Venus Orbiter Mission

India’s maiden mission to Venus, which is

scheduled for launch in March 2028, will
embark on a 112-day journey to reach
the planet.

CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
OCT 2024
HTSOGI.N W AI.CODN M
 Current Affairs 30
 20

INSIDE Topics: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

15. “India’s Struggle: 2024 GHI Shows Decline in Hun-
ger Status” 21
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle of accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparen-
personalities, issues. cy & accountability and institutional and other measures.
1. Architect of Unity: The Legacy of Sardar Patel 6 16. Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response
Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and devel- Framework22
opmental issues. 17. Global Digital Compact 23
2. Vanishing Demographics: The Decline of South 18. Final Choice: Advocating for a Dignified Death 24
India’s Population 7 19. Census Exercise 25
Topics: Women and women related issues. Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
3. “The Gender Gap: A UN Wake-Up Call!” 8 20. Border Balancing Act: India-China Patrolling Dynam-
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 ics 27
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu- Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme 21. “Dimming Diplomacy: India-Canada Relations
with that of other countries. Strained”28
4. Ladak and Sixth Schedule 9
Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and de-
5. Election Expenditure India vs USA 10 veloping countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
6. USA Elections 11 22. Middle East Tension 29
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec- 23. “Korean Peninsula: A Powder Keg of Tension” 30
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the GENERAL STUDIES – 3
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning,
tions and their role in the Polity.
mobilization of resources, growth, development and em-
7. Casteism in Prison 13
ployment.
8. “Marital Rape: Justice Denied or Recognized?” 14 1. SEBI rules to curb F&O 31
9. Supreme Court’s Assam verdict 15 2. India’s Employment Growth 32
Topics: Salient features of the Representation of People’s 3. MF Lite framework 33
Act. 4. India Textile Sector 34
10. “The Exit Poll Trap: Misleading or Meaningful?” 16
5. India Ascendant: Dawn of a New Economic Era 35
Topics: Government policies and interventions for devel- 6. Unpaid Labor 36
opment in various sectors and issues arising out of their
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
design and implementation.
7. All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22)
11. 10 Years of SBM 17
 37
Topics: Issues relating to development and management of
Topics: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation
Resources.
systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural
12. National Health Account Estimates 18
produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in
13. “Orphan Drugs: A Lifeline for Rare Disease Patients”
the aid of farmers.
19
8. Non - Basmati Rice 38
14. Learning Gaps: India’s Literacy & Numeracy Struggle

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 Current Affairs 30
9. Framework for the Future: The National Agriculture Topics: Linkages between development and spread of ex-
Code 40 tremism.
10. Second All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey 41 26. Naxalism  59

Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies 27. Budget Woes Cloud COP-29 Climate Summit 60
and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- Topics: Security challenges and their management in border
objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; eco- 28. Strengthening Borders: Security Dynamics in Lada-
nomics of animal-rearing. kh61
11. Rice fortification 42 Topics: Challenges to internal security through communi-
12. India and Fertilizer Imports 43 cation networks, role of media and social networking sites
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security;
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth. money-laundering and its prevention.
13. Diamond Industry 44 29. “Digital Arrest: Unmasking the Dark World of Cyber-
crime”62
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
ways etc. Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their man-
14. “Green Powerhouse: India’s Leap in Renewable date.
Energy”45 30. India’s Defence Revolution 63
15. “Tracks of Trouble: Indian Railways’ Enduring Chal- GENERAL STUDIES – 4
lenges” 47 1. Case of Atul 65
16. Fuelling the Future: India’s Ethanol Blending Drive CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
48
1. Ministry of Textile programs 66
17. Securing the Skies: From Airport to Aircraft 49
2. Annual Survey of Industries 66
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their 3. Gender Performativity 66
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
4. State Chapter of the Women Entrepreneurship
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
Platform 67
and developing new technology.
5. Judge’s Asset Disclosure 67
18. Revolutionary Ultrasound Method Enhances Early
6. Railway accident data (2019-2024) 67
Cancer Detection 50
7. Case of South Korea Deepfake 68
19. “Precision Medicine: Personalizing Healthcare for
the Future” 51 8. e-ABkari portal 68

20. Small Modular Reactors & Tech Firms 53 9. Farm to Fork: Share of Pie 68

21. Solar Radiation Management  54 10. Case of Kritarth 69

11. A tribe out of time 69
Topics: Awareness in space.
22. Beyond Earth: India’s Vision for Space Exploration55 12. Weed and Agriculture 70
13. Rule to Roll shift 71
Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, robotics,
nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to 14. Bride Bazaar 71
intellectual property rights. 15. India contributes to WHO 72
23. Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 56 16. Vidyan Mahadan 72
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollu- 17. Living Planet Report 2024  73
tion and degradation, environmental impact assessment. 18. UMANG - Digi Locker 73
24. Eco-Sensitive Areas 57 19. Out-of-pocket medical expenses 74
Topics: Disaster and management. 20. Kidney Transplant Racket 74
25. Bihar Flood 58 21. Internet Vigilantism  75

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 Current Affairs 30
22. iFOREST Study 75 14. Slag and Sedimentary Rock Formation 92
23. Shetkari Samruddhi Special Train 76 15. Aurora Borealis 92
24. “Energizing Tomorrow: 2024 World Energy Outlook 16. Cyclone Dana 92
Sparks Hope! 76 17. DANA 93
25. India’s Direct Tax Collections 77 GS-2
26. Click-to-Cancel Rule 78 Salient Features on Indian Constitution
27. Compassion case 78 1. “Free to Think 2024” report 93
28. Mining Dust for Carbon Capture 79 2. Chief Justice of India Appointment 94
29. Google’s Violation of Antitrust Laws 79 Comparison of Constitutions
30. Joint survey by Safdarjung Hospital and AIIMS 80 3. Swing States 94
31. Amazon Future Engineer Program 80 Functioning of Parliament and State Legislatures
32. I4C Study 81 4. Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 94
33. Localized Weather Forecasting 81 Centre – State Relations
34. “Breaking Chains: Pakistan’s Women’s Struggle” 81 5. Industrial Alcohol 95
35. AI-powered chatbot on CPGRAMS  82 Constitutional and non-constitutional bodies
36. A Silent Crisis  82 6. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority 96
37. Lib Tech study on MNREGA 83 Judiciary
38. Eco-Crafts from Water Hyacinth 83 7. Statue of Lady Justice 96
39. Federalism 84 Governance
40. Hula Parties – Man Animal Conflict 84 8. RajyaMata-Gomata 97
41. Aandhi Village – Green Technology 85 9. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan  97
42. Swachh Diwali Shubh Diwali Campaign 85 10. Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme 97
43. Aarambh 6.0 Initiative 85 11. Co-District 98
44. “Mummy-Papa, Vote Do” campaign 86 12. Tele-MANAS 98
FACTS FOR PRELIMS; GS-1 13. e-Migrate Portal v2.0 99
Art & Culture 14. Drugs Technical Advisory Board 99
1. New Inclusion to Classical Language Status 86 15. “Scam se Bacho” Campaign 100
2. 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature 87 16. National Green Hydrogen Mission 100
3. Yuva Sangam 87 17. ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ 100
4. 2024 Nobel Peace Prize 87 18. ‘E-Cube Hindi Language Lab’ 101
5. National Mission for Manuscripts 88 19. eShram-One Stop Solution 101
6. Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum 88 20. Bima Sugam 102
7. Konark Wheels 88 21. Pandemic Fund 102
History 22. Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yoja-
8. Doddalathur Megalithic Site 89 na 102
9. National Maritime Heritage Complex 89 23. Tarun Plus 103
10. Battle of Walong 90 24. Ayushman Vaya Vandana Card 103
Society International Relations
11. Korowai Tribe 90 25. Operation Northern Arrows 104
12. Doli Deaths 90 26. United States Commission on International Reli-
Geography gious Freedom 104
13. Isostatic Rebound 91 27. India-USA MoU 104

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 Current Affairs 30
28. UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) 20. Marburg Virus Disease 118
 105 21. Trachoma Elimination 119
29. Inter-Parliamentary Union 105 22. Medicinal Foods and Benefits 119
30. World Telecommunication Standardization Assem- 23. Global TB Report 2023  119
bly 106
Science & Technology
31. Five Eye Alliance 106 24. Venus Orbiter Mission 120
32. Musaned Platform 107 25. Bharat-Gen 120
33. Indian Development and Economic Assistance 26. Polymer nanocomposite 121
Scheme 107
27. ISRO third launch pad 121
34. Haemodialysis (HD) Machines 107
28. Nobel Prize for Medicine, 2024 122
35. International Container Transshipment Port  107
29. 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 122
36. Kartarpur Corridor 108
30. Charon moon 123
37. Kazan Declaration 108
31. Nobel Prize for Physics, 2024 123
38. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organiza-
32. MACE Project 123
tion (CTBTO) 109
33. TDP1 124
39. BRICS and Venezuela 109
34. X-band Radar 124
GS-3 35. Mechazilla 124
Indian Economy
36. India Mobile Congress 125
1. Eight - Core Sector 110
37. Ossification Test 125
2. Cruise Bharat Mission 110
38. Haber-Bosch Process 125
3. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India  111
39. Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Nanoparticles 126
4. World Green Economy Forum, 2024 112
40. Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory 126
5. UPI123 and UPI Lite 112
41. IndiaAI Mission 127
6. “Nobel Prize Honors Study on Institutions as Pillars
42. Artificial Stone 127
of Success” 112
43. Non-Kinetic Warfare 128
7. World Economic Outlook  113
44. Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation
8. WorldSkills 2024 113
Services128
9. Gold Reserves  114
45. Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus 129
Agriculture
46. Cloud Chamber 129
10. National Mission on Edible Oils - Oilseeds  114
47. Srijan - Center for Generative AI 130
11. Di-Ammonium Phosphate 115
48. ISRO-DBT Agreement 130
12. 21st Livestock Census Operation 115
49. Transponder Technology 131
13. Paddy Variety PR-126 116
50. Electric Propulsion Satellite 131
14. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
Environment & Ecology
(MIDH) 116
51. Swallowtail butterflies 132
15. Kanda Express  117
52. Elephant Census Method 132
Infrastructure
53. Modified Eco-mark Scheme 133
16. BEML 117
54. Halari donkeys 133
17. Advance Booking System 117
55. Indian Wild Ass 133
Health
56. Antarctic warming 134
18. E. coli 118
57. PMECRG & MAHA-EV Mission 134
19. Kala-azar  118
58. Kaziranga National Park 135

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 Current Affairs 30
59. Azores Archipelago 135 6. My Quynh Safari Park 151
60. Tenkana 136 7. Sudan Civil War 152
61. Great Indian Bustard 136 8. Chaukhamba III Peak 153
62. Indian Flapshell Turtles 137 9. Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement
63. Emissions Gap Report, 2024 137 154
64. Coking Coal 137 10. Mount Adams 155
65. Tardigrades 138 11. Italy-Albania Migration Pact 156
66. Surge in Global Greenhouse Gas  138 12. Coogee Beach 157
67. Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve 139 13. Hwange National Park 158
68. Durgesh Aranya Zoological Park 139 14. Refugee camps in the Gaza Strip 159

Defence 15. NEOM project  160

69. Thermobaric weapons 140 16. Iranian Military Bases 161
70. PM E-DRIVE 140 INDIAN
71. Odisha Leopard Population 140 1. Bagmati River 162
72. Very Short-Range Air Defence System 141 2. Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary 163
73. Small Modular Reactors 141 3. Gangaramchak and Gangaramchak-Bhadulia coal
74. LSAM 12 (Missile Cum Ammunition Barge) 142 mine164
75. T-90 Bhishma Tank 142 4. Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park 165
76. THAAD missile system 143 5. Karanpura Coalfield 166
77. Samarthak Vessel 143 6. Roopkund Lake 167
78. Maritime Exercises 143 7. Sri Singeeswarar Temple 168
79. Shadow Fleet 143 8. Z-Morh tunnel 169
80. S4* SSBN 144 9. Bioluminescent Waves 170
81. Fast Patrol Vessels 144 10. Nandankanan Zoological Park 171
82. Military Exercises 145 11. Rat Tail Falls 172
INSIGHT SHORTS 12. Arugam Bay 173

1. iDEX (ADITI 2.0) challenge 146 13. Periyar Tiger Reserve 174

2. DISC 12 challenge 146 14. Dholavira 175

3. Indian Institute of Foreign Trade 146 15. Petrapole Land Port (Maitri Dwar) 176

4. Nepal and India 146 16. Sambhar Lake 177

5. France and India 146

6. Lord’s Resistance Army 146
7. Great Indian Bustard 146
8. Joya-La Barreta park 146
MAPPING
INTERNATIONAL
1. Canary Island 147
2. Mount Erebus 148
3. Vuhledar 149
4. Little Prespa Lake  149
5. Chagos Archipelago 150

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 Current Affairs 30
2. Creation of Indian Administrative Service (IAS):
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 Recognizing the need for an efficient and strong
administration in independent India, Patel
Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle of was instrumental in establishing the Indian
the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, Administrative Service (IAS) as a unified civil service
personalities, issues. framework.
o He famously referred to the IAS as the
“steel frame” of India, essential for the
1. ARCHITECT OF UNITY: THE LEGACY OF country’s governance and development.
SARDAR PATEL 3. Rehabilitation of refugees: Post-partition, Patel
took significant steps in the rehabilitation of
Context: refugees who fled from Pakistan to India. His
The government announced to commemorate the 150th efforts helped stabilize the situation, ensuring
birth anniversary of Sardar Patel with a two-year-long that those displaced were provided with relief and
nationwide celebration beginning this year from October resettlement opportunities.
31st. 4. Reform of police and judicial system: As the
first Home Minister of India, Patel oversaw the
Pre-independence contributions: reorganization of India’s police forces and laid the
1. Early involvement in politics and leadership: His foundation for reforms in the judicial system.
first major involvement in the freedom struggle 5. Formation of unified India: Beyond integrating
came during the Kheda Satyagraha (1917), where princely states, Patel played a key role in shaping
he played a significant role in supporting farmers India’s internal governance structure, ensuring
against the British colonial government, protesting that all regions were integrated under a common
the collection of taxes during a severe famine. administrative framework.
2. Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922): He
successfully mobilized around 300,000 people Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s role in the integration of India:
and raised significant funds for the movement, 1. Integration of 565 Princely States: After
promoting the use of Khadi and boycotting British independence, Sardar Patel, as India’s first
goods. Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, was
3. Bardoli satyagraha (1928): One of Patel’s most responsible for merging over 565 princely states
famous leadership roles came during the Bardoli into the Indian Union. His leadership in persuading
Satyagraha, where he fought against an unjust these states to join India was critical in preventing
increase in land revenue assessments. The success fragmentation.
of this non-violent movement earned him the title 2. Diplomatic negotiation: Patel primarily used
of “Sardar” (meaning leader). diplomacy and persuasion to convince the princely
4. Salt march and Civil disobedience movement states to accede to India. His strategy was based
(1930): His participation in the Civil Disobedience on offering them benefits like privy purses while
Movement and his call for mass protests against ensuring their protection under the new Indian
British salt laws resulted in his imprisonment, government.
demonstrating his unwavering commitment to non- 3. Use of force in Junagadh and Hyderabad: When
violent resistance against colonial rule. persuasion failed, as in the cases of Junagadh
5. Indian National Congress Leadership: Patel played and Hyderabad, Patel did not hesitate to employ
a significant role in the INC, including serving as the military force. The Nawab of Junagadh sought to
President of the INC in 1931. His leadership during join Pakistan, but Patel’s decisive action led to
the Karachi session of the INC was instrumental its integration into India. Similarly, the Nizam of
in ratifying the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and passing Hyderabad’s reluctance to accede was overcome
resolutions on Fundamental Rights and Economic through Operation Polo, which led to Hyderabad’s
Policy. integration in 1948.
6. Quit India Movement (1942): His leadership 4. Kashmir accession: Though Patel was not as
mobilized a significant portion of the population directly involved in Kashmir’s accession due to
in support of the movement, even as he faced Jawaharlal Nehru’s lead, his broader strategy in
imprisonment for participating in civil disobedience. integrating princely states set a precedent for
handling complex issues like Kashmir.
Post-independence contributions: 5. Preventing fragmentation: Patel’s vision and
1. Integration of Princely States (1947-1950): After strategy ensured India’s territorial integrity at a
India gained independence in 1947, one of Patel’s critical moment when it could have fractured into
monumental contributions was the integration several smaller, independent nations. His actions
of more than 560 princely states into the Indian were key in shaping modern India’s map
Union.

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 Current Affairs 30
Conclusion healthcare and social security expenditures. (Ex –
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s contributions before and Kerala)
after independence were pivotal in shaping the political • Political representation: Slower population growth
and territorial structure of modern India. His leadership in in Southern states raises concerns about reduced
the freedom struggle, as well as his vision for a unified and Parliament representation.
administratively strong India, earned him the title “Iron • Labor market imbalance: Labor market imbalance
Man of India.” due to fewer young workers (Ministry of
Employment Report).
• Healthcare burden: Increased healthcare burden
due to rising elderly population. (WHO Report on
Insta Links: India).
1. RSTV-in-depth-sardar-patel
2. Life-of-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel Impact on India:
PYQ: • North-South divide: As Northern states like Uttar
1. What was the difference between Mahatma Pradesh contribute more to India’s population,
Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in the political and economic focus may shift further
their approach towards education and north, affecting resource distribution.
nationalism? (UPSC-2023) • Internal migration: Migration from Northern to
Southern states could alleviate labor shortages
but may cause social and cultural tensions (2023
Government Migration Report).
• Electoral representation: The BIMARU states (Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) might
Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and devel- gain more political representation at the expense of
opmental issues. Southern states, affecting policy priorities.
• Economic shifts: Slower population growth in the
South, combined with Northern states’ higher
2. VANISHING DEMOGRAPHICS: THE DE- growth, could shift India’s economic balance,
CLINE OF SOUTH INDIA’S POPULATION impacting national-level decisions (National
Population Commission Report).
Context: • Education and workforce: Southern states could
The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, recently announced face a dwindling youth population, leading to fewer
plans to incentivize residents to have more children due to entrants in the labor market, affecting industries
concerns about a declining young population in Southern dependent on younger workers (NITI Aayog
India. Report).

Present trends in South India: Way ahead:

• Lower fertility rates: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, • Encouraging migration: Southern states can ease
and Kerala have achieved or are near replacement- workforce shortages by attracting workers from
level fertility (2.1 children per woman). Andhra Northern India, benefiting from their working-age
Pradesh did so in 2004, and Kerala in 1988. population.
• Aging population: Kerala’s 60+ population is • Policy reforms: Reforming political representation
expected to rise from 13% in 2011 to 23% by 2036. systems to account for differences in demographic
Andhra Pradesh is also experiencing population transitions, ensuring that states with lower
aging due to lower fertility rates and higher life populations are not penalized.
expectancy. • Workforce planning: Invest in automation,
• Population growth: Southern states will contribute technology, and retraining programs to manage the
only 9% to India’s population growth from 2011- shrinking workforce efficiently (Economic Survey).
2036, while states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar will • Incentivize families: While direct incentives
account for a larger share. for childbirth have limited success globally,
• Migration trends: Southern states increasingly comprehensive family support programs focusing
rely on migration from the North to balance their on healthcare, education, and employment could
workforce as the working-age population declines. be more effective.
• Balanced development: Focus on equal economic
Issues with population decline: and social development across regions to manage
• Aging workforce: Potential labour shortage due to internal migration better and reduce disparities
declining young population. (NITI Aayog).
• (Ministry of Labor Statistics).
• Economic strain: Economic strain due to increased

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 Current Affairs 30
face a much higher likelihood of extreme poverty
Case Study: Uttar Pradesh vs. Southern States due to factors like conflict and climate change.
• Fertility and aging: Uttar Pradesh will reach
replacement fertility by 2025, while Kerala did Examples from the Report:
decades ago. By 2036, Kerala’s aging population • Mongolia: Extended maternity leave to informal
will be 23%, compared to Uttar Pradesh’s 12%. workers like herders and self-employed individuals;
• Population growth: Uttar Pradesh will account also introduced paternity leave to promote
for 19% of India’s population increase by 2036, caregiving gender equality.
while Southern states will contribute only 9%. • Mexico and Tunisia: Included domestic workers in
• Dependency ratios: Uttar Pradesh will maintain social security systems, ensuring better protection.
a more favorable ratio due to its younger pop- • Senegal: Expanded the National Health Insurance
ulation, whereas Kerala will face higher health- scheme to meet rural women’s needs, with support
care and social security costs. from UN Women.

Challenges:
• Gender-specific vulnerabilities: Women face
compounded risks due to conflict, economic shocks,
and climate change, which are not adequately
Insta Links:
addressed in existing social protection schemes.
1. Indias-declining-fertility-rate
• Inflation: Rising food and energy costs since
2022 have disproportionately impacted women,
PYQ:
worsening their financial situation.
1. Discuss the main objectives of Population Educa-
• Gaps in maternity benefits: Lack of maternity leave
tion and point out the measures to achieve them
and financial support leaves women vulnerable
in India in detail. (UPSC-2021)
during childbearing years, contributing to gender
2. “Empowering women is the key to control the
inequality in economic stability.
population growth.” Discuss. (UPSC-2019)
• Extreme poverty: Women, especially in fragile
3. Critically examine whether growing population is
settings, are far more likely to experience poverty,
the cause of poverty or poverty is the main cause
making gender-responsive policies essential.
of population increase in India. (UPSC-2015) • Funding gap: Low-income countries need $77.9
billion (or 15.9% of GDP) to implement basic social
protection systems, but lack the fiscal capacity to
do so.

Topics: Women and women related issues. Way ahead:

• Gender-responsive social protection: Governments
3. “THE GENDER GAP: A UN WAKE-UP must design systems addressing the unique
challenges faced by women and girls to ensure
CALL!” inclusivity.
• International support: Financial aid from global
Context: bodies may be needed to help low-income
A new report from United Nations Women has unveiled countries close funding gaps for comprehensive
a significant gender gap in social protection worldwide, social protection.
leaving billions of women and girls vulnerable to poverty. • Innovative policies: Targeted policies in countries
like Mongolia, Mexico, and Senegal show the
Data points and status: effectiveness of extending benefits to informal
• 2 billion women and girls worldwide lack access to workers.
social protection (e.g., cash benefits, healthcare, • Prioritizing economic security: Governments
pensions). should focus more on measures that improve
• 18% of nearly 1,000 social protection measures women’s access to resources and benefits,
introduced by governments across 171 countries enhancing their economic security.
focus on women’s economic security.
• 63% of women globally give birth without Conclusion:
maternity benefits, with the figure rising to 94% in The UN Women report highlights the urgent need
sub-Saharan Africa. for gender-responsive social protection policies to bridge
• 25% more likely: Women aged 25-34 are more the gap in economic security for women and girls globally.
likely to live in extreme poverty compared to men Countries should prioritize inclusive social protection
of the same age. measures and collaborate internationally to ensure
• 7.7 times more likely: Women in fragile settings sustainable development that addresses gender inequality.

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 Current Affairs 30
focusing on tribal welfare, land rights, and advisory
councils. States covered include Andhra Pradesh,
Insta Links: Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Himachal
1. UN- Women Pradesh, and others.
PYQ: • Sixth Schedule (Article 244A): It covers ‘Tribal
1. Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Areas’ in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura.
Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) manage
(UPSC-2017) legislative and administrative tasks in these regions,
a) World Economic Forum providing more autonomy than the Fifth Schedule.
b) UN Human Rights Council
c) UN Women Why Ladakh Needs the Sixth Schedule?
d) World Health Organization • Cultural and ethnic protection: Ladakh’s indigenous
Answer: a) population, including the Buddhist and Shia Muslim
communities, seeks cultural preservation and
2. “Empowering women is the key to control popu- governance autonomy.
• Demands for autonomy: Activists, including Sonam
lation growth”. Discuss. (UPSC-2019) Wangchuk, argue that inclusion under the Sixth
Schedule will provide constitutional safeguards,
ensuring economic and social development while
protecting their cultural heritage.
• Tribal representation: Ladakh has a significant
tribal population, and the Sixth Schedule would
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 empower Autonomous District Councils to
govern with greater local autonomy, much like
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu- northeastern tribal areas.
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme Positives of being under the Sixth Schedule:
with that of other countries. 1. Increased autonomy: States and regions under
the Sixth Schedule enjoy legislative, executive, and
judicial autonomy, helping preserve tribal culture.
4. LADAK AND SIXTH SCHEDULE E.g. The Autonomous District Councils in Meghalaya
regulate land and forests, ensuring local control
Context: over resources.
Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained on 2. Self-governance: Tribal communities can manage
the Delhi border on Monday night as he led a group of their affairs, including laws on land inheritance,
protesters to petition the Central government for the social customs, and marriage.
inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution E.g. Mizoram’s ADCs regulate shifting cultivation, a
among other demands for autonomy to the region. traditional tribal practice.
3. Development & representation: The Sixth Schedule
Asymmetrical Federalism provides for tailored developmental programs,
• Definition: Asymmetrical federalism refers to a creating more opportunities for regional growth.
system where different states or regions within a E.g. Meghalaya’s ADCs have autonomy over primary
federation have varying degrees of autonomy and education and local roads.
powers. 4. Economic upliftment: The Sixth Schedule areas
• India’s case: In India, certain states and areas enjoy benefit from government schemes that focus
more autonomy under constitutional provisions, on education, infrastructure, and healthcare,
particularly through the Fifth and Sixth Schedules. improving the overall socio-economic status.
This differs from symmetrical federations like the
U.S., where all states enjoy equal powers. Limitations of the Sixth Schedule:
1. Limited fiscal powers: ADCs often lack sufficient
Fifth and Sixth Schedule Origin & Current Application: financial autonomy, relying heavily on state and
• Historical background: The Fifth and Sixth central funding.
Schedules derive from the provisions of the E.g. Some ADCs struggle to collect taxes and
Government of India Act, 1935, which classified generate their own revenue.
areas into ‘excluded’ and ‘partially excluded’ 2. Political interference: Although ADCs have
regions. These were meant to protect tribal autonomy, the laws they create must receive
populations from external interventions. the Governor’s approval, reducing actual
• Fifth Schedule (Article 244): It applies to independence.
‘Scheduled Areas’ declared by the President, E.g. ADC decisions in Assam sometimes face delays

10 www.insightsonindia.com
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due to state interventions.
3. Bureaucratic delays: Approval from central or state authorities can delay the implementation of laws or policies.
E.g. Central regulations can overshadow local rules in Tripura’s tribal areas.
4. Exclusion of non-tribal population: The Sixth Schedule’s protections can sometimes lead to conflicts between
tribal and non-tribal communities over resource allocation.

Conclusion & Way Forward

To safeguard Ladakh’s unique culture and foster balanced development, inclusion under the Sixth Schedule could
be a strategic step. By enhancing local governance and integrating tribal interests, Ladakh can better manage its social,
cultural, and economic needs.

Insta Links:
1. Sixth schedule
PYQ:
1. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in
the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (UPSC - 2016)

5. ELECTION EXPENDITURE INDIA VS USA

Context:
Election spending in India often surpasses the limits set by the Election Commission of India (ECI), pointing to challenges
like influence-peddling and inequitable representation. Comparatively, countries such as the U.S. and U.K. emphasize
transparency and donor influence limitations to regulate election financing.

Present laws governing election expenditure in India:

• Rule 90 of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Sets expenditure limits for candidates based on election type and
state size.
• Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951: Mandates that every candidate must maintain a
separate account of all expenses incurred from nomination to result declaration.
• Expenditure Statement Submission: Candidates must submit a complete expenditure report to the Election
Commission of India (ECI) within 30 days after election completion.
• Disqualification for Non-Compliance: Under Section 10A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, failure to
accurately report or exceeding expenditure limits may lead to a three-year disqualification by the ECI.
• Political Party Expenditure: While there is no cap on a party’s total spending, all registered parties are required to
file their election expenditure reports to the ECI within 90 days post-election, addressing concerns around party
expenditure exploitation.

Current limit:
Election Type Larger States Expenditure Limit Smaller States /UT Expenditure Limit Party Spending Limit
Lok Sabha Elections ₹95 lakh ₹75 lakh No limit
Legislative Assembly ₹40 lakh ₹28 lakh No limit

Comparison of election expenditure in India vs. the U.S:

Aspect India United States
Limit for candidates, no limit Limits on contributions to candidates, no limit for Super political
Expenditure Limits
for political parties action committees (PACs’) independent spending
Primarily self-funding and Individual and PAC contributions, with Super PACs accepting
Funding Sources
donations unlimited funds
Spending Transpar- Limited transparency, with High transparency due to campaign finance disclosures by the
ency self-reported spending Federal Election Commission (FEC)

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Federal Election Commission (FEC) and regulations around PACs

Regulatory Body Election Commission of India
and Super PACs
Penalties for Viola- Disqualification for up to Hefty fines and disqualification, but Super PACs face fewer re-
tions three years strictions on independent spending
₹1,00,000 crore estimated for U.S. $16 billion (₹1,36,000 crore) estimated for the 2024 U.S.
Total Expenditure
Lok Sabha 2024 presidential and Congressional elections

Way forward:
• State funding of elections: As per the Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) and Law Commission (1999), consider
partial state funding to reduce financial dependency on private donations.
• Simultaneous elections: Conducting elections simultaneously could help streamline expenditures, although
constitutional challenges exist.
• Cap on party expenditure: Establish a ceiling on total party spending, calculated as candidate limits multiplied by
the number of candidates.
• Amend financial assistance laws: Amend laws to count any financial assistance provided by political parties to
candidates within the spending limit.
• Enhanced judicial oversight: Increase judicial capacity to handle election disputes swiftly, disincentivizing breaches
of expenditure limits.

Conclusion
India’s election financing model has controls, yet lacks spending caps for parties, favoring wealthier candidates and
creating imbalance. Implementing transparency and stricter caps, as recommended, could curb undue influence, improve
fairness, and strengthen public trust in the electoral process.

Insta Links:
1. De-recognition-or-de-registration-of-political-parties

PYQ:
1. Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money
spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people”. Discuss. (UPSC-
2017)

6. USA ELECTIONS
Context:
In the United States, the President is elected not directly by popular vote but through a unique system known as the
electoral college. This indirect voting system mandates that each state appoints electors who then cast their votes to
determine the President.

U.S. Presidential Election Process:

• Governing articles: The U.S. Constitution, particularly Article 2 and the 12th Amendment, govern the election
process for the President and Vice-President.
• Electoral college:
o Structure: The electoral college is composed of 538 electors, a figure derived from the total members of
Congress (435 Representatives, 100 Senators) plus three electors for the District of Columbia.
o State representation: Each state’s number of electors equals its representation in Congress.
For example, California has the most with 54, while smaller states like Delaware have the minimum of
three.
o Voting procedure: On election day, citizens vote for their preferred candidate. The party that wins the
popular vote in each state appoints its slate of electors.
 These electors meet in December to cast their votes based on their state’s popular vote, with

12 www.insightsonindia.com
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“winner-takes-all” rules applying in most states except Maine and Nebraska.
o Faithless electors: Electors who defy the popular vote in their state are known as faithless electors. Some
states impose penalties for this, though their impact on election outcomes has been negligible.
• If a Tie Occurs:
o Historical Precedent: A tie has happened twice (1800 and 1824), resolved by the House of
Representatives.
o House vote: In the case of a tie, each state delegation in the House gets one vote to select the President. A
candidate must secure 26 state votes to win.
 If no decision is reached by the inauguration date, the Vice-President, chosen by the Senate,
temporarily assumes the role until a President is elected.
• Comparison of U.S. and Indian election systems:

Aspect U.S. Presidential Election Indian Presidential Election

Electoral Body Electoral College with 538 electors Electoral College of MPs and MLAs

Constitutional Basis Article 2 and the 12th Amendment Articles 52 to 71

Electors are chosen by popular vote in each MPs and MLAs act as electors, no public
Method of Elector Selection
state voting

Indirect, state-by-state “winner-takes-all” Single transferable vote with proportional

Voting System
for most states representation

Permitted in some states, with limited

Role of Faithless Electors Not applicable
impact

House of Representatives chooses the Re-election by Electoral College if no candi-

Handling of Ties
President date secures majority

Election Frequency Every 4 years Every 5 years

Inauguration Date January 20 following the election year Within a few days after the election results

Conclusion:
The U.S. and India’s Electoral Colleges reflect distinct democratic contexts: the U.S. system balances state
representation but may diverge from the popular vote, while India’s system ensures proportional representation through
Parliament and state assemblies. Both illustrate diverse democratic approaches to uphold federalism and constitutional
integrity.

