varna. called bali to the king.
The Dasas and Dasyus were conquered and o The officer who controlled the territory was called
treated as slaves. Vrajapati.
o Sudras as a category of people appeared at the end o Gramini was the head of the village and fighting
of the Rig Vedic period. unit.
o Slavery was common and slaves were given as gifts
to the priests, but there is no reference to wage
labour.
o Horse-drawn chariots and bronze objects were
possessed by a few, suggesting social distinction.
o According to the Purusha Sukta of the Rig Veda the
various varnas emerged: Brahmanas, kshatriya,
Vaisya and sudra.
o These social divisions are considered to have arisen
towards the end of the early Vedic period.
o Various professional groups such as warriors,
priests, cattle-keepers, farmers, barbers are also
mentioned.
LATER VEDIC CULTURE (1000 BCE AND 700–600 BCE)
o Panis were traders or perhaps caravan traders.
• The Painted Grey Ware Culture of the Iron Age, which
• Polity and administration:
has been identified by archaeologists at many
o The polity of the Rig Vedic period was that of a tribal
excavated sites, is associated with the Later Vedic
society.
culture. This period witnessed political, social,
o The chief of the tribe was the main political head economic complexity and developments.
and he was called Rajan. He was perhaps elected
• The Later Vedic texts, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas
by the assembly called samiti.
were composed after the Rig Veda.
o The main duty of the king was to protect the tribe.
• The Aryan speakers expanded from the Punjab to
He protected wealth, fought wars, and offered
Western Uttar Pradesh in the Ganga Yamuna doab.
prayers on behalf of gods.
• The later Vedic texts speak about the region of Kuru
o Vedic society was militaristic. Bows, daggers,
Panchala which falls in the Indo Gangetic divide
axes were the main weapons of war.
and the Upper Ganga Valley.
o The assemblies called sabha, samiti, vidhata and
• The Kurus, Panchalas, Vashas and Ushinaras are the
gana are mentioned in the Rig Veda.
tribes of this period.
o Sabha was the assembly of elders or the elites,
• References to the Saraswati and Dhristavati rivers
samiti was an assembly of people, and vidhata was
occur in the later Vedic texts.
the assembly of tribe. They performed military and
• Settlements:
religious functions.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

o With the intensification of agriculture, the Later Brahmanas, while distancing the king from
Vedic people led a settled life leading to formation of common people.
territorial units. • Social Organization:
o The term janapada, referring to territory, is o The social divisions of varna became more
found in the Brahmanas dated to 800 BCE. The established. Teaching was seen as the occupation
sites of painted Grey Ware culture, suggest that of the Brahmanas.
new settlements came up and the Upper Ganga
o Rajanya refers to kshatriyas and they were the
Valley was densely populated.
warriors and rulers who received bali as tax.
o People lived either in mud-brick houses or
o Striking changes took place in the Varna System.
houses with wattle and daub walls.
There was an increase in the privileges of the two
o The term nagara, referring to commercial higher classes, the Brahmanas and the Kshatriyas
quarters, is found in the later Vedic texts. at the cost of the Vaisyas and Sudras.
o However, large towns appeared only at the end of o The system of four Varnas had taken deep root
the Vedic period. and became rigid in the course of time.
o The sites of Hastinapura and Kausambi are o The popularity of rituals helped the Brahmanas to
considered proto urban (urban-like) settlements. attain power. Brahmanas became important and
o The material culture of this period shows more the kings supported them.
diversity and is an improvement over the Early Vedic o The concept of dvija (twice-born) developed and
period. the upanayana (sacred thread) was limited to the
• Political Organization: upper sections of the society.
o The assemblies became less important and the o The fourth varna was denied this privilege and
power of the king increased. the Gayatri mantra could not be recited by the
o The influence of assembly called vidhata Sudras.
disappeared, while samiti and sabha continued in o Women were also denied upanayana and Gayatri
the period. mantra recitation.
o The Rajan was the leader who led the army in the o Vaisya referred to the people involved in
battle. Monarchy developed and the Rajan became agriculture, cattle breeding and artisans. Later they
the controller of the social order. became traders. Vaisyas paid tax to the kings.
o The concepts of Samrat/Samrajya developed and o The idea of gotra emerged in the later Vedic
they suggest the increase in the power and ambition period. Gotra literally meant ‘cowpen’ and it
of the king. referred to a group of people from a common
o The legitimization of kingship became important ancestor. Persons of the same gotra were
with the performance of various sacrifices such as considered as brothers and sisters and could not
vajapeya and rajasuya. therefore intermarry.

o Purohita, which means ‘one who places the king

in the forefront’, became important in the
establishment of polity and kingship.
NALANDA UNIVERSITY
o The terms such as rashtra, to denote a territory,
#Ancienthistory #Culture
and rajya, meaning sovereign power appeared. #AncientIndiaeducationsystem
o The development of state level political organization
emerged only after 500 BCE, and the Later Vedic
Prime Minister inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda
society was therefore in transition.
University in Bihar located close to the ruins of the ancient
o Rituals dominated kingship, and this increased the
university in Rajgir. About 17 countries, besides India,
power and influence of the Rajanyas and the

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 History, Heritage & Culture

had signed bilateral and multilateral agreements for setting additional monasteries and temples. Nalanda, thus
up of the University. flourished through the 5th and 6th centuries under
the Guptas.
• It was also patronized by King Harshavardhana of
Kannauj (7th century CE) and the Pala rulers (8th-
12th century CE).
• After the fall of the Palas, the monks of Nalanda were
patronised by the Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya.
CURRICULUM AND ASSOCIATED SCHOLARS
• The curriculum at Nalanda was a skill full blend of
secular and religious knowledge, of the theoretical
and the practical.
ABOUT NALANDA MAHAVIHARA
• Curriculum of Nalanda included major Buddhist
Introduction:
philosophies like Mahayana, Madhyamaka,
• Nalanda Mahavihara, the 5th-12th Century AD (in Yogachara, Sarvastivada, Hinayana, Samkhya
ancient and medieval Magadha) university is
• The curriculum also included other subjects like the
considered to be one of the greatest centres of learning
Vedas, Sanskrit grammar, medicine, logic,
in ancient India.
mathematics, astronomy, arts, medicine and even
• The ruins of ancient Nalanda University in Bihar was metal casting technique.
declared as the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO
• The mahavihara had a renowned library that was a key
in 2016.
source for the Sanskrit texts that were transmitted
• The details of the university can be found in the to East Asia by pilgrims like Huang Tsang.
writings of the famous Chinese traveller Huang
• Many texts composed at Nalanda played an important
Tsang. According to him, there were 10,000 monks
role in the development of Mahayana
and 2000 teachers at Nalanda at that time.
and Vajrayana Buddhism.
o Examples: Works of Dharmakirti, the
Boddhisattvacharyavatara of Shantideva and the
Mahavairokana Tantra.
• One of the things that set Nalanda apart from other
schools of the time was that it took international
students from countries like Korea, Japan, China,
Tibet and other parts of Asia.
• Part of Nalanda’s mission was to bring Buddhism to the
world.
FOUNDATION OF THE MAHAVIHARA • Nalanda was famed for its learned professors, or
• Nalanda was established during the Gupta Upajjhaya.
Empire period (3rd–6th century CE), and was o Famous scholars associated with the Mahavihara:
supported by numerous Indian and Javanese patrons, Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Vasubandhu, and Asanga.
both Buddhists and non-Buddhists.
DECLINE OF THE MAHAVIHARA
• The numismatic evidence discovered at Nalanda
In its lifetime, the different invaders destroyed Nalanda
suggests that Kumaragupta I was the founder
University three times.
patron of the Nalanda.
• The first destruction was caused by the Huns under
• Kumaragupta’s successors, Budhagupta,
the reign of Mihirakula.
Tathagatagupta, Baladitya, and Vajra, later
extended and expanded the institution by building

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• The second destruction came during the 7th century o Competition from Emerging Centres: Vikramshila
by the Goudas. became the prime teaching competitor at that time.
• The third attack on the Nalanda University by the As time passed, Nalanda University kept losing its
Turkish leader Bakhtiyar Khilji during the year 1193 manuscripts at regular intervals and other
was the most destructive and lethal which the Nalanda universities were getting extra advantages from it.
University could not bear its damages and ruined into o Plundered Manuscripts: Plundering the
the pieces as well. manuscripts did not happen only at the hand of the
• However, it is found that Turkish invasion by Khilji is invaders rather it was also plundered by the other
not solely responsible for the destruction of the invaders like different religious sects.
Nalanda university, rather there were a lot of o Religious Conflicts: The advent of Hinduism at the
destructive reasons for its downfall. time of the later stage of Nalanda University’s
o Loss of Royal Patronage: The historical records lifespan caused the development of religious
show a steady decline in royal patronage, affecting conflicts with Buddhism. The continuous conflicts
the university’s finances and causing economic between the two religious sects developed and it
instability to run the university. ultimately began to resist to keep serenity in the
Nalanda University.
o There were more universities during Nalanda
University’s time. They were Vikramashila, o Political Instability: At that time, there was
Somapura and Jaggadala. It is said that the regular political instability in the Magadh region which
invasion and plundering of manuscripts made was affecting the university. The religious conflicts
the scholars to leave Nalanda University at also destabilised the political stability in that
regular intervals which weakened its teaching region which ultimately destroyed the political
ecosystem as well. serenity as well.
o Erosion of Trade Routes: The main reason for the
erosion of trade routes is the recurring invasions.