Insta Links:
1. Election-expenditure-India-vs-USA

PYQ:
1. ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money
spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (UPSC-
2017)

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Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec- Consequences of caste-based discrimination in prisons:
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the • Violation of fundamental rights: Caste-based labor
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa- assignments undermine inmates’ dignity, equality,
tions and their role in the Polity. and human rights.
• Perpetuation of social inequality: Reinforces social
hierarchies, stigmatizing marginalized communities
7. CASTEISM IN PRISON even within prison walls.
• Obstruction to reformation: Caste-based
Context: assignments restrict personal growth and
The Supreme Court on October 3 declared caste-based rehabilitation opportunities for marginalized
labour assignments in prisons as “unconstitutional”, inmates.
striking down provisions in State prison manuals across
more than 10 states, including Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Way ahead for prison reforms:
and Kerala. 1. Amend prison manuals: Ensure that all states and
• The court highlighted that assigning menial jobs Union Territories update prison rules to eliminate
like cleaning to marginalized castes while reserving discriminatory practices within the next three
cooking for higher castes violates Articles 14 (Right months.
to Equality), 15 (Prohibition of discrimination), 17 2. Legal framework enhancement: Incorporate
(Abolition of untouchability), and 23 (Prohibition provisions from the Prohibition of Employment as
of forced labour) of the Constitution. Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act,
2013 into the prison manual.
Key issues identified in prison manuals: 3. Regular inspections: District legal services
• Caste-based discrimination: Manuals still include authorities and boards of visitors should conduct
discriminatory rules that segregate prisoners based periodic inspections to identify and rectify any
on caste, assigning specific duties based on social biases.
hierarchies. 4. Awareness and sensitization: Train prison staff on
E.g. The separation of Thevars, Nadars, and Pallars the principles of equality and non-discrimination to
in Tamil Nadu prisons. promote inclusive prison practices.
• Colonial legacy: Prison rules continue to categorize 5. Judicial oversight: Encourage adherence to
members of denotified tribes as “habitual guidelines laid out in landmark judgments like
offenders” or “born criminals,” perpetuating Arnesh Kumar Vs. State of Bihar (2014) for the
colonial-era stereotypes. protection of prisoners’ rights.
• Labor segregation: Specific tasks are assigned
based on caste, such as Brahmins being given Conclusion
cooking duties while marginalized castes are The SC’s judgment marks a significant step toward
assigned cleaning and manual labor roles. reforming India’s prison system by rooting out caste-
based discrimination. Moving forward, strict adherence
Current status of Indian prisons: to constitutional principles and reforms in prison
• Overcrowding: Indian prisons operate at 117% administration will be essential to safeguard the dignity and
capacity, with a significant proportion of inmates rights of all inmates.
being under-trial prisoners.
• Poor conditions: Lack of hygiene, inadequate
medical facilities, especially for women, and reports
of custodial torture persist.
Insta Links:
• Judicial delays: Prolonged trials and a lack of access
1. Model-prisons-act-2023
to legal aid hinder timely justice for inmates.
2. Prison-Reforms-in-India
Legal framework governing prisons:
PYQ:
• Articles 14, 15, 17, and 23: These constitutional
1. “Caste system is assuming new identities
provisions prohibit discrimination, untouchability,
and associational forms. Hence caste system
and forced labor, ensuring equality and dignity for
cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment.
all.
(UPSC-2018)
• Model Prison Manual (2016) and Model Prisons
2. What are the two major legal initiatives by
and Correctional Services Act (2023): Criticized
the State since Independence addressing
for retaining vague definitions of “habitual
discrimination against Scheduled Tribes
offenders” and failing to fully eliminate caste-based
(STs)? (UPSC-2017)
discrimination.
• Prisons Act, 1894: The primary legislation
governing prison administration in India.

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8. “MARITAL RAPE: JUSTICE DENIED OR 3. Delhi High Court Split Verdict (2022):
o Justice Rajiv Shakdher ruled that the
RECOGNIZED?” marital rape exception violates Article 21
and bodily autonomy.
Context:
o Justice C. Hari Shankar upheld the
A three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI)
exception, citing that sexual relations are a
D.Y. Chandrachud has begun hearing a batch of petitions
legitimate marital expectation.
challenging the constitutional validity of Exception 2 to
Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC).
Government’s arguments against criminalizing marital
rape:
About Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC):
• Impact on marriage: The government argued that
• Definition of rape: Section 375 of the IPC defines
making marital sexual acts punishable as “rape”
acts constituting rape committed by a man against
could severely impact conjugal relationships and
a woman.
the institution of marriage.
• Exceptions:
• Parliamentary decision: Parliament retained
• It provides two exceptions:
Exception 2 to Section 375 during the 2013
o Marital rape decriminalization: A man
amendments, which exempted marital rape from
is not considered guilty of rape if he has
being criminalized.
sexual intercourse with his wife, provided
• Separate provisions for consent within marriage:
she is not under 18 years of age.
The government acknowledged violations of
o Medical procedures: Medical procedures
consent but argued that the consequences should
or interventions are excluded from the
differ for marital relationships compared to non-
definition of rape.
marital relationships.
• Historical context: Originally enacted during British
• Judicial interference: The government urged the
colonial rule in 1860, the age of marital consent
Supreme Court to respect Parliament’s decision
was raised from 10 to 15 years in 1940, and later to
and not interfere in socio-legal matters concerning
18 years through a 2017 Supreme Court ruling.
marriage.
• Disproportionate punishment: Criminalizing
Laws governing marital rape:
marital rape could lead to disproportionate
1. Section 375 of IPC: Defines rape but includes
punishment, as it may not consider the nuances of
Exception 2, which decriminalizes marital rape for
the marital context.
wives over 18, granting immunity to husbands for
non-consensual sex within marriage.
Arguments in favour of criminalizing marital rape:
2. Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017):
• Violation of consent: Consent remains central to
The Supreme Court raised the age of consent in
the definition of rape, and marriage should not
marriage from 15 to 18 but did not criminalize
negate the autonomy of a woman over her body.
marital rape.
• Arbitrary legal exception: The marital rape
3. Section 85 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023:
exception is arbitrary, as it discriminates against
Addresses cruelty towards women but doesn’t
married women, depriving them of legal
explicitly recognize marital rape as a criminal
protections available to unmarried women.
offense.
• International norms: Around 77 countries,
4. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,
including Australia, Canada, and the USA,
2005: Provides civil remedies like protection orders
have criminalized marital rape, aligning with
and monetary compensation for victims of marital
international human rights standards.
abuse but lacks provisions for criminal prosecution
• Equal protection under law: The law should
of marital rape.
provide equal protection to all women, irrespective
of their marital status.
Judicial cases and verdicts:
• Supreme court’s recognition: The Supreme Court
1. Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018):
has already recognized marital rape under the
o The Supreme Court dismantled parts
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act,
of the doctrine of coverture, asserting
showing the need for broader criminal recognition.
that marriage shouldn’t limit a woman’s
autonomy.
Way ahead:
2. Hrishikesh Sahoo v. State of Karnataka (2022):
• Legislative review: Parliament should reconsider
o The Karnataka High Court allowed
the current exception, focusing on gender justice
prosecuting a husband for marital
and equal protection of women’s rights.
rape, citing the 2013 Justice J.S. Verma
• Public dialogue: A broader socio-legal dialogue is
Committee Report. The ruling was stayed
essential to align marital rape laws with evolving
by the Supreme Court.
social norms and international standards.

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• Safeguards: Implement safeguards to prevent 2. Cultural Erosion: Threatens the cultural identity of
misuse, addressing concerns of false accusations indigenous Assamese under Article 29.
while ensuring justice for victims of marital rape. 3. External Aggression: Cites illegal immigration as
“external aggression,” threatening Assam’s security.
Conclusion: 4. Accord Betrayal: Seen as undermining the original
Criminalizing marital rape is a necessary step to spirit of the Assam Accord.
protect the dignity and rights of women. While respecting 5. Implementation Issues: Misuse and bureaucratic
the institution of marriage, it is crucial to ensure consent delays create unrest in Assam.
and equality in marital relationships, moving toward a more
just legal framework for all. Arguments in Favor of Section 6A
1. Parliamentary Competence: Parliament has the
authority to regulate citizenship under Article 11.
2. Unique Situation: Assam’s demographic challenge
justifies a special framework.
Insta Links: 3. Controlled Process: Section 6A provides a
1. Criminalizing-marital-rape-in-India regulated, time-bound process for citizenship.
2. The-issue-of-marital-rape 4. Alignment with Constitution: Articles 6 and 7 align
PYQ: with Section 6A.
1. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual 5. National Unity: The ruling upholds fraternity and
violence against women in the country. Despite national cohesion.
existing legal provisions against it, the number of
such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some in- Supreme Court Verdict
novative measures to tackle this menace. (UPSC- 1. Affirmation of Legislative Power: Reaffirms
Parliament’s right to legislate on citizenship.
2014)
2. Balance of Concerns: The ruling balances Assam’s
demographic concerns with national unity.
3. Judicial Precedent: Differentiates Section 6A from
earlier cases on illegal immigration.
4. Dissenting Opinion: Justice Pardiwala called for its
9. SUPREME COURT’S ASSAM VERDICT prospective invalidation due to outdated relevance.

Context: Way Forward

The Supreme Court has upheld Section 6A of the 1. Strengthen border controls to prevent further
Citizenship Act, 1955, which grants citizenship to migrants illegal immigration.
who entered Assam between January 1, 1966, and March 2. Periodic review of Section 6A for effective
24, 1971, under the Assam Accord. This decision addresses implementation.
Assam’s unique demographic and migration history, 3. Safeguard Assam’s linguistic and cultural identity.
balancing regional concerns with national unity. 4. Broaden national discussions on citizenship policies,
including the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA).
Background 5. Increase public awareness to promote
1. Assam Accord (1985): Set March 24, 1971, as understanding and reduce tensions.
the cut-off date for citizenship, aiming to resolve
tensions between indigenous Assamese people and Conclusion
migrants. The Supreme Court’s verdict on Section 6A acknowledges
2. Section 6A: Added to the Citizenship Act to Assam’s unique demographic challenges while affirming
implement the Assam Accord, establishing special Parliament’s legislative authority. It balances regional
criteria for Assam, different from India’s post- concerns with national unity and may influence future
Partition cut-off. discussions on citizenship laws in India.
3. NRC (2019): Updated to identify legitimate citizens
in Assam, excluding 1.9 million people, raising
questions about human rights and citizenship.
4. Legal Challenges: Petitioners argued Section 6A Insta Links:
violates Articles 14 (equality) and 29 (cultural 1. Citizenship-amendment-act-rules-notified
rights) of the Constitution, singling out Assam and 2. Section-6a-of-the-citizenship-act-1955
threatening its indigenous identity. PYQ:
1. With reference to India, consider the
Arguments Against Section 6A following statements: (2021)
1. Violation of Article 14: Creates an unequal 1. There is only one citizenship and one
framework by applying different rules for Assam.

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Difference between Exit poll and Opinion poll:
domicile. Criteria Exit Poll Opinion Poll
2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head
Conducted after
of State. Conducted before
Timing voters cast their
3. A foreigner once granted citizenship cannot the election
votes
be deprived of it under any circumstances.
Which of the statements given above is/are Predicts the
correct? outcome of an Gauges voter
(a) 1 only Purpose election based intentions before
on actual voting polling
(b) 2 only
behavior
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3 Voters who have General electorate,
Respondents already cast their some of whom may
Answer: a) vote not vote
Generally, more More speculative
Accuracy accurate due to real- as opinions may
time data change
Topics: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Heavily regulated; Less regulated
Legal
Act. results published but influenced by
Regulation
post-election media ethics

10. “THE EXIT POLL TRAP: MISLEADING Challenges in Exit polls:

OR MEANINGFUL?” 1. Sampling bias: Incorrect sampling or under-
representation of marginalized groups may skew
Context: results.
Chief Election Commissioner Rajiv Kumar stated that exit Example: Axis MyIndia overrepresented male
polls were causing distractions and asked media houses to respondents in their 2024 survey.
self-introspect before publishing the verdict. 2. Non-disclosure by voters: Some voters, especially
from marginalized groups, may not disclose their
What is an Exit Poll? true voting preferences, leading to inaccurate
• Exit Polls are surveys conducted immediately predictions.
after voters exit polling stations. These polls aim 3. Swing calculation errors: Converting vote share to
to predict the election outcome based on voters’ seat share involves complex calculations based on
preferences as they leave after voting. regional swings, which can be misleading.
• Legal backing: In India, exit polls are regulated Example: Today’s Chanakya overestimated NDA’s
under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. seat tally in the 2024 election.
Section 126A of the Act prohibits the publication of 4. Social desirability bias: Voters may give socially
exit poll results from the beginning of voting until acceptable answers rather than their true choices,
the conclusion of polling across all phases. distorting the poll results.

Methodology used for exit polls: Way ahead:

1. Sample size: A significant, representative sample of 1. Improved sampling techniques: Ensure more
voters is selected. Larger samples aren’t necessarily robust sampling, including better representation of
more accurate; it’s about a stratified and random rural, marginalized, and minority voters.
selection. 2. Transparency: Pollsters should disclose their
2. Stratified sampling: Ensures representation of sampling methods, error margins, and assumptions,
various demographics, such as gender, caste, enhancing trust in results.
religion, rural/urban voters, etc. 3. Mixed-method approach: Combine face-to-face
3. Data collection: Face-to-face interviews with interviews with anonymized responses for greater
voters as they leave polling stations, sometimes honesty from voters.
anonymized for honest responses. 4. Technology integration: Use of AI and data
4. Weighting: Data is weighted to match demographic analytics to process large datasets and identify
profiles of the population, ensuring fair patterns more accurately.
representation.
5. Analysis: Pollsters convert vote share estimates to Conclusion:
seat projections using swing analysis and historical Exit polls play a critical role in gauging public
voting data. sentiment, but their accuracy depends on methodology,

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 Current Affairs 30
representation, and proper weighting of data. Enhancing with proper liquid waste management (ODF+) and
transparency and refining sampling methods can ensure sludge management (ODF++).
more reliable predictions and a better understanding of
voter behavior in future elections.

Insta Links:
1. Sansad-TV-perspective-exit-polls

PYQ:
1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the
use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what
are the challenges before the Election Commis-
sion of India to ensure the trustworthiness of
elections in India? (UPSC-2018)
2. To enhance the quality of democracy in India the
Election Commission of India has proposed elec-
toral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested
reforms and how far are they significant to make
democracy successful? (UPSC-2017)

Topics: Government policies and interventions for devel-

opment in various sectors and issues arising out of their
design and implementation.

11. 10 YEARS OF SBM

Context:
The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched with great fanfare
exactly a decade ago. A little earlier, on August 15, 2014,
the Prime Minister had lent his voice to this neglected
cause from the ramparts of the Red Fort.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on Octo-
ber 2, 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aiming to
eliminate open defecation and improve overall sanitation. 10-Year Analysis:
The campaign is handled by two ministries: Positive outcomes:
1. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation: 1. Open defecation decline: As of 2019, India was
Responsible for SBM-Gramin (rural areas). declared ODF with over 10 crore toilets built.
2. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs: Handles [Source: WHO, 2019 Report]
SBM-Urban (urban areas). 2. Improvement in health: The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimated that 3 lakh deaths
due to diarrheal diseases were prevented from
Components of SBM:
2014-19 due to improved sanitation. [Source: WHO
1. Open defecation free (ODF) India: Focus on
Report]
eliminating open defecation.
3. Infant mortality impact: A Nature study found
2. Toilet construction: Building household,
60,000 to 70,000 fewer infant deaths annually from
community, and public toilets.
2015-2020 due to SBM’s impact. [Source: Nature,
3. Solid and liquid waste management: Managing
2023 Study]
both organic/inorganic waste and wastewater.
4. Waste management: About 78% of solid waste is
4. Behavioral change campaigns: Educating citizens
now processed, with 97% of urban municipal wards
on the importance of cleanliness and sanitation.
having door-to-door waste collection. [Source:
5. ODF+ and ODF++: Focus on sustaining ODF status
SBM-U Dashboard]

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5. Toilet access: The percentage of households with
access to toilets rose from 45% in 2004 to 82.5% in a) Waste generator has to segregate waste into
2019-21. [Source: NFHS 5] five categories.
b) The Rules are applicable to notified urban
Challenges: local bodies, notified towns and all industrial
1. Persistent open defecation: Despite being declared townships only
ODF, 11% of the population still practices open c) The Rules provide for exact and elaborate
defecation, mostly in rural areas. [Source: World criteria for the identification of sites for land-
Bank, 2022 Data] fills and waste processing facilities.
2. Rural-urban disparity: Urban areas have 95.6% d) It is mandatory on the part of the waste
toilet access, while rural regions lag at 76%. generator that the waste generated in one
[Source: NFHS-5] district cannot be moved to another district.
3. Landfill clearance issues: Only 30% of the target
Answer: c)
to clear legacy landfills has been achieved, with
41% of the waste remediation completed. [Source:
SBM-U Dashboard] 2. “To ensure effective implementation of policies
4. Behavioral challenges: Deep-rooted behavioral addressing the water, sanitation and hygiene
changes are still a challenge, as toilet usage in needs the identification of the beneficiary
certain rural areas remains inconsistent. segments is to be synchronized with anticipat-
5. Waste processing targets: The goal for processing ed outcomes.” Examine the statement in the
all waste by 2025-2026 has yet to be fully met, with context of the WASH scheme. (UPSC - 2017)
only partial progress. 3. How could social influence and persuasion
contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat
Way ahead: Abhiyan? (UPSC - 2016)
1. Strengthen behavior change: Intensive campaigns
to sustain toilet usage, particularly in rural areas,
are essential.
2. Complete waste processing: Fast-track efforts to
clear legacy landfills and improve waste processing
systems. Topics: Issues relating to development and management of
3. Focus on rural areas: Further investment in rural Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
sanitation infrastructure and behavior change Resources.
interventions is critical.
4. Sustained health impact: Continue to link
sanitation improvements to health outcomes 12. NATIONAL HEALTH ACCOUNT ESTI-
like reduced infant mortality and general disease MATES
reduction.
5. Community engagement: Encouraging community Context:
involvement for better maintenance and The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently
sustainability of sanitation initiatives. released the National Health Account (NHA) estimates for
the fiscal years 2020-21 and 2021-22. These reports are
Conclusion: the eighth and ninth editions of the NHA series, which
The Swachh Bharat Mission has significantly provides a comprehensive view of the country’s healthcare
improved sanitation across India, reducing open defecation expenditure.
and improving health outcomes. A continued focus on
behavior change, infrastructure improvements, and health Summary of Key Findings of National Health Account (NHA)
linkages will be key to achieving a cleaner and healthier Estimates for 2020-21 and 2021-22:
India. 1. Rising government health expenditure (GHE):
o GHE as a percentage of GDP increased from
1.13% (2014-15) to 1.84% (2021-22).
o GHE as a share of General Government
Insta Links: Expenditure (GGE) rose from 3.94% (2014-
1. SBM 15) to 6.12% (2021-22).
o Per capita GHE increased from ₹1,108 to
PYQ: ₹3,169 during the same period.
1. As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2. Decline in out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE):
2016 in India, which one of the following state- o OOPE reduced from 62.6% (2014-15)
ments is correct? (UPSC - 2019) to 39.4% (2021-22) of Total Health
Expenditure (THE).

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3. Government’s share in total health expenditure: This rise in health expenditure, improved public
o GHE increased from 29% (2014-15) to 48% health access, and reduction in OOPE reflect India’s
(2021-22) of THE. proactive approach toward achieving UHC and ensuring
4. Social security expenditure (SSE) growth: financial protection for its citizens.
o SSE on health increased from 5.7% (2014-
15) to 8.7% (2021-22) of THE, aiding in Note: You don’t need to remember all the data but try to
reducing OOPE. remember certain specific data which can be used as value
5. Total health expenditure (THE): addition in exam.
o In 2020-21, THE was ₹7,39,327 crores
(3.73% of GDP); by 2021-22, it rose to
₹9,04,461 crores (3.83% of GDP).
o Per capita health expenditure rose from Insta Links:
₹5,436 (2020-21) to ₹6,602 (2021-22). 1. Public health challenges
6. Implications of increased government spending: 2. Health infrastructure
o Reduction in financial hardships due to
lower OOPE. PYQ:
o Strengthened public healthcare services 1. “Besides being a moral imperative of a
and progress toward Universal Health Welfare State, primary health structure is
Coverage (UHC). a necessary precondition for sustainable
7. COVID-19 Response: development.” Analyse. (2021)
o Significant increases in health expenditure
reflect government efforts to tackle the
COVID-19 pandemic through expanded
healthcare infrastructure and vaccination
programs.
13. “ORPHAN DRUGS: A LIFELINE FOR
8. NHA Framework: RARE DISEASE PATIENTS”
o The NHA framework aligns with System of
Health Accounts (SHA) 2011, facilitating Context: The Delhi High Court last week issued directions
international comparisons and improving aimed at improving the availability of so-called “orphan
healthcare financial transparency. drugs”, which are medications used to treat “rare diseases”
— defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a
debilitating, lifelong condition that affects 1 or fewer people
in 1,000.

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Definition of rare disease: development of affordable drugs for rare diseases.
• India does not have a standard definition for rare • Healthcare professional training: Improve medical
diseases. education and training for better diagnosis and
• Globally, a rare disease is defined as one affecting treatment of rare diseases.
fewer than 1 in 2,000 individuals. • Public awareness: Raise awareness about rare
• In India, there are over 450 identified rare diseases, diseases to foster timely diagnosis and better
including Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and understanding.
Gaucher’s disease.
Conclusion:
Indian status: India’s rare disease burden demands urgent
• Around 50-100 million Indians suffer from rare attention, with reforms in healthcare infrastructure,
diseases, with over 75% of the cases being children. treatment access, and research development.
• High morbidity and mortality rates are observed, as Strengthening policies, enhancing financial support,
most patients do not survive into adulthood due to and improving medical knowledge are essential steps
lack of treatment. in providing equitable healthcare to millions of affected
• 80% of patients do not receive necessary individuals.
treatment.

Categorization of rare diseases:

1. Group 1: Diseases that can be treated with a one- Insta Links:
time curative procedure. 1. Rare-disease
2. Group 2: Diseases requiring lifelong treatment with 2. Policy-on-rare-diseases
lower costs.
3. Group 3: Diseases with available treatments but at PYQ:
extremely high and lifelong costs. 1. Appropriate local community-level healthcare
intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health
Challenges: for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC-2018)
1. Unavailability of treatment: Less than 50% of rare
diseases have treatments.
2. Unaffordable treatment costs: Drugs for rare
diseases (orphan drugs) are highly expensive.
3. Low focus on R&D: Pharmaceutical companies
view rare diseases as unprofitable, limiting drug 14. LEARNING GAPS: INDIA’S LITERACY &
development. NUMERACY STRUGGLE
4. Late diagnosis: Diagnosis takes an average of seven
years, leading to delayed or incorrect treatments. Context:
5. Lack of trained healthcare professionals: The article discusses the challenges faced by Indian schools
Healthcare professionals are often untrained to in achieving foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN)
diagnose or treat rare diseases. goals, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged
children.
Government initiatives:
1. National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021: Provides Key Data Points:
financial assistance and sets up 12 Centres of • Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN): 20% of
Excellence (CoEs) for treatment. students in the schools do not achieve FLN by grade
2. PLI scheme for rare drugs: Provides financial 3, this was reduced from 40% earlier.
incentives for manufacturing orphan drugs. • Socioeconomic context: Over 80% of students
3. Customs duty waiver: Waivers on imported rare in schools come from socioeconomically
disease drugs for personal use. disadvantaged backgrounds.
4. Digital portal for crowdfunding: Allows the public • Educational impact of poverty: Poverty affects
to donate funds for patients’ treatments. learning outcomes, with students from poor
families facing nutritional deficits, less adult care,
Way ahead: higher absenteeism due to illness.
• Increase treatment access: Expand the range of
treatable rare diseases and increase the number of Challenges to FLN in India:
CoEs. 1. Impact of poverty: Students from poor families
• Financial assistance: Enhance financial aid, often face malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and
especially for long-term treatments, and reduce the absenteeism due to economic demands, which
burden on patients. directly impacts their learning.
• R&D investments: Encourage research and E.g. Many students in rural areas help with

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family livelihood activities, limiting their school and other mental health challenges.
attendance. E.g. Implement counseling and mental health
2. Resource constraints: Most Indian schools lack programs in schools, particularly in areas with high
adequate resources such as trained teachers, poverty levels.
learning materials, and individual attention for
students with specific needs. Conclusion:
E.g. Government schools in many rural areas Achieving FLN for all Indian children by grade 3
suffer from teacher shortages and inadequate is essential, but requires a multifaceted approach that
infrastructure. includes addressing poverty, improving school resources,
3. Learning gaps due to absenteeism: Students from and adopting more inclusive teaching methods.
disadvantaged backgrounds often miss school more
frequently due to illness, family responsibilities,
or other external factors, leading to significant
learning gaps. Insta Links:
E.g. Seasonal migration in many states disrupts 1. Foundational-literacy-and-numeracy-report
consistent attendance for children. 2. Education-in-mother-tongue
4. Mental health and social exclusion: Children from 3. Nipun-Bharat-mission
marginalized communities often face stress and
social exclusion, affecting their ability to focus and PYQ:
perform academically. 1. Discuss the main objectives of Population Educa-
E.g. Students from Dalit communities often face tion and point out the measures to achieve them
social discrimination, impacting their learning in India in detail. (UPSC-2021)
environment. 2. How have digital initiatives in India contributed
5. Curriculum and Pedagogy: The Indian curriculum to the functioning of the education system in the
often doesn’t account for the varied learning needs
country? Elaborate on your answer. (UPSC-2020)
of students, particularly those who require more
time and personalized teaching to grasp basic
concepts.
E.g. The standardized curriculum doesn’t allow
much flexibility for students with learning
disabilities or those requiring remedial education. Topics: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Way ahead:
1. Customized learning solutions: Schools should 15. “INDIA’S STRUGGLE: 2024 GHI
implement personalized learning plans and SHOWS DECLINE IN HUNGER STATUS”
remedial education programs, especially for
students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Context:
E.g. Focus on skill-based learning to close gaps The Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024 reports that India
early. continues to face a serious level of hunger, ranking 105th
2. Enhanced teacher training: Equip teachers with out of 127 countries with a score of 27.3.
better training on handling diverse classroom
environments and addressing the unique needs of India’s Status in GHI 2024 (Crisp Points):
socioeconomically disadvantaged students. • Rank: India ranks 105th out of 127 countries with a
E.g. Include specific training on inclusive teaching score of 27.3.
practices. • Child wasting: India has the highest global rate of
3. Community involvement: Strengthen the child wasting at 18.7%.
involvement of communities and parents in • Stunting: 35.5% of children under five are stunted.
supporting children’s education, ensuring that • Undernourishment: 13.7% of India’s population is
learning continues beyond school hours. undernourished.
E.g. Conduct parent-teacher workshops to educate • Child mortality: 2.9% of children die before their
families on the importance of continuous learning. fifth birthday.
4. Government support and resources: Increased • Comparison: India lags behind South Asian
funding for public schools to ensure adequate neighbors like Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka,
infrastructure, teaching materials, and teacher- which fall into the moderate hunger category.
student ratios.
E.g. Implement policies that ensure proper Methodology used:
nutritional support and healthcare for children. • Indicators: GHI uses four indicators –
5. Focus on mental health: Provide psychological undernourishment, child stunting, child wasting,
support to children facing stress, social exclusion, and child mortality.

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• Data sources: Data is sourced from UNICEF, WHO,
World Bank, and FAO, ensuring comparability
across countries. b) 2 and 3 only
• Child wasting: The GHI uses survey estimates c) 1, 2 and 3
vetted for inclusion in the Joint Malnutrition d) 1 and 3 only
Estimates and WHO Global Database. Answer: c)

Limitations of the report: 2. Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality,

• Data discrepancies: The Ministry of Women and poverty and malnutrition be broken through
Child Development raised concerns about GHI not microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with
using data from the Poshan Tracker, which shows examples. (UPSC-2021)
lower child wasting rates (7.2% vs. GHI’s 18.7%).
• Survey-based estimates: Reliance on survey
data might not fully reflect real-time data from
government tracking systems.
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
• National representation: The GHI’s methodology
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
may not capture regional variations and
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparen-
improvements in India’s nutrition programs.
cy & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Way Ahead:
• Improved data collection: India should integrate
real-time data from systems like Poshan Tracker to 16. PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS AND
improve hunger and nutrition estimates. EMERGENCY RESPONSE FRAMEWORK
• Focus on maternal health: Address the
intergenerational transfer of undernutrition by Context:
improving maternal health and nutrition. Four years after the outbreak of Covid, an expert group
• Agricultural investments: Increase focus on constituted by NITI Aayog has recommended setting up a
sustainable agriculture and nutritious crop comprehensive framework to effectively manage future
production like millets to improve dietary diversity. public health emergencies or pandemics.
• Social safety nets: Strengthen access to Public
Distribution Systems (PDS) and Integrated Child
Summary of report:
Development Services (ICDS) for better coverage of
Challenges and Learnings from COVID-19 Pandemic:
vulnerable populations.
1. Governance: Lack of clear risk communication
systems and rapid response SOPs for delegation of
Conclusion: power.
India’s performance in the Global Hunger 2. Legislation: NDMA and EDA were insufficient for
Index highlights serious challenges, especially in child modern pandemic management; need for a specific
malnutrition. By improving data transparency, maternal Public Health Act.
health, and investing in sustainable food systems, India can 3. Surveillance and data management: Challenges
enhance its hunger and nutrition outcomes, aligning better in data integration, forecasting, and early warning
with global targets like Zero Hunger by 2030. systems; lacked comprehensive pandemic
surveillance integration.
4. Research and development: Public-private
Insta Links: collaborations were effective, but structured
1. Global-report-on-food-crises-2023 mechanisms linking research institutions with
2. Food-security-in-India industries are required.
PYQ: 5. Regulatory reforms: Delays in emergency
1. Which of the following is/are the indicator/ authorization due to unclear and unharmonized
indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global global regulatory norms.
Hunger Index Report? (2016)
1. Undernourishment Future Pandemic Threats and Preparedness:
2. Child stunting 1. Global preparedness: Align country preparedness
3. Child mortality with global core capacities to prevent cross-border
Select the correct answer using the code given spread.
below: 2. Cross-sectoral collaboration: Enhance coordination
between public health authorities and disaster
a) 1 only
management agencies for effective pandemic
management.

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3. Risk assessment and community engagement: 17. GLOBAL DIGITAL COMPACT
Focus on accurate information dissemination and
proactive engagement with communities to counter Context:
misinformation. The Global Digital Compact (GDC), adopted during the
4. Resource availability: Ensure availability of UN’s ‘Summit of the Future,’ focuses on harnessing digital
necessary funds and resources to support technologies for the common good while promoting
pandemic response efforts. sustainable development and responsible data governance.
5. One Health Approach: Develop coordinated • It aims to address challenges like the digital divide,
surveillance and response systems for zoonotic and data privacy, and ethical AI use.
emerging infectious diseases.
Key points on Global Digital Compact (GDC):
NITI Aayog’s Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Re- • Nature: The GDC is a non-binding diplomatic
sponse Framework: instrument aiming to guide governments,
1. PHEMA (Public Health Emergency Management institutions, and stakeholders in digital technology
Act): use and governance. Over time, its guidelines could
o Recommended to replace the outdated evolve into soft laws.
Epidemic Diseases Act (1897) and National • Core objectives: Promotes global cooperation in
Disaster Management Act (2005) for better technology governance based on international
management of health emergencies. laws, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
o The new law would empower governments and the UN 2030 Agenda, emphasizing inclusive
to respond to pandemics, non-communicable participation, sustainability, and responsible data
diseases, disasters, and bioterrorism. governance.
o Establishes public health cadres for national • Digital public goods: Advocates for the
and state levels. development of digital public infrastructure,
2. Empowered group of secretaries (EGoS): including open-source software, data, and AI
o Proposed panel headed by the Cabinet models, to bridge the digital divide and support
Secretary for pandemic preparation and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
response. • Panels established: Two panels have been set up:
o EGoS will develop SOPs for pandemics an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI
and guide governance, finance, R&D, and and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance, aimed at
surveillance during health crises. guiding responsible AI use and innovation.
3. Strengthening surveillance: • Challenges and criticisms:
o Focus on monitoring human-bat interfaces, 1. Public-private partnerships: The openness
considering viruses linked to bats (e.g., of such partnerships may be limited by
Covid-19). confidentiality and intellectual property
o Creation of a national biosecurity and biosafety concerns.
network for disease surveillance. 2. Self-regulation: Relies on tech companies
o Establishment of an emergency vaccine bank to self-regulate, which has been ineffective
for rapid response. in curbing misuse of digital platforms.
4. Early warning and forecasting: 3. Data governance: Emphasizes
o Build an epidemiology forecasting network interoperable data systems but lacks robust
for predicting transmission and monitoring personal data protection measures.
countermeasures. 4. Monopoly risks: Calls for greater corporate
o Establish Centres of Excellence (CoE) to develop involvement in data governance without
diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for sufficient countermeasures against
priority pathogens as identified by WHO. monopolistic control.
Insta Links: • Alignment with SDGs: Links digital technology
1. Pandemic treaty advancements with SDGs, highlighting their
potential role in achieving these goals, though
recognizing the challenges posed by the rapidly
2. Disease X evolving AI landscape.
Aspect Significance
PYQ:
1. What are the research and developmental Promotes collaboration between
Openness in Part-
achievements in applied biotechnology? public and private sectors to develop
nerships
How will these achievements help to uplift digital public goods.
the poorer sections of society? (UPSC -2021)

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Encourages ethical technology use What is Euthanasia?

Self-regulation and accountability among digital • This involves a physician directly administering a
technology firms. lethal substance to end a patient’s life. Euthanasia
can be voluntary, or involuntary, if the patient
Aims to create interoperable data cannot consent, such as in a coma.
Data Governance systems for innovation and economic
o Active Euthanasia: Involves deliberately
growth.
performing an action, such as
Focuses on equitable access to data
Monopolistic administering a lethal injection, to end
and technologies for sustainable
Control a patient’s life at their request.
development.
 It is an intentional act that
Serves as a foundation for future
Implementation international laws and regulations in directly causes death, often
digital technology governance. considered illegal in most
UN’s role: Positions the UN as a central figure in digital countries due to ethical and
governance, advocating for “data flow with trust,” although legal concerns.
some nations resist this concept due to digital sovereignty o Passive Euthanasia: Entails withholding
concerns. or withdrawing life-sustaining
• Global cooperation needed: Emphasizes the treatment (e.g., stopping ventilation
necessity for multilateral and regional negotiations or dialysis) in cases where the patient
in addition to the GDC to address varied is terminally ill, allowing the natural
jurisdictional and local needs effectively. course of illness to lead to death.