Modern History
SATNAMI COMMUNITY
• In 1672 they defied the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb
and were crushed by his army.
#ModernHistory #Peoples’revolt • The sect was revived under the leadership of
#Community Jagjivandas (near Lucknow).
o He projected an image of God as ‘Nirguna’ (God do
not exist in a particular form or have particular
Satnami community in Chhattisgarh violently protested properties).
against the desecration of a Jaitkhamb (a structure of
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF BHAKTI TRADITIONS
sacred importance). The protesters were not satisfied with
the way police handled the case. 1. Saguna (with attributes): Focused on the worship
of specific deities such as Shiva, Vishnu and his
SATNAMI SECT
avatars (incarnations) and forms of the goddess or
• The earliest Satnamis were a sect of mendicants
Devi, all often conceptualised in anthropomorphic
founded by Birbhan (in Narnaul in eastern Punjab) in
forms.
1657. Birbhan’s guru was Udhodas, the pupil of
2. Nirguna (without attributes): Nirguna bhakti on
Saint Ravidas and therefore, the sect is believed to be
the other hand was worship of an abstract form of
an offshoot of the Ravidassia sect.
God.
• Historically, Satnamis are also known as ‘Bairagis’.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

o He promoted worship through a regimen of self- Note:

discipline.
Ravidassia sect emerged as a distinct faith separate
o However, the elimination of caste, a central part from Sikhism, shaped by the followers of Guru
of the Satnami creed, was not part of his Ravidas’s teachings. It was established following an
message. event in 2009, when Sikh militants attacked a
• In 1820 in the Chhattisgarh region, Ghasidas, added Ravidas temple, in Vienna, Austria.
significant elements to the sect and founded his own
SATNAMI REVOLT
offshoot-Satnami sect. He advocated for social
equality. • The Satnamis revolted during the reign of Mughal
emperor Aurangzeb.
o His Satnam Panth succeeded in providing a religious
and social identity for large numbers of lower castes • Reasons:
people and defied the derogatory treatment by o Many Hindus resented Aurangzeb’s strict Islamic
upper-caste Hindus. policies, which included revival of Islamic Jizya tax
o The community under the leadership of Ghasidas (poll tax on non-Muslim subjects), banning music
also defied exclusion from Hindu temple and art, and destroying Hindu temples.
worship. • Course of the revolt:
• About Jaitkhamb: o Began in 1672 when a Mughal soldier killed a
o Giraudpuri is a village in the Baloda Bazar Satnami.

district of Chhattisgarh, which is located near o Other Satnamis took revenge on the Mughal soldier,
the Jonk River (a tributary of Mahanadi River). and in turn the Mughal soldiers repressed the
Satnamis.
o It is the birthplace of the Ghasidas, and is
a pilgrimage centre for the Satnamis o In turn, 5,000 Satnamis took up arms against the
Mughals.
o The main landmark of the village is Guru Ghasidas
o The Satnamis plundered many villages and seized
Jaitkhamb, a 77-metre-high tower used as a
the town of Narnaul. They even set up their own
pilgrimage centre by the Satnamis.
administration. Next, they marched towards
o A Jaitkhamb (victory pillar) is a Satnami object of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi).
worship, and a symbol of their distinct sectarian
o The uprising gained the enthusiasm of Hindus
identity.
in Agra and Ajmer also.
• The Satnamis of Chhattisgarh also became a
o It was only when Aurangzeb himself took personal
permanent subdivision of the Hindus in the Central
command and sent 10,000 troops with artillery
Provinces, during the British period. that the Satnamis were suppressed.
• Presently, Satnamis live mainly in Chhattisgarh, Delhi
and Uttar Pradesh.
THE EMERGENCY (1975-
1977)
#PostIndependence #PoliticalParties
#Personalities

The new session of the Lok Sabha (18th) started with an

intriguing development when the newly-elected Speaker
initiated a motion to condemn the Emergency imposed in
1975.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

Introduction: In 1975, India experienced its greatest India railway strike in May 1974. The railway strike
political crisis since independence when Internal lasted twenty-two days but was broken in the end.
Emergency was declared on 26 June. The • In May 1973, there was a mutiny in Uttar Pradesh by
Emergency was a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977. the Provincial Armed Constabulary , which clashed with
the army sent to discipline it, leading to the death of
over thirty-five constables and soldiers.
• To tackle the deteriorating economic, political and law
and order situation firm and clear leadership was
needed, as exhibited during the Bangladesh crisis and
in the handling of foreign affairs.
THE EMERGENCY
• The then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
proclaimed Emergency under Article 352 of
the Constitution because of prevailing "internal
disturbance".
CRISIS IN THE PRE-EMERGENCY PERIOD • The proclamation suspended the federal provisions
• By the beginning of 1973 popularity of the Government of the constitution and Fundamental Rights and
led by Indira Gandhi began to decline. civil liberties.
• Little dent was being made in rural or urban • The government imposed strict censorship on the
poverty or economic inequality, nor was there any Press and stifled all protest and opposition to the
lessening of caste and class oppression in the country government.
side. • The main leaders of the Opposition were arrested
• The immediate provocation for the rising discontent under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act
was the marked deterioration in the economic (MISA), 1971. Among those arrested were Jay Prakash
situation. A combination of recession, growing Narayan, Morarji Desai, and Atal Bihari Vajpayee and
unemployment, rampant inflation and scarcity of Congress dissidents such as Chandra Shekhar.
foodstuffs created a serious crisis. • A series of decrees, laws and constitutional
• The burden of feeding and sheltering nearly 10 amendments reduced the powers of the judiciary to
million refugees from Bangladesh during 1971 had check the functioning of the executive.
depleted the grain reserves and, combined with the • The Defence of India Act and MISA were amended
cost of the Bangladesh war, had led to a large in 1975 to the detriment of the citizens’ liberties.
budgetary deficit. The war had also drained foreign
• Another law, Conservation of Foreign Exchange and
exchange reserves.
Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act passed in
• Monsoon rains failed for two years in succession 1974, was also frequently used to target political
during 1972 and 1973, leading to a terrible drought in opponents
most parts of the country and a massive shortage of
• In 1976, an effort was made to change the basic civil
foodgrains, and fuelling their prices.
libertarian structure of the constitution through its
• The year 1973 also witnessed the notorious oil 42nd Amendment.
shock when world prices of crude oil increased
• Popular hopes were raised and in 1975, Twenty-Point
four-fold, leading to massive increase in the prices of
Programme by Indira Gandhi was announced. Its
petroleum products and fertilizers. This drained
aim was the socio- economic upliftment of the vast
foreign reserves, further increased the budgetary
mass of the rural poor.
deficit and deepened economic recession.
o The programme promised to liquidate the existing
• Economic recession, unemployment, price rise and
debt of landless labourers, small farmers and rural
scarcity of goods led to large-scale industrial unrest
artisans and extend alternative credit to them,
and a wave of strikes in different parts of the
abolish bonded labour.
country during 1972 and 1973, culminating in an all-

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 History, Heritage & Culture

o It aimed to implement the existing agricultural land limits on wages, bonus and dearness allowance and
ceiling laws and distribute surplus land to the restrictions on the right to strike
landless, provide house sites to landless labourers • Government servants and teachers became
and weaker sections, revise upwards minimum discontented because they were being disciplined in
wages of agricultural labour, provide special help to their workplaces and in many cases were being forced
the handloom industry, prevent tax evasion and to fulfil sterilization quotas.
smuggling. • So far as the common people were concerned, matters
o Three million house sites were provided to the took a turn for the worse, for there were no
landless and the Dalits. avenues of protest or any other mechanism for the
o About 1.1 million acres of surplus land was voicing and redressal of their grievances. Even
distributed to the landless; this was, however, less common people and not merely intellectuals and
than 10 per cent of the surplus land. political workers lived in an atmosphere of fear and
o The Bonded Labour System stands abolished insecurity .
throughout the country with the enactment of • The bureaucracy and the police now got increased
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976. power that ‘was unchecked by criticism and exposure
DISCONTENTMENT AMONG PEOPLE from the Press’.
• Within a few months, however, the people started • A major reason for the growing unpopularity of the
getting disillusioned with the Emergency. Emergency regime was, however, the development
• Popular discontent from mid-1976 reached its zenith of an extra-constitutional centre of power
six months later. associated with the rise to political power of Sanjay
Gandhi, who held no office in the government or
• Relief to the people did not last long. Economic growth
Congress.
of the first year of the Emergency was not
sustained. • Pushed by Sanjay Gandhi, the government decided to
promote family planning more vigorously and even in
• Agricultural output declined; prices rose by 10 per
an arbitrary, illegitimate and authoritarian manner.
cent by the end of 1976.
Incentives and persuasion were increasingly replaced
• The corrupt, black marketeers and smugglers resumed
by compulsion and coercion and above all by
their activities as the shock of the Emergency wore off.
compulsory sterilization.
• The poor were disenchanted with the slow progress in
• Thus, the climate of fear and repression, corruption
their welfare and workers were unhappy because of
and abuse of authority and excesses committed by the
authorities prevailed.

Art & Culture

ODISHA STYLE TEMPLE
ARCHITECTURE
#TemplesinIndia #Templearchitecture
#HeritageandCulture

All four gates of the Jagannath temple in Puri, Odisha were

opened for devotees. The temple was closed during the Covid-
19 pandemic lockdown. The main entrance was opened last
(Jagannath temple)
year in December but the other gates remained closed.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

ABOUT JAGANNATH TEMPLE (Horse Gate), and Vyaghradwara (Tiger Gate)

• An important Hindu temple dedicated to Jagannath, a respectively.
form of Vishnu. • The Jagannath Temple is a monumental example of
• Location: Puri, Odisha (eastern coast of India). Nagara-style Hindu temple architecture. It is one of
the finest preserved specimens of Kalinga
• Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra are deities
architecture (Odisha temple architecture).
worshipped at the temple.
• The temple is sacred to all Hindus, and especially in
those of the Vaishnava traditions and is one of the
108 Abhimana Kshethram of
the Vaishnavite tradition.
• Many great Vaishnava saints, such as
Ramanujacharya, Nimbarkacharya, Vallabhacharya
and Ramananda were closely associated with the
temple.
o Ramanuja established the Emar Matha in the south-
eastern corner of the temple.
o Adi Shankaracharya established the Govardhan
Math, which is the seat of one of the four
Shankaracharyas.
• It is also of particular significance to the followers
of Gaudiya Vaishnavism, whose founder, Chaitanya
(Figure: Basic structure of a temple in Kalinga school)
Mahaprabhu, was attracted to the deity,
ODISHA SCHOOL/KALINGA SCHOOL OF TEMPLE
Jagannath.
ARCHITECTURE
• The worship is performed by the Bhil Sabar tribal
priests, as well as priests of other communities in • The temples of Odisha constitute a distinct sub-style
the temple. within the Nagara style of temple architecture.

• Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu • The style consists of three distinct types of
temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood temples: Rekha Deul, Pidha Deul and Khakhara Deul.
(neem wood, known as Daru) and is ceremoniously o Rekha Deul and Pidha Deul are associated with
replaced every 12 or 19 years by an exact replica. Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples while Khakhara
• The temple is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites, Deul is mainly associated with Chamunda and
the other being Rameshwaram, Badrinath and Durga temples.
Dwarka. • In general, the shikhara, called Deul in Odisha, is
• The four gates of the temple: vertical until the top when it suddenly curves sharply
o The four gates of the Jagannath temple are located inwards.
on the mid-points of its boundary wall, and face the • Deuls are preceded, by mandapas called
four cardinal directions. jagamohana in Odisha.
o The main east-facing entrance is the • The main temple's floor plan is usually square. As the
Singhadwara (Lion's Gate), and has two stone
temple structure rises, it becomes circular.
sculptures of lions standing guard. It is believed that
• The walls of both the deula and the Jagmohan are
those who enter through this gate attain moksha,
intricately sculpted with architectural motifs and a
or liberation from the cycle of birth-rebirth.
profusion of figures.
o The northern, southern, and western entrances are
known as Hastidwara (Elephant Gate), Aswadwara • Temples were surrounded by a boundary wall as in
Dravidian style of temple architecture.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• Examples: Sun Temple at Konark (also known as Black • Historian Alexander Cunningham identified the fort
Pagoda as the first rays of the Sun entered the with that of Indraprastha, though he referred to the
garbhagriha through the sea-facing pagoda), Jagannath present structure as built by Muslim rulers.
temple at Puri, Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar, etc.
• It must be remembered that coordinating material
archaeological culture with literary and bardic
OLD FORT OF DELHI literature is methodologically difficult:

(PURANA QILA) Dinpanah:

• Dinpanah, the new city of Delhi was constructed

#Monuments #Medievalhistory
by Mughal emperor Humayun, in the vicinity of the
#Mughalperiod ancient Indraprastha ruins.

• Abul Fazl stated that fort was built in the place of that
As the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) prepares for of ancient Indraprastha.
another round of excavations at the 16th-century fort, the
• The founder of the Suri Dynasty, Sher Shah Suri,
contentious debate over Purana Qila's historical
defeated Humayun and made changes to the fort,
significance reignites among scholars and historians. Central
to this discussion is whether Purana Qila and its surrounding strengthening its fortifications and completing its walls.
area, served as the legendary capital of the Pandava brothers • He also had another fort built there
from the Mahabharata.
called Shergarh.

• His project, however, was a continuation of Humayun's

construction of a citadel for a royal city.

• Purana Qila and its surroundings flourished as

the ‘sixth city of Delhi’.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES

• The walls of the fort have three arched gateways:

the Bara Darwaza; the south gate, also popularly
known as the 'Humayun Gate'; and lastly, the
ABOUT PURANA QILA
'Talaqi Gate'.
• Purana Qila is one of the oldest forts in Delhi, India.
• All the gates are double-storeyed sandstone
• It was built by the second Mughal structures flanked by two huge semi-
Emperor Humayun and Sur dynasty Sultan Sher
circular bastion towers, decorated with white and
Shah Suri.
coloured-marble inlays and blue tiles.
• The fort forms the inner citadel of the city of
• The gates are designed with detailing, which
Dinpanah.
includes ornate overhanging balconies,
HISTORY
or jharokhas, and are topped by pillared pavilions
Indraprastha theory: (chhatris), all features that are reminiscent
• Excavations point to traces and continued habitation of Rajasthani architecture.
from the 1000 BC, during the Painted Grey
• Despite the grandeurs of the exterior, few of interior
Ware period.
structures have survived except the Qila-i Kuhna
• The first two rounds of excavations, by B. B. Lal, had Mosque and the Shermandal, both credited to Sher
unearthed traces of Painted Grey Ware culture.
Shah.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• Its original builder was Babur who ordered the

construction. It was finished only after Humayun
recaptured the fort.
• It is also one of the first observatories of Delhi, the
earliest being in Pir Ghaib at Hindu Rao at Ridge
built in the 14th century by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• The tower is topped by an octagonal chhatri supported
by eight pillars and decorated with white marble in
typical Mughal style.
• Here, in 1556 Humayun fell from the second floor to his
Qila-Kuhna Mosque: death.

• The single-domed Mosque, built by Sher Shah in Other monuments:

1541 is an example of a pre-Mughal design and an early • Several other monuments lie around the complex, like
example of the extensive use of the pointed arch in the Kairul Manzil, mosque built by Maham Anga,
region as seen in its five doorways with the 'true' Akbar's foster-mother.
horseshoe-shaped arches.

JAINISM
• It was designed as a Jami Mosque or Friday-mosque for
the Sultan and his courtiers.
• The prayer hall inside has five elegant arched prayer #Religion #Mahavira #Pilgrimagesites
niches or mihrabs set in its western wall. #Sculpturaltraditions
• Marble in shades of red, white and slate is used for
the calligraphic inscriptions on the central iwan/hall,
marks a transition from Lodhi to Mughal architecture. As protests broke out after the removal of idols of Jain
Tirthankaras at the Shree Kalika Mataji Mandir at
Pavagadh Hill, Gujarat, during restoration work at a temple,
the Gujarat government ordered a probe into the incident.
The idols of Tirthankaras (or spiritual leaders) are
believed to be at least a thousand years old.
SHREE KALIKA MATAJI MANDIR TRUST OF PAVAGADH
• Mahakali Mata Temple is a Hindu goddess temple
complex and pilgrim centre at the summit of Pavagadh
Hill.
• It dates from the 10th or 11th centuries.
• The idol of Mahakali originally belongs to the
Achalgacch of Svetambara sect of Jains that was
established on the hill in the 12th century, installing
the Mahakali devi as the Adishtayika of the newly
formed Achalgacch.
Sher Mandal:
• The temple is the site of one of the 51 Great
• Sher Shah tried to finish what was ordered by
holy Shakti Peethas.
Babur but had died during the initial phase and so
construction was halted until the arrival of • The temple complex is part of the Champaner-
Humayun. Pavagadh Archaeological Park, a UNESCO World

• It is a double-storeyed octagonal tower of red Heritage Site (inscribed in 2004).

sandstone.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK

• Located in Panchmahal district in Gujarat, around

the historical city of Champaner (founded
by Vanraj Chavda of Chavda Dynasty in the 8th
century).

• Site includes archaeological, historic and living

cultural heritage monuments such
as chalcolithic sites, a hill fortress of an
early Hindu capital, and remains of the 16th- PALITANA
century capital of the state of Gujarat. • The Palitana temples are a large complex
• The transition between Hindu and of Jain temples located on Shatrunjaya hills, in the
midst of arid-marshy terrain near the Gulf of
Muslim culture and architecture in the late 15th to
Cambay and the Shetrunji river.
early 16th century is documented in the park,
• Also known as ‘Padliptapur of Kathiawad’ in historic
particularly the early Islamic and pre-Mughal city
texts.
that has remained without any change.
• It is one of the most sacred sites of
JAIN PILGRIM SITES: PAVAGADH AND PALITANA the Svetambara tradition within Jainism.
(BOTH IN GUJARAT) • The earliest temples in the complex date as far back as
the 11th century CE.
• Pavagadh was an ancient Jain pilgrimage and is part of
the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Champaner- • The main temple is dedicated to Rishabhanatha, the
first Tirthankara and it is the holiest shrine for
Pavagadh Archaeological Park.
the Svetambara Murtipujaka sect.
• It's Jain history dates back to 3rd century BC.
o The first disciple of Rishabhanatha, Pundarika,
• King Samprati, in the 3rd century BC, constructed attained Nirvana at Shatrunjay, hence the hill was
and installed the idol of Sambhavnatha which was originally known as ‘Pundarikgiri’.
consecrated by Svetambara Jain Monk. • Marble is the preferred material of construction.

o Samprati (224-215 BCE) was the 5th Emperor of • Jains believe that 23 of the 24 Tirthankaras, all
except Neminatha, sanctified Palitana with visits. This
the Mauryan empire.
makes the site particularly important to the Jain
o He was the grandson of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. tradition.
o Samprati is regarded for his patronage and • Hingraj Ambikadevi (known as Hinglaj Mata) is
efforts to spread Jainism. considered as the presiding deity of the hill, who is a
Jain Yakshini (attendant deity).
o He built Jain Derasars (Temples).
• Digambara Jains have only one dedicated temple in
• In 1055 AD, Svetambara monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri
Palitana.
consecrated a new temple of Jirawala Parshvanath.
• Destruction and restoration:
• In 12th century CE, the Achalgacch of o The damage and destruction of earlier versions of
the Svetambara sect of Jainism was established here the Palitana temples complex is attributed by Jain
by Acharya Aryarakshitsuri. texts to the Turks.