Insta Links:
1. Artificial-intelligence-and-its-significance
2. Digital-public-goods

PYQ:
1. With the present state of development, Artifi-
cial Intelligence can effectively do which of the
following? (UPSC - 2020)
1. Bring down electricity consumption in indus-
trial units
Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia:
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis • Definition of terminal illness: Defined as
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion an incurable or irreversible condition with
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy a predictable path to death, ensuring only
Select the correct answer using the code given be-
genuinely terminal cases are considered.
low: • Conditions for withdrawal/withholding
treatment: Allows discontinuation if the
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
patient is brainstem dead, or if medical
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only assessment confirms no improvement
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 potential. Informed consent from the patient
or surrogate is mandatory, following Supreme
Answer: b)
Court protocols.
• Patient autonomy: Patients have the right to
decide on resuscitation or life support; refusal
18. FINAL CHOICE: ADVOCATING FOR A of life support is permitted if the patient is
DIGNIFIED DEATH brain dead, and continued care is deemed
ineffective.
Context: • Advance medical directives (Living Will):
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently issued Individuals can pre-specify treatment
draft guidelines for the withdrawal of life support in preferences for situations where they
terminally ill patients, aligning with the Supreme Court’s lose decision-making capacity, supporting
2018 and 2023 rulings on the right to die with dignity. autonomy.
• Medical board review: If life-sustaining

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treatment is deemed unsuitable, the case is to minimize suffering.” Striking a balance between ethical
is reviewed by a primary medical board. A concerns and individual rights is crucial for upholding
secondary board’s approval is required before dignity in end-of-life care.
withdrawing support, adding oversight.

Arguments for euthanasia:

1. Respect for autonomy: Recognizes an individual’s Insta Links:
right to make decisions regarding their own body 1. Right-to-peaceful-death
and quality of life. 2. The-ethics-of-Euthanasia
E.g. Patients with terminal illnesses should have the
freedom to choose dignified end-of-life care. PYQ:
2. Reduction of suffering: Eases prolonged suffering 1. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic
and pain for terminally ill patients. part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
E.g. Passive euthanasia can prevent unnecessary Which of the following in the Constitution of
suffering in end-stage conditions. India correctly and appropriately imply the
3. Medical resource allocation: Frees up medical above statement? (UPSC-2018)
resources for patients with a higher chance of (a) Article 14 and the provisions
recovery. under the 42nd Amendment to the
4. Legal framework provides safety: The SC guidelines Constitution.
and medical boards ensure ethical and well- (b) Article 17 and the Directive
monitored practice. Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
5. Global precedence: Many countries have adopted (c) Article 21 and the freedoms
euthanasia laws, indicating its social acceptance guaranteed in Part III.
under strict protocols. (d) Article 24 and the provisions
under the 44th Amendment to the
Case Study: Sarco Pod The Sarco Pod, a ‘suicide pod’ de-
Constitution.
veloped for assisted death, recently gained attention af-
ter a 64-year-old American woman with an autoimmune
Answer: c)
condition reportedly used it in Switzerland in September
2024. Operated without medical involvement, the pod
allows the user to self-administer nitrogen gas, leading to
a painless death within minutes.

Arguments against euthanasia: 19. CENSUS EXERCISE

1. Ethical concerns: Euthanasia can conflict with
medical ethics and the Hippocratic Oath to “do no Context:
harm.” The Indian government has announced plans to initiate the
2. Potential for misuse: Could lead to exploitation, delayed Census exercise next year, expected to conclude
especially among vulnerable populations. by 2026. This Census will impact two major processes:
3. Cultural Sensitivity: Indian cultural and religious delimitation of constituencies and the reservation for
values often oppose euthanasia. women in legislative bodies.
4. Psychological impact on families: Families may
feel pressured to consent even if it conflicts with About Census in India:
personal beliefs. • Frequency: Conducted every 10 years, India’s
5. Medical improvements: Advances in palliative care Census provides essential population data.
could alleviate suffering without ending life. • Historical background:
o The first Indian city census was conducted
Way ahead: in 1830 by Henry Walter in Dacca.
1. Strengthen palliative care: Invest in accessible o The first non-synchronous, nationwide
palliative care to provide comfort to terminally ill census took place in 1872 under Lord
patients. Mayo.
2. Raise public awareness: Educate on the distinctions o The first synchronous census occurred in
between passive euthanasia, palliative care, and 1881, led by Census Commissioner W.C.
living wills. Plowden, establishing the decennial cycle.
3. Monitor implementation: Ensure stringent • Global comparison: Many countries, such as
oversight of the guidelines to prevent misuse. the United States and the United Kingdom, also
conduct a census every 10 years, while some, like
Conclusion: Canada and Japan, conduct it every five years.
As Mahatma Gandhi said, “The highest ethical duty • Responsible authority: The Office of the Registrar

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General and Census Commissioner under the under Article 82, potentially requiring further
Ministry of Home Affairs manages India’s Census. amendments for early implementation.
• Legal framework: • Key articles affected: Articles 82, 81 (Lok Sabha
o The Census is governed by the Census Act composition), 170 (state Assemblies), and 55
of 1948, introduced by Sardar Vallabhbhai (President’s election) must be adjusted to align with
Patel. any changes to seat allocations.
o It is a Union subject under Article 246 and
is listed as item 69 in the Seventh Schedule Political challenges:
of the Constitution. • Constitutional mandate: The 128th Constitutional
Amendment mandates 33% women’s reservation in
Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.
• Contingent on delimitation: The reservation will be
implemented only after delimitation based on the
first Census conducted post-2026.
• Impact on male representation: Women’s
reservation in the current 545-member Lok Sabha
would reserve 182 seats for women, impacting the
availability of seats for male representatives.
• Seat redistribution: Delimitation can help reallocate
seats without reducing current representation,
helping to facilitate the women’s quota.

Way forward:
• Constitutional amendments: Update Articles 82,
81, 170, and 55 to align with current population
data for balanced representation.
• Balanced delimitation approach: Establish
fair delimitation criteria beyond population,
incorporating regional growth considerations.
• Women’s reservation implementation: Initiate
steps to ensure smooth seat reallocation to
About Delimitation exercise: accommodate 33% reservation.
• Definition: Delimitation is the process of redrawing
• Strengthen regional consensus: Work towards a
the boundaries of electoral constituencies to reflect balanced approach to address the North-South
population changes. A Delimitation Commission divide in population growth.
oversees this exercise. • Enhanced stakeholder engagement: Build support
• Historical Context: India has conducted the Census
from key political stakeholders for smoother
seven times since independence, yet only four legislative amendments and policy adoption.
delimitations (1952, 1953, 1973, and 2002) have
occurred.
Conclusion:
• Last Delimitation: The previous delimitation in
The upcoming Census, delimitation, and women’s
2002 only adjusted boundaries without changing
reservation adjustments are pivotal for aligning India’s
the number of seats, which has remained based
legislative representation with its demographic reality.
on the 1971 Census for Lok Sabha and the 2001
These changes demand legal amendments, regional
Census for state Assemblies.
consensus, and a commitment to equitable representation,
• Expected Changes: Based on the estimated
ensuring legislative reforms reflect India’s evolving socio-
population of 1.5 billion in 2026, significant seat
political landscape.
adjustments may occur to represent population
growth accurately.

Constitutional changes: Insta Links:

• Article 82: Requires re-adjustment of seats in the 1. No-population-census-in-the-dark-without-
House of the People (Lok Sabha) and legislative vital-data
Assemblies after each Census.
• 42nd and 84th amendments: Amendments in 1976 PYQ:
and 2001 froze delimitation until the first Census 1. Consider the following statements:
after 2026. 1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001,
• 2026 census dependency: The first Census post- the density of the population of India has
2026 will serve as a reference for re-adjustment

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increased more than three times.

2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001,
the annual growth rate (exponential) of
the population of India has doubled.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? (UPSC-2009)
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d)

Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations. Challenges in the de-escalation process:
• Trust deficit: India remains cautious due to past
20. BORDER BALANCING ACT: INDIA-CHI- incidents where China did not uphold previous
border agreements fully, emphasizing the need for
NA PATROLLING DYNAMICS a “trust, but verify” approach.
• Diverging interpretations: Differences in Indian and
Context: Chinese statements indicate varying perspectives,
India and China recently announced an agreement on with China emphasizing general progress, while
“patrolling arrangements” along the Line of Actual Control India highlights specific de-escalation steps.
(LAC), aimed at resolving lingering border disputes. • Sequence of de-escalation: India’s focus is on
disengagement first, while China’s position on the
Key Points on the India-China Patrolling Agreement: sequence is less clear, possibly complicating the
• Restoration of patrolling rights: Indian and Chinese pace and sequence of military withdrawal.
• Political sensitivities: India’s stance links border
troops will regain patrolling rights in areas of peace with broader bilateral relations, whereas
longstanding contention, such as the Depsang China views the border issue as separate from
overall ties, adding diplomatic tension.
Plains and Demchok, restoring pre-2020 conditions.
• Three-phase process: The agreement outlines a
phased approach — Disengagement, De-escalation,
and De-induction of troops — aimed at reducing
troop presence along the Line of Actual Control
(LAC) over time.
• Resumption of grazing rights: Traditional grazing
activities will resume in certain areas, reflecting an
effort to return to a status quo that predates recent Way ahead:
• Close monitoring: Maintain stringent checks on
border tensions. patrolling activities to ensure compliance and avoid
• Monitoring and verification: Both countries agree provocations.
• Strategic engagement: Continue dialogues at
on close monitoring to prevent the reoccurrence of various diplomatic levels to address boundary
confrontations, such as the Galwan Valley clash in issues transparently.
• Strengthened surveillance: Enhance infrastructure
2020.
and surveillance along the LAC to swiftly detect and
• Limited areas of engagement: Current address potential violations.
disengagement covers the Depsang and Demchok • Promote confidence-building measures: Initiate
regular communication channels and confidence-
regions, with previous stand-off points, including building measures to rebuild trust.
Pangong Tso and Galwan, remaining unchanged.

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Conclusion: Diplomatic Principles:
The recent agreement represents a cautious yet i. Diplomatic Immunity:
hopeful step in India-China relations. Sustained efforts o Defined under the Vienna Conven-
toward disengagement and de-escalation, guided by mutual tion on Diplomatic Relations (1961),
respect and trust, are essential for restoring long-term ensuring diplomats are not subject-
stability along the LAC. As India emphasizes, maintaining ed to local jurisdiction.
peaceful borders is key to resuming “business as usual” ii. Termination of Relations:
with China. o The Vienna Convention also out-
lines procedures for ending diplo-
Insta Links: matic relations and withdrawing
1. India-China-relations diplomats.
2. 30-years-of-india-china-border-peace-and- Western double standards: India pointed out the hypocrisy
tranquility-agreement of Western democracies, including Canada, when security
PYQ: concerns outweigh their commitment to freedoms.
1. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is
viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One
Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description
of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has
distanced itself from the same. (UPSC-2018)

Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-

ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

21. “DIMMING DIPLOMACY: INDIA-CAN-

ADA RELATIONS STRAINED”
Impacts:
• Diplomatic fallout: Reduced diplomatic
Context: engagement, withdrawal of senior diplomats.
Relations between India and Canada are at a nadir, amidst • Economic impact: Paused trade talks could hurt
the row regarding India’s alleged involvement in the murder bilateral trade and market access.
of Khalistani separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. • Diaspora concerns: Rising tensions may affect
Indian diaspora in Canada specially students
Background of Bilateral Relations: abroad.
• Diplomatic Relations: Established in 1947, o Canada hosts 1.6 million Indian-origin
upgraded to a strategic partnership in 2015. people, making up over 3% of its
• Trade: India was Canada’s 10th largest trading population.
partner in 2022-23, with bilateral trade worth US$ o Indian students make up 40% of all
8.15 billion. CEPA/EPTA trade negotiations are on international students in Canada,
hold. contributing significantly to remittances.
• Nuclear cooperation: Began in 1956, paused after • Strategic cooperation: Strain on cooperation in
India’s 1974 nuclear test, resumed in 2010. nuclear energy, education, and technology.
• Diaspora: 1.6 million Indian diaspora members in
Canada, with 22 Indian-origin MPs in its House of Way ahead:
Commons. • Diplomatic engagement: Both nations must initiate
high-level dialogue to ease tensions.
Current issues: • Security concerns: Canada should address anti-
• Khalistani extremism: Canada’s perceived support India elements, while India should cooperate
for Khalistani groups has strained ties. transparently.
• Nijjar killing: Relations worsened after the June • Focus on trade: Resume trade talks to rebuild
2023 killing of Nijjar. PM Trudeau accused Indian economic ties.
agents, which India denied. • People-to-People ties: Strengthen diaspora ties and
• Diplomatic expulsions: Both countries expelled encourage cultural exchanges.
diplomats, further escalating tensions.
Conclusion:
The diplomatic row between India and Canada

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poses a significant challenge to bilateral relations, yet Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)
both countries stand to benefit from restoring trust and and Chabahar port underline India’s economic and
cooperation. By addressing core issues related to extremism strategic interests in the region.
and diplomacy, they can work towards stabilizing ties for 4. Terrorism: Collaborative efforts between India
mutual benefit. and Middle Eastern nations in counter-terrorism
and intelligence sharing are essential for regional
stability.

Insta Links:
1. India - Canada
2. India-Canada-Relationship

PYQ:
1. Indian diaspora has scaled new heights
in the West. Describe its economic and
political benefits for India. (UPSC-2023)
2. Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play
in the politics and economy of America
and European Countries”. Comment with
examples (UPSC-2020)

Other stakeholders in the region:

Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and de- 1. Qatar: A key mediator, engaged with both Iran and
veloping countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora. Israel, with influence due to hosting Hamas leaders.
2. Saudi Arabia & UAE: Keen to advance peace and
22. MIDDLE EAST TENSION stability, driven by long-term economic visions.
They seek to de-escalate tensions.
Context: 3. Turkey: A mediator in back-channel diplomacy,
Recent tensions in the Middle East have heightened maintaining communication with both sides while
concerns for global stability, with Iran and Israel on the positioning itself as a regional power.
verge of a major conflict. This ongoing strife threatens to 4. United States: The U.S. maintains its role as
expand regionally, with potential repercussions on India’s Israel’s key ally but faces challenges in preventing
strategic interests, including energy security and regional escalation.
partnerships.
Challenges:
Rising Tensions in the Middle East: 1. Energy supply disruptions: Any conflict could
• In 2024, Iran and Israel have exchanged missile
destabilize the global oil market, affecting India’s
attacks, reminiscent of previous confrontations. economy.
• This escalation poses the risk of regional instability,
2. Regional volatility: The spread of conflict could
affecting not only the two countries but also draw in other actors like Hezbollah, Syria, or Iraq.
surrounding nations like Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. 3. Balancing diplomatic relations: India must
• For Israel, maintaining control over Iran’s influence
manage its ties with both Israel and Iran, avoiding
through Hezbollah and other proxy groups remains entanglement in regional politics.
crucial. For Iran, retaliation is part of its broader 4. Impact on investments: Initiatives like the IMEEC
geopolitical ambitions in the region. may face setbacks if regional instability grows.

Importance of the Middle East for India: Way ahead for India:
1. Energy Security: India sources 80% of its crude 1. Diplomatic engagement: India should continue
oil from the region. Any disruption due to conflict using its established relations to advocate for
could lead to price hikes and jeopardize India’s peace, leveraging its ties with both Israel and Iran.
energy supplies. 2. Strengthening energy ties: Diversifying energy
2. Diaspora Concerns: Over 9 million Indians live and sources to mitigate risks in times of conflict is
work in the Middle East, contributing significantly essential.
to remittances. Their safety is crucial. 3. Diaspora safety: India should prioritize evacuation
3. Strategic Investments: Projects like the India- plans and safety measures for its citizens in the
region.

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4. Maintaining balance: India’s non-alignment History:
policy should be maintained to ensure it can 1. Japanese occupation: Korea was under Japanese
mediate where necessary without alienating key control from 1910 to 1945.
stakeholders. 2. Post-WWII division: After Japan’s defeat, Korea was
split along the 38th parallel. The USSR controlled
the North, and the USA controlled the South.
3. Korean war: In 1950, North Korea, backed by the
Insta Links: USSR, invaded South Korea. The war ended with an
1. Israel Iran conflict armistice in 1953, creating the Demilitarized Zone
(DMZ) but no formal peace treaty was signed.
PYQ: 4. Nuclear development: North Korea has pursued
1. Mediterranean Sea is a border of which of nuclear weapons, leading to international
the following countries? (UPSC - 2017) sanctions.
1. Jordan Present status:
2. Iraq • Military build-up: North Korea has ramped up its
3. Lebanon nuclear program, conducting multiple missile tests,
4. Syria and fortifying its borders.
Select the correct answer using the code • Diplomatic stalemate: Despite previous peace talks,
given below: North Korea declared South Korea as its “primary
a) 1, 2 and 3 only foe” in 2024, ending hopes for reunification.
b) 2 and 3 only • Nuclear tests: North Korea has withdrawn from
c) 3 and 4 only the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and has tested
d) 1, 3 and 4 only nuclear weapons multiple times.
Answer: c) International Implications
• Global conflicts: Rising tensions in the Korean
2. “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, Peninsula coincide with other global conflicts, such
acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot as Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine.
be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC - 2018) • Major power involvement: Key stakeholders in
the Korean Peninsula, including the U.S., China,
and Russia, are involved in a broader strategic
competition.
• Conflict possibilities: While a major conflict may be
23. “KOREAN PENINSULA: A POWDER avoided due to alliances and nuclear deterrence,
KEG OF TENSION” incidents or skirmishes are possible.
• Complex alliances: North Korea’s ties with China
Context: and Russia and South Korea’s alignment with the
Simmering tensions between North and South Korea, are U.S. add complexity to ongoing global conflicts.
now seemingly boiling over. The North Korea has adopted India’s stand:
a renewed aggressive stance in the face of tensions with its • Neutral position: India opposes North Korean
neighbour, South Korea. nuclear tests but has maintained a neutral stance
on sanctions.
• Diplomatic relations: India maintains diplomatic
ties with both Koreas. It played a significant role in
the 1953 ceasefire and helped negotiate peace.
• Strategic partnerships: India has a special strategic
partnership with South Korea, playing a role in
South Korea’s Southern Policy and India’s Act East
Policy. India also has diplomatic relations with
North Korea.
Way ahead:
• Diplomatic engagement: Resume dialogue
to reduce military tensions and avoid further
escalation.
• International cooperation: Leverage diplomatic ties
with major players like China, Russia, and the US to
mediate peace.
• Denuclearization talks: Revive international talks
on North Korea’s denuclearization.

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Conclusion: defaults.
North and South Korea remain in a delicate o Impact: This measure protects investors
and volatile situation, with military tensions rising. A from over-leveraged positions, preventing
sustained diplomatic effort is crucial for reducing hostility potential market volatility.
and avoiding a potential conflict, while India can play a 3. Rationalization of Weekly Expiring Derivatives
supportive role in maintaining regional stability. Products:
o Reform: Only one benchmark index
NOTE: No need to memorise everything in topic but make per exchange will offer weekly expiring
sure you know context so that GS1 world history and derivatives, starting November 20, 2024.
prelim’s theme will be covered in this. o Implication: Limits frequent speculative
trades that create short-term volatility,
especially on expiry days.
o Impact: Reduces speculative pressure,
Insta Links: promoting market stability.
1. India-Korea-defence-cooperation 4. Intra-Day Monitoring of Position Limits:
2. Both Koreas-violated-armistice-agreement o Reform: From April 1, 2025, SEBI will
monitor position limits intra-day, not just
end-of-day.
o Implication: Prevents excessive speculative
positions from being built up during the
day.
o Impact: Real-time compliance ensures
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 smoother and more stable market
functioning.
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, 5. Removal of ‘Calendar Spread’ Treatment on Expiry
mobilization of resources, growth, development and em- Day:
ployment. o Reform: Effective February 1, 2025,
calendar spread benefits will not be
available on the day of contract expiry.
1. SEBI RULES TO CURB F&O o Implication: Forces traders to execute
rollovers earlier, reducing speculation on
Context: the day of expiry.
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) o Impact: Eases volatility and stabilizes
recently introduced significant reforms in the equity index derivative prices during expiration.
derivatives (futures and options, F&O) framework to curb 6. Increase in ‘Tail Risk’ Coverage on Expiry Day:
speculative trading, protect retail investors, and improve o Reform: An additional ‘Extreme Loss
market stability. Margin’ of 2% will be levied on short
options contracts on expiry day.
Recent SEBI Reforms and Their Implications: o Implication: Provides greater protection
1. Recalibration of Contract Size for Index against extreme market movements.
Derivatives: o Impact: Reduces the risk of significant
o Reform: The minimum contract size for losses due to rare market events, improving
index derivatives has been increased to ₹15 market resilience.
lakh (from the earlier ₹5-10 lakh), effective • How these reforms impact India:
November 20, 2024. o Curbing speculation: Larger contract sizes
o Implication: This raises the entry barrier, and upfront premium collection reduce
ensuring that participants have sufficient excessive speculation, particularly by small
risk tolerance, reducing speculative trading traders.
by small retail investors. o Market stability: Limiting speculative
o Impact: It will discourage small traders positions and lowering intra-day volatility
from taking excessive risks, encouraging enhances market stability, attracting long-
more responsible trading. term investors.
2. Upfront Collection of Options Premium: o Protecting retail investors: The reforms
o Reform: From February 1, 2025, trading safeguard retail investors from significant
members must collect the options premium losses due to aggressive short-term trading.
upfront from buyers. o Promoting capital growth: A focus on
o Implication: It reduces the misuse of disciplined investment strategies supports
leverage in options trading, enforcing capital formation and sustainable economic
financial discipline and reducing the risk of growth.

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Insta Links:
1. SEBI

PYQ:
1. Which of the following is issued by registered
foreign portfolio investors to overseas
investors who want to be part of the Indian
stock market without registering themselves
directly? (2019)
(a) Certificate of Deposit
(b) Commercial Paper
(c) Promissory Note Sector-Specific Insights:
(d) Participatory Note
• Improved labor market: Unemployment fell to
Answer: d) 3.2% in 2022-23, showing significant labor market
improvement.
• Sectoral shift: While agriculture still employs 45%
of the workforce, there’s a growing shift toward
manufacturing and services.
2. INDIA’S EMPLOYMENT GROWTH • Youth employment: Youth unemployment (ages
15-29) declined from 17.8% in 2017-18 to 10% in
Context: 2022-23.
India has witnessed significant employment growth over • Female participation: Female labor participation
the years. With the employment increased by nearly 36%, has steadily increased due to policy support.
adding around 17 million jobs during 2016-17 and 2022- • Wage growth: Rural wages grew at 6.9% CAGR
23, India’s economic trajectory demonstrates sustained job (FY15-FY22), while urban wages grew at 6.1%,
creation across key sectors. reflecting higher labor demand.

Summary of India’s Employment Growth (2016-2023):

• Employment growth: India’s employment grew by
36%, adding 17 million jobs between 2016-17 and
2022-23. This challenges the concept of “jobless
growth” and shows a positive correlation between
GDP growth and job creation.
• Worker population ratio (WPR): WPR increased
by 9 percentage points, reflecting a 26% rise in
employment from 2017 to 2023, based on PLFS
data. Economic Growth
• Consumption-driven growth: India’s growth is • Real GDP grew by 8.2% in FY23-24, while the
driven by domestic consumption, which suggests manufacturing sector grew 9.9% after a previous
that more people are securing employment and decline of -2.2% in FY22-23.
boosting economic demand.
• Employment elasticity: Between 2017-23, a 1% Conclusion
GDP increase led to a 1.11% rise in employment, India’s job market has strengthened, supported
indicating strong job creation relative to economic by economic growth, government policies, and skilling
initiatives. Further investments in education and healthcare
growth.
will sustain this positive trend.
• Sectoral job creation: The services sector showed
high labor intensity with a labor-capital ratio of
Note: You don’t need to remember all the data but try to
1.17, highlighting robust job generation in the remember certain specific data which can be used as value
services industry. addition in exam.

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unique nature of passive funds.
4. Enhanced market participation: Encourages new
Insta Links: and smaller players to enter the mutual fund
1. ILO India-employment-report-2024 ecosystem, increasing diversity and competition.
2. Unemployment
Impact of the MF Lite framework:
PYQ: 1. New market entrants: Lower financial barriers and
1. Disguised unemployment generally means governance changes are expected to attract more
(UPSC - 2013) AMCs, increasing competition.
a) large number of people remain unem- 2. Increased liquidity: More players in the market
ployed will improve overall liquidity, enhancing market
b) alternative employment is not available stability.
c) marginal productivity of labour is zero 3. Cost-efficient options: Investors benefit from cost-
d) productivity of workers is low effective passive funds, focusing on minimizing
expenses and maximizing returns.
Answer: c) 4. Operational efficiency: Shifting oversight to the
2. Most of the unemployment in India is struc- AMC’s board streamlines processes and boosts
tural in nature. Examine the methodology transparency.
adopted to compute unemployment in the
country and suggest improvements. (UPSC - Risks associated with MF Lite framework
1. Tracking error: Deviation from the benchmark can
2023) lead to lower-than-expected returns, impacting
investor profits.
2. Expense management: Even with a low TER,
unmanaged costs can reduce the returns of passive
3. MF LITE FRAMEWORK funds.
3. Market volatility: Passive funds mirror market
Context: movements, making them vulnerable to downturns
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) without active intervention.
introduced the Mutual Funds Lite (MF Lite) framework on 4. Limited flexibility: Lack of active management
September 30 to promote passively managed mutual fund limits response to market shifts, potentially
schemes. affecting performance during market instability.
• This initiative aims to attract new players to the
mutual fund industry, offer diversified and less risky Conclusion:
investment opportunities for retail investors, and The MF Lite framework represents a significant step
enhance market liquidity. towards creating a robust, inclusive, and diversified mutual
fund ecosystem in India. Adopting global best practices,
Features of MF Lite framework: focusing on investor education, and using technology
1. Relaxed regulations: Lower eligibility criteria for for transparency will ensure sustainable growth and
sponsors, including requirements related to net responsible investment opportunities in the passive mutual
worth, track record, and profitability, to ease entry fund space.
for new AMCs.
2. Minimum net worth: Mandates a minimum net
worth of ₹35 crore for AMCs operating passive
funds, ensuring adequate liquidity. Insta Links:
3. Simplified governance: Reduced oversight 1. SEBI
role for trustees in passive funds, with a focus
2. SEBI-rules-to-curb-F&O
on preventing conflicts of interest and market
PYQ:
misconduct.
1. Which of the following is issued by regis-
4. Board-level operations: Daily operational
control shifted to the AMC’s board to maintain tered foreign portfolio investors to overseas
transparency in fees, expenses, and tracking errors. investors who want to be part of the Indian
stock market without registering themselves
Need for a separate framework directly? (UPSC-2019)
1. Lower risk profile: Passive funds mimic index (a) Certificate of Deposit
performance, making the stringent requirements of (b) Commercial Paper
active funds unnecessary. (c) Promissory Not
2. Predictable strategy: Tracking established indices (d) Participatory Note
means minimal discretion in asset allocation,
lowering the need for tight regulations. Answer: d)
3. Regulatory simplification: Current regulations focus
on active funds; a separate framework tailors to the

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4. INDIA TEXTILE SECTOR 3. Sustainability and ESG compliance: Foreign brands

are increasingly adopting ESG (Environmental,
Context: Social, and Governance) sustainability, pressuring
The Indian textile industry, which was estimated at $153 Indian manufacturers to meet strict compliance
billion in 2021, has recently faced challenges, impacting its standards.
growth and export potential. Although aiming for a $350 4. Labour costs: Rising labour costs in the textile
billion target by 2030, the industry has experienced a slump sector are affecting overall production expenses,
due to various economic and geopolitical factors. prompting the need for technological interventions
to enhance productivity.
Current status of the textile sector:
1. Market size: The Indian textile and apparel industry Government schemes in the textile sector:
was valued at $153 billion in 2021, with $110 billion 1. Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme
coming from the domestic market. (ATUFS):
2. Global position: India is the third-largest textile o Supports technology upgradation in textiles
exporter in the world, holding a 5.4% share of the with financial incentives.
global market. o Aims to improve production capabilities
3. Employment: The sector employs about 105 million and boost employment.
people directly and indirectly, making it one of the 2. Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP):
largest employment generators in the country. o Provides world-class infrastructure for
4. Economic contribution: The textile industry textile units in clusters.
contributes around 2.3% to India’s GDP and o Enhances competitiveness and efficiency of
accounts for 10.6% of the total manufacturing the textile industry.
Gross Value Added (GVA) as of FY23. 3. SAMARTH Scheme (Scheme for Capacity Building
5. Production clusters: Major textile hubs like Tamil in Textiles Sector):
Nadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra are crucial for o Focuses on skill development, targeting 10
spinning and garment manufacturing, with Tiruppur lakh people in textile-related jobs.
being a key knitwear production center. o Aims to bridge the skill gap in the organized
6. Recent performance: FY22 saw growth with and traditional sectors.
exports reaching $43.4 billion; however, there has 4. Power-Tex India:
been a notable decline in both domestic demand o Aims to strengthen the power loom sector
and exports in FY23 and FY24. through technology upgrades.
o Provides subsidies for modernization and
Reasons behind the slump in the textile sector: market expansion.
1. Global economic slowdown: Geopolitical issues 5. Silk Samagra Scheme:
and reduced demand from international markets o Integrated program to promote silk
have severely impacted India’s textile exports. production and quality improvement.
2. High raw material costs: Increased prices of cotton o Supports R&D, seed production, and
and Man Made Fibres (MMF) have led to higher market promotion in the silk industry.
production costs, making Indian products less 6. PM-MITRA (Mega Integrated Textile Region and
competitive. Apparel Parks):
3. Import duties: The 10% import duty on cotton o Aims to create world-class industrial
has made domestic cotton more expensive than infrastructure for the textile industry.
global prices, further hampering the industry’s o Establishes integrated textile parks to
competitiveness. attract investments and boost exports.
4. Supply chain disruptions: Quality control orders on
MMF and supply chain bottlenecks have affected Way ahead for the textile sector
raw material availability and price stability. 1. Policy interventions: Remove or reduce the
import duty on cotton during off-season months to
Other challenges in the textile sector stabilize raw material prices.
1. E-commerce and retail shift: Direct retailing 2. Investment in technology: Invest in modern
through e-commerce has disrupted traditional technologies and innovations to improve
business systems, impacting small-scale production efficiency and reduce wastages.
manufacturers. 3. Skilling and workforce development: Upskill the
2. Changing consumer preferences: Increased workforce to align with the changing demands of
demand for comfort wear and sustainable fashion the global market.
has led to a decline in demand for conventional 4. Sustainability initiatives: Promote the adoption of
textile products. sustainable practices in manufacturing and supply

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chains to meet international standards. • Digital growth: UPI transactions surged from 92
5. Market diversification: Explore new markets crore in FY 2017-18 to 13,116 crore in FY 2023-24,
and diversify exports to reduce dependency on illustrating rapid digital adoption (Digital India,
traditional markets. 2024).
• Startup ecosystem: India is the third-largest startup
ecosystem, with 151,000 recognized startups and
a 15x increase in investments from 2015-2022
(Startup India, 2023).
Insta Links: • Inclusive financial growth: The PMJDY has
1. Production-linked-incentive facilitated over 53 crore bank accounts, bringing
2. PM Mitra scheme millions into the formal financial system
(Government of India, 2024).
PYQ:
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC - Factors pushing India towards a new economic era:
2020) • Digital revolution: Initiatives like Digital India
1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consis- and UPI have driven India’s shift towards a digital
tently increased in the last decade. economy, making financial transactions seamless
2. “Textile and textile articles” constitute an and inclusive (Digital India Initiative, 2015).
important item of trade between India and • Strong market performance: Consistent stock
Bangladesh. market growth and economic reforms have
3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the attracted domestic and international investments
largest trading partner of India in South Asia. (SEBI, 2024).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? • Startup boom: Government initiatives like
(a) 1 and 2 only Startup India have fostered innovation and
(b) 2 only entrepreneurship, driving job creation and
economic diversification (Startup India, 2023).
(c) 3 only
• AI and technology integration: Programs like AI for
(d) 1, 2 and 3 India 2.0 are positioning India as a future leader
Answer: b) in AI, creating a skilled workforce for the future
(Global IndiaAI Summit, 2024).
2. Analyse the factors for highly decentralized • Inclusive growth policies: Schemes like PMJDY
and PMAY-U have promoted financial inclusion
cotton textile industry in India. (UPSC - 2013)
and affordable housing, benefitted millions and
supported broader economic growth (PMJDY,
2024).