• According to several Svetambara scriptures, these o Example: The raids and destructions in Gujarat
during the 13th and 15th century CE, particularly the
shrines were considered to be of equal importance as
major destruction by Allauddin Khilji of Delhi
those atop the hill at Palitana.
Sultanate.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

o The Svetambara Murtipujaka (idol worshippers) • Nonviolence holds a prominent place in Jainism.
traditions, particularly led by Hiravijayasuri, was • The faith rejects the concept of a creator and
instrumental in organizing the Jain community to initially refrained from worshipping deities.
once again restore Palitana temples.
• Mahavira, expressed disapproval of Vedic rule.
BASICS ABOUT JAINISM
• Jainism asserts the absence of a definite beginning or
• Vardhamana Mahavira's religious sect, referred to as end to the world.
Nigantha Nataputta in Buddhist texts, evolved into
• The philosophy of Jainism advocates dualism, positing
the faith known as Jainism.
the universe's composition of eternal souls (jivas)
• According to Jain mythology, Risabha is recognized as and substance (ajivas). The combination of jiva and
the founder of the sect and the original Tirthankara. ajiva generates karma (action), leading to an unending
• Mahavira, also known as Jina, the conqueror of the cycle of birth and reincarnation.
soul, organized his followers into both secular and • To break free from karma, rigorous penance and
monastic groups. austerity are prescribed in Jainism. Consequently, only
LIFE OF MAHAVIRA Jain monks can attain liberation from the cycle of
• Around 540 BCE, Mahavira was born in Vajji, a rebirth and birth.
democratic kingdom (Ganarajya), where rulers were • Jainism rejects any form of inequality based on birth, as
chosen through popular votes. social standing is determined by one's actions rather
• At 30, he left home, spending 12 years as a wandering than birth.
ascetic in pursuit of truth, giving up clothes and TRIRATNAS (THREE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES)
practicing rigorous penance. • Right faith (samyag-darshana/samyak-shadha)
• In his thirteenth year of wandering, Vardhamana • Right knowledge (samyag-jnana)
attained Nirvana or enlightenment, achieving
• Right conduct (samyag-mahavrata/ samyak-
Tirthankara status and becoming known as Jina or
karma/samyak-acharana
Mahavira (the Great Conqueror).
FIVE GREAT VOWS/PANCHA MAHAVRATAS
• He died in Pavapuri, near Rajgriha, around 468 BCE,
• Monks within Jainism commit to observing the five
fasting unto death (Sallekhana) in accordance with
Jaina ideals. great vows:

SECTS OF JAINISM o Nonviolence (ahimsa)

o Non-stealing (asteya)
• Approximately 500 years after Mahavira's passing, a
schism within Jainism occurred, around 79 or 82 CE. o Truthfulness (satya)
• This division was during the severe famine in Magadha. o Celibacy (brahmacharya)
• In response to the challenging circumstances, some o Non-possession (aparigraha)
Jaina monks led by Bhadrabahu migrated south to • It is noteworthy that the first four vows were
uphold their stringent ascetic practices. These established by Parshwanath, with the fifth one
monks continued their practice without garments and being later introduced by Mahavira.
became known as 'Digambaras' (meaning space-clad
JAIN COUNCILS
or naked).
• First Council convened in the 3rd Century B.C. at
• Meanwhile, those who remained in Magadha under the
Patliputra, under the leadership of Sthulabhadra.
leadership of Sthulabhadra opted for white clothing,
• The Second Council took place in 512 A.D. at Vallabhi,
earning the designation of 'Svetambaras' (meaning
with Devardhi Kshmasramana serving as the presiding
white-clad).
authority.
• While the split weakened Jainism in Magadha, the faith
o This significant gathering marked the culmination of
thrived in regions such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
the compilation process for the 12 Angas and 12
Pradesh, Orissa, and Karnataka
TENETS OF JAINISM

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 History, Heritage & Culture

Upangas, forming a comprehensive repository of o June 21 is the day of the Summer Solstice, when the
Jain teachings and doctrines. tilt of planet's axis in the northern hemisphere is
most inclined toward the Sun.
o June 21 is considered the longest day of the year.
INTERNATIONAL YOGA o The summer solstice is also considered an important

DAY 2024 day in Indian mythology as it marks an event that

could be considered the start of Yogic science.
#Indianartforms #Culture #Miscellaneous • The first International Yoga Day was celebrated
successfully on June 21, 2015 across the world.
The Ministry of AYUSH made the necessary
International Yoga Day is celebrated on June 21st annually
arrangements in India.
as a global celebration of well-being. This worldwide
• International Yoga Day has grown significantly since its
movement recognises the ancient Indian art of yoga and its
inaugural year.
significant effects on our mental, physical, and spiritual well-
being, cutting across cultural and geographic barriers. The o The day has developed into a potent platform for
2024 International Yoga Day will be the 10th anniversary spreading awareness of yoga and all of its
of the event. advantages for leading a balanced, healthy life.
o Yoga has been demonstrated in numerous studies
to boost physical fitness, reduce stress and anxiety,
enhance general well-being, and improve sleep
quality.

PHILOSOPHY OF YOGA
• As a separate school of thought it is mentioned in
Indian texts from the end of the 1st millennium CE.

INTERNATIONAL YOGA DAY 2024 • Yoga as a separate school of philosophy has been
included as one of the six schools, the other
• Theme: “Yoga for Self and Society”
schools are Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika,
o This theme emphasises the double benefits of yoga
Mimamsa and Vedanta.
practice: enhancing personal well-being and
improving society at large. • The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (compiled sometime
between 500 BCE and 400 CE) is a collection of
o The theme recognises that inner calmness and self-
Sanskrit sutras on the theory and practice of Yoga.
care are the cornerstones of a happy and healthy
existence. • The Yoga Sutras is best known for its reference
o Yoga gives practitioners the skills to control their to Ashtanga, the eight elements of Yoga practice.
emotions, reduce stress, and develop self- • The eight elements are:
awareness. 1. Yama (abstinences/self-restraint)
HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE 2. Niyama (observances)
• The International Day of Yoga (June 21) is a day in
3. Asana (yoga posture)
recognition of Yoga, following its adoption by
4. Pranayama (breath control)
the United Nations in 2014.
• The initiative for ‘Yoga Day’ was taken by India's Prime 5. Pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses)
Minister Narendra Modi in his 2014 UN address, and 6. Dharana (concentration of the mind)
the related resolution received broad global 7. Dhyana (meditation)
support, with 177 nations co-sponsoring it in
8. Samadhi (absorption or stillness).
the United Nations General Assembly.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

SRINAGAR GETS WORLD

through income generating craft related activities,
organize exchange programs and to offer

CRAFT CITY TAG encouragement, help, and advice to the crafts persons
of the world.
#ArtandCulture #Herigate #WCC • The WCC is organised into five regions: Africa, Asia
#Personalities Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America. The
organization is affiliated to UNESCO.
• The WCC was founded in 1964 by Kamaladevi
Srinagar has earned the World Craft City (WCC) tag from Chattopadhyay and Aileen Osborn Webb.
the World Crafts Council (WCC), a non-government
o Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay founded the Craft
organisation working to empower artisans and safeguard
Council of India in 1964 to protect and
craft heritage globally. This is likely to reopen Kashmir’s
enhance India’s craft heritage.
centuries old linkages with craft centres in Central Asia and
Iran. • The World Crafts Council meets every four years. In
2012, the General Assembly occurred in Chennai.
SIGNIFICANCE
• World Craft City Programme: It was launched in 2014
• Srinagar, with over 4,000 years of documented history,
by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-
has recently garnered attention for its rich artistic
International) to recognise the pivotal role local
traditions.
authorities, craftspeople, and communities play
• As of now, at least 10 different forms of craftsmanship in crafts development across the world.
survive in Srinagar and its suburbs, including papier-
mâché, walnut wood carving, carpets, Sozni
embroidery and Pashmina and Kani shawls.
• The 14th Century marked a pivotal moment for
Srinagar's craft scene, influenced by Persian and
Central Asian artisans and thinkers.
• Today, the World Crafts Council serves as a
contemporary platform to celebrate cities steeped in
centuries-old creativity and aesthetics.
• World Crafts Council designation for Srinagar will
provide lasting benefits, including global visibility,
increased market demand, sustainable income
opportunities, and preservation of cultural heritage ABOUT KAMALADEVI CHATTOPADHYAY
and artisanal skills through enhanced networking and • Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an Indian social
collaboration. reformer. She has worked for the promotion of Indian
• In 2021, Srinagar achieved UNESCO Creative City handicrafts, handlooms, and theatre in independent
status for Crafts and Folk Art, a significant India to uplift the socio-economic standard of Indian
recognition for generations of often overlooked women.
craftsmen. • She is remembered as Hatkargha Maa for her
Note: works in handloom sector.
• Jaipur (Rajasthan), Malappuram (Tamil Nadu) and • She has headed the National School of Drama and
Mysore (Karnataka) are the other three Indian cities that Sangeet Natak Akademi.
have earlier been recognised as World Craft Cities. • In 1926, she met the Margaret E. Cousins, who inspired
WORLD CRAFTS COUNCIL her to run for the Madras Provincial Legislative
Assembly. Thus, she became the first woman to run
• The World Crafts Council is a non-profit, non-
for a legislative seat in India.
governmental organization that was founded in 1964
to promote fellowship, foster economic development CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIONAL MOVEMENT

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• Non-cooperation movement: #Heritageandculture #TemplesinIndia

o In London, Kamaladevi came to know of Mahatma
#Architecture #UNESCO
Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement in 1923, and
she promptly returned to India, to join the Seva
Dal, a Gandhian organisation set up to promote The Tourism Department in Karnataka is planning to promote
social upliftment.
the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Somanathapur as part
o She was given in charge of the women's section of Mysuru tourism circuit. This will be achieved through the
of the Dal, where she got involved in recruiting, cross-promotion of the 13th-century heritage site at popular
training and organising girls and women of all ages. places of tourist interest like the palace, zoo or the Chamundi
• All India Women’s Conference: Hills. Cross-promotion also includes creating awareness
o In 1927, she became a founding member of the about Somanathapur Keshava temple built by the
All-India Women's Conference (AIWC) and was its Hoysalas among the tourists.
first Organizing Secretary.
Somanathapur is a town in Mysore district in Karnataka.
o In the following years, AIWC grew to become a It is famous for the Chennakesava Temple also
national organisation, with branches and voluntary called Kesava temple.
programs run throughout the nation, and work
steadfastly for legislative reforms.
o During her tenure, she travelled extensively to many
European nations and was inspired to initiate
several social reform and community welfare
programs, and set up educational institutions, run
for and by women.
o It contributed to the formation of Lady Irwin
College for Home Sciences in New Delhi.
ABOUT CHENNAKESAVA TEMPLE AT SOMANATHAPUR
• Civil Disobedience movement:
• The Chennakesava Temple is a Vaishnava Hindu
o During 1930s, she was a part of the seven-member
temple on the banks of River Kaveri in
lead team, announced by Mahatma Gandhi, in
Somanathapur.
the famous Salt Satyagraha (1930), to prepare Salt
at the Bombay beachfront, the only other woman • The temple is a model illustration of the Hoysala
volunteer in the team was Avantikabai Gokhale. architecture.
o In a heroic move, Kamaladevi went up to a nearby HOYSALA ARCHITECTURE
High Court, and asked a magistrate present there
• The Vesara style, from its nascent stage under the
whether he would be interested in buying the
patronage of the Badami Chalukyas in the 7th
‘Freedom Salt’ she had prepared.
century, it matured during the Western Chalukya era
o On 26 January 1930 she gained widespread media
in the 11th century.
attention when in a scuffle, she clung to the
Indian tricolour to protect it. • However, it reached its zenith as an independent

• During Second World War: and distinct style during the reign of
the Hoysalas in the 13th century.
o When World War II broke out Kamaladevi
immediately began a world tour to represent India's • One of the hallmark features of Hoysala architecture
situation to other countries and gain support for is the star-shaped ground plan (known as Stellate
Independence after the war. plan) employed in many of their temples, although
staggered square plans are sometimes observed.

SOMANATHAPUR

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 History, Heritage & Culture

• The temples were erected on a raised platform

called Jagati, which stood at approximately 1
meter in height.
• The Hoysalas favoured soapstone (chloritic
schist) as their primary construction material.
• This soft stone allowed for exquisite carving and
intricate detailing, enabling the creation of the
elaborate sculptures and motifs that adorn the
temples.

• The temple is enclosed in a courtyard with a pillared

corridor of small shrines (damaged).
• The main temple in the centre is on a high star-shaped
platform with three symmetrical sanctums (garbha- (Floor plan of Chennakesava temple)
griha), set in a square matrix oriented along the east- ARCHITECTURE
west and north-south axes.
• The northern and southern row of small shrines inside
• The sanctums share a common community hall the pillared courtyard corridor consists of eighteen
(sabha-mandapa) with many pillars. single shrine and one linked-double shrine each.
• In 2023, the Somanathapur temple, along with • The statues in the smaller shrines were defaced, their
the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu and limbs broken or destroyed. Some of the recovered
the Chennakeshava Temple at Belur, was declared broken pieces are in a heap inside the temple. The
a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of collection includes Jaina statues in
the Kayotsarga posture as well as numerous Hindu
the Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala
statues.
HISTORY
o Kayotsarga is a yogic posture which is an
• The Somanathapur town was founded in the 13th important part of the Jain meditation. It literally
century personality, Somanatha (Someya means ‘dismissing the body’.
Dandanayaka in some inscriptions), who was
o Kayotsarga means ‘to give up one's physical comfort
working as Governor for the Hoysala King and body movements’, thus staying steady, either in
Narasimha III. a standing or other posture.
• Somanatha created an Agrahara, that is granted • The main temple is built on a Jagati, which
land to Brahmins and dedicated resources to build symbolizes worldly platform. It is in the star-shaped
and maintain temples therein. The town (pur) became (stellate plane) form.
known after the name of the patron, Somanatha- • The raised Jagati platform circles around the main
pur. temple with a broad walking space, which is
• In the middle of the new settlement, Somanatha built the Pradakshina Patha (circumambulation path).
the Kesava temple and consecrated it in 1258 CE. • From the Jagati level, there are four stone steps that
This was a Vaishnavism tradition temple. leads the devotee into the temple's Sabha
Mandapa inside.
• The Kesava Temple was damaged according to 15th-
century inscriptions, after wars between the Hindu • The temple has three sanctums (Garbha Griha), all
kingdoms and Muslim Sultanates ravaged the region. supported by intricately carved pillars.
• The three sanctums house Keshava (the image is lost),
• It was repaired in the 16th century with financial
Janardhana and Venugopala.
support and grants by the emperors of
the Vijayanagara Empire. • The North Indian Style (Nagara style) tower
(Shikhara) rises above each of the three sanctums.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

ABOUT UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES • Three advisory bodies provide technical input on
World Heritage Sites are exceptional cultural and/or nominations:
natural locations recognized for their outstanding o International Council on Monuments and Sites
universal value, as designated by the World Heritage (ICOMOS)
Committee. They stand as exemplars of the world’s most o World Conservation Union (IUCN)
significant cultural and natural heritage.
o International Centre for Study of The Preservation and
WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
• Recognizing the importance of certain THE DECISION-MAKING BODY: WORLD HERITAGE
places, UNESCO’s General Conference adopted COMMITTEE
the World Heritage Convention in 1972. This
• Comprising 21 members elected for six-year
convention harmoniously combines the preservation
terms, the World Heritage Committee is chosen by the
of both natural and cultural sites.
General Assembly.
• Nations adhering to this convention form an
• The committee annually determines which sites will
international community committed to safeguarding
be inscribed on the World Heritage List.
these unique sites.
CRITERIA FOR OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE
• In 1994, the World Heritage Committee adopted
(OUV)
a Global Strategy to promote a balanced and
representative World Heritage List, ensuring • OUV must reflect a masterpiece of human creativity.
underrepresented regions and categories are included. • It should depict the exchange of cultural values across
generations.
HOW SITES ARE CHOSEN
• Countries that sign the World Heritage Convention • Testimony to unique traditions, cultures, or civilizations
pledge to protect their cultural and natural treasures is crucial.

and become state parties. • Architectural ensembles, landscapes, and other built

• State parties create a list of potential sites from elements may contribute.
which they nominate candidates for inclusion on • Sites can illustrate the interaction between humans
the World Heritage List. and the environment.

• Nominations, accompanied by comprehensive • Areas of extraordinary natural beauty are eligible.

conservation plans, are submitted to the UNESCO • Sites can also testify to Earth’s geological history.
World Heritage Centre. THE WORLD HERITAGE FUND
• Outstanding Universal Value (OUV): OUV is a
This fund offers financial support to state parties, drawing
fundamental criterion for World Heritage Site status.
contributions from both private donors and state
Exceptional, unparalleled sites with global significance parties. It aids in:
are deemed outstanding properties.
• Preparatory assistance for property nominations and
THE ROLES OF UNESCO AND ADVISORY BODIES management plans.
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE
• Training assistance for personnel.
• The UNESCO World Heritage Centre offers support for
• Technical cooperation, providing expertise and
the nomination process, including documentation and
material support.
formatting.
• Emergency assistance for damage caused by natural
• After reviewing the submitted documents, it forwards
disasters or human activities.
them to advisory bodies.
• Promotional and educational assistance to raise
awareness.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

practice questions
MCQs
Q1. Consider the following statements with 3. During the period of emergency, the Bonded
reference to the Nalanda Mahavira: Labour System (Abolition) Act was enacted.
1. Kumaragupta I was the founder patron of the Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Mahavihara. (a) 1 and 2 only
2. The philosophical teachings at the Mahavihara only (b) 2 and 3 only
focused on the Mahayana traditions. (c) 1 and 3 only
3. Asanga and Nagarjuna were the famous scholars (d) 1, 2 and 3
associated with the Mahavihara.
4. During the period of Palas, the Mahavihara began Q4. Consider the following statements with
to decline. reference to the Kalinga style of Temple
Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? architecture:
(a) 1 and 2 only 1. The ground plan of main temple usually circular.
(b) 2 and 3 only 2. The ‘Shikhara’ is Kalinga style is called ‘Deul’.
(c) 2 and 4 only 3. The ‘Rekha Deul’ is the Kalinga temples is always
(d) 1 and 4 only associated with Durga temples.
4. Temples have a boundary wall which is a common
Q2. Consider the following statements: feature in Nagara style of temple architecture.
1. The earliest Satnami sect was founded by Guru How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
Ghasidas. (a) Only one
2. Under Guru Jagjivandas the ideals of ‘Saguna form (b) Only two
of Bhakti’ were included in the Satnami sect. (c) Only three
3. The Satnamis revolted during the reign of Mughal (d) All four
emperor Jahangir.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct? Q5. Consider the following statements:
(a) Only one 1. ‘Yoga for Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ is the theme for
(b) Only two International Day of Yoga, 2024.
(c) All three 2. UNESCO declared 21st June as the ‘International
(d) None Day of Yoga’ in 2014.
3. The ‘Ashtanga philosophy’ is mentioned in the Yoga
Q3. Consider the following statements with Sutras of Patanjali.
reference to Post Independent developments in Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
India: (a) 1 and 2 only
1. The National Emergency in 1975 was proclaimed by (b) 2 and 3 only
the then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. (c) 1 and 3 only
2. The Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) (d) 1, 2 and 3
was introduced by the Union Government during
the period of emergency.

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 History, Heritage & Culture

Q6. Consider the following statement with 3. Nagara style ‘Shikhara’ is found at the
reference to Chennakesava Temple at Chennakesava temple.
Somanathapur in Karnataka: Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
1. The temple was built during the rule of Chalukyas (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
in the Deccan region. (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
2. The temple is associated with the Shaivite tradition
of the Bhakti movement.