Case Study: India vs. China comparison:

5. INDIA ASCENDANT: DAWN OF A NEW Aspect India China
ECONOMIC ERA GDP Growth
Projected at 7% Projected at 4.8%
(World Bank, (World Bank,
(2024-25)
Context: 2023) 2023)
At the Annual India Leadership Summit in New Delhi, Market Perfor- 15% growth in Stagnant/Nega-
discussions centered on India’s rising economic influence mance (5-Year stock markets tive growth (SEBI,
in comparison to China’s historical dominance. With a CAGR) (SEBI, 2024) 2024)
projected 7% GDP growth and over 151,000 startups,
India’s reforms and digital innovations are driving its rapid Advanced, but
13,116 crore UPI
ascent. slower transaction
Digital Finance transactions (FY
growth compared
2023-24)
Data points from the report: to India
• GDP growth projections: India’s GDP is projected 151,000 startups;
Slower growth
to grow at 7% in FY 2024-25, maintaining its status Startup Ecosys- 3rd largest global-
as the fastest-growing major economy (World Bank, due to regulatory
tem ly (Startup India,
2023). crackdowns
2023)
• Market performance: Indian stock markets
Younger popula- Aging population,
delivered a 15% compound annual growth rate
tion with favor- posing economic
(CAGR) over the last five years, while Chinese Demographics
able dependency challenges (UN,
markets underperformed, with near-zero or
negative growth (Ananth Narayan, SEBI, 2024). ratio (UN, 2024) 2024)

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Limitations faced by India: 6. UNPAID LABOR
• Infrastructure deficiency: Despite rapid growth,
India still faces significant infrastructure gaps, Context:
particularly in rural areas (World Bank, 2023). The paper “Valuation of Unpaid Household Activities
• High unemployment: Addressing unemployment in India” by Sahoo, Sarkar, and Kumar sheds light on
and underemployment issues is crucial due to the the economic significance of unpaid household work,
growing working-age population (ILO, 2023). particularly the disproportionate burden borne by women.
• Income inequality: Despite robust growth, wealth
distribution remains uneven, excluding large Unpaid work and India’s status:
sections of the population (Oxfam, 2023). • High burden on women: Indian women spend an
• Educational gaps: Despite progress, India’s average of 36 hours per week on unpaid domestic
education system struggles with quality and access, work, compared to 16 hours for men.
especially in rural and underprivileged areas • Major contributor to economy: Unpaid work in
(UNICEF, 2024). India contributes approximately ₹22.7 lakh crore,
• Environmental concerns: Rapid industrialization around 7.5% of GDP.
and urbanization pose risks to sustainable growth • Labor force gap: Women outside the labor
(UNEP, 2024). force spend over seven hours daily on unpaid
work, limiting their ability to participate in paid
Way ahead: employment.
• Skilling programs: Expand programs aimed at
upskilling the workforce, particularly in AI and Comparison with global trends:
emerging technologies, to address unemployment • Global perspective: Unpaid work accounts for
and underemployment (AI for India, 2024). between 10% to 60% of GDP worldwide, varying
• Reducing income inequality: Implement policies significantly across countries.
that promote inclusive growth and equitable wealth • Examples: APEC member economies estimate
distribution, ensuring that economic benefits reach unpaid work at 9% of GDP; in Australia, it
all sections of society (Oxfam, 2023). represents up to 41.3%, while it is only 5.5% in
• Educational reform: Strengthen the education Thailand.
system by focusing on quality, accessibility, and • SDG integration: Recognizing unpaid labor aligns
alignment with market demands, especially in tech- with UN SDG 5, which promotes gender equality
related fields (UNICEF, 2024). and values unpaid care and domestic work.
• Climate-resilient policies: Prioritize policies that
promote sustainable industrialization and urban
development to mitigate environmental risks Economic value of unpaid work in India:
(UNEP, 2024). • Monetary valuation: Estimated at ₹49.5 lakh crore
(24.6% of GDP) using the Gross Opportunity Cost
method and ₹65.1 lakh crore (32.4% of GDP) using
the Replacement Cost method for 2019–20.
• Pandemic impact: During COVID-19, the value rose
Insta Links: to 27.2% (GOC) and 42.3% (RCM) of GDP, reflecting
1. Economic-survey-2024 increased household contributions.

PYQ: Consequences of unpaid work:

1. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind • Gender inequality: Disproportionate unpaid work
in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic- for women perpetuates gender disparity, restricting
Product (GDP) in the post-reform period” women’s financial independence and professional
Give reasons. How far the recent changes growth.
in Industrial Policy capable of increasing the • Economic underutilization: Excluding unpaid
industrial growth rate? (UPSC - 2017) work from GDP undervalues substantial economic
2. Normally countries shift from agriculture to contributions, leading to an incomplete view of
industry and then later to services, but India national productivity.
shifted directly from agriculture to services. • Reduced workforce participation: High unpaid
What are the reasons for the huge growth of workload limits women’s entry into the formal
services vis-a-vis the industry in the country? labor market, affecting overall labor force
Can India become a developed country productivity and economic growth.
without a strong industrial base? (UPSC- • Mental and physical health impact: The burden
2014) of unpaid work can lead to stress, burnout,
and negative health outcomes for those
disproportionately responsible for it.

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• Policy blind spot: Without quantification, unpaid Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
work remains unaddressed in policy-making,
leaving a significant economic and social issue
unresolved.
7. ALL INDIA RURAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION
SURVEY (2021-22)
New Zealand’s Wellbeing Budget Case Study: New
Context:
Zealand’s 2019 Wellbeing Budget emphasizes citizen
The latest All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-
well-being alongside economic growth, targeting mental
22) indicates a reversal of the declining trend in rural
health, child welfare, and gender equity. By accounting
households’ dependence on agriculture.
for unpaid and domestic labor in policy, it promotes a
holistic approach to development, balancing economic
and social welfare. About All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22):
1. Increase in Agricultural Households:
o 57% of rural households were identified
Way ahead:
as “agricultural” in 2021-22, up from 48%
• Policy recognition and inclusion: Develop
in 2016-17. This includes semi-urban
frameworks to recognize and account for
centers with less than 50,000 population.
unpaid work in national economic indicators,
(NABARD’s All India Rural Financial
acknowledging its economic value.
Inclusion Survey)
• Redistribution of domestic labor: Encourage
2. Rise in Agricultural Income:
shared domestic responsibilities to address gender
o The average monthly income of
disparities, supported by public awareness and
agricultural households was ₹13,661 in
educational initiatives.
2021-22, compared to ₹8,931 in 2016-
• Enhanced data collection: Conduct frequent
17. Agricultural households earned more
and comprehensive Time Use Surveys to obtain
than their non-agricultural counterparts.
accurate data on unpaid labor and support
(NABARD Survey)
evidence-based policymaking.
3. Increased Income from Cultivation and Animal
• Supportive services: Introduce affordable childcare,
Husbandry:
eldercare, and family support services to ease the
o Income from farming activities rose from
unpaid workload on primary caregivers, mostly
43.1% to over 45% in 2021-22. (NABARD
women.
Survey)
• Financial support mechanisms: Consider direct
4. Impact of COVID-19:
or indirect support, such as tax credits or social
o The pandemic-induced economic slowdown
security benefits for primary caregivers, to offset
caused a shift back to agriculture, which
unpaid work contributions.
was less affected by lockdowns due to
exemptions. (NABARD Survey and PLFS).
Conclusion:
5. Rising Dependence on Agriculture for
Integrating unpaid labor into economic assessments
Employment:
would not only highlight the economic value of women’s
o PLFS data shows agriculture engaged 46.5%
contributions but also foster more equitable policies,
of India’s workforce in 2020-21, rising from
supporting India’s growth and aligning with global goals for
42.5% in 2018-19. (PLFS)
sustainable development.

Insta Links:
1. Issues-related-to-women’s-unpaid-work

PYQ:
1. Distinguish between ‘care economy’
and ‘monetized economy’. How can
care economy be brought into a
monetized economy through women
empowerment? (UPSC-2023)

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 Current Affairs 30
Positives: 4. Promote skill development: Implement programs
1. Increased agricultural participation: More rural for skill development in rural areas to provide youth
households are relying on agriculture for income, with non-farm employment opportunities.
potentially revitalizing the sector.
o Example: 57% rural households involved in Conclusion:
agriculture (NABARD). The survey data highlights a paradox where rural
2. Higher agricultural income: Agricultural households India is increasingly reliant on agriculture despite overall
reported an increase in income, contributing to economic growth. While agricultural income has risen, the
rural economic stability. need for diversification and productivity improvements is
o Example: Monthly income increased to essential for long-term rural prosperity.
₹13,661 from ₹8,931 (NABARD).
3. Resilience during COVID-19: Agriculture remained
resilient during the pandemic, ensuring a livelihood
for many when non-farm jobs were scarce.
o Example: Agriculture was exempt from Insta Links:
lockdowns (NABARD, PLFS). 1. NABARD Report
4. Improved farm productivity: A rise in income from 2. Second-all-India-rural-financial-inclusion-
animal husbandry and cultivation reflects increased survey
farm productivity.
o Example: Income from farming activities PYQ:
rose to 45% (NABARD). 3. “In the villages itself no form of credit organi-
zation will be suitable except the cooperative
Negatives: society.” –All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss
1. Lack of non-farm jobs: The increased dependence this statement in the background of agricultural
on agriculture reflects a shortage of alternative finance in India. What constraints and challenges
employment in manufacturing and services. do financial institutions supplying agricultural
o Example: Only 11.4% of the workforce is finance face? How can technology be used to
employed in manufacturing (PLFS). better reach and serve rural clients? (UPSC-2014)
2. Low marginal productivity: Agricultural jobs tend
to offer low productivity and subsistence-level
wages, hindering overall economic growth.
o Example: Employment characteristics in
agriculture remain similar to low-wage, Topics: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts
informal sectors. of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation
3. Income diversification decline: Agricultural systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural
households are now earning less from non-farm produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in
sources, which could make them more vulnerable the aid of farmers.
to farming risks.
o Example: Reduction in income from non-
farm sources across land-size categories 8. NON - BASMATI RICE
(NABARD).
4. Economic disparities across states: States like Context:
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh still have a The Government of India lifted the export ban on Non-
very high dependency on agriculture, which points Basmati White Rice on September 28, 2024.
to regional economic disparities.
o Example: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Recent decision points:
and Bihar have over 50% of their labor 1. Minimum export price (MEP): A minimum export
force in agriculture (PLFS). price (MEP) of $490 per tonne has been imposed
on Non-Basmati White Rice.
Way ahead: 2. Reduction in export duty: The government also
1. Diversify rural employment: Promote rural removed the 20% export duty on Non-Basmati
industries and service-sector jobs to reduce over- White Rice and reduced export duty from 20% to
reliance on agriculture. 10% on husked rice, parboiled rice, and paddy.
2. Boost agricultural productivity: Invest in modern
technologies and practices to enhance farm India’s status in global rice exports:
productivity and increase income. 1. Global leader: India is the second-largest producer
3. Strengthen rural infrastructure: Improve and the biggest exporter of rice globally, accounting
transportation, irrigation, and storage facilities to for 33% of the world’s total rice exports in 2023 (17
support the agricultural sector and rural industries. million tonnes).

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2. Competitors: India’s major competitors in the rice many countries, especially in regions like
export market are Thailand and Vietnam, which Southeast Asia and Africa. The lifting of the ban
together export almost as much rice as India. Other could reinforce trade ties with these countries.
competitors include Pakistan, Cambodia, and the
United States. Way ahead:
3. Export breakup: India’s rice exports are divided into 1. Balanced export-import policies: The government
Basmati and Non-Basmati categories. In 2023-24, should monitor both domestic supply and global
Basmati rice accounted for one-third of total rice demand to ensure a balance that prevents further
exports (52.42 lakh tonnes), while Non-Basmati rice domestic inflation while maintaining export growth.
saw major exports of varieties like parboiled rice 2. Focus on production: Increasing investment in
and Non-Basmati White Rice. rice farming infrastructure, including irrigation and
yield-improving technologies, will be critical in
ensuring sustained high production levels.
3. Promote diversification: Encouraging diversification
of rice varieties and exports can ensure stable
income for farmers while promoting India’s
competitiveness in the global market.

Conclusion:
The decision to lift the ban on Non-Basmati White
Rice exports and impose a minimum export price is aimed
at balancing domestic availability with global demand.
This may benefit both farmers and exporters, while also
addressing India’s global role as a key rice supplier.

Insta Links:
1. Rice export ban
2. Economics of curbs on Rice

PYQ:
1. Among the following, which one is the
Impacts of lifting the ban: largest exporter of rice in the world in the
• Domestic level: last five years? (2019)
1. Increase in retail prices: The lifting of the ban a) China
could lead to further price hikes in domestic b) India
retail prices, which have already been elevated c) Myanmar
due to inflationary trends. d) Vietnam
2. Benefit to farmers: Farmers who grow Answer: b)
premium Non-Basmati rice varieties, like Sona
Masoori, are likely to benefit from improved 2. According to India’s National Policy on
export opportunities. Biofuels, which of the following can be
3. Support for state welfare schemes: State used as raw materials for the production of
governments have been allowed to purchase biofuels? (2020)
rice for welfare schemes, providing a safety net 1. Cassava
for lower-income communities. 2. Damaged wheat grains
• International level: 3. Groundnut seeds
1. Boost to exporters: The lifting of the ban will 4. Horse gram
revive sentiment among traders, particularly 5. Rotten potatoes
in countries like Kenya, Vietnam, and Malaysia, 6. Sugar beet
which are major importers of India’s Non- Select the correct answer using the code given
Basmati White Rice. below:
2. Global market stabilization: India’s re-entry a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only
into the global rice market will help stabilize b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
prices internationally, especially after the c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
earlier ban disrupted global supplies. d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
3. Strengthening international relations: India’s Answer: a)
rice exports play a role in food security for

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9. FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUTURE: THE Significance of the National Agriculture Code (NAC):
1. Standardization of practices: Promotes uniform
NATIONAL AGRICULTURE CODE agricultural standards, enhancing productivity and
ensuring best practices across diverse agro-climatic
Context:
zones.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has begun the process
2. Guidance for stakeholders: Provides a
of formulating a National Agriculture Code (NAC), on the
comprehensive framework for farmers,
lines of the existing National Building Code and National
policymakers, and agricultural institutions to make
Electrical Code.
informed decisions in agricultural practices.
3. Support for modern farming: Encourages the
About National Agriculture Code (NAC): adoption of SMART farming, sustainability, and the
• Purpose: Aims to standardize agricultural practices
use of emerging technologies like IoT, improving
and provide guidelines for future standardization in efficiency.
India. 4. Capacity building: Aids in the training of farmers
• Structure:
and agricultural workers, empowering them with
1. General principles: Applicable to all crops. knowledge and skills to improve productivity and
2. Crop-specific standards: Focuses on crops sustainability.
like paddy, wheat, oilseeds, and pulses.
Coverage: Limitations of the National Agriculture Code (NAC):
• Agricultural cycle: Encompasses entire agricultural
1. Implementation challenges: Standardizing
processes from crop selection to post-harvest agricultural practices across diverse regions with
operations. varying climates and soil conditions may be difficult.
• Post-harvest operations: Includes standards for
2. Adoption issues: Farmers, especially smallholders,
storage, processing, irrigation, soil and plant health may face resistance or difficulty in adopting new
management, and traceability. practices due to lack of resources or awareness.
• Emerging areas: Incorporates standards for natural
3. Dynamic agricultural needs: Rapidly changing
farming, organic farming, and the use of Internet- agricultural trends and the emergence of new
of-Things (IoT) in agriculture. technologies might require frequent updates to the
• Input management: Provides guidelines for the use
code.
of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and weedicides. 4. Infrastructure limitations: Lack of adequate
infrastructure and resources in rural areas could
Objectives: hinder the effective rollout and training on NAC
• Standardization: To create a national code guidelines.
considering agro-climatic zones, crop types, and
socio-economic diversity. Conclusion
• Quality culture: Acts as a reference for
The National Agriculture Code (NAC) represents
policymakers and agriculture departments to a significant step toward modernizing and standardizing
incorporate NAC into their schemes. agricultural practices in India, aiming to boost productivity,
• Guidance for farmers: Serves as a comprehensive
sustainability, and efficiency. However, its success will
guide to aid decision-making in agricultural depend on effective implementation, farmer adoption, and
practices. continuous updates to address evolving agricultural needs.
• SMART farming and sustainability: Focuses
on modern farming techniques, sustainability,
traceability, and documentation.
• Capacity building: Supports training initiatives Insta Links:
by agriculture extension services and civil society 1. Digital-agriculture-mission
organizations.
PYQ:
Implementation plan: 1. In India, which of the following can be consid-
• Timeline: NAC drafting expected to be completed ered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)
by October 2025. 1) Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultur-
• Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms al produce of all crops
(SADF): Experimental farms to test and implement 2) Computerization of Primary Agricultural
standardized agricultural practices. Credit Societies
• Training programs: BIS plans to collaborate with 3) Social Capital development
universities and agricultural institutes to train 4) Free electricity supply to farmers
farmers on NAC standards. 5) Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking
system

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6) Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: c)

2. Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and
bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). (UPSC-2016)

10. SECOND ALL INDIA RURAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION SURVEY

Context:
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) released its second All India Rural Financial Inclusion
Survey (NAFIS) for 2021-22, covering one lakh rural households across India. The survey provides insights into economic
and financial indicators, assessing the impact of government policies on rural development post-COVID.

Data points:
Data Category 2016-17 2021-22 Key Observations

57.6% increase in average monthly income. Agri-

Income Growth Rs. 8,059 per month Rs. 12,698 per month
cultural households earn slightly more.

Significant rise in monthly expenditure, higher for

Expenditure Increase Rs. 6,646 per month Rs. 11,262 per month
agricultural households.

50.6% of house- 66% of households Higher savings rate, with agricultural households
Financial Savings
holds saved saved showing more savings.

Kisan Credit Card 44% of agricultural Greater uptake among households with larger
Not specified
(KCC) households landholdings.

25.5% with insur- Marked increase in households with at least one

Insurance Coverage 80.3% with insurance
ance insured member.

18.9% receiving 23.5% receiving Slight improvement in households with at least

Pension Coverage
pension pension one member receiving pension.

33.9% demonstrat- 51.3% demonstrated Significant rise in financial literacy and sound
Financial Literacy
ed good literacy good literacy financial behavior.

Significance:
• Economic growth: Improved income and expenditure levels indicate better economic conditions for rural
households, contributing to poverty reduction.
• Enhanced financial security: Increased savings, insurance, and pension coverage suggest improved financial
resilience and security among rural populations.
• Inclusive growth: The rise in financial literacy and KCC adoption reflects greater access to financial services,
empowering rural communities.
• Policy impact: Government initiatives like MGNREGS, PMAY-G, and DAY NRLM have played a vital role in boosting
rural financial inclusion and socio-economic development.

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Limitations: What is rice fortification, and why is it needed?
• Income disparities: Despite the rise in average • Definition: Rice fortification involves adding
income, there remain significant disparities essential micronutrients to rice to improve its
between agricultural and non-agricultural nutritional quality, providing public health benefits
households. with minimal risk to health.
• Uneven financial access: States like Goa, Kerala, • Need: India has high levels of malnutrition, with
and Gujarat show lower savings rates, indicating widespread anaemia affecting children, women,
uneven access to financial services. and men. Malnutrition results in stunted growth
• Insurance gaps: Life and health insurance and low productivity, which fortification can help
penetration remains limited compared to vehicle address.
insurance, highlighting areas for improvement. • Health benefits: Fortified rice supplements diets
• Pension shortfalls: Despite improvements, a with vital nutrients like iron, folic acid, and vitamin
significant portion of elderly rural populations still B12, addressing the widespread nutritional gaps in
lacks pension coverage. the population.
• Staple diet: Since rice is a staple food consumed by
Conclusion: nearly two-thirds of India’s population, fortifying it
The NAFIS 2021-22 survey highlights substantial can significantly impact public health.
progress in rural financial inclusion, with improved
income, savings, and financial literacy. Continued Process of rice fortification
government support and investment are crucial to sustain • Technologies used: Methods like coating, dusting,
this momentum and ensure a prosperous future for India’s and extrusion are used to add micronutrients to
rural population. rice, with extrusion being the most suitable for
India.
• Extrusion process: Dry rice flour is mixed with
micronutrient premix and water, then passed
Insta Links: through an extruder machine to produce fortified
1. NABARD rice kernels (FRKs).
2. NAFIS • Blending: These kernels are blended with regular
rice at a ratio of 10 g FRK to 1 kg of regular rice.
PYQ: • Shelf life: Fortified rice kernels have a shelf life of
1. “In the villages itself no form of credit organi- at least 12 months, ensuring long-term storage and
zation will be suitable except the cooperative distribution without losing nutritional value.
society.” –All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss
this statement in the background of agricultural FSSAI norms and nutrients involved:
finance in India. What constraints and challenges • Iron: Each kilogram of fortified rice contains 28 mg-
do financial institutions supplying agricultural 42.5 mg of iron to combat iron-deficiency anaemia.
finance face? How can technology be used to • Folic acid: Contains 75-125 micrograms of folic acid,
essential for preventing birth defects and boosting
better reach and serve rural clients? (UPSC-2014)
immunity.
• Vitamin B-12: Includes 0.75-1.25 micrograms of
vitamin B-12 to improve energy levels and prevent
nerve damage.
• Additional nutrients: Fortified rice may also include
Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies zinc, vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, and B6 to enhance
and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- overall health.
objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of
buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; eco- Initiatives so far:
nomics of animal-rearing. • Phase 1 (2022): Fortified rice was initially
distributed through Integrated Child Development
11. RICE FORTIFICATION Services and PM POSHAN schemes.
• Phase 2 (2023): Extended to the Public Distribution
Context: System (PDS) in 112 Aspirational Districts and 291
The Union Cabinet has extended the universal supply of high stunting burden districts.
fortified rice in all central government schemes providing • Phase 3 (2024): Universal coverage achieved, with
free food grain under the National Food Security Act, 2021, fortified rice distributed in all districts under various
in its present form, until December 2028. government schemes.
• Production capacity: India has 925 fortified rice
manufacturers with a capacity to produce 111 LMT
of fortified rice annually.

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Limitations: India’s fertilizer imports:
• Cost: The annual cost of rice fortification is around • Current dependence: India relies on imports for
Rs 2,700 crore, which may strain budget allocations. about 20% of its urea, 50-60% of diammonium
• Quality control: Inconsistent quality of fortified phosphate (DAP), and 100% of muriate of potash
rice due to the varying standards of rice mills and (MOP).
manufacturers. • Primary import sources: Major import partners
• Awareness: Lack of awareness among the include China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman,
population about the benefits of fortified rice Iran, and Egypt.
reduces its acceptance. Source: Standing Committee on Chemicals and
• Distribution challenges: Ensuring uniform Fertilizers Report, August 2023.
distribution of fortified rice to remote and
underprivileged areas remains a logistical India’s fertilizer production:
challenge.
Category Deta
Way ahead:
435.95 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LM
• Increase awareness: Educate the public about Total Production (2021-22)
total demand of 579.67 LMT
the health benefits of fortified rice to improve its
acceptance and demand. • Urea: 250.72 LMT;
• Enhance quality standards: Establish stringent • Di-Ammonium Phosph
quality control measures to ensure consistent • Nitrogen, Phosphorus
nutrient levels in fortified rice. Production by Type 89.67 LMT;
• Expand infrastructure: Strengthen infrastructure • Single superphosphat
at rice mills to improve blending and distribution • Muriate of Potassium
capabilities. ported
• Monitoring and evaluation: Implement robust
monitoring systems to assess the impact of rice ₹1.79 lakh crore, including ind
fortification on public health regularly. Subsidy Allocation (2023-24)
urea, as well as Phosphorus &

Insta Links:
1. Fortified-rice Source: Department of Fertilizers, Government of India
2. Fortified-rice-kernels
Challenges:
PYQ: • High import dependency: Given India’s reliance on
1. Genetically modified “golden rice” has been engineered imports, disruptions in global supply chains due to
to meet human nutritional requirements. Which one geopolitical conflicts directly impact availability and
of the following statements best qualifies golden rice? prices.
(UPSC- 2010) • Limited production growth: While production has
a) The grains have been fortified with genes to increased marginally from 385.39 LMT in 2014-15
provide three times higher grain yield per acre to 435.95 LMT in 2021-22, it remains insufficient to
than other high yielding varieties. meet domestic demand fully.
b) Its grains contain pro-vitamin A which upon in- • Fluctuating global prices: As oil prices rise due to
gestion is converted to vitamin A in the human regional conflicts, the cost of petroleum-based
body. fertilizers will likely surge, raising India’s fertilizer
c) Its modified -genes cause the synthesis of all import costs.
the nine essential amino acids. • Environmental concerns: The overuse of chemical
d) Its modified genes cause the fortification of its fertilizers raises concerns about soil health and
grains with vitamin D. long-term sustainability.
Answer: b) Recommendations and way forward:
• Expand domestic production: Continue setting
12. INDIA AND FERTILIZER IMPORTS up new urea plants, similar to the six new plants
established since the 2012 investment policy.
Boosting domestic capacity could mitigate
Context:
dependency on imports.
With conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza escalating, global
• Promote alternative solutions: Adopt nano-urea,
concerns about the stability of fertilizer supplies have
encourage natural farming methods, and expand
intensified. India, highly dependent on imports for various
bio-fertilizer use to reduce chemical fertilizer
fertilizers, is now considering strategies to enhance
dependency.
domestic production and reduce its reliance on foreign
• Invest in R&D: Encourage research and innovation
sources.

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in alternative fertilizers and efficient farming Issues faced by the diamond industry:
practices. 1. Supply chain disruptions: Sanctions on Russia, a
• Policy reforms: Create an environment that major diamond supplier, have limited raw material
encourages private and cooperative sector availability.
investment in fertilizer production. 2. Global demand slump: Key markets like the U.S.,
• Long-term sustainability initiatives: Implement soil Europe, and China have reduced demand.
health management programs and train farmers in 3. Suicides and job losses: Over 50,000 job losses in
efficient fertilizer use. Surat, with more than 70 suicides in a year due to
economic hardship.
Conclusion: 4. Oversupply and price drop: Despite limited
Addressing India’s fertilizer challenges requires a demand, production continued, causing a 5-27%
mix of increased domestic production, innovative practices, decline in polished diamond prices.
and strategic policy support. The government’s steps 5. Rise of lab-grown diamonds: Cheaper alternatives
toward self-sufficiency, alongside sustainable practices, will are gaining market share, impacting the natural
be crucial to stabilizing the agricultural sector in the face of diamond industry.
global uncertainties.
Way ahead
1. Diversify export markets: Focus on emerging
markets to reduce dependency on traditional
Insta Links: buyers.
3. Fertilizer-support 2. Support for workers: Implement government relief
measures for displaced workers, including financial
PYQ: aid and retraining programs.
1. How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, 3. Boost lab-grown diamond industry: Leverage
crop diversity and the economy of farmers? India’s expertise in diamond cutting to expand in
What is the significance of crop insurance, the growing lab-grown sector.
minimum support price and food processing 4. Global cooperation: Collaborate with international
for small and marginal farmers? (UPSC-2017) players to find alternate sources of rough
2. In what way could replacement of price diamonds.
subsidy with direct benefit Transfer (DBT) 5. Technological upgradation: Invest in innovation and
change the scenario of subsidies in India? technology to improve productivity and maintain
Discuss. (UPSC-2015) global competitiveness.

Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in

industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.

13. DIAMOND INDUSTRY

Context:
The Indian diamond industry, particularly in Surat, is facing
a significant downturn due to global geopolitical tensions,
especially the Russia-Ukraine war and the Gaza conflict.
This has severely affected raw diamond supply and global
demand, leading to widespread job losses and economic
challenges in India’s diamond sector.

About Indian diamond industry:

• Global leader: India processes over 90% of the
world’s diamonds.
• Employment: Provides jobs to around 5 million
people.
• Exports: In 2022, diamond exports were valued at
$23 billion, dropping to $16 billion in 2023, with
further decline expected.
• Global share: India contributes 19% of total global
diamond exports.

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More about Lab grown diamond: Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
ways etc.
• Chemical properties: Lab-grown diamonds have
the same chemical, physical, and optical proper-
14. “GREEN POWERHOUSE: INDIA’S LEAP
ties as natural diamonds.
IN RENEWABLE ENERGY”
• Origin: Created using technology that replicates
natural geological processes.
• Production methods:
o HPHT method: Mimics natural diamond
formation using extreme pressure and
temperatures.
o CVD method: Uses carbon gas to form
diamonds under controlled tempera-
ture and pressure.
• Applications: Widely used in industries for cut-
ting tools, electronics, and lasers due to their
hardness and thermal conductivity.

Conclusion:
The diamond industry’s recovery will hinge on
proactive government intervention and the sector’s ability
to adapt to changing global dynamics. While challenges
remain, a collaborative approach involving workers,
policymakers, and industry leaders can ensure resilience
and sustained growth.

Insta Links:
1. Surat Diamond Bourse
2. Rough Diamond

PYQ:
1. Which one of the following foreign travellers
elaborately discussed about diamonds and Context:
India has reached a significant milestone in its renewable
diamond mines of India? (UPSC-2018)
energy journey, with the country’s total renewable energy
a) Francois Bernier
capacity crossing the 200 GW (gigawatt) mark as of October
b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
10, 2024.
c) Jean de Thevenot
d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre India’s renewable energy targets:
• By 2030: Achieve 500 GW of installed electricity
Answer: b) capacity from non-fossil fuel sources.
• Net-Zero by 2070: As per India’s commitments at
COP26.

Present status of renewable energy in India (as of October

2024):

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faces shortages of rare earth materials critical for
Installed
Category Contribution (%) manufacturing technologies.
Capacity (GW) 6. Geographical disparities: Renewable resources
like wind and solar are unevenly distributed across
Solar Power 90.76 GW 20.05%
regions, limiting adoption in certain areas.
Wind Power 47.36 GW 10.46%
Way ahead:
Large Hydro 46.92 GW 10.36% 1. Technological advancements: Invest in energy
storage solutions and smart grids to manage
Small Hydro 5.07 GW 1.12% renewable energy variability.
2. Policy consistency: Develop stable, long-
Bio Power 11.32 GW 2.50% term policies to create a favorable investment
environment in the renewable sector.
Total Renewable 201.45 GW 46.30% 3. Capacity building: Enhance training programs for
skilled technicians to ensure smooth deployment
Total Installed and maintenance of renewable energy systems.
452.69 GW
Capacity 4. International collaboration: Foster partnerships
Source: Central Electricity Authority, Government of India. with global entities to access technology and raw
materials, boosting the renewable energy sector.
Government steps:
1. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Focuses on Conclusion:
developing green hydrogen to reduce carbon   India’s renewable energy journey has reached
emissions and enhance energy security. a significant milestone, marked by the impressive
2. PM-KUSUM: Provides solar irrigation pumps to achievement of over 200 GW of installed capacity. This
farmers, promoting solar energy use in agriculture. accomplishment is a testament to the nation’s commitment
3. PLI Schemes: Encourages domestic manufacturing to a sustainable energy future, driven by a diverse array
of solar PV modules by offering production-linked of renewable sources, including solar, wind, hydro, and
incentives. bioenergy.
4. 100% FDI: Allows full foreign direct investment in
renewable energy through the automatic route to
attract capital.
5. Waiver of ISTS Charges: Exempts renewable Insta Links:
projects from inter-state transmission system 1. Challenges-posed-by-renewable-energy-
charges until June 2025 to promote clean energy projects-in-India
growth. 2. Perspective-Indias-green-energy-transition
6. Renewable Purchase Obligation: Mandates power
utilities to purchase a set percentage of their PYQ:
energy from renewable sources until 2029-30. 1. With reference to solar power production in
7. Viability Gap Funding: Provides financial assistance India, consider the following statements: (UPSC-
for offshore wind energy projects to make them 2018)
commercially viable. 2. India is the third largest in the world in the
8. Green Energy Open Access Rules 2022: Facilitates manufacture of silicon wafers used in photo-
easier access to renewable energy for businesses, voltaic units.
promoting greater usage. 3. The solar power tariffs are determined by
the Solar Energy Corporation of India.
Challenges of renewable energy: Which of the statements given above is/are
1. High upfront costs: Significant initial investments correct?
are required for solar and wind energy a) 1 only
infrastructure, which can be prohibitive. b) 2 only
2. Intermittency & variability: Renewable energy c) Both 1 and 2
sources like solar and wind are dependent on d) Neither 1 nor 2
weather and time, making them less predictable.
3. Infrastructure needs: Renewable energy projects Answer: d)
require large areas of land and skilled technicians 2. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
for installation and maintenance. and modern energy is the sine qua non to
4. Policy & Regulatory hurdles: Inconsistent policies achieve Sustainable Development Goals
and bureaucratic delays create uncertainty and (SDGs)”. Comment on the progress made in
slow project implementation. India in this regard. (UPSC-2018)
5. Raw material access: The renewable sector

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• Functionality: It uses electronic devices and
15. “TRACKS OF TROUBLE: INDIAN RAIL- Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) installed
in locomotives, signalling systems, and tracks to
WAYS’ ENDURING CHALLENGES” communicate using ultra-high radio frequencies.
Context: These systems control train brakes and alert drivers
On October 17, eight coaches of the Agartala-Lokmanya based on pre-programmed logic.
Tilak Express derailed in Assam with no casualties. On • Field testing: Field tests for Kavach on passenger
October 11, a passenger train rear-ended a stationary trains began in 2016, showing promising results in
goods train near Chennai, also with no casualties. Indian preventing collisions and enhancing safety.
trains have been involved in multiple accidents of late. • Applications:
o Prevents Signal Passing At Danger (SPAD)
Key stress factors: and overspeeding by alerting the loco pilot.
1. Accidents and safety concerns: o Automatically applies brakes when it
o Accidents have reduced from 1,390 per detects another train within a predefined
year in the 1960s to 40 in 2023-24, but distance.
recent high-profile incidents like the o Provides signals to the loco pilot ahead of
Balasore crash raise serious safety issues. time, useful in low-visibility conditions.
o 55.8% of accidents are due to human error, o Automatically controls train speed if the
with equipment failure accounting for 6.2%. pilot fails to respond.
2. Slow implementation of ‘Kavach’ technology: o Assists in driving during harsh weather
o ‘Kavach’ covers only 2% of the railway conditions like dense fog.
network despite being a crucial safety
feature designed to prevent collisions. Its Potential solutions:
high cost and slow implementation hinder 1. Improving safety with ‘Kavach’ and signalling
wider adoption. upgrade:
3. Financial challenges and operating ratio:
o Prioritising the completion of Kavach
o The operating ratio for 2024-25 is projected
across high-density routes and upgrading
at 98.2%, meaning the Railways spends
nearly as much as it earns, leaving little for signalling systems could prevent future
upgrades. accidents and improve operational safety.
o Dependence on Extra-Budgetary Resources 2. Strengthening financial health:
has grown, increasing fiscal pressure. o A better balance between passenger fares
4. Freight services and revenue imbalance: and freight rates, fare rationalisation, can
o Freight accounts for 65% of revenue, but address financial gaps. Expanding premium
inefficiencies and slow freight movement services and curbing losses from subsidised
(26 km/hr in 2016) dampen growth. Coal, services is also essential.
which contributes 45% of freight volume, 3. Infrastructure upgradation:
faces decline due to a shift towards o Increasing investment in track renewal
renewable energy. and wagon replacements will enhance
5. Underinvestment in infrastructure: efficiency and reduce accidents. Funds
o Capital outlay for track renewal is should also be allocated for capacity
inadequate, and the depreciation reserves expansion and completing the DFC projects.
have shrunk by 96%, weakening the ability
4. Leveraging technology and data:
to maintain assets.
o Introducing AI-based systems for real-time
6. Passenger services losses:
monitoring of tracks, improving training,
o In 2021-22, passenger services incurred
a loss of ₹68,269 crore. Efforts like Vande and better staff management could
Bharat trains increase revenue, but improve both safety and efficiency.
rationalising fares is crucial.
Conclusion:
About Kavach system: Addressing these stress factors requires a
• Indigenous development: Kavach is an Automatic comprehensive approach that includes investments in
Train Protection (ATP) system developed by the technology, safety improvements, financial reforms, and
Research Design and Standards Organisation sustainable growth strategies. A well-balanced strategy
(RDSO) under Indian Railways, in collaboration with between affordability and profitability is crucial for securing
Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd, HBL Power Systems the future of India’s key public transportation system.
Ltd, and Kernex Microsystems.