Descriptive Questions
Q1. Compare and contrast the societal and political structures of Rig Vedic and Later Vedic periods in Ancient India.
(250 words; 15 marks)
Q2. Discuss the contributions of Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay in the bringing social reforms and in the freedom struggle
movement of India. (150 words; 10 marks)
Q3. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Kalinga style of temple architecture
(b) Temple architecture under the Hoysala dynasty

Answers: 1-c, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b, 5-a, 6-b

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 PART TWO

Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

Coverage from varied sources

 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

NATIONAL TESTING AGENCY AND THE ISSUES OF

INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY
#Integrity in public services #Issues arising out of working of institutions in India

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has come at the centre of upholds public trust and ensures good governance.
controversy amid the recent paper leaks of NEET UG Key aspects of institutional integrity are:
examination Every year lakhs of candidates appear in • Clearly defined purpose: A clear vision and mission
multiple examinations for admission into limited higher provide direction and focus, guiding institutions in their
educational seats. Over the years, there has been a lot of decision-making processes and strategic planning.
issues and incidents wherein the integrity of the
• Leadership: There is a relationship between
examination process was compromised.
leadership and integrity, leaders serve as role models
To improve the situation around these examinations,
and their actions and decisions set the tone for the
Government of India in 2017 decided to constitute the
ethical standards within an institution. For example, TN
National Test Agency as an autonomous and self-
Sheshan’s role in refurbishing the image of Election
sustained specialized testing organisation under the
Commission of India.
Ministry of Education. This body was registered as a
society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. • High ethical standards: Public offices must follow a
strict code of conduct that emphasizes honesty,
However, the recent controversies around the entrance
integrity, impartiality, and dedication to public service.
examinations conducted by NTA such as the NEET
examination for medical entrance and UGC NET for • Transparency: Institutions should provide easy access
government fellowships shows that even this body has to information, ensuring that public actions and
not been able to address the larger issue surrounding the decisions are open to scrutiny. This is supported by the
integrity of the examination process and public trust. Right to Information Act, 2005.
It is not that we in India do not have any examples of • Accountability: Officials and institutions must be
institutions which have been able to conduct these answerable for their actions and decisions.
examinations with utmost trust. UPSC which is a Mechanisms like internal audits, external audits by the
constitutional body with a stated mandate for Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), and
conducting recruitment examinations for senior parliamentary oversight ensure this.
bureaucracy has a history of conducting the civil services
• Autonomy of institutions: Ensuring that institutions
examination with utmost honesty without even an iota of
like the judiciary, Election Commission, anti-corruption
doubt about the recommendations of the candidates by
bodies like CVC, Lokpal operate independently without
UPSC.
undue influence from other branches of government
Thus, the twin examples of National Testing Agency (NTA)
or political pressures.
and UPSC reflects the larger issue of institutional integrity.
It is not that institutions cannot deliver, but they should • Anti-corruption framework: Laws such as the
have the right design, independence of operations and Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and institutions
right people to lead them. In this background, let us like the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and the
understand the concept of integrity of public institutions, Lokpal act against corruption.
its manifestations, and ethical lapses. • Whistleblower Protection: Safeguards for individuals
Principles of Integrity of public institutions: who expose corruption or unethical practices.
Institutional integrity in the context of public office • Merit-based Appointments: Recruitment and
pertains to the principles of adherence to ethical promotions based on merit and qualifications rather
standards, transparency, accountability, and the
than political connections or nepotism.
overall functioning of institutions in a manner that

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 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

• Performance Evaluation: Regular and fair assessment • Social Contract Theory (John Locke, Jean-Jacques
of officials' performance to maintain high standards of Rousseau): Social contract theorists argue that
efficiency and integrity. institutions derive their legitimacy from the consent of
• Legal Oversight: Judiciary play a critical role in the governed. The NTA’s failures represent a breach
ensuring that laws and policies adhere to the of the social contract, as it fails to uphold the trust
Constitution, thus maintaining institutional integrity. and expectations of the public. Locke and Rousseau
would advocate for accountability and reforms to
• Engagement with Citizens: Involving citizens in
restore public trust.
decision-making processes, through public
consultations, feedback mechanisms, and participatory o Right to Fair Treatment: As per social contract
governance initiatives. theory, individuals have inherent rights that
institutions must respect. The lapses in the NTA’s
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES WITH RESPECT TO
processes undermine the right of students to fair
FUNCTIONING OF NTA
and unbiased treatment.
• Virtue Ethics (Aristotle) Aristotle’s virtue ethics
• Moral Relativism: They emphasize on contextual
focuses on the development of good character traits.
ethics, from a relativistic standpoint, the widespread
The lapses at the NTA indicate a failure in virtues such
outcry and legal challenges indicate that the NTA’s
as honesty, justice, and integrity. Virtuous
actions are perceived as unethical by societal
individuals and institutions act in ways that reflect
standards, necessitating corrective measures to align
moral excellence and promote the common good.
with public expectations.
• Deontological Ethics (Immanuel Kant): It emphasizes
Controversies around the integrity of public
adherence to duty and moral principles. The lapses in
institutions in India: Institutional integrity in India has
the NTA can be seen as a violation of the duty to
come under question numerous times, there have been
conduct fair and transparent examinations.
ethical lapses across various public offices and sectors.
According to Kant, actions are morally right if they align
These lapses undermine public trust and highlight the
with a universal moral law, and the NTA’s failure to
need for stronger ethical standards, transparency, and
ensure integrity and fairness breaches this duty.
accountability. Some examples are:
o Categorical Imperative: CI requires that we act
• Coal Allocation Scam (Coalgate): It involved
according to maxims that can be universally
irregularities in the allocation of coal blocks to private
applied. The misconduct, including paper leaks and
companies. The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
arbitrary awarding of grace marks, would not pass
of India estimated a loss of approximately ₹1.86 lakh
this test as they undermine the principles of
crore due to non-transparent allocation processes.
fairness and equality.
Ministry of Coal and other government bodies failed
• Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill): Utilitarianism to follow competitive bidding processes, leading to
evaluates actions based on their consequences. The favoritism and massive losses to the exchequer.
lapses in the NTA, have caused widespread
• 2G Spectrum Scam: Involved the allocation of 2G
dissatisfaction and are morally wrong because they
spectrum licenses to telecom companies at very low
lead to greater harm and reduce overall happiness.
prices, causing a potential loss of ₹1.76 lakh crore to
Ensuring integrity in the examination process
the government. Department of
would maximize the welfare of all stakeholders.
Telecommunications was implicated in manipulating
Moreover, our actions should aim to produce the
the allocation process, leading to widespread
greatest happiness for the greatest number. The
corruption.
controversy around the NTA results has likely
• Vyapam Scam: Involved irregularities in the
diminished trust and caused distress to many students,
recruitment exams for government jobs and
thus failing the utilitarian test of promoting the greatest
admissions to educational institutions. The scam
good.
included cheating, impersonation, and bribery.

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 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board regulatory oversight allowed the fraud to go
(Vyapam) failed to ensure the integrity of the undetected for years.
examination process, leading to widespread fraud and MEASURES TO ADDRESS INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY
multiple deaths under mysterious circumstances.
• Fairness in appointment: Appointment of officials
• Satyam Scandal: This corporate scandal involved with proven integrity and track record to lead the
Satyam Computer Services, where the company's institutions. Moreover, wider consultation should be
founder admitted to inflating the company's financial taken before the appointment so that questions are
statements by over ₹7,000 crore. Regulatory bodies, not raised over the appointment.
auditors, and corporate governance frameworks
• Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks:
failed to detect and prevent the financial misreporting,
Implementing robust regulatory mechanisms and
highlighting significant gaps in oversight mechanisms.
ensuring strict adherence to rules and guidelines.
• Commonwealth Games Scam: The 2010
• Ethics and Integrity Training: Regular training
Commonwealth Games held in Delhi were marred by
programs for government employees on ethical
allegations of corruption and mismanagement, with an
behavior and integrity.
estimated ₹70,000 crore spent, much of which was
• Enhancing Transparency: Ensuring open access to
allegedly siphoned off through inflated contracts and
information and clear communication about processes
kickbacks. Various government bodies and the
and decisions.
Organizing Committee (Indian Olympic Association)
failed to ensure transparency and accountability in • Improving Accountability: Establishing clear lines of
the use of public funds. responsibility and answerability within institutions.

• PNB Scam: The Punjab National Bank (PNB) scam • Independent Oversight: Empowering independent
involved fraudulent issuance of Letters of bodies to oversee institutional functions.
Undertaking (LoUs) worth over ₹13,000 crore to Whistleblower Protection: Ensuring legal safeguards for
companies linked to jeweler Nirav Modi. Lapses in individuals who expose wrongdoing.
PNB’s banking system's internal controls and

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 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

CASE STUDIES FOR PRACTICE

MAINS GS PAPER IV

The above case study deals with the social issue of child
Case Study 1: You are a young District Magistrate
marriage and ineffective way to deal with the problem.
assigned to a rural district with a prevalent issue of child
marriages. One day, a concerned NGO member Stakeholders involved Issues involved
approaches you with information about an impending • Me as DM • Traditional approach
child marriage involving a 14-year-old girl. The girl's of dealing it as law-
• Administration
parents, influenced by socio-cultural norms and economic and-order issue.
• Community including
hardships, are intent on proceeding with the marriage.
elders. • Issue of child
The NGO member apprises you of the situation that the marriages.
• Child brides
approach till now has been to view it as a law and order • Parochial attitudes of
• Other departments of
problem, and tackle it accordingly. Multiple raids, arrests, elders.
the government.
police cases and criminal trials have taken place – but all • Lack of overall
these had only limited impact. The problem remains as economic and social
serious as ever. Your inspections show that the parts of development of the
the district, where such practice is rampant, are also district
agriculturally, economically and educationally backward.
(A) Options available with me as a District Magistrate.
You decide to go and meet the elders of the community,
(i) Continue with the status quo.
who tell you that there are many problems that the
community faces, such as persistent poverty, uncertain Merits Demerits

and unsustainable livelihoods, and social pressure. • Culprits are arrested, • Does not address the
Consequently, they cannot afford to educate the girls immediate result. persistent issue.
beyond a certain age. Moreover, to keep the costs of • Immediate objectives • Punitive approach can
marriage and dowry payments down, they marry off their are met. further complicate the
girls early. • Following the duty. issue.
You also realize that agricultural and economic • Alienates the locals from
infrastructure is badly affected, and no major initiatives administration.
have taken place in the past, either from the government's
(ii) Change strategy towards social influence and
side or from the social organizations to improve the persuasion.
economic condition of the people. Moreover, the present
Merits Demerits
punitive policy of raids, arrests and police cases is not
bringing desirable changes. (250 words) • Persuasion can work • Time consuming,
(a) As a District Magistrate, analyze the options available where force cannot. consolidated attitudes

to you to bring the problem under control. • Does not unnecessarily are difficult to change.
punish the locals for • May not provide
(b) How do you plan to manage and mould the attitude
their social immediate results.
of the village elders with respect to gender
disadvantage.
empowerment?
SOLUTION (iii) Creative and innovative solution: Addressing the
overall issue not as a law-and-order issue, rather a
complex socio-economic issue and subsequently