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Insta Links:
1. Railway-accident-data-2019-2024
2. Reforms-in-India-railway

PYQ:
1. With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian
Railways, consider the following statements:
(2015)
1. The decomposition of human waste in
the bio toilets is initiated by a fungal
inoculum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the
only end products in this decompo-
sition which are released into the
atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d)

16. FUELLING THE FUTURE: INDIA’S ETH- Key achievements:

ANOL BLENDING DRIVE • Ethanol blending growth: Ethanol blending has
surged from 1.53% in 2014 to 15% in 2024. The
Context: government is targeting 20% blending by 2025.
India’s rising energy demands and dependency on imported • Increased ethanol production capacity: Ethanol
oil have led the government to focus on sustainable production capacity has more than doubled in four
alternatives like ethanol blending. This initiative, which aims years, reaching 1,623 crore litres in 2024.
to reduce fossil fuel use and carbon emissions, is a major • Foreign exchange savings: The program has saved
step toward energy security. ₹1,06,072 crore in foreign exchange and reduced
CO₂ emissions by 544 lakh metric tons.
About Ethanol Blending Program: • Economic impact: Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs)
• Origin: Launched in 2003 as a pilot project, ethanol have paid ₹1,45,930 crore to ethanol distillers
blending was formalized through the Ethanol and ₹87,558 crore to farmers, promoting rural
Blended Petrol (EBP) program to support energy prosperity.
needs and environmental goals.
• Aim: Reduce reliance on imported oil, improve Challenges:
energy security, lower carbon emissions, and boost • Feedstock availability: Limited feedstock options,
rural income by supporting sugarcane farmers. such as sugarcane, restrict the scale of ethanol
• Target: Achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol production.
by 2025, advancing the original target of 2030 in • Infrastructure gaps: Insufficient infrastructure for
response to increased capacity and demand. ethanol storage, transportation, and blending poses
• Ministry: Led by the Ministry of Petroleum and logistical challenges.
Natural Gas, with support from the Department • Technological constraints: Need for technology
of Food and Public Distribution and Ministry of advancements in ethanol production to ensure
Environment, Forest, and Climate Change for efficient use of diverse feedstocks, including
sustainable biofuel production and integration into lignocellulosic biomass.
the energy landscape. • Regulatory and inter-state barriers: Variations in
state regulations and taxation can hinder smooth
ethanol trade across state borders.

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Key measures: 17. SECURING THE SKIES: FROM AIR-
• Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana (Modified):
Expanding the scope to include advanced biofuels
PORT TO AIRCRAFT
and extending the timeline till 2028-29.
Context:
• Roadmap for blending: A comprehensive plan for
In recent weeks, Indian airlines like Air India, Vistara,
achieving 20% ethanol blending by 2025, ensuring
IndiGo, and others have encountered numerous bomb
efficient implementation.
threats, leading to emergency responses, rerouting, and
• Tax reductions: GST on ethanol reduced to 5%,
even fighter jet interception.
making it financially attractive for producers and
consumers.
Rise in threats:
• Interest subvention: Subsidies provided to enhance
• Threats to flights have surged, mostly originating
ethanol production capacity.
from social media platforms.
• Free movement of ethanol: Changes in regulations
• Intelligence agencies are tracking these threats and
to facilitate smooth inter-state movement of
IP addresses, with one detention made so far.
ethanol.
• The Union Civil Aviation Minister highlighted that
around 275 threats were issued for about 48,000
Conclusion:
flights, prompting discussions on updating aviation
India’s commitment to ethanol blending
laws for stricter punishments.
represents a transformative approach to energy security,
environmental sustainability, and economic development.
About aviation security architecture:
With a significant increase in ethanol production capacity
• International guidelines: The International Civil
and blending percentages, the government is making
Aviation Organization (ICAO) sets standards through
substantial strides towards its ambitious target of 20%
its Annex 17–Aviation Security (under the Chicago
blending by 2025.
Convention) to counteract threats.
• ICAO resources: The Aviation Security Manual (Doc
8973) aids ICAO member states with implementing
Insta Links: safety measures against unlawful interference.
1. Ethanol-blending-programme-in-India • National oversight: In India, the Bureau of Civil
2. Ethanol-a-savior-that-gives-savings Aviation Security oversees security protocols, with
the Directorate General of Civil Aviation focusing
PYQ: on safety. Other agencies like the CISF, NSG, and
1. According to India’s National Policy on Intelligence Bureau assist in threat management.
Biofuels, which of the following can be
used as raw materials for the production of Chicago Convention Overview:
biofuels? (UPSC-2020) • Purpose: Established foundational principles for
1. Cassava international civil aviation, creating the ICAO to
2. Damaged wheat grains oversee and harmonize global aviation stan-
3. Groundnut seeds dards.
4. Horse gram • Main provisions: Regulates aspects like air-
5. Rotten potatoes space, aircraft registration, aviation safety,
6. Sugar beet security, and environmental sustainability, along
Select the correct answer using the code with detailing signatory rights in air travel.
given below:
• Establishment: Signed on December 7, 1944,
(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only
in Chicago by 52 nations and went into effect
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
on April 4, 1947, when ICAO formally began
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
operations.
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: a) • Global participation: As of March 2019, the
Convention includes 193 countries, comprising
2. Given below are the names of four energy nearly all UN member states, except Liechten-
crops. Which one of them can be cultivated stein, although it is extended there through
for ethanol? (UPSC-2010) Switzerland’s ratification.
(a) Jatropha • Non-UN member: The Cook Islands partici-
(b) Maize pates in the Convention despite not being a UN
(c) Pongamia member.
(d) Sunflower
Answer: b) Protocol for handling bomb threats in aviation:
1. Pre-departure threats:

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o Aircraft is moved to a secured bay for and enhanced tracking for real-time threat
thorough checks. management.
o Passengers and baggage undergo additional • Update aviation laws: Revise regulations, such as
screening. the Aircraft Act of 1934, to allow prompt action
2. In-flight threats: against security threats, even for grounded flights.
o The Bomb Threat Assessment Committee • Strengthen communication channels: Streamline
(BTAC) at both the departure and cross-agency communication protocols to ensure
destination airports assesses the threat. rapid, unified responses during security threats.
o If the threat is deemed “specific” and the • Establish a global hoax database: Create a
aircraft is in domestic airspace, the plane collaborative platform for sharing hoax-related data
is diverted to the nearest airport. Security globally, integrating AI for initial assessments.
staff inspect the aircraft after evacuation of • Enhance funding for security measures: Allocate
crew and passengers. more resources to develop cybersecurity
o If the aircraft has exited Indian airspace, Air frameworks and conduct predictive profiling for
Traffic Control contacts foreign authorities potential threats.
to coordinate the response.
NOTE: The Chicago convention and protocol are also Conclusion:
important for your preliminary exam. Kindly make note of it The rise in hoax threats poses systemic challenges
as well. in India’s aviation security. Tackling these requires
updated legislation, better technological investment,
Government actions to counteract bomb threats: and coordination among agencies under international
• Social media accountability: guidelines.
o Platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Meta,
and Google are required to promptly share Insta Links:
user details of accounts posting threats. 1. Delhi declaration-on-civil-aviation
o Platforms may lose immunity under the 2. Civil-aviation-in-India
IT Act if they fail to remove false alerts
and could face action under the Bharatiya PYQ:
Nyaya Sanhita 2023. 1. Examine the development of Airports in India
• Enhanced protocols: through joint ventures under Public–Private
o Directors of CISF and BCAS briefed the Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges
Union Home Secretary on strengthening faced by the authorities in this regard? (UPSC-2017)
ground operations.
o The BTAC protocol has been updated to
incorporate “red flag” assessments for Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
improved threat classification. applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
Challenges: and developing new technology.
• Technological limitations: Current systems lack
advanced capabilities for tracking and analyzing
threat calls, impacting quick response.
• Regulatory and policy gaps: Existing laws need 18. REVOLUTIONARY ULTRASOUND
updates to address threats comprehensively,
including stricter penalties for ground-based
METHOD ENHANCES EARLY CANCER DE-
incidents. TECTION
• Communication gaps: Coordination among
agencies involved in aviation security is
inconsistent, leading to delayed or fragmented Context:
responses. Scientists have developed a new technique to detect
• Absence of a threat database: Lack of a centralized, cancers. The method uses ultrasound to turn a small part
global hoax call database limits information-sharing of our body’s tissue into droplets that are released into the
and tracking of recurrent threats. blood. These bubbles contain molecules like RNA, DNA, and
• Resource demands: Security improvements proteins that allow the scientists to identify particular types
require significant investment in technology, skilled of cancer.
manpower, and infrastructure.
Technology used and methods:
Way forward: 1. High-energy ultrasound: Employs higher-frequency
• Invest in advanced technology: Incorporate sound waves than traditional ultrasound, capable of
AI-driven threat analysis, quantum computing, interacting more intensely with tissues.

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2. Droplet formation: The ultrasound waves cause symptomatic patients.
tiny pieces of cancerous tissue to break off, turning • Challenges:
them into droplets that release molecular contents o Risk of false-positive and false-negative
into the bloodstream. results.
3. Biomarker analysis: The droplets contain o Overdiagnosis leading to unnecessary
biomarkers like RNA, DNA, and proteins, which treatments.
are then extracted from the blood and analyzed to o Limited recommendations for certain
identify specific cancer types. cancers due to risk-benefit concerns.
4. Single cell detection capability: The method is
sensitive enough to detect a single cancer cell About Cancer
in blood samples, providing insights into cancer • Definition: Cancer is a disease characterized by
progression and metastasis. uncontrolled cell growth that spreads to other parts
of the body.
Significance • Global impact: The second leading cause of death
1. Non-invasive technique: Reduces the need for worldwide, responsible for 1 in 6 deaths in 2018.
painful and invasive procedures like biopsies, • Importance of early detection: Early detection
making cancer detection easier for patients. increases the likelihood of successful treatment and
2. Cost-effective solution: Expected to lower the cost can significantly reduce mortality rates.
of cancer detection significantly, offering a more
affordable alternative to current expensive tests.
3. High sensitivity: Increases the concentration
of detectable biomarkers by over 100 times, Insta Links:
improving early cancer detection accuracy. 1. Cancer-in-India-a-status-report
4. Versatility: Has the potential to detect multiple 2. Cancer-moonshot-initiative
cancer types, such as prostate, breast, and
melanoma, using a single diagnostic approach. PYQ:
1. What are the research and developmental
Limitations: achievements in applied biotechnology?
1. Clinical validation required: Needs extensive How will these achievements help to uplift
clinical trials on diverse populations to ensure its the poorer sections of the society? (UPSC-
effectiveness and accuracy before widespread use. 2021)
2. Technical standardization: Challenges in 2. What do you understand by nanotechnology
standardizing the technique for different cancer and how is it helping in health sector? (UPSC-
types and ensuring consistent results across various 2020)
settings. 3. Why is there so much activity in the field
3. Biomarker variability: The sensitivity of detection of biotechnology in our country? How
may vary with different cancers due to variations has this activity benefitted the field of
in biomarker thresholds, potentially affecting biopharma? (UPSC-2018)
accuracy.
4. Early development stage: Still in the experimental
phase, with a timeline of at least five years before
potential commercial availability, depending on trial
outcomes.

Early Cancer Detection: 19. “PRECISION MEDICINE: PERSONALIZ-

• Definition: Early cancer detection involves ING HEALTHCARE FOR THE FUTURE”
identifying cancer at its initial stages, significantly
improving treatment outcomes. Context:
• Two components: Precision medicine is a rapidly evolving approach to
o Screening: Testing asymptomatic healthcare that tailors treatment based on individual
individuals to detect cancer before genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In India,
symptoms appear (e.g., mammography for despite strides in this field, the lack of robust biobank
breast cancer). regulations is a major hurdle in advancing precision
o Early diagnosis: Focuses on symptomatic medicine.
patients, aiming for prompt detection,
diagnosis, and treatment. What is Precision Medicine and Biobanks?
• Difference: Screening targets asymptomatic • Precision medicine: An approach to medical care
people and specific cancers (e.g., breast, cervical), that customizes treatment based on the genetic
while early diagnosis focuses on all cancers in

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makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors of 3. Limited public trust: Without strong privacy
an individual, rather than adopting a generalized protections, public participation in biobank-related
treatment for all. research remains low.
• Biobanks: These are repositories that store 4. Access by foreign entities: Inadequate regulations
biological samples such as blood, tissues, DNA, allow foreign companies to access Indian genetic
etc., alongside their genetic data, collected from data without ensuring local benefits.
consenting individuals for research purposes.
Way ahead:
Importance of Biobanks in precision medicine: 1. Formulate comprehensive biobank laws:
• Data repository: Biobanks provide genetic data Implement stringent biobank regulations that
essential for identifying disease patterns and ensure privacy, consent, and ethical handling of
developing targeted therapies. samples.
• Research backbone: They enable research 2. Establish central authority: Create a national
into genetic disorders, chronic diseases, and body to regulate and oversee biobank operations,
personalized treatments. ensuring compliance and consistency.
• Diversity in research: Large and diverse biobanks 3. Encourage public participation: Through awareness
ensure precision medicine benefits more people campaigns and data protection assurances,
across varying ethnicities and demographics. encourage more individuals to contribute to
biobanks.
Present status in India: 4. Promote research and collaboration: Facilitate
• Growth of precision medicine: The Indian precision collaboration between Indian and international
medicine market is growing rapidly, expected to be research organizations while ensuring equitable
worth over $5 billion by 2030. access to research outcomes.
• Biobanks: There are 19 registered biobanks in India. 5. Incentivize domestic drug development: Support
Major initiatives like the Genome India Project and the development of locally manufactured drugs
Phenome India have begun collecting large-scale based on biobank data to lower costs.
genetic data.
• Policy gaps: India lacks comprehensive biobank Conclusion:
regulations, which hampers growth in precision Biobanks are pivotal in driving precision medicine
medicine. forward. However, for India to become a global leader in
this field, it must establish strong legal frameworks ensuring
Best Practices from foreign nations: ethical practices, data security, and equitable benefits
• Comprehensive laws: Countries like the U.S., U.K., from research. These steps will build trust and ensure the
Japan, and China have specific laws regulating advancement of personalized healthcare for all.
biobanks, covering aspects like informed consent,
privacy, and data security.
• Oversight: These nations have centralized
authorities overseeing biobank operations, Insta Links:
ensuring ethical standards and data protection. 1. TDP1
2. Phenome-India
Significance of Biobank regulations: PYQ:
• Ensuring ethical standards: Clear regulations will 2. The term ‘ACE2’ is talked about in the context of
protect individual rights, ensuring informed consent (UPSC- 2021)
and preventing misuse of genetic data. a) Genes introduced in the genetically
• Boosting research: Regulating biobanks can modified plants
enhance trust, encouraging more public b) Development of India’s own satellite
participation in precision medicine research. navigation system
• Global collaboration: Aligning Indian laws with c) Radio collars for wildlife tracking
global standards will facilitate international d) Spread of viral diseases
collaborations in drug development and clinical
research. Answer: d)

Challenges:
1. Lack of comprehensive regulation: No central
authority governs biobank operations, leading to
ethical concerns and potential misuse of data.
2. Informed consent issues: Participants are often
unaware of how their samples will be used, creating
risks for privacy violations.

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Positives of tech companies in nuclear energy:
1. Clean energy transition: Tech companies’
20. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS & TECH investment in nuclear power supports the shift
FIRMS away from fossil fuels, contributing to global
decarbonization efforts.
Context: E.g. Google’s deal helps offset the carbon emissions
Google announced a partnership to purchase nuclear of its energy-hungry data centers.
energy from Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) developed by 2. Energy reliability: Nuclear energy provides a
Kairos Power. This move reflects tech companies’ increasing continuous power supply, unlike intermittent
interest in nuclear energy to power data centers and other renewable sources like solar or wind.
operations with clean energy. E.g. Microsoft’s investment in SMRs ensures a
steady supply of energy to its operations.
Key Points: 3. Technological innovation: By partnering with
• Google’s SMR Agreement: nuclear startups, tech companies are driving
o Google signed an agreement to buy nuclear innovation in energy technology, including the
energy from SMRs developed by Kairos development of SMRs and microreactors.
Power. E.g. OpenAI’s backing of Oklo aims to make
o The SMRs will supply 500 MW of carbon- microreactors commercially viable by 2027.
free energy by 2035, supporting Google’s 4. Global leadership: U.S. government supports
data centers and AI development. tech companies’ nuclear ventures to re-establish
• Other companies involved: leadership in nuclear technology, ahead of
o Microsoft: Signed a 20-year power competitors like China and Russia.
purchase agreement with Constellation to 5. Sustainability commitments: Nuclear energy aligns
add 835 MW of carbon-free energy to the with companies’ goals to achieve carbon neutrality
grid. and reduce global emissions.
o Amazon: Partnered with Energy Northwest, E.g. Amazon’s partnerships aim to reduce emissions
X-energy, and Dominion Energy for SMR across its logistics and data center operations.
projects to power data centers.
o OpenAI: CEO Sam Altman backed the Challeneges:
nuclear startup Oklo, aiming to build a 1. Public perception and trust issues: Nuclear energy
commercial microreactor by 2027. has a controversial reputation due to accidents
• Why nuclear energy? like Chernobyl and Fukushima, making public
o Nuclear energy is seen as a reliable, round- acceptance a challenge.
the-clock, and carbon-free energy source. E.g. The nuclear energy push is met with skepticism
o It’s being used to offset the rising energy by environmental groups such as Friends of the
demands of AI models and data centers, Earth.
which consume vast amounts of electricity. 2. High costs and delays: Despite lower operational
costs, the construction of nuclear reactors,
including SMRs, remains expensive, with potential
delays and budget overruns.
E.g. Oklo’s microreactor may face delays, pushing
its commercial launch beyond 2027.
3. Safety concerns: Despite technological advances,
the potential for accidents or malfunctions in
nuclear reactors raises significant safety concerns.
E.g. The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 still
lingers as a reminder of the risks associated with
nuclear power.
4. Nuclear waste management: Long-term
management of nuclear waste is a persistent
• SMR advantages:
challenge, and unresolved waste disposal issues
o Lower costs: SMRs have potentially lower
raise environmental concerns.
building and operational costs compared to
E.g. Current nuclear projects have yet to fully
traditional nuclear reactors.
address the sustainability of waste management
o Scalability: SMRs have compact designs
solutions.
and can be deployed in areas unsuitable for
5. Vulnerabilities to natural disasters: Nuclear
large nuclear plants.
infrastructure, if located in disaster-prone areas,
o Carbon-free: Nuclear energy provides clean
poses additional risks during events like tsunamis or
energy without greenhouse gas emissions.
earthquakes.

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E.g. Fukushima demonstrated the vulnerability of About Solar Radiation Management (SRM):
nuclear plants to natural disasters beyond human • Definition: SRM involves scattering reflective
control. materials in the atmosphere to reflect sunlight and
reduce the amount of heat that reaches the Earth’s
Conclusion: surface.
Tech companies’ adoption of nuclear energy • Materials used: Besides diamonds, other proposed
offers a carbon-free, reliable solution for growing energy materials include sulfur dioxide, calcium carbonate,
needs, but concerns over safety, high costs, and nuclear and sodium chloride. Each has varying degrees of
waste persist. While innovations like SMRs hold promise, reflectivity and risks.
balancing opportunities and risks will be crucial for a • Inspiration from nature: SRM mimics the effects
sustainable energy future. of volcanic eruptions, such as the Mount Pinatubo
eruption, which cooled the Earth by 0.5°C in 1991
by releasing sulfur dioxide.
Insta Links: Spraying diamond dust: How it works?
1. Bharat-small-reactors • Mechanism: Diamond dust, when sprayed into the
2. Nuclear Energy upper atmosphere, scatters sunlight and reflects
solar radiation back into space, preventing it from
PYQ: reaching the Earth’s surface.
1. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept • Material choice: Diamonds are considered ideal
under “IAEA safeguards” while others are because they have high reflectivity, meaning they
not? (UPSC-2020) can effectively reflect a significant amount of
(a) Some use uranium and others use sunlight.
thorium • Process: The dust would be dispersed into the
(b) Some use imported uranium and others stratosphere, mimicking the natural cooling effects
use domestic supplies of volcanic eruptions, which scatter particles that
(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises reduce sunlight reaching Earth.
and others are operated by domestic • Scale: To achieve a global temperature reduction of
enterprises 1.6°C, approximately 5 million tonnes of diamond
(d) Some are State-owned and others are dust would need to be sprayed annually.
privately owned
Advantages of spraying diamond dust:
Answer: b) • High efficiency: Diamonds are highly reflective,
making them more efficient than other materials
like sulfur or calcium carbonate in scattering
sunlight.
• Conceptual potential: This method offers a
21. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT potentially fast-acting solution to temporarily
reduce global temperatures and buy time for more
Context: sustainable solutions.
A new study proposes spraying diamond dust in the upper • Nature-inspired: The method draws from volcanic
atmosphere as a geoengineering method to cool the eruptions, which have been observed to reduce
Earth and combat global warming. This method is based global temperatures naturally through particle
on reflecting solar radiation back into space, an approach dispersion.
known as Solar Radiation Management (SRM). • Minimal carbon footprint: Unlike fossil fuels, using
diamonds for SRM does not contribute directly to
carbon emissions, aiding the fight against climate
change.

Limitations of spraying diamond dust:

• Implementation challenges: The technology and
logistics for spraying millions of tonnes of diamond
dust annually are not yet feasible, with high costs
and infrastructure required.
• Unintended consequences: Large-scale
geoengineering may disrupt weather patterns,
affect rainfall, and potentially cause harm to
ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Temporary solution: SRM addresses symptoms of

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global warming but does not eliminate greenhouse India’s Space Planning highlights:
gases or halt climate change at its source. • Gaganyaan Missions: Four human spaceflight
• Ethical concerns: Manipulating the Earth’s climate missions and one uncrewed flight.
system on such a large scale raises ethical issues, • Bharatiya Antariksh Station: Four test missions
especially regarding impacts on agriculture, wildlife, planned for India’s first space station launch by
and human populations.
2028.
Conclusion: • Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Approved
Spraying diamond dust into the atmosphere for ₹8,240 crore, developed in partnership with the
as part of Solar Radiation Management presents a private sector.
theoretically promising but challenging solution to combat • Venus Orbiter Mission: Scheduled for 2028 to
global warming. While it offers a rapid, temporary fix but study Venus’s atmospheric and surface conditions.
unintended environmental impacts, must be carefully • Chandrayanaan-4 (2027): Moon sample-return
considered before implementing such geoengineering mission to collect lunar soil for Earth analysis.
measures. • LUPEX with Japan: Collaborative Lunar Polar
Exploration Mission.
• Space-Based Surveillance (SBS-3): Comprehensive
Insta Links: satellite network for advanced surveillance
3. Climate-change-and-associated-issues capabilities.
4. Solar-radiation-management • NISAR & Proba-3 Satellites: Focus on Earth
PYQ: observation and Sun’s corona study.
1. Which of the following statements is/are • Private Sector Involvement: Green propulsion
correct about the deposits of ‘methane systems by Manastu Space, low-orbit satellites
hydrate’? (UPSC-2019)
by Bellatrix Aerospace, and satellite assembly by
1. Global warming might trigger the release
of methane gas from these deposits. Ananth Technologies.
2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are
found in Arctic Tundra and under the sea Challenges in India’s Space Planning:
floor. • Limited commercial market access: India’s
3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to 2.6% share in the global space economy limits
carbon dioxide after a decade or two. commercial space ventures.
Select the correct answer using the code given • Technological dependency: Despite ranking 7th
below. globally, India still relies on imports for advanced
(a) 1 and 2 only
launch vehicle components.
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only • Policy and legal gaps: Lack of comprehensive space
(d) 1, 2 and 3 policy delays regulatory developments.
Answer: d) • Budget constraints: India’s modest budget of 0.05%
of GDP limits its scope for high-cost missions.
2. ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How • Geopolitical considerations: Collaborations like the
India will be affected by climate change? Artemis Accords require diplomatic balancing amid
How Himalayan and coastal states of India geopolitical tensions.
will be affected by climate change? (UPSC-
2017).
Way forward:
• Boost private sector engagement: Aligns
with global trends and enhances commercial
capabilities.
Topics: Awareness in space.
• Strengthen human spaceflight program: Invests
in astronaut training and infrastructure for crewed
22. BEYOND EARTH: INDIA’S VISION FOR missions.
SPACE EXPLORATION • Increase budget allocation: Supports ambitious
space goals and complex missions.
Context: • Develop clear, forward-looking policies: Ensures
India’s space program, led by the Indian Space Research safe, sustainable space expansion.
Organisation (ISRO), is expanding its horizons with a series • Expand international partnerships: Promotes
of ambitious missions, new technologies, and partnerships, peaceful, inclusive space exploration.
signaling a new phase in space exploration.

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to form nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres, which host
electron spin qubits.
Insta Links:
• Vacuum levitation: In a recent experiment,
1. ISRO-DBT agreement
researchers levitated FNDs in a high vacuum and
2. ISRO-third-launch-pad
spun them at ultra-high speeds (up to 20 million
times per second), marking an advancement in
PYQ:
understanding their quantum properties.
1. What is India’s plan to have its own space
station and how will it benefit our space
programme? (UPSC-2019) Limitations:
2. What is the main task of India’s third mood • Technical challenges: In earlier experiments,
mission which could not be achieved in its researchers faced difficulty preventing the loss of
earlier mission? List the countries that have nanodiamonds in a vacuum and controlling the spin
achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems qubits effectively.
in the spacecraft launched and explain the • Complexity: The technology to manipulate spin
role of the ‘Virtual Launch Control Centre’ qubits inside levitated FNDs requires intricate
at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which setups, including the use of electric and magnetic
contributed to the successful launch from fields.
Sriharikota. (UPSC- 2023)
Applications:
• High-resolution imaging: FNDs are used in
biological imaging to track cells over time due to
their stability.
Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, robotics, • Temperature sensing: They are employed in
nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to microscale temperature sensing due to their
intellectual property rights. sensitivity.
• Sensors: Their ability to detect acceleration and
electric fields makes them valuable in strategic
industries.
23. FLUORESCENT NANODIAMONDS • Quantum physics: FNDs doped with NV− centres
can aid in exploring quantum superposition and
other quantum mechanical properties.
Context: • Gyroscopes: The Berry phase generated by rotating
Fluorescent Nanodiamonds (FNDs) are becoming FNDs could lead to their use in rotation-sensing
increasingly important across various industries due to their gyroscopes.
unique chemical and physical properties. A recent study
demonstrated spinning FNDs at ultra-high speeds to test Conclusion:s
their limits in physics, highlighting potential applications in FNDs, with their stable fluorescence, quantum
both theoretical and practical fields. properties, and potential industrial applications, offer
promising avenues in both theoretical research and applied
About FNDs (Chemical and Physical properties): fields like imaging, sensing, and quantum computing. Their
• Composition: FNDs are nanometre-sized diamonds recent advancements in vacuum levitation showcase their
composed of carbon nanoparticles. growing relevance in cutting-edge technology.
• Stability: They are stable under light, non-toxic,
and capable of maintaining fluorescence for long
periods.
• Fluorescence: FNDs emit light of a lower frequency Insta Links:
when irradiated with higher-frequency light. Unlike 2. Nano Technology
other fluorescent materials, FNDs have a longer PYQ:
fluorescence lifespan, making them superior for 1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC -
certain applications. 2022)
• Non-blinking: FNDs do not exhibit the blinking 1. Other than those made by humans,
effect, unlike many other nanoscale fluorescent nanoparticles do not exist in nature.
materials. 2. Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides
are used in the manufacture of some
Technology process in formation: cosmetics.
• Production: FNDs are created under high- 3. Nanoparticles of some commercial
temperature and high-pressure conditions. products which enter the environ-
• Doping: They can be doped with nitrogen atoms ment are unsafe for humans.

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Activities in ESAs:
Which of the statements given above is/are • Prohibited: Commercial mining, industries causing
correct? pollution, large hydroelectric projects, sawmills,
(a) 1 only and use of wood for commercial purposes.
(b) 3 only • Regulated: Felling trees, constructing hotels/
(c) 1 and 2 only resorts, commercial use of water, electrical cables,
(d) 2 and 3 only changing agricultural systems.
• Permitted: Organic farming, rainwater harvesting,
Answer: d) use of renewable energy, ongoing agricultural
1. What do you understand by nanotechnolo- practices.
gy and how is it helping in the health sec-
tor? (UPSC - 2020) Comparison between Madhav Gadgil’s report and Kastur-
irangan’s report:
Madhav Gadgil Kasturirangan
Aspect
Report Report
Emphasized a more
More top-down
inclusive, bot-
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollu- with emphasis on
tom-up approach
tion and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Approach balance between
involving local
development and
communities in
conservation.
24. ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS conservation.
Proposed 100% of Proposed only 37%
Context: ESA Coverage the Western Ghats of the Western
The Karnataka government has asked the Union Ministry as ESA. Ghats as ESA.
of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
Recommended
to withdraw the sixth draft notification issued by it for the Involved minimal
strong participation
declaration of Eco-Sensitive Areas (ESAs) of the Western Local Involve- local participation,
from local commu-
Ghats. ment focusing on bu-
nities and Gram
reaucracy.
Sabhas.
About Eco-Sensitive Area:
Eco-Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are regions surrounding Highly restrictive
Allowed controlled
protected areas like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, on developmental
developmental
designated to act as buffer zones to reduce the impact of Development activities, especial-
activities in less
human activities on biodiversity. ly in high-priority
sensitive areas.
• Governed under the Environmental (Protection) Act, areas (ESZ-1).
1986, and outlined in the National Wildlife Action Plan Recommended Phasing out mining
(2002-2016) by the Ministry of Environment, Forest Mining and a complete ban over time, depend-
and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Quarrying on mining in ESA ing on existing
areas. leases.
Origin: Opposed large hy- Allowed hydropow-
• ESAs were introduced to provide buffer zones for Power Proj-
dropower projects er projects with
protected areas. ects
in sensitive zones. extensive studies.
• The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (Gadgil
Committee) and Kasturirangan Committee Significance of ESAs
recommended their designation for biodiversity • Biodiversity conservation: Regulates human
conservation, especially in fragile ecosystems like the activities and prevents environmental
Western Ghats. degradation.
• In-situ conservation: Helps conserve
endangered species in their natural habitat.
• Man-animal conflict reduction: Maintains
forest corridors.
• Buffer zones: Balances development and
conservation in ecologically fragile areas.
• Climate resilience: Preserves natural
landscapes for ecosystem adaptation.

Challenges
• Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental

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Protection
• Challenges include balancing economic growth with Topics: Disaster and management.
environmental protection.
• Restrictions can negatively impact communities
dependent on natural resources. 25. BIHAR FLOOD
• Inconsistent policies across states cause confusion
and enforcement issues. Context:
• Encroachment threats include illegal mining, Bihar, India, is severely affected by annual floods, with
deforestation, and human encroachments. millions displaced and livelihoods disrupted. The region’s
• Insufficient local participation weakens compliance. geographic vulnerability, coupled with ineffective flood
control measures, continues to exacerbate the problem.
Way ahead
• Community Involvement in ESA Management
• Strengthen local participation through Gram Sabhas
and bodies.
• Promote sustainable development through eco-
friendly alternatives.
• Standardize ESA policies to prevent loopholes.
• Conduct thorough environmental impact
assessments before projects.
• Provide financial support and training for
sustainable income sources.