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 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

introducing a dedicated government scheme for the healthcare, education and livelihood schemes. She has
development of the region. always been self-motivated and hardworking, but has
faced social barriers in progress due to family pressures.
Merits Demerits
A year ago, on merit, she got an opportunity as a senior
• Addresses the root • Might need to
consultant in the administration of her state, headed by
cause of the problem. approvals from seniors
Pradeep, a very senior member of the IAS, known to be
• Provides long term and coordination from
extremely competent, yet tough.
and sustainable various developments,
which is difficult at Initially Priya was in awe of Pradeep and worked very
solution.
times. diligently to meet his high standards. However, around
• Most beneficial for the
the same time, another bureaucrat, Sumit, joined, who
most important
happened to have a rapport with Pradeep, as they had
stakeholder ie, girls.
briefly worked together earlier. Gradually over a few
• Encourages
months, Priya and her other colleagues started noticing
sustainable
that Pradeep was giving undue preferential treatment to
development along
Sumit, who did not have equivalent capability or
with eradication of
experience as Priya - by allotting Sumit plum consulting
social problem.
projects, giving him far greater access privileges, insider
(b) Attitude of the village elders can be changed by the knowledge beyond his role, and powers beyond his
following means: qualification or competence.
• Acknowledging their importance and initiating a
On the other hand, Pradeep would actively ignore or
dialogue with elders including female elders.
dismiss Priya's suggestions in key meetings. Her stellar
• Making them aware of positive impact of women performance achievements were glossed over in reviews,
empowerment.
while the smallest mistakes were highlighted. Colleagues
• Appealing to the value system of equality and equal noticed the differential, discounting and, at times,
opportunity. patronizing behaviour Pradeep displayed specifically
• Awareness campaign for both elders and youth, on toward Priya, as compared to the favour given to Sumit.
elderly not to not pressurize girls for early marriage and
Feeling increasingly distressed, Priya finally gathered the
on youth not to marry the child brides.
courage to take up the matter privately with Pradeep. But
• Change the behaviour of the elders by meeting with she only met with further humiliation, as he categorically
successful role models from same and nearby
dismissed her concerns, calling them "baseless
communities.
complaints".
• One of the root causes is social pressure, easing social
The continued demotivation and psychological distress
pressure by awareness and providing a financial
made Priya extremely disillusioned with the work culture.
support system will also change the attitude of elders.
It started affecting her health, performance and morale.
• Providing comprehensive solution of women
She felt a looming sense of injustice at the workplace with
education, scholarships, residential hostels for girls.
no recourse. (250 words)
So, as the families do not perceive the girls as burden.
SOLUTION
Government scheme for improvement of socioeconomic
indicators. (a) Ethical issues
• Violation of distributive justice: Unfair distribution of
opportunities and privileges.
Case Study 2: Priya is a dynamic development
• Undermining of meritocracy: Overlooking capability to
professional with over 15 years of field experience in rural
favour patronage jeopardizing competence.

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 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

• Dereliction of accountability: Shirking responsibly (c) Set of trainings that could be implemented for the
addressing abuse of power complaints. organization:
• Cultivation of moral hazard: Repeated tolerance for • Gender Sensitization Training: To tackle potential
undue favors breeds cultural entitlement unconscious biases and create awareness on

• Compromise of due process: Denying impartial appropriate conduct, language and opportunities for

investigation violates fair play. female colleagues. Break patriarchal mindsets.

• Means-end moral inversion: Compromising talent • POSH Training: Training on prevention of sexual

development goals via unethical selectivity. harassment laws, policies, ethics and employee rights
awareness. Builds safe space.
(b) Suggestions for Priya
• Emotional Intelligence: Develop competencies in
• Communicate judiciously, avoid accusations. Discuss
managing difficult conversations, disagreements and
issues objectively using emotional intelligence without
conflicts smoothly.
blaming.
• Power and Ethics: Build awareness of responsibilities
• Prioritize self-care proactively. Practice mindfulness,
towards fairness, ethical oversight, preventing abuse
journaling for emotional health amid toxicity.
through case studies.
• Document issues impartially with accuracy. Compile
• Workplace Inclusion: Showcasing best practices in
evidence of biases without righteous anger.
equitable treatment.
• Pool colleague observations. Discern collectively
• Grievance Redressal: Structured processes accessible
balancing subjective limitations.
to all levels for responsible complaints handling. Policy
• Channel energies to build specialist capability. Focus on
awareness.
competencies valued despite environment's hostility.
• Wellness Programs: Enables work-life balance.
• Embody integrity and moral courage. Uphold ethics
amidst dilemmas via self-transcending choices The trainings collectively foster a healthier environment -
psychologically safe for positive working relationships,
diversity, innovation and integrity.

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 PART THREE

Essays of the month

Selected essays from Rau’s GSI students

 Essays OF THE MONTH

CONFORMITY IS JAILOR OF FREEDOM AND ENEMY OF

GROWTH
#PHILOSOPHICAL
SUBMITTED BY: VASUDEV KAPOOR

Disclaimer: The viewpoints in the topic are strictly personal A case in point is the erstwhile practice of Sati, whereby a
of the writer above. The role of Rau’s IAS Study Circle is to woman (wife) had to self-immediate on the husband’s
present the write-up in its original form, hence the study pyre. Justified through religion, society conformed these
circle neither endorses nor rejects any viewpoint in the rules on women, forcibly if not willingly. It was only when
submission. The purpose is only to showcase the manner of Raja Rammohan Roy, witnessing his sister-in-law
writing. committing Sati, broke the shackles of conformity,
Therefore, it is the sole responsibility of the reader to use embraced freedom to argue against the evil practice, was
his/her intellect to check the veracity of viewpoints. Sati abolished through legislation, thus driving the growth
of society in the process.
On a warm Tuesday evening, I switched on
my TV to watch ‘Shark Tank’, a reality show Principles of conformity inculcates in one the values of
where entrepreneurs come to pitch their complacency and inhibits logical reasoning to the extent,
ideas and get funding. where individuals and groups in general, stop to explore
extent of their freedom, thus impeding liberty.
A particular pitch caught my eye, of a woman called Rakhi,
who had created an online ed-tech platform and was A prime example of this is the culture of secrecy,
running an independent, profitable enterprise. What engrained in us through legislations such as the officials
shocked me most was her background story where she secret act, and politico – administrative actions such as the
told she was thrown out of her house because she didn’t emergency of 1977, that led to masses being deprived of
conform to the norms of her household where only men their right to freedom to know and hold the state
could be breadwinners and women the caretakers. accountable. It was only after the continued agitation of
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan, who broke the
Rakhi’s non-conformity freed her from the perils of
constructs of conformity, was Right to Information Act,
patriarchy and transformed her into an engine of growth.
2005 was passed that empowered us a society to seek
This essay showcases my thought journey of how transparency in state functioning and clear the
conformity jails our freedom and how it serves as an smokescreen of secrecy, which finally freed freedom
enemy to our growth. Further, I explored how not all itself.
conformity leads to captured freedom and how some
Conformity as a phenomenon drives the society and its
confirmation to norms enables growth. Lastly, I
constituents i.e. individuals into a state of inactivity, that
postulated a threshold model of conformity and how can
impedes development, and inhibits growth mechanisms,
we develop a roadmap.
making itself an enemy of growth.
Conformity refers to the adherence of socially accepted
A case in point is our economy, that remained conformed
and sanctioned beliefs values and norms, either
under the old protectionist ideas for the majority of our
voluntarily or through social pressure. This creates a ring
journey as an independent state. This limited our
fence around the extent of consciousness that not only
potential as a nation and inhibited individual’s economic
jails our freedom but may even be detrimented to our
growth. Only after embracing the novel ideas of
psychological.
liberalisation, privatisation and Globalization (LPG)
Socio – economic growth: reforms of 1991, India became a $2 – 7 trillion economy in
2020 from $297 billion in 1991. This not only showed

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 Essays OF THE MONTH

India’s economic growth story and established itself as a human-mind from primordial instincts of survival and can
Vishwaguru, but showcased how conformity to archaic be focussed on developing oneself in the realms of
ideas is an enemy of growth. economy, polity and society, driving growth.

However, it will be too naïve to classify conformity as a Therefore, it can be said that conformity follows a
universal principle that necessarily jails freedom and threshold model. A basic level of conforming to values and
inhibits growth. principles itself leads to non-conforming to those values
that limits or inhibits freedom and growth.
Conformity to foundational values of morality enables us
to realise freedom to the fullest without harming anyone To understand which principles are to be conformed and
in the process. As one conforms to principles such as which ones to be renounced a foundational inculcation of
tolerance, honesty and compassion one becomes closer values is a pre-requisite. These values, such as that of
to the concept of liberty and self-actualisation. A major honesty, tolerance etc. are primarily ingrained through
proponent of this was Mahatma Gandhi, who conformed the processes of value education and socialisation, of
to his value of non-violence, even at the cost of which key agents are parents, peers and teachers.
withdrawing the non-cooperation movement in light of
Conformity, by very nature prohibits or limits freedom,
the Chauri-Chaura incident, where violence had occurred
which may or may not impede growth. Therefore, right
His ultimate commitment to conforming to his moral
knowledge, right faith in society (and not blind faith) can
principles led to India’s freedom.
enable us to develop a scientific temper and strive for
Conforming to established laws and convention, although excellence, which of course in our fundamental duty as
may appear as an enemy of growth, is not at all so. As well. As Rakhi’s life highlights o where conformity shackles
HOBBES argues in his theory of social contract, one must freedom it also inspires us to become our best version
give up some rights to enjoy others. Conforming to such through perseverance, which can break the shackles to
principles establishes a Rule of Law, which frees the freedom and fuel our engines of growth.