Conclusion:
ESAs play a vital role in balancing conservation Geographic Conditions Contributing to Flooding in Bihar:
with sustainable development. Going forward, a balanced, 1. Proximity to the Himalayas: North Bihar is located
inclusive, and sustainable approach is essential to preserve downstream from Nepal, with rivers originating
these fragile ecosystems while ensuring that development from the Himalayas flowing into Bihar.
benefits local communities. o These rivers, including Kosi, Gandak, and
Bagmati, carry large amounts of sediment,
making the state flood-prone.
2. River sedimentation: The young Himalayan rivers
are sediment-heavy due to loose soil, causing them
Insta Links: to overflow when rainwater increases the volume.
1. Eco-Sensitive Area 3. Flat terrain: Bihar’s flat plains make it difficult for
2. Kasturirangan Committee floodwaters to drain quickly, leading to prolonged
waterlogging, especially during the monsoon.
PYQ: 4. Permanent waterlogged areas: Low-lying areas,
1. In which one among the following categories known as Chaurs, further complicate drainage,
of protected areas in India are local people causing long-term waterlogging in certain regions.
not allowed to collect and use biomass? 5. Impact of embankments: Embankments built along
(UPSC - 2012) rivers like the Kosi have narrowed their channels,
a) Biosphere Reserves leading to sediment buildup and shallower
b) National Parks riverbeds, increasing the risk of overflow.
c) Wetlands declared under the Ramsar
Convention Causes of Flooding in Bihar:
d) Wildlife Sanctuaries 1. Heavy rainfall in Nepal: Flash floods are often
triggered by heavy rainfall in the Himalayan regions
Answer: b) of Nepal, which drains into Bihar’s rivers.
2. Overflowing rivers: During monsoons, snow-fed
2. “Policy contradictions among various com- and rain-fed rivers breach their banks, flooding
peting sectors and stakeholders have resulted large areas.
in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of 3. Embankment failures: Structural issues with
degradation’ to the environment.” Comment embankments have led to breaches, worsening
with relevant illustrations. (UPSC - 2018) flood damage.
4. Waterlogging from small rivers: Encroachment on
drainage channels and silted rivers cause further
water stagnation.
5. Release of water from barrages: The release of

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water from Nepal’s barrages, such as the Kosi Topics: Linkages between development and spread of ex-
barrage, contributes to increased water levels. tremism.

Way ahead to handle floods:

1. Integrated Flood Management: Building additional
26. NAXALISM
barrages, dams, and improving embankments must
be accompanied by policies for early warnings and Context:
quick responses. Recently security forces in Chhattisgarh’s Bastar region
2. Collaboration with Nepal: The long-pending engaged in a significant gunfight with Naxalites, resulting in
proposal to build a dam on the Kosi requires the death of 28 insurgents. This marks one of the highest
diplomatic collaboration with Nepal to address casualty tolls in recent anti-Naxal operations.
upstream water management.
3. Strengthening embankments: Regular
maintenance and modernization of embankments,
along with widening river channels to manage
sediment, can mitigate flood impacts.
4. Non-structural solutions: Improved flood
forecasting, risk reduction policies, disaster
management training, and community awareness
programs are essential for flood preparedness.
5. Rehabilitation of affected populations: Providing
sustainable resettlement options for communities
trapped within flood-prone embankments can
prevent annual displacement.

Best Practice: About Naxalism:

• Chennai: Stormwater Drainage System • Origins in Naxalbari: The Naxalite movement began
• Chennai has enhanced its stormwater drainage in 1967 in Naxalbari village, West Bengal, when
system post-2015 floods by redesigning and peasants led an uprising against local landlords over
expanding it. The city increased the number of land disputes.
stormwater drains and connected them to natural • Maoist Ideology: The movement was inspired
water bodies for efficient water flow and drainage by Maoist political ideology, advocating armed
during heavy rainfall. rebellion to overthrow the state and redistribute
• Surat: Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) land and resources to oppressed communities.
• Surat, a flood-prone city, uses a Flood Early Warning • Spread to Tribal Regions: Naxalism gradually spread
System (FEWS) to predict and monitor floods, to underdeveloped and tribal areas, particularly in
especially in the Tapi River basin. This system allows states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, and
for timely evacuations and preparation, minimizing parts of Andhra Pradesh.
flood damage. • Objective: The Naxalites aimed to challenge the
Indian state through armed insurgency, focusing on
the redistribution of land, wealth, and resources to
marginalized and tribal communities.
• Red Corridor Zones
Insta Links: o The Red Corridor refers to areas
1. Flood-Management-in-India significantly affected by Naxalite-
2. Climate change and Flood Maoist insurgency. It includes regions in
PYQ: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
1. The interlinking of rivers can provide vi- Maharashtra, West Bengal, Jharkhand,
able solutions to the multi-dimensional Bihar, and Telangana.
inter-related problems of droughts, floods,
and interrupted navigation. Critically exam- Reasons for Naxalism’s growth:
ine. (UPSC - 2020) • Tribal displacement: Massive displacement due
2. Account for the huge flooding of million to development projects and mining activities
cities in India including the smart ones like has fueled discontent among tribal populations,
Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting reme- making them vulnerable to Maoist influence.
dial measures. (UPSC - 2020) • Socio-economic gaps: Poverty, lack of education,
and absence of government welfare programs in
tribal and rural areas have deepened grievances.

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• State negligence: Lack of infrastructural Conclusion:
development, poor connectivity, and weak To comprehensively address Naxalism, India must
governance in the Red Corridor have created balance military actions with efforts to improve tribal
vacuums that Maoists exploit. livelihoods and ensure access to “Jal, Jangal, Zameen”, the
• Forest rights: The Forest (Conservation) Act, fundamental demands of tribal populations.
1980 restricts access to forest produce, further
alienating forest-dependent communities.
• Government focus on security: The government’s
emphasis on security measures rather than Insta Links:
addressing underlying socio-economic issues has 1. Urban Naxalism
left many grievances unresolved.
PYQ:
Steps taken by the government: 1. The persisting drives of the government for
Legal measures: development of large industries in backward
1. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA): areas have resulted in isolating the tribal
Declares Naxalite groups as terrorist organizations population and the farmers who face mul-
and enables swift action against them. tiple displacements. With Malkangiri and
2. Relief and Rehabilitation Policy: Encourages Naxalbari foci, discuss the corrective strate-
Naxalites to surrender and join the mainstream by gies needed to win the Left-Wing Extremism
offering rehabilitation packages. (LWE) doctrine that affected citizens back
3. Forest Rights Act, 2006: Aims to restore land rights into the mainstream of social and economic
to tribal communities, addressing one of the root growth. (UPSC - 2015)
causes of insurgency.
Military measures: 2. What are the determinants of left-wing
1. Operation Green Hunt: Launched in 2010, this extremism in the Eastern part of India?
large-scale counter-insurgency operation has What strategy should the Government of
significantly reduced Naxal activities. India, civil administration and security forces
2. Greyhounds force: Special forces unit in Andhra adopt to counter the threat in the affected
Pradesh trained for guerrilla warfare against areas? (UPSC - 2020)
Naxalites.
3. Coordination with state forces: Increased
cooperation between central paramilitary forces
and state police, improving intelligence and
response. 27. BUDGET WOES CLOUD COP-29 CLI-
Developmental measures: MATE SUMMIT
1. Aspirational Districts Programme: Targets
underdeveloped regions, including those affected Context:
by Naxalism, to enhance healthcare, education, and The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
infrastructure. Change (UNFCCC) faces a severe budget shortfall, impacting
2. Skill development programs: Initiatives to train its ability to conduct essential climate negotiations and
the tribal youth in vocational skills and reduce their support the 2024-25 climate agenda, including the COP-29
dependency on Naxalite ideologies. summit.
3. Infrastructure development: Road and telecom
connectivity projects have been launched in remote
areas, enhancing access to basic services and Payment System in UNFCCC:
governance. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-
FCCC) operates on a two-tier funding system:
Way ahead • Core budget: Mandatory contributions from
1. Addressing socio-economic grievances: Focus on member countries, calculated based on eco-
addressing root causes such as land disputes, tribal nomic size and capacity.
rights, and poverty through inclusive policies. • Supplementary fund: Voluntary donations to
2. Enhanced intelligence: Improve real-time cover additional needs, including event-spe-
intelligence gathering and collaboration between cific activities like COP events, and targeted
state and central forces. programs such as funding for diplomats from
3. Sustained development: Ensure the long-term lower-income countries.
implementation of development schemes and Member countries can specify how supplementary
socio-economic programs. funds should be allocated, though these preferences are
generally non-binding.

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Current issues: Jennifer Morgan noted, a functioning secretariat is crucial
• Delays and shortfalls: Major contributors like the for impactful negotiations.
U.S. and China have delayed payments, leading to
a €57 million shortfall in 2024, affecting UNFCCC’s
ability to run operations.
• Operational disruptions: Financial strain has Insta Links:
forced UNFCCC to reduce activities, such as cutting 1. Important-outcomes-of-cop28
regional events and limiting travel funding for 2. International-conventions
poorer nations.
• Increasing reliance on voluntary contributions: PYQ:
With budget needs rising, the reliance on voluntary 1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th
donations grows, introducing unpredictability in session of the Conference of the Parties
funds availability. (COP) to the United Nations Framework
• Inefficiency and limited transparency: Constraints Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
and delays in supplementary funds impact project What are the commitments made by India in
planning and create inefficiencies. this conference? (UPSC-2021)
2. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid
Impact of budget shortfall on UNFCCC: Initiative launched at the World Leaders
• Reduced global climate action: Funding shortages Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change
limit UNFCCC’s ability to organize effective climate Conference in Glasgow in November 2021.
negotiations, slowing global progress on emission When was this idea first floated in the
reduction and adaptation efforts. International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC-
• Limited developing nations’ representation: Lack 2021)
of subsidies restricts poorer nations’ participation,
reducing their voice in critical climate decisions at
COP summits and related forums.
• Operational cuts: Key climate events like regional
summits are canceled, impeding momentum for
regional climate commitments and investment Topics: Security challenges and their management in border
mobilization. areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
• Staffing challenges: Budget gaps result in short-
term contracts for UNFCCC staff, impacting stability
and operational efficiency in climate action tasks. 28. STRENGTHENING BORDERS: SECURI-
• Uncertain climate investments: Funding delays TY DYNAMICS IN LADAKH
from major contributors discourage potential
investors, complicating global climate finance flows Context:
needed for substantial climate action. The Ukraine war highlights the renewed importance of
battle tanks alongside long-range firepower. Since the
Way ahead: May 2020 stand-off in Eastern Ladakh, India and China
• Timely obligatory contributions: Strengthen have deployed tanks at altitudes of 13,000-15,000 feet,
compliance to ensure core budget payments sometimes with barrels just 100 meters apart.
are completed promptly to avoid operational
disruptions.
• Flexible supplementary fund management:
Streamline voluntary fund processes, enabling
smoother allocation and reducing dependence on
earmarked spending requests.
• Increase core budget contributions: Seek higher
obligatory funding levels, adjusted for increasing
climate action needs, to reduce over-reliance on
voluntary funds.
• Budget transparency and efficiency: Implement
UN audit recommendations to ensure resource
optimization, cost-effective project execution, and
improve fund allocation accountability.
Tanks armouring Ladakh sector:
Conclusion: • Revival of tanks in modern warfare:
Ensuring reliable funding for UNFCCC is essential for 1. Global relevance: Tanks have regained
unified climate action and accountability; as climate envoy importance in modern conflicts, proving

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essential alongside long-range firepower, as 4. Comparative advantage: Chinese light
seen in the Ukraine war. tanks are more agile and maneuverable
2. Ladakh deployment: India and China have in high-altitude conditions compared to
stationed tanks at altitudes of 13,000- traditional heavy tanks.
15,000 feet on the Line of Actual Control • Indian Army’s future plans:
(LAC). 1. Tank upgrades: Plans to upgrade T-72 tanks
3. Close proximity: Tanks from both nations and BMP-2 carriers with advanced engines
were positioned as close as 100 meters and new-generation Anti-Tank Guided
apart during peak tensions on the Pangong Missiles (ATGMs).
Tso in 2020. 2. Light tank development: Indigenous
4. Enhanced capabilities: Armoured units light tank ‘Zorawar’ is in development
now feature advanced equipment, making with expected trials by August 2025 for
them adaptable to evolving battlefield deployment in Ladakh.
dynamics. 3. Modern combat vehicles: Focus on
• Current situation in Ladakh: acquiring Future Ready Combat Vehicles
1. T-90 Bhishma tanks: India has deployed (FRCV) and Future Infantry Combat Vehicles
T-90 tanks and BMP-2 carriers to (FICV) for advanced warfare.
demonstrate capabilities like deep-fording 4. Countermeasures: Implementing
and maneuverability at high altitudes. technology to counter drones and loitering
2. Operational challenges: Tanks require munitions, including air burst ammunition
frequent engine revving in cold conditions to protect armoured units.
to maintain functionality due to low oxygen
levels.
3. Infrastructure upgrades: Maintenance
facilities and winterisation kits have been
Insta Links:
set up at Nyoma and other strategic
1. Ladak-and-sixth-schedule
locations.
2. High-powered-committee-for-Ladakh
4. Increased presence: Tank regiments,
PYQ:
including T-72s and artillery units, have
1. Why are the tribals in India referred to as
been steadily added to fortify the region
‘the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major
since the 2020 stand-off.
provisions enshrined in the Constitution of
• Challenges of high-altitude operations:
India for their upliftment. (UPSC-2016)
1. Extreme weather: Harsh conditions with
2. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
temperatures dropping to -40°C impact the
is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s
performance and durability of tanks.
larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a
2. Oxygen levels: Low oxygen at high
brief description of CPEC and enumerate the
altitudes affects both the crew and the
reasons why India has distanced itself from
engine’s efficiency, necessitating special
adaptations. the same. (UPSC-2018)
3. Wear and tear: Rapid degradation and
high wear and tear of equipment require
faster turnaround of spares and technical
support.
4. Logistics: Transporting and maintaining Topics: Challenges to internal security through communi-
heavy armoured units in such terrain is a cation networks, role of media and social networking sites
logistical challenge, demanding specialized in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security;
facilities. money-laundering and its prevention.
• Threats from China:
1. PLA modernization: China has deployed
advanced ZTQ 15 light tanks and Type 96A 29. “DIGITAL ARREST: UNMASKING THE
tanks along the LAC, enhancing its military DARK WORLD OF CYBERCRIME”
presence.
2. Mechanized units: Chinese mechanized Context:
brigades have inducted new wheeled APCs The rise of cybercrimes has given birth to new scams,
and CSK assault vehicles for rapid mobility. such as “digital arrest,” where cybercriminals impersonate
3. Strategic positioning: China has improved government officials to extort money. These scams have
its infrastructure and troop strength along impacted many well-educated and affluent individuals,
the LAC, posing a persistent threat to Indian prompting the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to issue
positions. warnings and take preventive actions.

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What is Digital Arrest? are still evolving, and enforcement is not always
• Definition: Digital arrest is a form of cybercrime efficient in addressing new forms of cybercrime.
where scammers impersonate officials from law
enforcement agencies (CBI, ED, police, etc.) and Way ahead:
claim the victim is involved in serious crimes like 1. Strengthen cybercrime laws: Amendments to
money laundering or narcotics trafficking. They cyber laws are necessary to keep pace with rapidly
create a fear psychosis and “arrest” the victim evolving technologies.
digitally by forcing them to stay on video calls while 2. Public awareness campaigns: The government
extorting money under the pretense of avoiding must intensify awareness campaigns to educate
physical arrest. people about digital arrest scams.
3. Enhance technology and law enforcement:
Status in India: Invest in anti-deepfake technology and increase
• Examples: cooperation with international bodies to combat
o Businessman S.P. Oswal: Duped of Rs 7 cross-border cybercrimes.
crore after being misled into believing he 4. Collaboration with financial institutions: Work
was involved in a money laundering case. with banks to monitor suspicious transactions
o Scientist in Indore: Lost Rs 71 lakh after linked to these scams.
he and his wife were placed under digital
arrest for six days. Conclusion:
o Bengaluru lawyer: Extorted Rs 14 lakh and Digital arrest scams pose a significant threat to
subjected to a fake narcotics test during a individuals’ financial and mental well-being in India. While
digital arrest. government initiatives like I4C and public awareness
According to Indian Cyber Crime Coordination campaigns are steps in the right direction, a multi-pronged
Centre (I4C) data, multiple such scams have been reported approach involving stronger laws, better technology, and
in various states, with significant financial losses. public education is essential to curb this menace.

Consequences of digital arrest:

1. Financial losses: Victims lose substantial sums,
sometimes their entire savings, to these scams. Insta Links:
2. Mental trauma: Victims face immense 1. Cybercrimes-from-southeast-asia
psychological stress, often leading to depression PYQ:
and suicidal tendencies. 1. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the
3. Trust erosion: The prevalence of these scams following to report on cyber security incidents?
erodes public trust in online platforms and even (UPSC-2017)
government systems. 1. Service providers
2. Data centres
Government initiatives: 3. Body corporate
• I4C: The MHA-established Indian Cyber Crime Select the correct answer using the code given
Coordination Centre has been blocking fraudulent below:
accounts, including over 1,000 Skype accounts
linked to digital arrest scams. a) 1 only
• Cyber awareness campaigns: I4C’s “Cyberdost”
b) 1 and 2 only
platform is issuing alerts and spreading awareness c) 3 only
about such scams. d) 1, 2 and 3
• National cyber-crime reporting portal: Victims are Answer: d)
encouraged to report incidents at the portal or call
the helpline (1930).

Challenges:
1. Lack of awareness: Many victims are unaware of Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their man-
the existence of digital arrest scams and easily fall date.
prey to them.
2. Cross-border operations: These scams often have
international elements, making it difficult for law 30. INDIA’S DEFENCE REVOLUTION
enforcement to track and prosecute the criminals.
3. Use of deepfake technology: Scammers use Context:
sophisticated technology to impersonate officials, The recent inauguration of the Tata Aircraft Complex at
making it harder for victims to detect fraud. Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) in Vadodara, Gujarat,
4. Inadequate cybercrime laws: India’s cyber laws marks a significant achievement for India’s “Atmanirbhar

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Bharat” mission, further advancing the nation’s self-reliance Key Government Initiatives:
in defense manufacturing.
• Liberalized FDI: Increased to 74% via the
Automatic Route and up to 100% through the
Government Route.
• Budget Allocation: ₹6,21,940.85 crore allocat-
ed to defense for FY 2024-25.
• Domestic Procurement Priority: Emphasis on
local sourcing under the Defense Acquisition
Procedure (DAP)-2020.
• Positive Indigenization Lists: Import embargo
on 509 defense items and 5,012 DPSU items.
• Simplified Licensing: Streamlined process with
longer validity.
Rise in Defense Production: (Source: PIB Report) • iDEX Scheme: Engages MSMEs and startups
• Record production: India’s defense production for defense innovation.
achieved a record high in FY 2023-24, reaching • Defence Industrial Corridors: In Uttar Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu to bolster defense manufac-
₹1.27 lakh crore.
turing.
o This marks an approximate 174% growth • Domestic R&D: Opened to industry and start-
from ₹46,429 crore in 2014-15. ups to promote collaboration.
• Key Driver: The rise is attributed to initiatives like • Domestic Procurement Allocation: 75% of
Capital Acquisition funds earmarked for local
the Make in India campaign, focused on bolstering
procurement in FY 2024-25.
indigenous manufacturing.
• Increased domestic manufacturing: Over 65% of Key data points on Indian defence sector:
India’s defense needs are now met domestically, Aspect Details
reducing import dependency significantly. Armenia, the U.S., and France are
• Diverse industry base: The defense sector Top Export Mar- leading importers. Armenia buys ma-
kets jor systems (e.g., Akash, Pinaka); U.S.
includes 16 Defense Public Sector Undertakings
imports components.
(DPSUs), over 430 licensed private companies, and Defence exports reached ₹21,083
approximately 16,000 MSMEs. Export Record crore ($2.6 billion) in 2023-24; goal is
• Private sector contribution: Currently, 21% of ₹50,000 crore by 2028-29.
defense production comes from private industry Partnerships include BrahMos mis-
Strategic Collabo- siles for the Philippines; Brazil seeks
participants, contributing to India’s self-reliance in
rations co-production for advanced Akash
defense. missiles.
Achieved ₹1.2 lakh crore in 2023-24;
Indigenous Pro-
India’s Defense Exports Surge: target of ₹3 lakh crore by 2028-29 un-
duction
der “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiative.
• Historic growth in exports: Defense exports
Includes 16 PSUs, 430 licensed com-
increased from ₹686 crore in FY 2013-14 to ₹21,083
Industrial Base panies, and 16,000 MSMEs; threefold
crore in FY 2023-24, representing a 30-fold rise. Expansion growth since 2014-15; private sector
• Global reach: India exports defense equipment at 21%.
to over 100 countries, with the U.S., France, and Despite growth, India remains the
Global Standing largest arms importer (9.8% of global
Armenia being top destinations.
imports, 2019-2023).
• Export target: The government has set a target
to increase defense exports further, aiming for NOTE: From prelims perspective try to memorise the
targets, trends and major buyer of Indian weapons
₹50,000 crore by 2029, solidifying India’s role as a
(Armenia). From mains perspective remember the Indian
reliable defense partner on the global stage. performance and few data to fetch more marks.

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Challenges:
• Technological gaps: Despite progress, India relies
on foreign suppliers for critical technologies in GENERAL STUDIES – 4
areas such as aerospace and advanced electronics.
• Quality standards: Private sector players face
challenges meeting high standards, especially 1. CASE OF ATUL
in high-tech segments like avionics and missile
technology.
• Funding constraints: Despite budget increases, Context:
additional resources are needed for R&D and
infrastructure to keep pace with growing demands. The case of a young Dalit student, Atul, who missed paying
• Bureaucratic hurdles: Procedural delays can hinder
his admission fee by mere minutes due to a technical glitch,
quick adoption and implementation of projects.
• Limited skilled workforce: Developing and retaining reflects the deep social and systemic challenges faced by
a skilled workforce in specialized areas remains
challenging. marginalized communities in India. Despite having the
Way ahead: talent to crack JEE Advanced, one of the toughest exams,
• Enhanced private sector role: Encouraging private
sector participation, particularly in research- Atul’s opportunity seemed lost until the Supreme Court,
intensive domains.
• Increased budget for R&D: To maintain momentum under Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, intervened. The
and foster innovation in high-tech defense
Court recognized that talent should not be hindered by
segments.
• International collaborations: Leverage strategic minor procedural lapses, especially when it comes from
partnerships for technology transfer and joint
ventures in defense. marginalized sections. The judiciary’s empathetic and
• Skill development: Initiatives to build and retain
talent in aerospace, electronics, and other defense- just response underscores the ethical responsibility of
oriented skills.
• Streamlined processes: Further simplify institutions to ensure fairness and equal opportunities for
procurement and licensing procedures to foster a
conducive environment for innovation. all.

Conclusion:
India’s drive for defense self-reliance reflects Note: You can use this as an anecdote in the essay as well.
a strong commitment to reducing imports, bolstering
national security, and emerging as a global arms industry
player. Ambitious 2029 targets aim to make India a defense
manufacturing hub, supported by progressive policies and a Usage in UPSC Syllabus:
growing domestic industry. This case serves as a powerful example of the

balance between rules and equity and can be used in an

Insta Links: essay or ethics paper to discuss social justice, inclusivity,
1. Defence-diplomacy
2. Indias-defence-exports and compassionate governance. It also highlights

PYQ: the role of the judiciary in safeguarding the rights of

1. Analyze the multidimensional challenges underprivileged individuals against systemic barriers, a
posed by external state and non-state actors,
to the internal security of India. Also discuss principle central to good governance and ethical public
measures required to be taken to combat these
threats. (UPSC - 2021) administration.
2. Analyze internal security threats and
transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh
and Pakistan borders including Line of Control
(LoC). Also discuss the role played by various
security forces in this regard. (UPSC - 2020)

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CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

Topic in News Usage in Answers
1. MINISTRY OF Ministry of Textiles Organizations’ Activities:
TEXTILE PRO- • ‘Cleaning of Office Premises’: Maintains hygiene and organization in workplaces.
GRAMS • ‘Cyber Hygiene Activities’: Promotes digital security and safe online practices.
• ‘Safai Mitra Suraksha Shivirs’: Camps for sanitation workers’ safety and welfare, involving
health check-ups and safety gear distribution.

Usage in UPSC Syllabus:

• Use in UPSC GS2: Connected to Social Justice, especially in safeguarding the
rights and dignity of sanitation workers and labor welfare
• Use in UPSC GS2: Linked to e-Governance and Digital Governance, emphasizing
the role of digital literacy and safety measures in effective administration.

2. ANNUAL SUR- India’s Industrial Sector Growth Overview:

VEY OF INDUS- • Significant growth in India’s industrial sector during 2022-23, as per the Annual Survey of
TRIES Industries by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
• The sector added 22 lakh jobs, surpassing pre-pandemic levels.
• Gross Value Added (GVA) grew by 7.3% in 2022-23 compared to the previous year.
• Key growth drivers include basic metal, coke, refined petroleum products, food products,
chemicals, and motor vehicles.
• Top states in terms of GVA are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar
Pradesh.
• Average wages in the sector increased by 6.3% in 2022-23.

3. GENDER PER- Gender Performativity Concept and Gender Essentialism

FORMATIVITY • Introduced by Judith Butler in 1990, it challenges traditional gender understanding.
• Gender is socially constructed through repeated actions and behaviors.

Essentialism vs. Social Constructivism

• Gender Essentialism: Gender is biologically determined.
• Social Constructivism: Gender is created through societal norms and discourse.

Butler’s View on Sex and Gender

• Critiques the distinction between biological sex and socially constructed gender.
• Performativity: Unconscious repetition of gender norms, illusion of naturalness.

Critiques and Impact on Feminism and Queer Theory

• Influenced third-wave feminism and queer theory.
• Proposes gender is a continuous performance shaped by societal expectations.

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4. STATE CHAPTER Context: NITI Aayog has launched its first State Chapter of the Women Entrepreneurship
Platform (WEP) in Telangana, in collaboration with WE Hub and the state government.
OF THE WOMEN
Key Points:
ENTREPRENEUR- • Launch of Telangana chapter: The maiden chapter of WEP aims to promote women
SHIP PLATFORM entrepreneurs by addressing challenges like lack of access to financing and mentor-
ship.
• Focus areas: The platform will offer digital skills, financial services, and market link-
ages. It has over 30,000 women entrepreneurs registered and 400 mentors across
various sectors.
• Role of WE hub: WE Hub will act as the nodal agency for all WEP-related activities
in the state.

Usage in UPSC exams:

• GS Paper 2 (Governance): Role of NITI Aayog and state collaboration for inclusive
development, government initiatives for women empowerment.
• GS Paper 3 (Economy): Encouraging entrepreneurship, challenges faced by women
entrepreneurs, promoting MSMEs.
• Essay and Ethics Papers: Topics on gender equality, the role of women in economic
growth, and empowerment initiatives.
5. JUDGE’S ASSET Kerala High Court’s Asset Disclosure
DISCLOSURE • Kerala High Court has the most asset declarations of 37 out of 39 judges.
• Only 13% of High Court judges’ assets are publicly available.
• Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi High Courts contribute over 80% of total asset declara-
tions.
• Bombay, Gujarat, and Telangana have not disclosed asset declarations due to personal
privacy and confidentiality concerns.
• Parliament’s Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, and Law and Justice recom-
mended mandatory asset disclosure in August 2023.
• Supreme Court adopted a resolution for voluntary asset disclosure in 1997, followed by
several High Courts in 2009.
Relevance in UPSC GS2:
• This can be used in the Judicial Accountability section of GS2, highlighting issues of
transparency and accountability in the Indian judiciary.
• It serves as an example when discussing RTI Act limitations, and the balance be-
tween personal privacy and public interest.

6. RAILWAY Context: Over the past five years, 351 persons were killed and 970 injured in 200 conse-
quential railway accidents, data shared by the Indian Railways from 17 railway zones reveal.
ACCIDENT DATA
Key data points: [Source: Indian Railways]
(2019-2024)
1. 351 persons killed and 970 injured in 200 consequential railway accidents.
2. Compensation of ₹32 crore distributed (₹26.83 crore to next of kin and ₹7 crore to
injured).
3. Accidents reduced from 171 per year (10 years ago) to 40 per year now.
4. Worst affected zones: South Eastern Railway (297 deaths, 637 injuries) and East
Coast Railway (20 deaths, 79 injuries).
5. Safest zones (no casualties): North Eastern Railway, Konkan Railway, South Western
Railway, Southern Railway.

Relevance to UPSC Syllabus:

• General Studies Paper 3: Relevant to Infrastructure and Disaster Management sec-
tions, examining railway safety can help with case studies on transportation systems
and emergency response protocols.

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7. CASE OF SOUTH Context: South Korea is facing a surge in non-consensual deepfake pornography, particularly
targeting women, with teenage boys as the primary perpetrators. The issue reflects broader
KOREA DEEPFAKE societal problems including misogyny and weak digital regulations.
• Legal response:
o Recent laws now criminalize viewing or possessing explicit deepfake con-
tent, but enforcement challenges persist.
• Cultural drivers:
o Misogynistic attitudes, a lack of education on digital ethics, and insufficient
regulation of minors on social media are key contributing factors.
• Psychological impact:
o Victims experience severe trauma, and trust between genders, especially in
schools, has eroded.
Use in UPSC:
• Ethics (GS-IV): As an example of technology misuse, privacy violations, and the ethi-
cal responsibilities of governments in protecting citizens.
• Cybersecurity (GS-III): In discussions on the regulation of digital platforms and pro-
tection from cybercrimes.
• Gender Studies (GS-I): Illustrates the intersection of technology, gender-based vio-
lence, and the need for social reform.
• Essay Writing: Can be cited in essays addressing the challenges of digital age priva-
cy and ethical governance.

8. E-ABKARI POR- Context: The Delhi Excise Department has introduced the e-ABkari portal to digitize and
regulate the alcohol business in Delhi after the scrapping of the previous liquor policy. De-
TAL veloped by NIC, the portal aims to streamline the entire alcohol trade process.

Use in UPSC Syllabus:

• E-Governance (GS II): Example of digital governance enhancing transparency and
efficiency.
• Public Administration (GS II): Case study for reforms in sectoral regulation through
technology.
• Economy (GS III): Link to excise policies and their impact on state revenue.
• Ethics (GS IV): Technology-driven solutions to promote transparency and account-
ability in public administration.

9. FARM TO FORK: Context: A series of working papers from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reveals that farm-
ers receive a significantly lower share of the consumer rupee in the fruits and vegetables
SHARE OF PIE market, with middlemen and retailers profiting substantially.

Source: RBI Working Papers on Fruits, Vegetables, Livestock, Poultry, and Pulses.

Note: You don’t need to remember all the data but try to remember certain specific
data which can be used as value addition in exam.

Relevance to UPSC GS3 Syllabus:

• Agricultural pricing & marketing: Highlights inefficiencies in the value chain and
role of middlemen in lowering farmers’ earnings.
• Food inflation: Case studies for understanding food price dynamics.
• Agricultural reforms: Discusses reforms to enhance farmers’ income and reduce
dependency on middlemen.

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10. CASE OF KRI- A 10-year-old boy, Kritarth, was killed in a sacrificial ritual at a school in Uttar Pradesh.
TARTH Police are investigating occult practices, but Kritarth’s father remains skeptical. The story
highlights ethical dilemmas, moral failures of institutions, and the influence of superstition
on extreme actions, emphasizing the need for strong moral accountability.
Use in UPSC ethics syllabus:

o Ethical dilemmas in institutions: Highlights moral failures in education settings,

emphasizing the need for ethical leadership.
o Probity in governance: Demonstrates the collapse of trust in positions of responsi-
bility, showing the importance of institutional accountability.
o Superstition and rationality: Shows the harmful impact of superstitions when used
as a justification for unethical actions.

Use in UPSC essay:

o Moral failures in society: Provides an example of societal ethical breakdown when

superstition and financial distress intersect.
o Institutional trust and accountability: Demonstrates how the lack of accountability
in institutions leads to disastrous consequences.

11. A TRIBE OUT Context: The Chenchu tribe of Panukumadugu, nestled deep within Andhra Pradesh’s Nalla-
OF TIME mala forest, faces a difficult challenge in balancing their traditional lifestyle with the pres-
sures of a rapidly modernizing world. As one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
(PVTGs), they have historically relied on subsistence farming and gathering, but with de-
clining access to modern tools like bank accounts and mobile phones, they are increasingly
marginalized. The transition to Aadhaar-linked payments for welfare schemes like MGN-
REGA has left many Chenchus out of vital employment opportunities, further deepening
their poverty. Despite government efforts, such as the MGNREGS Chenchu Special Project,
the community is struggling to adapt to a system that seems increasingly distant from their
traditional way of life. The Chenchus’ story is one of a community caught between the past
and the future, grappling with issues of identity, survival, and access to development in an
evolving world.

Usage in UPSC:
1. GS2 (Governance, Social Justice):
o Can be used to highlight challenges in tribal welfare, the limitations of
Aadhaar-linked welfare schemes, and the need for tailored governance
approaches for vulnerable groups.
2. GS4 (Ethics and Integrity):
o The Chenchus’ struggle illustrates ethical governance challenges, particular-
ly in ensuring equitable access and addressing marginalization in a diverse
society.
3. Essay:
o Provides an example for topics on inclusive growth, social justice, and tribal
welfare, showing how modernization can create unintended disparities if
not managed inclusively.

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12. WEED AND Context: A recent study commissioned by the Federation of Seed Industry of India (FSII)
AGRICULTURE revealed significant crop productivity losses caused by weeds, amounting to ₹92,000 crore
($11 billion) annually. The study focused on understanding weed-related crop damage and
recommending strategies for better weed management.

Key findings:

1. Impact on crop yield: Weeds are responsible for 25-26% yield losses in kharif crops
and 18-25% in rabi crops across India.

2. Affected crops: The study covered seven major crops, including rice, wheat, maize,
cotton, sugarcane, soybean, and mustard, from 30 districts in 11 States.

3. Farmer and dealer input: Over 3,200 farmers and 300 dealers were consulted,
along with experts from Krishi Vigyan Kendras and the Agriculture department.

4. Economic Costs: Farmers spend ₹3,700 to ₹7,900 per acre on weed control, with
weeds being a leading factor in crop losses among biotic stresses.

5. Weed management recommendations:

o Herbicides and mechanization.

o Crop rotation and cover cropping.

o Biological control measures.

6. Cost reduction: Implementing these strategies could reduce costs by 40-60% com-
pared to traditional methods.

Source: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) & FSII, “Weed Management —
Emerging Challenges & Management Strategies” report.

UPSC GS3 syllabus:

1. Agriculture:

o Impact of weeds on crop productivity (₹92,000 crore loss annually) directly

ties to challenges in Indian agriculture.

o Weed control methods (herbicides, mechanization, crop rotation) connect

with agricultural practices and inputs.

2. Science and technology in agriculture: Adoption of technology-driven weed man-

agement can be linked to technology indigenization and advancements in agricul-
ture.

3. Economic development: Financial losses due to weeds impacting farmers’ incomes

can be tied to inclusive growth and farmer welfare issues.

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13. RULE TO Context: Minister Dr Jitendra Singh highlighted a significant transformation in India’s gov-
ROLL SHIFT ernance approach, moving from a traditional rule-based system to a dynamic, role-based
framework.
• Shifts from rule-based to role-based system for civil servants.
• Abolition of interviews for Group B and C positions and faster recruitment timelines.
• Emphasizes performance-driven focus for tangible results and global aspirations.
• Mission Karmayogi Prarambh focuses on preparing new recruits with necessary tools and
training.
• Introduction of iGOT-Karmayogi platform with four new features and 20 domain-specific
courses.
• Initiatives like “Know Your Ministry” and new learning modules for skill strengthening.
Relevance to UPSC Syllabus
• General Studies Paper II (Polity and Governance):
o Government policies and interventions
o Governance and accountability
• General Studies Paper IV:
o Public/Civil service values and Ethics in public administration
o Case Studies on government efforts
• Essay writing:
o Can be used in essays on topics like “Reforms in Civil Services,” “Role of
Technology in Governance,” or “Modernizing Indian Administration.”

14. BRIDE Context: The “bride bazaar” in Hyderabad’s Old City has resurfaced online, facilitating mar-
BAZAAR riages between young girls and wealthy Arab men, often much older than the brides. These
marriages, brokered by agents, now occur via WhatsApp video calls instead of physical
meetings. Despite earlier crackdowns, at least 20-30 such marriages happen monthly, with
girls sent to their “husbands” on tourist visas, often facing exploitation. The process is hard
to trace due to its online nature, requiring stricter monitoring of brokers and visa agents.

Usage in UPSC Syllabus:

• GS4 (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude)
• Essay paper: The topic can be used to discuss themes like human rights, social jus-
tice, gender equality, and moral responsibilities in society.

Ethical issues involved:

1. Exploitation: Young girls are exploited financially due to their poverty.
2. Human trafficking: Marriages are used to traffic women for potential abuse abroad.
3. Violation of consent: These marriages undermine the girls’ autonomy and true
consent.
4. Corruption: Agents and some authorities prioritize profit over ethical responsibili-
ties.

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15. INDIA Context: India has pledged over $300 million to the WHO’s core programme for 2025-2028,
CONTRIBUTES TO making it the largest contributor in Southeast Asia.
WHO • Allocation breakdown:
o $250 million for the Centre of Excellence for Traditional Medicine.
o $38 million for a new premises for WHO’s regional office.
o $10 million for digital health initiatives.
o $4.6 million for thematic funding.
• WHO funding gap: WHO seeks to fill a $7.1 billion funding gap and has received
pledges totaling over $2.2 billion.
• WHO’s 2025-2028 Mandate:
o The funds will be used to:
 Save at least 40 million lives.
 Deliver vaccines to priority countries.
 Support 55 countries in training and employing 3.2 million health
workers.
 Prequalify 400 health products per year.
• Regional contributions: Countries in WHO’s South-East Asia Region have pledged
over $345 million in funding for WHO’s core programme.
• Upcoming events: A pledging ceremony will take place in November at the G-20
summit in Brazil.

Relevance to UPSC Syllabus

• GS II (Governance): India’s role in international organizations like WHO.
• GS II (International Relations): Bilateral and regional contributions to global health
initiatives.
• GS II (Health): Public health funding and India’s commitment to global health.
• GS IV (Ethics in International Relations): Ethical responsibilities of countries in sup-
porting global health and “Health for all” initiatives.

16. VIDYAN Context: Ajay Grewal, a Head Constable with the Delhi Police, has been running a free
MAHADAN coaching center called Vidyan Mahadan on the terrace of his house in Bahadurgarh,
Haryana since 2016. He teaches general knowledge, reasoning, mathematics, English, and
Hindi to over 10,000 students from economically weaker backgrounds, both in person and
online, to help them prepare for government job exams.

Relevance to UPSC Ethics Syllabus and Essay Paper

5. Ethics (GS4):
• Altruism and Public Service
• Empathy and Compassion
• Role of Civil Servants
6. Essay Paper:
• Education and Social Mobility
• Leadership and Motivation
• Ethical Leadership

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17. LIVING PLAN- Context: The World-Wide Fund for Nature’s (WWF) Living Planet Report 2024 reveals a 73%
decline in monitored wildlife populations from 1970 to 2020. This report highlights the sig-
ET REPORT 2024 nificant impact of habitat loss, climate change, and over-exploitation on global biodiversity.

Key data points

• Wildlife population decline: 73% decline in the average size of monitored wildlife
populations from 1970-2020, up from 69% reported in 2022.
• Ecosystem-specific declines:
o Freshwater ecosystems: 85% decline
o Terrestrial ecosystems: 69% decline
o Marine ecosystems: 56% decline
• Main threats to wildlife: Habitat loss, degradation, over-exploitation, invasive spe-
cies, and diseases.
• Data source: Living Planet Index (LPI) provided by the Zoological Society of London,
covering trends from 5,495 species and nearly 35,000 population records.

UPSC syllabus relevance

• GS Paper III: Environment and Ecology – Conservation, Environmental Pollution and
Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.
• Essay paper: Topics related to climate change, biodiversity, and sustainable devel-
opment.
• Current affairs: Issues concerning wildlife conservation, climate change policies,
and environmental protection strategies.

18. UMANG - Context: The National e-Governance Division has announced the integration of the UMA-
NG app with DigiLocker, allowing citizens to access a wide range of government services
DIGI LOCKER through a single platform.
• This collaboration aims to simplify user experience by bringing together multiple
services under one digital interface.

Significance:
• Enhanced accessibility: Integration enables citizens to access government services
easily and securely using both UMANG and DigiLocker.
• Streamlined services: Facilitates a unified platform for managing multiple govern-
ment services, reducing the need for multiple apps.
• Promotes Digital India: Supports the government’s goal of digitizing public services
and promoting secure cloud-based storage solutions.

About UMANG App:

• Full Form: Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance.
• Purpose: Provides a single platform for Indian citizens to access e-Gov services
ranging from Central to Local Government bodies.
• Availability: Accessible to all Android users, offering various government services in
one place.

About DigiLocker:
• Flagship initiative: Part of the Digital India program by the Ministry of Electronics
and IT.
• Purpose: Provides secure cloud-based storage for essential documents and digital
certificates.
• Integration: Allows users to access UMANG services through the DigiLocker app,
enhancing convenience and efficiency.

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19. OUT-OF- Context: A government survey reported that the average out-of-pocket medical expenses
for hospitalization over the past year were Rs 4,129 in rural areas and Rs 5,290 in urban
POCKET MEDICAL areas.
EXPENSES
Key Data Points from the Govt Survey (July 2022-June 2023)

1. Out-of-Pocket medical expenditure:

o Hospitalisation: Rural households spent an average of ₹4,129 per year;
urban households spent ₹5,290.
o Non-hospitalisation treatments: Rural households spent ₹539 per month;
urban households spent ₹606.
2. Literacy and numeracy:
o 96.9% of individuals aged 15-24 can read, write, and perform simple arith-
metic.
o Literacy rates: 97.8% for males and 95.9% for females in the 15-24 age
group.
3. Education, Employment, and Training:
o 23.3% of the 15-24 age group were not in education, employment, or train-
ing (NEET).
o The NEET figure rises to 25.6% for those aged 15-29.
4. Digital access:
o 95.1% of households have a telephone or mobile connection.
o Only 9.9% of households have access to computers.
o 95.7% of individuals aged 15-24 in rural areas and 97% in urban areas can
use mobile phones.

Relevance to UPSC syllabus:

• Social issues and development: Highlights gaps in healthcare access and costs in
rural and urban areas.
• Governance and policy-making: Useful in evaluating policies related to health and
education.
• Economic development: Data on out-of-pocket expenses aids in understanding
financial burden on households.
• Education and skill development: Provides insights into literacy and skill training
needs for youth.

20. KIDNEY Context: A kidney transplant racket, spanning from Dhaka to Delhi, exploited fake family
TRANSPLANT trees, forged documents, and a fake lab to facilitate illegal transplants for Bangladeshi pa-
RACKET tients in two Noida hospitals. The racket, allegedly involving a prominent surgeon, middle-
men, and forged diplomatic approvals, conducted numerous illegal transplants over the
years before being busted by Delhi Police.

Relevance to UPSC GS2:

• Health governance
• Diplomatic channels
Relevance to UPSC GS4:
• Medical ethics violation: Demonstrates ethical breaches by healthcare profession-
als, eroding trust in medical practices.
• Lack of accountability

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21. INTERNET Context: In Pakistan, internet vigilantism has surged, with groups and individuals tracking
VIGILANTISM online content to accuse people of blasphemy, a crime punishable by death. These vigilan-
tes, led mostly by private organizations like the Legal Commission on Blasphemy Pakistan
(LCBP), search for online offenders, often entrapping unsuspecting individuals into sharing
or engaging with blasphemous content. The cases are largely driven by financial, ideologi-
cal, or personal motivations.

Relevance to UPSC exam:

1. Governance & Ethics (GS-4): misuse of power, human rights violations, and
abuse of blasphemy laws.
2. Internal Security (GS-3): Demonstrates how misuse of digital platforms can
escalate social and legal conflicts, relevant to discussions on cybersecurity, law
enforcement, and human rights.

22. IFOREST Context: A report by environmental think-tank iForest highlights the multifaceted costs
involved in this energy transition, focusing not only on replacing coal with green energy but
STUDY also addressing non-energy costs such as worker support and land rehabilitation.

Key points from the study:

1. Total cost estimate:
o India will require more than ₹84 lakh crore ($1 trillion) to phase out coal
mining and thermal power plants.
2. Coal dependency:
o Currently, coal accounts for about 55% of India’s commercial energy needs.
o Coal-based thermal power plants produce over 70% of India’s electricity.
3. Coal mining and Thermal power plants:
o India will need to close coal mines producing 1,315 million tonnes per
annum and phase out thermal power plants with a capacity of 237.2 giga-
watts.
4. Green energy costs:
o Account for 52% of the transition costs, which include building green ener-
gy plants and upgrading the electricity grid.
5. Non-energy costs:
o Comprise 48% of total costs, including “just transition costs” to support the
livelihoods of around 60 lakh workers dependent on the coal economy,
land rehabilitation, and repurposing.
6. Land rehabilitation:
o The study mentions the rehabilitation of 343,504 hectares of coal mining
land and 124,789 hectares of land at thermal power plant sites for green
repowering.
Relevance in the UPSC Exam:
• Environment and Ecology (GS Paper III):
• Economics (GS Paper III): Highlights financial challenges in moving from fossil fuels
to clean energy
• Governance and Social Justice (GS Paper II): Social impacts like worker rehabilita-
tion and community support are central for inclusive growth and social justice.
• Essay and Ethics (GS Paper IV)

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23. SHETKARI Context: Union Railways Minister, Ashwini Vaishnaw, flagged off the Shetkari Samruddhi
SAMRUDDHI SPE- Special Train via video conferencing, connecting Maharashtra’s Devlali and Bihar’s Danapur.
CIAL TRAIN Key information:
• Purpose: Facilitate the transport of perishable goods and produce from farmers to
new markets at minimal cost.
• Features: The train is equipped with small parcel vans for easy and safe transport of
perishable goods.
Relevance in UPSC exam:
• Economics (GS Paper III): Highlights agricultural logistics and infrastructure im-
provement, crucial for market access and rural development.
• Governance and Development (GS Paper II)

24. “ENERGIZING Context: The International Energy Agency (IEA) in its World Energy Outlook 2024 highlights
TOMORROW: 2024 the rapid transition toward clean energy, projecting that more than half of the world’s elec-
WORLD ENERGY tricity will come from low-emission sources by 2030.
OUTLOOK SPARKS Key Findings Data/Insights
HOPE! More than 50% of global electricity to be generated by
Clean Energy Growth
low-emission sources before 2030.
Renewable Energy Ad-
560 GW of renewables capacity added in 2023.
dition

Investment in Clean Nearly $2 trillion annually on clean energy projects, double

Energy the investment in fossil fuels.

Renewed interest in nuclear power to support clean energy

Nuclear Power’s Role
transition.

Electricity Demand Growth driven by industry, electric vehicles (EVs), air condi-
Drivers tioning, and AI-linked data centers.

Renewable Power Ca-

Expected to rise from 4,250 GW to nearly 10,000 GW by 2030.
pacity Projection
China’s Role in Renew- 60% of global new renewable capacity in 2023 added by Chi-
ables na.
By 2030, China’s solar power generation will exceed the total
Solar Power in China
electricity demand of the U.S. today.
Global CO2 emissions set to peak “imminently”; energy-relat-
Carbon Emissions
ed CO2 emissions hit a record high last year.
Current policies put the world on track for a 2.4°C rise by
Global Temperature Rise
2100, exceeding the Paris Agreement goal.

Challenges in Develop- Policy uncertainty and high capital costs are hindering clean
ing Countries energy adoption in developing nations.

COP28 Renewable Ener- World pledged to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030,
gy Target but current progress falls short.

CO2 Emissions and Ener- Two-thirds of increased energy demand in 2023 was met by
gy Demand fossil fuels, slowing the decline of coal usage.

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25. INDIA’S DI- Context: In FY2023-24, India’s direct tax collections reached a significant milestone, consti-
tuting 56.72% of total tax revenue, the highest in 14 years.
RECT TAX COLLEC-
TIONS Key data released by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) report:

Parameter FY2023-24 Comparison/Trend

Direct Tax to Total Tax

56.72% Highest since FY2010 (60.78%)
Revenue

Indirect Tax to Total Tax

43.28% Decreased from FY2022-23
Revenue

Direct Tax to GDP Ratio 6.64% Highest in over 20 years

Personal Income Tax Col-

₹10.45 lakh crore Higher than corporate tax collection
lection

Lower due to 2019 corporate tax rate

Corporate Tax Collection ₹9.11 lakh crore
cuts

Tax Buoyancy 2.12 Improved from 1.18 in FY2022-23

Income Tax Filers 8.09 crore Up from 7.4 crore in FY2022-23

Total Taxpayers 10.41 crore Up from 9.37 crore in FY2022-23

Cost of Tax Collection 0.44% Lowest since 2000-01

Assessment Year 2023-24 Increased number of taxpayers

Usage in UPSC syllabus:

• Economy (Growth and Development): The data reflects tax buoyancy and its rela-
tion to economic growth, relevant for topics like Taxation Policies, Fiscal Responsi-
bility, and Public Finance.
• Public Administration and Governance: Insights into tax reforms, the impact of
the corporate tax cut, and the changing dynamics of direct vs indirect taxation are
crucial for understanding fiscal governance and public sector efficiency.
• Social Issues and Policy: Understanding how direct taxation (linked to income)
affects wealth redistribution and impacts various socioeconomic groups aligns with
equity and justice in economic policies.

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26. CLICK-TO- Context: The United States’ Federal Trade Commission (FTC) will soon implement a “click-to-
CANCEL RULE cancel” rule, which will make it significantly easier for consumers to cancel their subscrip-
tions and memberships.

About Click-to-Cancel rule:

• Ease of cancellation: Companies must allow consumers to cancel subscriptions as
easily as they signed up, using the same medium (e.g., online, phone).
• Prohibited barriers: Businesses cannot force customers to talk to representatives or
add charges for phone cancellations if those were not required for signing up.
• Coverage: Applies to “negative option programs” like automatic renewals, where
failure to cancel leads to continued billing.
Relevance for UPSC syllabus
• Governance and transparency: This rule demonstrates regulatory frameworks
ensuring consumer rights and transparency, a key topic in governance and ethical
policy.
• Economic reforms: Reflects consumer protection in the digital economy, tying into
broader discussions of economic regulation and technological governance.

27. COMPAS- Context: R Prakash, a police head constable in Tiruppur city, was on patrol under the
SION CASE Dedicated Beat System when he encountered a disabled woman named G Amutha, living
under a Neem tree with only an umbrella for shelter. Moved by her plight, Prakash took it
upon himself to build her a small shelter using his own funds. Amutha, despite her physical
challenges, earns a meager income by turning knitwear waste into yarn. Prakash’s actions
not only exemplify compassion but also the dedication of public servants who go beyond
their duty to improve the lives of the needy.

Usage in UPSC essay exam:

1. Empathy and Public Service: This anecdote can be used to highlight how compas-
sion and empathy are key traits in effective public service.
2. Social Responsibility: Can be linked to essays on social justice and responsibility of
public officials in uplifting marginalized individuals.
3. Example of Citizen-Police Relations: Demonstrates the role of police in society as
not only protectors but also enablers of welfare.
Usage in Ethics Case Study:
1. Demonstrating Ethical Leadership: The anecdote can be used to show how indi-
viduals in positions of responsibility can take initiative to act beyond their defined
roles for the public good.
2. Compassionate Public Service: This example can be cited to emphasize the impor-
tance of empathy, integrity, and duty towards vulnerable sections.

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28. MINING DUST Context: Alt Carbon, a Darjeeling-based company, accelerates the natural process of rock
weathering to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) by using crushed basalt, a type of volcanic rock
FOR CARBON CAP- rich in minerals like calcium and magnesium.
TURE Process:
• Crushed basalt, a type of volcanic rock, is spread over land to increase surface
area, accelerating natural weathering processes.
• Atmospheric CO2 reacts with minerals in the basalt, forming bicarbonates that
are washed into oceans where carbon is stored for long periods.
• This speeds up the natural carbon capture process, which normally takes thou-
sands of years, making it efficient in 2-4 years.
Location:
• Basalt-rich regions like the Deccan Traps in Maharashtra and Gujarat, as well as
Jharkhand and West Bengal (Rajmahal Traps), are ideal for sourcing the basalt
rock.
Environmental Benefit:
• Apart from capturing carbon, basalt also acts as a soil enhancer, improving
fertility and benefiting agricultural productivity.
Scale:
• For every 3-4 tonnes of basalt dust, 1 tonne of CO2 can be sequestered over a
few years.
Usage in Carbon Credits:
• Companies can purchase carbon credits generated from this process to offset
their emissions voluntarily.

Usage in UPSC Syllabus:

1. GS Paper 3 – Environment and Ecology:
o Climate change mitigation
o Sustainable development
o Carbon credit markets
2. GS Paper 2 – Governance: Environmental policies

29. GOOGLE’S Context: In 2020, Epic Games made a bold move that challenged the status quo of the
app economy by introducing a direct payment option within its popular game, Fortnite.
VIOLATION OF AN- This bypassed the hefty commissions charged by both Google’s Play Store and Apple’s App
TITRUST LAWS Store, which typically take a 15-30% cut of all in-app purchases. In retaliation, Google re-
moved Fortnite from the Play Store, leading to a long legal battle. Epic argued that Google’s
exclusive agreements with developers and mandatory billing system were anti-competi-
tive practices, and after years of litigation, a U.S. jury ruled in December 2023 that Google
had indeed violated antitrust laws. This resulted in a pivotal injunction requiring Google
to open its Play Store to third-party apps and alternative payment options, reshaping the
landscape of digital marketplaces and app distribution.
• GS Paper 3 - Economic Development.
o Regulation and Anti-Trust Laws
o Innovation and Growth
o Entrepreneurship: The case exemplifies how unchecked corporate domi-
nance hampers small businesses, linking to Inclusive Growth and Market
Dynamics.
• GS Paper 4 - Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude.
o Business Ethics
o Fairness and Accountability
o Moral Leadership: The role of leadership in ensuring ethical business con-
duct can be tied to Leadership, emphasizing Empathy and Accountability in
governance.

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30. JOINT SUR- Context: A joint nationwide survey conducted by doctors from Safdarjung Hospital and
VEY BY SAFDAR- AIIMS revealed that more than half of the healthcare workforce in India feels unsafe at
their workplace, with nearly three-fourths having faced threats while on duty.
JUNG HOSPITAL
Data point from survey:
AND AIIMS
• 57% of healthcare professionals feel unsafe at work.
• Nearly 50% lack proper duty rooms with basic amenities.
• 90% of institutions lack weapon screening.
• 75% have insecure hospital boundaries.
• 62% find emergency alarm systems inadequate.
• 70% of state-run healthcare workers dissatisfied with emergency alarms and security in
high-risk areas.
• 63% of state government colleges dissatisfied with the number of security personnel.

Source of data: Joint survey by Safdarjung Hospital and AIIMS, published in Epide-
miology International.
Usage in UPSC syllabus:
1. General Studies Paper II (Governance, Constitution, Polity):
o Topics like workplace safety regulations, government healthcare policies,
and infrastructure in public institutions.
2. General Studies Paper III (Security Issues):
o Discuss security infrastructure in critical sectors like healthcare and the
effectiveness of security personnel in public institutions.
3. General Studies Paper IV (Ethics in Governance):
o Ethical issues related to the safety and well-being of healthcare profession-
als, their working conditions, and accountability in public institutions.

31. AMAZON Context: The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), in collaboration with
Amazon, has launched the third phase of the Amazon Future Engineer Program in 50
FUTURE ENGINEER Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).
PROGRAM
Amazon Future Engineer Program - Phase 3:
• Target Schools: Implemented in 50 EMRS schools across Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, and Tripura.
• Focus Areas: Orientation and training in emerging technologies like blockchain,
artificial intelligence, block programming, and coding.
• Teacher Training: Four-day workshops are held for teachers to enhance their ability
to teach modern technology.
• Student Engagement: Students in classes 6-9 will be introduced to computer sci-
ence fundamentals, and Class 10 students will participate in project-based virtual
sessions.
• Objective: To prepare tribal students for careers in STEM by integrating modern
technological literacy into the curriculum.

Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

• GS Paper 2 (Governance and Social Justice):
o Education and Development
o Tribal Welfare
• GS Paper 3 (Science and Technology):
o Technology in Education
o Innovation and Skill Development

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32. I4C STUDY Context: The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), under the Union Home Minis-
try, has projected significant economic losses from cyber frauds in the coming year.
Key Findings from the I4C Study:
• Projected losses: India is expected to lose over ₹1.2 lakh crore due to cyber frauds in
the next year, equivalent to 0.7% of the GDP.
• Mule bank accounts: A major contributor to these scams, with approximately 4,000
mule accounts identified daily, serving as intermediaries for money laundering.
• ATM hotspots: 18 ATM hotspots identified across India where fraudulent withdrawals
are prevalent. International withdrawals have been traced to ATMs in Dubai, Hong
Kong, Bangkok, and Russia.
• Scam origins: Many scams have been traced to China or Chinese-linked entities, while
“scam compounds” in countries like Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Azerbaijan operate
like call centers, tricking unsuspecting victims.
• Cryptocurrency: Much of the defrauded money is converted into cryptocurrency be-
fore being taken out of the country.
Relevance to the UPSC Syllabus:
• Internal Security: Cyberfraud and its implications
• Governance: Role of institutions like I4C in preventing financial fraud and coordinating
cybersecurity measures.
• International Relations: Cross-border cybercrime and India’s collaboration with other
countries to tackle international financial fraud networks.
33. LOCALIZED Context: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in collaboration with the India Meteorological
Department (IMD), is launching a new initiative to provide localized weather forecasting to
WEATHER FORE- gram panchayats.
CASTING Key points on collaboration:
• Daily weather forecasting: Gram panchayats will receive daily weather updates and
have access to hourly forecasts to enhance their preparedness for natural disasters.
• Focus on farmers: The initiative is designed to help farmers by providing accurate
weather data, enabling them to adopt sustainable agricultural practices and mitigate
risks from climate change.
• Digital access: The forecasts will be available on digital platforms like e-Gram Swaraj and
the Meri Panchayat mobile app, ensuring easy access for local authorities and the rural
population.
• Climate resilience: The initiative aims to make rural areas more climate-resilient by
promoting awareness and preparedness at the grassroots level.
Relevance to UPSC Syllabus:
• Governance: This initiative can be linked to e-governance efforts in rural development
• Agriculture and Climate
• Science and Technology.
34. “BREAKING Context: In Lahore, 21-year-old Khadija Shabbir found herself at the forefront of a protest
sparked by an alleged assault case on her college campus. Although authorities dismissed
CHAINS: PAKI- the incident as a “hoax,” she and her peers felt compelled to act, voicing concerns over per-
STAN’S WOMEN’S sistent harassment that has long been ignored. The allegations, though unverified, struck a
STRUGGLE” chord among Pakistani students facing harassment daily in a society where addressing such
issues is often taboo. As the protests gained momentum, Khadija felt a shared sense of
frustration with fellow students. The movement soon became a call not only for justice in
this alleged case but also for broader systemic change—a plea for safety, respect, and the
basic right to pursue an education without fear.
Relevance in UPSC syllabus:
• General Studies Paper I (Indian Society): Explores themes of social empowerment,
gender issues, and the challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies.
• General Studies Paper II (Governance): Addresses the role of institutional mecha-
nisms, such as emergency helplines and judicial committees, in ensuring women’s
safety and security.
• General Studies Paper IV (Ethics): Demonstrates ethical concerns surrounding
trust in public institutions, citizens’ rights, and police accountability in sensitive
issues.

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35. AI-POWERED Context: The Indian government is set to introduce an AI-powered chatbot on the Cen-
tralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) to streamline griev-
CHATBOT ON CP- ance lodging processes.
GRAMS Data information:
• Total grievances: 19.45 lakh grievances filed by November 30, 2023.
• User registration: 17.37 lakh citizens registered on CPGRAMS from 2019-2023.
• Average disposal time: Grievances in 2023 were resolved on average within 17
days.
Grievances received (DARPG’s annual report, 2023):
Entity Grievances Count
Department of Financial Services (Banking) 1.61 lakh
Ministry of Labour and Employment 1.50 lakh
Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 1.15 lakh

Grievances by state (DARPG’s annual report, 2023):

State Grievances Count
Uttar Pradesh 2.31 lakh
Gujarat 45,062
Assam 41,837

36. A SILENT CRI- Context: In Jharkhand’s rural pockets, a silent crisis unfolds as residents struggle with
inaccessible bank accounts frozen due to KYC (Know Your Customer) formalities. Villagers
SIS like Urmila Oraon, who recently spent two days waiting in line only to be turned away, are
among the many facing hardships in Latehar and Lohardaga districts. While local surveys by
activists like Jean Drèze show that 60% of households in surveyed areas have at least one
frozen account, the reality feels far more widespread.
Bhola Oraon, whose account remains locked due to mismatched spellings in his
documents, feels the weight of the system’s rigidity. For three years, Bhola has been unable
to access his own funds, a story mirrored by many who must navigate convoluted proce-
dures, rampant corruption, and overcrowded banks. In a bid to cope, some, like Somwati
Devi’s husband, have even chosen to open entirely new accounts to bypass the unending
queues and administrative gridlocks.
Meanwhile, rural bank branches are overwhelmed, often seeing only 30 applica-
tions processed per day against a backlog of over 1,500. This crushing bottleneck has left
many, particularly pensioners and women dependent on government aid, in a state of
financial limbo.

Relevance in Essay Topics:

• Financial inclusion and digital access: Highlights the challenges faced by rural
populations in accessing financial services and the digital divide in formal banking
processes.
• Challenges in governance and public service delivery: Illustrates systemic issues
like bureaucratic delays, corruption, and the unintended consequences of regulato-
ry policies.
• Social and economic inequality: Emphasizes the impact of administrative hurdles
on vulnerable communities and their economic rights.
• Role of technology in governance: Examines the limitations of digital initiatives in
rural settings and the importance of accessible, user-friendly technology.

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37. LIB TECH Context: Recent data from a Lib Tech study reveals significant deletions from the MGN-
STUDY ON MNRE- REGS registry, largely attributed to the Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS). This trend
has left many rural workers ineligible, limiting their access to guaranteed employment.
GA
Key Data Points:
• Worker deletions and additions (April-September 2024):
o 84.8 lakh workers removed, with Tamil Nadu (14.7%) and Chhattisgarh
(14.6%) having the highest rates of deletion.
• Historical deletions:
o Over eight crore workers were removed during FY 2022-23 and FY 2023-
24.
o In Andhra Pradesh, 15% of deletions were found to be wrongful, per Lib
Tech’s ongoing studies.
• Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) impact:
o ABPS eligibility requires Aadhaar linkage to the job card and bank account,
with name matching.
o 27.4% of all registered workers (6.7 crore) and 4.2% of active workers (54
lakh) remain ineligible for ABPS.
• Decline in person days:
o There was a 16.6% decline in person days generated, dropping to 153
crore days.

Relevance to UPSC syllabus:

• GS II (Governance & Social Justice): Highlights the implementation challenges of
Aadhaar in welfare schemes and social security measures.
• GS III (Economic Development): Relevant to discussions on rural employment
schemes, labor force dynamics, and economic migration.
• Essay Paper: Serves as a case study on digital governance and financial inclusion
challenges in India’s welfare schemes.

38. ECO-CRAFTS The Krishna district administration, in partnership with Lepakshi Handicrafts and Andhra
FROM WATER HYA- Pradesh Handicrafts Development Organisation, is transforming water hyacinth plant into
eco-friendly handicrafts, empowering rural women, addressing environmental concerns,
CINTH
and boosting local craftsmanship.
Relevance in UPSC Syllabus:
• GS Paper II - Governance and Social Justice
o Women Empowerment
o Government Schemes and Initiatives
• GS Paper III - Environment and Ecology
o Invasive Species Management
o Sustainable Development
• GS Paper IV - Ethics in Public Administration
o Innovative Governance Solutions
o Community-Centric Policies
• Optional Papers (Sociology, Public Administration)
o Role of Community and Gender in Economic Development: Illustrative
example for rural upliftment and gender equality.

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39. FEDERALISM Context: Chief Justice of India recently highlighted the evolving role of federalism in pro-
moting democracy and upholding constitutional ideals. At the Loksatta Annual Lecture, he
stressed that modern challenges like climate change, AI, and cybercrime require Union
and state collaboration, emphasizing the need for greater synergy.
These lines from his speech capture CJI Chandrachud’s vision of a dynamic and coopera-
tive federalism:
• “Federalism should foster democracy, equality, liberty, dignity, and fraternity.”
• “Modern challenges like climate change and cybercrime go beyond traditional
federal boundaries.”
• “The Constitution was intended to be transformative, not static.”
• “Indian federalism is unique; it values equality and liberty, not as a mask but as a
core principle.”
• “Constructive dialogue between the Union and States is vital for federalism to
thrive.”
• “Courts play a key role in shaping and safeguarding federal principles.”

NOTE: Using these statements by CJI in your answer, especially the introduction and con-
clusion, will help in fetching additional marks in the exam.

Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

• GS Paper II - Indian Constitution and Governance
o Federalism in India
o Cooperative and Competitive Federalism
o Judiciary and Federalism
• Essay Paper
o Federalism as a Dynamic Principle
• Optional Papers - Political Science and Public Administration
o Indian Political System
40. HULA PAR- Context: The human-elephant conflict in India has significantly impacted both communities
and wildlife, particularly in the Jhargram district of West Bengal, where close interactions
TIES – MAN ANI- between populated areas and forest patches often lead to confrontations. One notable
MAL CONFLICT approach for managing such conflicts is the use of Hula Parties by the forest department, a
practice that has drawn criticism for its ethical and environmental implications.

About Hula Party:

• Definition: Hula Parties are groups, typically made up of 15-30 locals, hired in-
formally by the forest department to prevent elephants from entering populated
areas.
• Tools and method: They use torches (hulas), consisting of iron rods with live fire,
sticks, and noise to ward off elephants. In emergencies, torches are used to create
barriers to reduce human-elephant interaction.
• Legal and ethical issues: Using fire against protected species like elephants, cat-
egorized under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, is illegal. There are also
safety concerns and ethical considerations regarding potential harm to elephants.
• Recent controversy: Following the tragic death of a pregnant elephant, the use of
torches by hula parties has come under scrutiny, with calls for better-trained per-
sonnel and non-violent conflict resolution.

Relevance in UPSC Syllabus:

• Ethics in Administratio
• Environment and Ecology
• Science and Technology
• Governance and Policy

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41. AANDHI Context: In Aandhi village, located just 43 kilometers from Jaipur, Rajasthan, a transforma-
VILLAGE – GREEN tion toward a zero-waste model is underway through the integration of advanced green
technologies. Food waste, agro waste, wastewater, and other sources from across the
TECHNOLOGY
village are being converted into resources. Using an array of sustainable technologies like
an Organic Waste Bio-Methanation Plant, Vermifiltration, and Constructed Wetlands, the
village has started generating clean energy, treating wastewater, and recycling waste mate-
rials. This project, led by the Climate, Energy, and Sustainable Technology (CEST) Division,
stands as a replicable model for rural India, setting a powerful example of resource recov-
ery and environmental conservation through innovative interventions.