HISTORY DOES NOT BELONG TO US BUT WE BELONG TO

IT
#PhilosoPhical
SUBMITTED BY: VEDANSH OJHA

Disclaimer: The viewpoints in the topic are strictly John Keay, in his book "China: A History,"
personal of the writer above. The role of Rau’s IAS Study writes that the nature of loyalty and
Circle is to present the write-up in its original form, servitude to the Emperor is an innate trait
hence the study circle neither endorses nor rejects any of the Chinese people, which is evident
viewpoint in the submission. The purpose is only to throughout history.

showcase the manner of writing. "History is the study of the past in the present for a better
Therefore, it is the sole responsibility of the reader to future." These lines sum up quite well what the purpose
use his/her intellect to check the veracity of viewpoints. of history is. It is not like that for no reason. It is sacred. It
is what makes us what we are today. Even the pen with
The First Opium War (1839–42) was at its climax. A military
which I write is not a coincidence. Like every story has a
troop stationed outside the city of Nanking knew that the
background to it, history is the backstory of life.
fall of Nanking was imminent. They had the choice to
retreat and save their lives, but they were too loyal to the Like many assumptions laymen make, it is not surprising
Qing dynasty. They fought and eventually met a fatal end. that the human race thinks that history belongs to them.

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 Essays OF THE MONTH

It might seem a natural statement. The history of mankind mind. They proposed a shift of power of the state from
will belong to humans only! This is where we get mistaken. the monarch to the common people, using tools of
The truth is, we are the outcomes of history and not the rationality and logic. The ‘social contract’ was a political
other way around. document. It became the bedrock of a great revolution in
France, and it became the first country to adopt
This needs deep and cautious understanding. Here we are
democratic principles and create a constitution upon the
breaking the natural logical assumption to prove
same.
something. Let us deeply understand it one by one.
The libertarian ideals that world leaders talk of in Summits
Society is full of different patterns and preferences. Every
and Conventions originated in the minds of medieval
region and country has its own societal values. Even within
European scholars, which were added to from time to
countries, different and unique values coexist.
time by later thinkers like Kant, Hegel, and Popper. Thus,
In a country like India, almost 10,000 languages and even if any Scandinavian or Baltic country today calls itself
dialects exist. Every language brings with it a different set the champion of liberal democracy, these are nothing
of values. These are outputs of history and historical more than the fruits of what our ancestors in Europe gave
processes. to us.

On further analysis, we find that those geographic regions Today’s economic world is driven by globalization. Freight
which were easy to reach, such as plains, have a higher corridors and physical infrastructure are being built at a
amount of Mughlai influence due to internalized habits pace unseen before. The turnaround time of cargo ships
put through years of Mughal imperialism. is a mere one day. Phones designed in California obtain

The Hindu North Indian way of worship changed their raw products from Kenya, get assembled in China,

drastically, and today it is in sharp contrast with the South and get shipped to India via the Strait of Malacca. It is

Indian rituals. The language of North India is built upon natural to assume that this open market capitalist and

the medieval common language of ‘Hindustani,’ which has globalized economy truly belongs to the current

loanwords from Persian and Turkish in large amounts. generations living, but reality is quite different.

In South America, Mayan and Aztec civilizations were at In the late 14th and 15th centuries, the Dutch, due to their

their full glory when the Spaniards entered the ‘New innovations, invented large-capacity cargo ships, and they

World.’ Within a span of 100 years, these age-old set sail. They travelled the world (the Americas were not

civilizations came to an end, courtesy of influenza and in the picture till then) for spices. They found that the Indo-

Spanish colonialism. Today, every South American speaks Chinese archipelago (today’s Southeast Asia) was a place

either Spanish or Portuguese. Similarly, the native to get spices from. Thus, from there began the story of

Americans of North America, i.e., the US and Canada, international trade. The English were the most successful

experienced the European Colonial project of ‘God, Gold, in this endeavor, internationalizing not just the trade of

and Glory.’ Thus, even if Indians or Americans think that commodities, but human trade as well, in the Trans-

history belongs to them, that won’t be the case. In reality, Atlantic slave trading, which went on for centuries. This

they are the outcome of history. resulted in populating the West Indies and the US with the
black population we know of today. This international
The political system of the whole world, with a few trade and its protection led the British to fight wars such
exceptions here and there, is the system of ‘democracy.’ as the Opium War, Carnatic War, and many more.
This system needs a deep and patient analysis. Let’s go
back to 14th century Europe. The economy was feudal in Parallelly, the Industrial Revolution took place in England,

nature, the Church had disproportional control over the which is rightly called the birth of Capitalism by Eric

lives of common people, and monarchy was the order in Hobsbawm. It resulted in the extreme social exploitation

place. of the workers, and this exploitation resulted in workers'

movements in Europe, which later took the form of
Thinkers like Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu Communism under the theories of Karl Marx and
pondered upon this. They had a revolutionary plan in

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 Essays OF THE MONTH

Friedrich Engels. These are capable of substantiating that, Indian people have always protested in an organic and
in an economic sense, it is our history that has brought us natural way. When the ideas of communism were tried,
here as without these developments, the life of today is and are still tried by the left-wing intelligentsia to instil
unimaginable. revolutionary political ideas, these movements and
attempts keep failing because the historical pattern is
As we discussed at the beginning about the sacred nature
sacred and cannot be disturbed.
of history, let us expand. In a metaphysical sense, history
does not belong to us. The natural and organic way of Therefore, the alteration of history or altogether ignoring
evolution lies in respecting our history and not in it can never succeed in any society. Because we are the
disregarding it for inorganic changes in society. outcome of our history, no matter how many alterations
are tried, the past gets engendered in the soul of the
For example, culturally, India has never been politically
populace, which is impossible to erase.
rebellious, but extreme rebellions when it comes to spirit.

TECHNOLOGY IS USEFUL SERVANT BUT A DANGEROUS

MASTER
#Science & Technology
SUBMITTED BY: MAYANK SRIVASTAVA

Disclaimer: The viewpoints in the topic are strictly personal Before everything, let’s understand what technology is. It
of the writer above. The role of Rau’s IAS Study Circle is to is the application of knowledge to produce practical
present the write-up in its original form, hence the study outputs in reproducible ways. Chalcolithic man applied his
circle neither endorses nor rejects any viewpoint in the
knowledge to produce microliths for hunting. This is one
submission. The purpose is only to showcase the manner of
of the earliest uses of technology.
writing.
Therefore, it is the sole responsibility of the reader to use Now back to our original question: ‘When is technology a
his/her intellect to check the veracity of viewpoints. useful servant?’ Technology makes processes efficient and
Megha scored well in her high school reduces monotony by taking up mundane and repetitive
exams, and as promised by her father, she tasks. Today, the Internet of Things reduces the ad-hoc
received a mobile phone as a gift. Her nature of life by automating and interacting with many
family believed that a mobile phone with appliances.
internet access is essential in today's era to grow and
Technology also becomes useful by empowering the user.
learn rapidly. However, it turned out to be otherwise!
The internet today has made information available even
Megha involved herself in multiple social media sites,
to a person living in remote areas.
online gaming, and movie streaming platforms. As a
result, her performance in class 11th fell substantially, and Usefulness can also be seen through the scope of
her future became hazy! innovation it provides. The development of blockchain
technology added an innovative perspective on security
Technology, which was supposed to serve Megha, became
through ledger and community verification.
her master! Whose fault is this? When is technology a
useful servant? When does it become your master? Why is For a society, it is a useful servant when development is
such a master dangerous? This essay will try to find driven by it. Amartya Sen says that what developed
answers to these questions. economies took centuries to achieve, developing
countries achieved in decades because of technology.

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 Essays OF THE MONTH

Some countries have used technology as a source of an Israeli software, was stealing personal data of
power. The USA, by becoming a first mover in thousands without considering that human dignity means
semiconductor technology and subsequent safety and security.
advancements in defence technology steered by the
Lastly, such technology can lead to alienation. Robert
Pentagon, has made it one of the world’s most powerful
Blauner says over-reliance on technology has led to
countries.
disenchantment and alienation from self among
For some countries, technology is a defence mechanism corporate workers.
against all odds. Israel, through its advancement in air
But is technology as a master, or in other words,
defence technology, has protected its citizens from
technology which is empowered and ‘thinks’ on its own,
Hamas’ missile attacks.
always dangerous? In the movie Interstellar, the robot
On one hand, technology provides power, and its TARS gave up its life to save humans while discovering a
usefulness also extends to decentralizing it. Web 3.0 aims black hole! Thus, technology can also be useful if
to make customers the owners of their data, thereby governed, used, and trained the right way.
decentralizing the data storage mechanism.
Moreover, even a servant technology can be dangerous if
However, all these benefits extend only when technology the master’s cognition and morality are misplaced. Osama
is the servant, and not a dangerous master. This brings us Bin Laden used technology to hit the Twin Towers of the
to our next question: when does technology become your USA and spread terror.
master?
What needs to be done is inculcating ethical standards
Anyone becomes your master either because of these two among all and making calculative and careful strides in the
reasons – due to your will or due to your skill. use of technology. Ethical standards would ensure
morality and integrity among humans who would use
When your will starts favouring technology to gain control,
technology in favor of mankind. Sam Altman, the creator
i.e., you by choice let technology control you? Self-driving
of ChatGPT, recently visited India to discuss ‘Ethical Issues’
cars have been willfully and voluntarily given the authority
in AI and ways to address them. Someone has rightfully
to drive and make decisions on whom to hit and save on
said,
the road among others.
“The more artificial intelligence comes into our lives; the
Else, technology becomes a master when its skills override
more emotional intelligence is required in leadership.”
yours. The next generation of artificial intelligence, which
would possess ‘emotions’, presents such threats. Further, calculative steps mean knowing when and where
to stop. The movie ‘Robot’ showcased what may happen if
Now that we know when technology becomes a master,
limitless progress in technology happens, by producing
let’s see why such a master is dangerous.
countless robotic clones.
Firstly, there is no limit to the power it can achieve. The
Before it was too late, Megha realized that it was her fault
more data it is fed, the better computational power is
she let technology become her master. Now she uses the
installed, and the more powerful it becomes. Today, AI-
same mobile for her online classes and tracking her
based engines in chess have defeated all grandmasters
menstrual cycles on a health app among other things. This
including Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand.
symbiosis has led her to score well in her intermediate
Secondly, technology can never strike towards natural exams.
laws of justice, human dignity, compassion, etc. Pegasus,

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