Relevance in UPSC Syllabus:

• Sustainable Development and Waste Management
• Case Study for Rural Development
• Innovation and Climate Resilience
• Governance and Community Engagement

42. SWACHH Context: The “Swachh Diwali Shubh Diwali” campaign, launched by the Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) from October 28 to November 3, 2024, aims to integrate the
DIWALI SHUBH DI- festival of Diwali with the Swachh Bharat Mission’s goals of cleanliness and sustainability.
WALI CAMPAIGN
About the “Swachh Diwali Shubh Diwali” Campaign:
• Objective: Promote cleanliness beyond homes to public spaces and neighbor-
hoods, reinforcing the values of the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Eco-friendly focus: Emphasizes plastic-free celebrations and “Vocal for Local” to
minimize environmental impact.
• Gandhian values: Aligns with principles of public service and sanitation, encourag-
ing Diwali celebrations that support marginalized communities.
• Community involvement: Engages citizens to create a cleaner, more inclusive Di-
wali celebration in line with collective well-being and sustainability.

Relevance in UPSC Syllabus:

• Ethics in Public Administration: Social responsibility, ethical duty, and Gandhian
values.
• Social Issues: Urban sanitation, public health, and social welfare,
• Environment and Ecology
• Essay: Community service, inclusivity, and social harmony

43. AARAMBH 6.0 Context: Prime Minister engaged with young civil servants during Aarambh 6.0, focusing on
INITIATIVE enhancing governance through public participation (Jan Bhagidari) and improving feedback
and grievance redressal systems.
About Aarambh 6.0 initiative:
• Objective: Aarambh is an orientation program for young civil servants, designed to
equip them with governance skills and foster innovative thinking.
• Focus Areas: This edition emphasized “Jan Bhagidari” (public participation), the
importance of robust feedback mechanisms, and streamlined grievance redressal.
Relevance in UPSC syllabus:
• Governance: Citizen-centric governance
• Polity and Public Administration
• Ethics and Integrity

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44. “MUMMY-PA- Context: Ahead of the upcoming assembly elections in Jharkhand, the Election Commission
launched an innovative voter awareness campaign, “Mummy-Papa, Vote Do,” engaging
PA, VOTE DO” CAM- schoolchildren to encourage their parents to vote.
PAIGN
About “Mummy-Papa, Vote Do” Campaign:
• Objective: Aimed at increasing voter turnout by involving children in urging their
parents to vote.
• Method: Over 1.7 million students from 18,570 schools wrote letters to their par-
ents, encouraging them to fulfill their civic responsibility.
• Significance: Boosts democratic participation, especially in rural areas, and empha-
sizes the importance of voting as a civic duty.

Relevance for UPSC

• Electoral awareness:
• Civic engagement
• Innovative governance

FACTS FOR PRELIMS

GS-1

Art & Culture

1. NEW INCLUSION TO CLASSICAL LAN-

Sanskrit 2005
GUAGE STATUS
Telugu 2008
Context: Kannada 2008
Prime Minister Narendra Modi praised the Union Cabinet’s Malayalam 2013
decision to grant Classical Language status to Marathi,
Odia 2014
Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali, highlighting their rich
literary and cultural heritage.
Benefits of Classical Language Status:
1. International awards: Two major international
About Classical Language Status Criteria:
awards are conferred annually for scholars of
The government’s criteria for declaring a language as
eminence in the classical language.
classical include the following:
2. Center of excellence: The government establishes
1. Historical antiquity: The language should have a
a dedicated Centre of Excellence for studies related
documented history of at least 1,500-2,000 years.
to the classical language.
2. Cultural heritage: It should have a body of ancient
3. Promotion and research: Grants and funding are
literature that is regarded as a cultural heritage.
provided to promote the study, research, and
3. Literary tradition: The language should have an
dissemination of the classical language and its
original literary tradition, not borrowed from
literature.
another community.
4. Educational support: Programs are established
4. Distinctness: There should be a clear distinction
in universities and institutes to support academic
between the classical language and its later forms,
activities around classical languages.
indicating a discontinuity.
Insta links:
Presently recognised language under Classical language:
1. Centres-demand-autonomy-for-classical-language-
Language Year of Recognition promotion
Tamil 2004

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2. 2024 NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE among youth from different states and union
territories of India.
Context: • Criteria: Youth aged 18-30, including students,
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to South National Service Scheme (NSS) and Nehru
Korean author Han Kang for her “intense poetic prose” Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS) volunteers, and
that explores historical traumas and human fragility. employed/self-employed individuals, are eligible
This marks a shift from recent Europe-centric winners, to participate by registering on the Yuva Sangam
with the Swedish Academy recognizing her innovation in portal.
contemporary prose. • Origin: The initiative draws inspiration from the
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, focusing on
About Han Kang and her works: experiential learning and promoting India’s rich
• Early career: Han Kang started her literary journey cultural diversity.
with poetry, but her breakthrough came with her • Significance:
novel, The Vegetarian (2007), which won the Man o Provides multi-dimensional exposure
Booker International Prize in 2016. to participants in areas like Tourism
• Key themes: Her writing often addresses themes (Paryatan), Traditions (Parampara),
like patriarchy, violence, grief, and historical Development (Pragati), People-to-
injustices, blending a radical and poetic imagination people connect (Paraspar Sampark), and
with intense narratives. Technology (Prodyogiki).
• Notable works: o Encourages youth to experience India’s
o The vegetarian: Explores a woman’s diverse heritage, development landmarks,
decision to stop eating meat and her and traditions first-hand.
family’s violent reactions.
o Human acts (2016): Focuses on the Insta Links:
1980 Gwangju Uprising in South Korea, 1. PM YUVA SCHEME
highlighting the voices of historical victims. 2. Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
o The white book (2017): A meditative
exploration of grief and memory,
constructed around the symbolism of the
color white.
4. 2024 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE
o Greek lessons (2023): A story of love and
loss between a woman who has lost her Context:
speech and a teacher losing his sight. The 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nihon
o We do not part: Set against the backdrop Hidankyo, a Japanese organization representing the
of a hidden massacre in Korean history, it survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings,
delves into collective trauma and memory. known as “Hibakusha.” The award recognized their tireless
• Impact: Her works have expanded Korean efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and highlight the
literature’s reach globally, highlighting its power to catastrophic effects of nuclear weapons.
address universal human experiences with empathy
and depth. About Nihon Hidankyo:
1. Origin:
Insta links: o Founded on August 10, 1956, as a national
1. 2023-Nobel-prize-for-literature-jon-olav-fosse organization for Hiroshima and Nagasaki
atomic bomb survivors.
o Created to unify Hibakusha voices,
promote their welfare, and advocate
3. YUVA SANGAM against nuclear weapons.
2. Leadership:
Context: o Led by Hibakusha themselves, sharing
The Ministry of Education today launched the registration firsthand experiences to influence global
portal for the fifth phase of Yuva Sangam under Ek Bharat policy and promote peace.
Shreshtha Bharat. 3. Role and contributions:
o Advocacy: Pushing for nuclear
About Yuva Sangam: disarmament through global platforms like
• Scheme part of: Yuva Sangam is an initiative under the United Nations.
the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat (EBSB) program o Awareness: Educating on the human and
launched by the Government of India. environmental impacts of nuclear warfare.
• Aim: Its primary goal is to foster cultural exchange o Collaboration: Working with groups like
and strengthen people-to-people connections ICAN to support a treaty-based prohibition

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of nuclear weapons. known for Late Cretaceous fossils of dinosaurs like
o Nuclear Taboo: Contributed to the global Rajasaurus narmadensis.
norm against the use of nuclear weapons • Discovery: Uncovered in the 1980s by GSI
since 1945. geologists, it ranks as one of the world’s largest
4. Significance: dinosaur egg hatcheries.
o Raised global awareness about nuclear • Current issues: Faces neglect with overgrown
dangers. vegetation, broken displays, and frequent power
o Supported international disarmament outages.
efforts despite challenges from countries • Nearby threats: A nearby irrigation project poses
expanding nuclear capabilities. risks to the fossil-rich area.
• Museum facilities: Features like 3D mapping and
Insta links: VR tours but is affected by structural issues and
1. 2023-Nobel-prize-for-peace funding delays.
• Local conservation: The Fossil Park Society
coordinates upkeep efforts, and Nawabzadi Aaliya
Sultana Babi, known as the “Dinosaur Princess,”
5. NATIONAL MISSION FOR MANUSCRIPTS advocates for its preservation.

Context: In News: Hong Kong has discovered dinosaur fossils for

The Union Ministry of Culture has announced plans to the first time on Port Island in its UNESCO Global Geopark.
revitalize the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) by Initial analysis suggests they belong to a large dinosaur
potentially transforming it into an autonomous body named from the Cretaceous period (145-66 million years ago),
the National Manuscripts Authority. likely preserved by sediment and later exposed by flooding.

About National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM): Insta Links:

• Established: Founded in 2003 under the Ministry of 1. National-fossil-park-in-Ghugwa-Madhya-Pradesh
Culture to address India’s manuscript preservation
needs.
• Objective: The mission seeks to identify, document, 7. KONARK WHEELS
conserve, and make accessible India’s manuscript
heritage, estimated to include 10 million Context:
manuscripts. Four replicas of the Konark wheels, made of sandstone,
• Achievements: have been installed at Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Centre
o Prepared metadata for 52 lakh manuscripts. and Amrit Udyan.
o Digitized over 3 lakh manuscript titles, • This initiative aims to highlight India’s cultural
though only about one-third are accessible heritage, presenting visitors with a glimpse of
online. traditional and historical artistry associated with
o Conserved approximately 9 crore folios the 13th-century Konark Sun Temple in Odisha.
through preventive and curative measures.
• Scope: Covers diverse themes, languages, scripts, About Konark Sun Temple:
and calligraphies; represents one of the largest • Historical background: Built in the 13th century
manuscript collections worldwide. under King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga
Dynasty, the temple is located in Konark, Odisha.
Insta Links: • Architectural design: The temple represents
1. National-mission-for-manuscripts a colossal stone chariot with twelve pairs of
intricately carved wheels, symbolizing the Sun
God’s chariot.
• Materials used: Constructed using Khondalite
6. DINOSAUR FOSSIL PARK AND MUSEUM stones, the temple features detailed carvings
illustrating mythology and cultural life.
Context: • Astronomical significance: The temple’s design
Gujarat’s Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum in Balasinor, an is oriented to capture the first light of the
iconic site is currently under consideration for a UNESCO sun, symbolizing ancient Indian astronomical
geo-heritage tag. The park faces neglect in maintenance knowledge.
and management, impacting both visitor experience and • UNESCO recognition: In 1984, the Konark Temple
the conservation of fossils. was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
acknowledging its historical and architectural
About Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum, Balasinor: importance.
• Location: Located in Raiyoli, Balasinor, Gujarat,

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About Konark Wheel: burial markers.
• Symbolism: The Konark wheel, built in the 13th o Dolmen: A chamber formed by placing a
century, represents time (Kalachakra), progression, large capstone on support stones, often
and democracy. used as tombs.
• Design features: With 24 spokes, it embodies o Cist: A small stone-built coffin-like box used
ancient wisdom and architectural mastery, to hold bodies, often placed underground.
symbolized in the national flag. o Monolith: Single standing stones,
• Purpose: The wheel served as a sundial in the sometimes used as markers or
temple, symbolizing the passage of time and India’s commemorative symbols.
commitment to progress and resilience. o Capstone style: Single horizontal stones
placed over burial chambers without
Insta links: support stones.
1. Konark-sun-temple • Timeline: Most megaliths in India date to the Iron
Age (1500 BC to 500 BC), with some predating this
period up to 2000 BC.
• Geographic spread: Found throughout Peninsular
History
India, especially in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
8. DODDALATHUR MEGALITHIC SITE
Insta links:
Context: 1. Menhir-and-megalithic-burial-sites
A team of history and archaeology scholars and students
from the University of Mysore have embarked on an
excavation of megalithic burial sites in Chamarajanagar 9. NATIONAL MARITIME HERITAGE COM-
district (Karnataka).
PLEX
About Doddalathur megalithic site:
Context:
• Location: Doddalathur village, Hanur taluk,
In a significant decision, the Union Cabinet, has approved
Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. Situated in a
the development of the National Maritime Heritage
small valley formed by the Male Mahadeshwara Hill
Complex (NMHC) at Lothal, Gujarat.
ranges.
• Discovery: Identified by C. Krishnamurti of the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1961. More about National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC):
• Location: Being built in Lothal, Gujarat, under the
• Period: The site corresponds to the Iron Age,
broadly placed between 1200 BC and 300 CE in Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways.
• Objective: Showcases India’s maritime heritage
South India.
• Significance: Contains hundreds of megalithic
from ancient to modern times through an
burials characterized by circles made of large educational and engaging experience.
• Significance: Set to be the world’s largest maritime
boulders. Many burials remain intact despite
agricultural expansion and land development. museum complex; aims to boost tourism, create
• Current excavation: Led by a team from the
jobs, and enhance India’s global maritime image.
• Key features: Includes Lothal recreation, four
University of Mysore and the Mythic Society,
Bengaluru, with a focus on understanding theme parks, coastal state pavilions, eco-resorts, a
megalithic-iron age culture and providing field maritime research institute, and advanced museum
training to archaeology students. facilities.
• Development: Managed by Tata Projects Ltd and
designed by Architect Hafeez Contractor, creating
About Megalithic sites:
around 22,000 jobs, promoting regional economic
• Definition: Megaliths are large stones used in
growth.
prehistoric monuments or burial structures.
• Purpose: Constructed as burial sites or
commemorative memorials (non-sepulchral).
o Burial types: Include dolmenoid cists, cairn
circles, capstones, and urns or sarcophagi
made of terracotta.
o Memorial types: Include non-sepulchral
sites such as menhirs.
• Types of Megalithic structures:
o Stone circles (Cromlechs): Circular
arrangements of stones, sometimes used as

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About Lothal: only counterattack of the war.
• Historical importance: A significant Indus Valley
Civilization site dating back to 2,200 BC; known for Insta links:
its role as a major trading hub. 1. Battle of Walong
• Key discoveries: World’s oldest artificial dock, 2. 1962-India-China-war
bead factories, warehouses, drainage systems, and
evidence of maritime trade with West Asia and
Africa. Society
• Location: Situated in Gujarat’s Bhal region; well-
connected by road and rail, making it accessible for
visitors. 11. KOROWAI TRIBE
• UNESCO status: Nominated for the UNESCO World
Heritage list, highlighting its historical significance Context:
in ancient maritime trade and culture. Indian vlogger Dheeraj Meena visited the jungles of
Indonesia to meet ‘human eating’ Korowai tribes and
Insta links: documented his interaction with the tribal community.
1. National-maritime-heritage-complex
About Korowai Tribe:
• Location: The Korowai tribe inhabits the
southeastern region of Papua, Indonesia.
10. BATTLE OF WALONG • Forest connection: The tribe has a profound bond
with the forest, which provides them with food
Context: through hunting and gathering.
To mark the 62nd anniversary of the iconic Battle of Walong • Isolation: Until the mid-1970s, the Korowai had
during the 1962 war with China, the Army is planning a almost no interaction with the outside world.
month-long series of commemorative events. • Treehouses: They are known for building
treehouses elevated 8-15 meters above the ground,
with some as high as 45 meters.
• Social structure: The tribe practices equality, with
no formal hierarchy, valuing harmony among
members.
• Cannibalism history: Historically, they practiced
cannibalism for spiritual and social reasons, but this
has largely ceased in recent times.

Insta Links:
1. Tribes-in-news

About Battle of Walong:

• Location: Walong, Arunachal Pradesh, near the
12. DOLI DEATHS
McMahon Line, was a key battleground in the 1962
Sino-Indian War. Context:
• Indian Forces: The 11th Infantry Brigade, Andhra Pradesh Home Minister stated that the government
comprising the 4th Sikh, 6th Kumaon, and 3rd would take measures to eliminate the issue of “doli deaths”
Battalion of 3 Gorkha Rifles, defended Walong with in the Agency by enhancing road connectivity to the remote
about 800 men. villages of Alluri Sitharama Raju (ASR) district.
• Chinese Offensive: On October 21, 1962, over
4,000 Chinese troops attacked. Despite limited
resources, Indian forces resisted for 27 days.
• Tactics: Indian troops used the terrain to set up
ambushes and defensive positions, slowing the
Chinese advance.
• Outcome: Indian forces withdrew on November 16,
1962, after inflicting heavy casualties and delaying
the Chinese significantly.
• Significance: The Indian defense forced China
to divert additional troops from Tawang,
demonstrating India’s bravery and resilience in its

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About Doli Yatra Protest: • Impact on Neighboring Peaks: The isostatic
• Objective of the yatra: The tribal community rebound affects other Himalayan peaks like
organized the ‘doli yatra’ to demand proper Lhotse and Makalu, contributing to their elevation
road connectivity to hilltop villages, including increase.
Pedagaruvu, Pithrigedda, and Jajulabandha. • Himalayan Uplift: Everest has been rising due to
• Reason for protest: Due to the lack of roads,
the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates for
around 300 Kondh tribe members face difficulties
accessing healthcare, often carrying sick or 50 million years. The Arun River’s erosion adds an
pregnant individuals in makeshift dolies over long extra boost to this process.
distances.
• Community initiative: In 2020, the villagers built a About Isostatic rebound:
road using pooled resources, but it was destroyed Isostatic Rebound:
by rains, worsening their transportation challenges. Isostatic rebound, also called post-glacial rebound
• Health risks: The lack of connectivity has resulted in or glacial isostasy, is the gradual rise of Earth’s crust after
numerous deaths as patients fail to reach hospitals the removal of heavy weight, such as ice sheets or eroded
in time.
landmasses.
• This phenomenon occurs due to the Earth’s
About Kondh Tribe:
• Cultural division: Kondhs are divided into two main lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) behaving
groups – hill-dwelling and plain-dwelling – and are elastically over time.
further classified into various clans. • When heavy loads, like glaciers, depress the Earth’s
• Traditional lifestyle: Historically, the Kondh tribe surface, their melting or erosion leads to the land
were hunter-gatherers, relying on forest resources rebounding or rising as the weight is removed.
for their livelihood. • This process takes thousands of years and continues
• Language: They primarily speak Kui, a Dravidian even after the glaciers have disappeared.
language, and use the Odia script for writing.
• Scheduled tribe status: The Kondh tribe has been
Process and Importance:
recognized as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in eight
Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, 1. Force: The Earth’s crust behaves much like a
Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, floating object in a fluid. When a heavy load like
and West Bengal. an ice sheet or eroded rock is removed, the crust
• Social structure: Kondhs follow a clan-based “rebounds” upward in response to the decrease in
system, with strong community ties and traditional pressure.
village governance structures. 2. Geography: Isostatic rebound is particularly
• Religion: They practice animism, with a deep significant in areas once covered by massive ice
connection to nature and forest deities, though sheets, like Scandinavia and Canada. The process
many have also embraced Hindu rituals over time.
can also occur due to erosion in mountainous
regions, as in the case of Mount Everest.
Insta links:
1. Tribes in news 3. Importance: It helps maintain the height of
mountains and other elevated landforms,
compensating for erosion by lifting the land. It
Geography also influences sea levels and can impact tectonic
activity in certain regions.
13. ISOSTATIC REBOUND Arun River:
1. Origin: The Arun River originates from the Tibet
Context:
Autonomous Region of China.
A recent study suggests that Mount Everest has grown
15-50 meters taller than expected over 89,000 years due to 2. Flow: It flows through Tibet and Nepal before
the erosion caused by the Arun River, which helps push the joining the Saptakoshi River in Nepal, which later
peak upwards by up to 2mm annually. merges with the Ganges in India.
3. Tributaries: The Barun River and the Sankhuwa
More about study: River in Nepal.
• Isostatic Rebound: The reduction of landmass in 4. India: Although the Arun River does not directly
the Arun River basin leads to isostatic rebound, flow through India, it indirectly influences the flow
where the Earth’s crust rises due to diminished of rivers that contribute to the Ganges Basin in
surface weight, akin to a floating object adjusting northern India​
when weight is removed.

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defense strategies to prevent erosion,
combining waste management with
environmental protection.

Insta links:
1. Different-types-of-rocks

15. AURORA BOREALIS

Context:
On October 10, 2024, Leh, Ladakh experienced a rare
display of aurora borealis, or northern lights, due to a
Insta Links: severe geomagnetic storm triggered by a coronal mass
1. Isostacy ejection (CME) from the Sun.

About auroras:
Auroras are natural light displays that appear as
14. SLAG AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK FOR- bright, swirling curtains in the night sky, with colors ranging
MATION from green, red, and blue to yellow and purple. These
lights primarily occur near the poles, known as the aurora
Context: borealis in the northern hemisphere and aurora australis
Human activity has drastically transformed the Earth’s in the southern hemisphere, but can sometimes extend to
landscape, leading to the creation of new geological lower latitudes.
formations, such as sedimentary rocks formed from slag, a
by-product of the steelmaking industry. Why auroras occur:
• Caused by solar activity: Auroras occur due to
Key Points on Slag and Sedimentary rock formation: the interaction of charged particles from the Sun,
1. Slag’s role in artificial ground: known as the solar wind, with Earth’s magnetic
o Slag is a composite material from steel field.
production, containing metal oxides and silicon • Solar wind and earth’s magnetic field: As the solar
dioxide. wind reaches Earth, most particles are deflected
o It becomes a significant component of artificial by the planet’s magnetic field. However, some
ground, contributing to sedimentary material in particles get trapped and travel toward the poles.
the environment. • Interaction with atmospheric gases: These charged
2. Formation of sedimentary rock from slag: particles collide with gases like oxygen and nitrogen
o Slag undergoes lithification, turning into in the upper atmosphere, producing light. Oxygen
sedimentary rock through natural weathering. emits green hues, while nitrogen produces blue and
o This process can sequester greenhouse purple tones.
gases like carbon dioxide through mineral • Influence of solar flares and CMEs: During strong
carbonation, mimicking natural processes. solar activity, like solar flares or coronal mass
3. Carbon capture potential: ejections (CMEs), the solar wind intensifies, leading
o The lithification of slag through calcite cement to geomagnetic storms. These storms can cause
precipitation traps atmospheric carbon dioxide auroras to expand to mid-latitudes, making them
in the form of calcite. visible in regions farther from the poles.
o This process can potentially reduce the carbon
footprint of the steel industry by reusing slag Insta links:
deposits. 1. Northern-lights-in-India
4. Environmental and industrial implications:
o Calcite formation on the slag surface aids in
carbon capture and prevents coastal erosion.
o Calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH) minerals formed
16. CYCLONE DANA
in the intertidal zone limit the release of toxic
Context:
metals from slag.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecasted
5. Slag’s future potential:
the formation of Cyclone “Dana,” expected to intensify into
o Repurposing slag deposits for carbon capture
a severe cyclonic storm by Wednesday, October 23, 2024.
could eliminate the need for additional
The cyclone is set to affect Odisha and West Bengal with
processing facilities.
wind speeds of up to 120 km/h.
o Hardened slag can also be used in coastal

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Cyclones and their features: southern and eastern Spain, causing widespread damage
• Definition: A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that and fatalities.
rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric • This atmospheric phenomenon, which has become
pressure. increasingly intense and widespread, is linked to
• Formation: Cyclones develop over warm ocean climate changes affecting rainfall patterns in the
waters (above 26.5°C) due to the rapid upward Mediterranean region.
movement of warm air, which condenses to form
clouds and releases energy, fueling the system. About DANA (Cold Drop):
• Wind Speed: Cyclonic storms are categorized • Definition: DANA stands for “depresión aislada en
based on wind speeds, with severe cyclonic storms niveles altos” (isolated depression at high altitudes)
typically reaching wind speeds between 89 and 117 and is also called “gota fría” or cold drop in Spain.
kmph. • Formation: Occurs when a pocket of cold air
• Impact: Cyclones bring torrential rain, high-speed descends over the warm Mediterranean Sea,
winds, and storm surges, leading to flooding, causing rapid atmospheric instability.
destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of • Mechanism: The cold air mixes with warm, moist
communities. air, causing the latter to rise quickly and form
cumulonimbus clouds that lead to intense rainfall.
About naming cyclones: • Polar jet stream influence: Involves the polar jet
• Origin: The naming of cyclones in the Indian Ocean stream, which separates polar and tropical air;
region was initiated by WMO/ESCAP in 2000, sometimes, a cold air pocket detaches and moves
comprising countries like Bangladesh, India, and over the Mediterranean, sparking DANA.
others, with 169 names released in 2020. • Seasonal occurrence: Commonly occurs in autumn
• Member countries: Bangladesh, India, the and spring in the western Mediterranean.
Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and • Intensity: Increasingly severe and geographically
Thailand. spread due to rising sea temperatures, with warmer
o In 2018, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and air retaining more moisture, leading to heavier
Yemen were added. rainfall.
• Purpose: Naming cyclones simplifies
communication, making it easier for the public, NOTE: Don’t confuse this with Cyclone DANA (was
media, and authorities to track storms and prepare a tropical cyclone which affected the states of West
for them. Bengal and Odisha in India.)
• Guidelines:
o Must be short, easy to pronounce, and Insta Links:
neutral to politics, religion, and culture. 1. Flash-Floods
o No name can be repeated or offensive.
o Each country provides 13 names, which are
used sequentially.
• Naming process: Each member country suggests
GS-2
13 names, and the list rotates when a new
cyclone forms. The names must be short, easy Salient Features on Indian Constitution
to pronounce, neutral (politically, culturally, and
religiously), and not offensive. 1. “FREE TO THINK 2024” REPORT
• Recent cyclone and nations which gave name:
Cyclone name Country Context:
Remal Oman India’s academic freedom has significantly declined over the
past decade, with growing concerns over political influence
Asna Pakistan
and restrictions on student protests at universities. This
Dana Qatar trend has been highlighted in the “Free to Think 2024”
report, which examines global academic freedom.
Insta links:
1. How-are-cyclones-formed-and-named More about the report:
2. IMD-releases-new-list-of-cyclone-names • Published by: Scholars at Risk (SAR) Academic
Freedom Monitoring Project, a network of 665
universities worldwide.
17. DANA • India’s Rank: Slipped from 0.6 points to 0.2 points
Context: on the Academic Freedom Index from 2013 to
The weather pattern known as DANA, or “gota fría” (cold 2023, now classified as “completely restricted,” its
drop), recently triggered devastating flash floods across lowest level since the mid-1940s.

94 www.insightsonindia.com
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• Key Findings: “swing states” or “battleground states.”
o The report covers 391 attacks on higher
education in 51 countries between July About Swing States:
2023 and June 2024. • Definition: Swing states are those where neither
o Highlights political control and a Hindu Democratic nor Republican candidates have a
nationalist agenda influencing India’s consistent dominance, leading them to “swing”
universities. between parties in different elections.
o Restrictions on student protests noted • Examples in 2024: The primary swing states
in institutions like Jawaharlal Nehru this election include Pennsylvania, Michigan,
University (JNU) and South Asian Wisconsin, Georgia, Nevada, Arizona, and North
University (SAU). Carolina.
The report indicates growing tensions
between the Indian central and state governments
over higher education control, affecting institutions
in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and
Punjab.

Insta links:
1. India-rankings-2024

2. CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA APPOINTMENT

Context:
Chief Justice of India (CJI) D.Y. Chandrachud is set to retire • Significance:
on November 10, 2024, and has recommended Justice o Electoral college impact: Swing states are
Sanjiv Khanna as his successor to become the 51st Chief crucial as they can allocate their entire electoral
Justice of India. votes to the winner within that state, regardless
of the margin. This can be decisive in a closely
Process of Chief Justice of India appointment (CJI): contested election.
• Seniority Principle: The appointment of the CJI o Close poll margins: In the 2024 race, polls in
is typically based on the senior-most judge of the these states show tight competition, with leads
Supreme Court. often within a 3.4% margin, the typical polling
• Memorandum of Procedure (MoP): The Law error.
Ministry requests a recommendation from the o Demographic influence: Each swing state has
outgoing CJI regarding their successor. unique demographic groups—like Latinos in
• Presidential Appointment: After receiving the Arizona and Black voters in Georgia—that
recommendation, the President of India appoints candidates aim to influence through tailored
the next CJI. campaigns.
• Tenure and Retirement: The CJI serves until
reaching the age of 65, and the process repeats Insta links:
upon each CJI’s retirement. 1. US-sees-india-swing-state-can-help-tilt-global-
• Merit and Integrity Consideration: In addition strategic-balance
to seniority, merit and integrity are important 2. How-is-the-American-president-elected
factors in the recommendation, as seen in previous
appointments like Justice Khanna’s own elevation
to the Supreme Court. Functioning of Parliament and State Legislatures

Insta Links: 4. SECTION 6A OF THE CITIZENSHIP ACT,

1. Appointment-of-Judges
1955
Comparison of Constitutions
Context:
India’s Supreme Court upheld Section 6A of the Citizenship
3. SWING STATES Act, granting citizenship to Bangladeshi migrants who
entered India before March 25, 1971.
Context:
The 2024 U.S. presidential election, set for November 5, Background:
places a critical emphasis on a handful of states known as • Enacted in 1985 as part of the Citizenship

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(Amendment) Act, following the Assam Accord. ambit of “intoxicating liquor” as mentioned in the State List
• The Assam Accord aimed to resolve issues related of the Constitution’s Seventh Schedule.
to the influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh • This judgment comes after multiple States
into Assam after the Bangladesh Liberation War challenged the Centre’s position that industrial
(1971). alcohol fell under the exclusive control of the Union
• Section 6A was inserted specifically to address the government, as per Entry 52 of the Union List.
unique historical and demographic challenges
faced by Assam due to large-scale migration. About lists in news:
• State List (Entry 8): Grants States the authority
Provisions: to regulate “intoxicating liquor” and activities like
• Citizenship for Migrants Pre-1966: production, possession, transport, and sale.
• Persons of Indian origin who entered Assam from o The Supreme Court extended this definition
Bangladesh before January 1, 1966, were granted to include industrial alcohol, recognizing its
Indian citizenship retroactively. potential for misuse affecting public health.
• Migrants Between 1966-1971: • Union List (Entry 52): Pertains to industries that
• Migrants who arrived between January 1, 1966, require Union control in the public interest.
and March 25, 1971 were to register and were o The Centre argued that this gave it
granted citizenship after 10 years of residence, exclusive jurisdiction over industrial
provided they fulfilled certain conditions. alcohol, but the Court ruled that the State’s
• Post-1971 Migrants: authority under Entry 8 still stands.
• Persons who entered Assam after March 25, 1971,
were to be detected and deported as per the law. About industrial alcohol:
• Industrial alcohol refers to ethanol used primarily
About Citizenship Act, 1955: for industrial purposes, such as manufacturing, fuel
• Governing Indian Citizenship: The Citizenship production, or chemical applications.
Act, 1955 regulates who can obtain Indian • Unlike potable alcohol, industrial alcohol is
citizenship based on birth, descent, registration, or denatured with toxic chemicals to make it
naturalization. unsuitable for human consumption.
• Illegal Immigrants: The Act bars illegal immigrants • It plays a critical role in sectors like
from obtaining citizenship. An illegal immigrant is pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fuels.
someone who:
Feature Absolute Alcohol Denatured Alcohol
o Enters India without valid documents (e.g.,
passport, visa), or Pure ethanol Ethanol with high
o Enters with valid documents but overstays Composition (minimal or no concentration of toxic
beyond the permitted period. additives) additives
• Single Citizenship: India follows a policy of single Drinkable but Poisonous, unfit for
citizenship, and the Act does not allow dual Safety highly dangerous consumption due to
citizenship. in high amounts toxic additives
• Constitutional Framework: Citizenship matters fall
under the Union List and are dealt with in Part II of Contains substances
May contain
the Indian Constitution (Articles 5-11). The term Additives like methanol, ren-
trace impurities
“citizen” is not defined in the Constitution, leaving dering it toxic
it to statutory laws like the Citizenship Act. Medical and
Industrial applica-
laboratory use
Applications tions (fuel, cleaning
Insta links: (sterilization,
solvents)
1. Citizenship-amendment-act-rules chemicals)
2. CAA, 2019 Characteristic
3. Clause-6-of-the-assam-accord alcoholic odour, Foul odour, bitter
Smell & Taste
slightly sweet taste due to additives
taste
Centre – State Relations Higher taxes due
Lower or tax-exempt
to its purity and
Taxation since it’s unsuitable
5. INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL potential for
for drinking
drinking
Context:
Cases and judgement:
In a significant ruling, a nine-judge Constitution Bench of
1. ITC Ltd v. Agricultural Produce Market Committee
the Supreme Court upheld the right of State legislatures
(2002):
to regulate industrial alcohol as an “intoxicant” under the

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o The Supreme Court affirmed that states are Commodities Act, ensuring availability and fair
not subordinate to the Centre, emphasizing pricing of essential drugs.
the need to maintain a constitutional • Functions:
balance of powers between them. o Price regulation: Control and regulate
2. Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd v. State of Uttar the prices of essential drugs and medical
Pradesh (1989):
devices to ensure they remain affordable.
o A 7-judge Bench ruled that states’ powers
o Enforcement: Implement and enforce
under Entry 8 of the State List are limited
the provisions of the DPCO regarding the
to regulating “intoxicating liquors,” leaving
the regulation of industrial alcohol to the pricing of pharmaceutical products.
Centre. o Monitoring availability: Ensure that
3. Ch Tika Ramji v. State of UP (1956): essential medicines are available and
o The Court upheld a state law regulating the address shortages when necessary.
sugarcane industry, confirming that states o Data collection: Gather information
can legislate in industries even when central on drug production, imports, exports,
laws exist, reinforcing federal principles. and market shares of pharmaceutical
companies.
Insta links: o Advisory role: Provide the government
1. Liquor-policy-issues-in-the-liquor-industry with recommendations on drug price
2. Federalism-in-India revisions and policy changes related to
pharmaceuticals.
o Legal matters: Handle legal cases and
Constitutional and non-constitutional bodies disputes arising from pricing and availability
issues.
Insta links:
6. NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING 1. NPPA
AUTHORITY 2. India-pharmacy-of-world

Context:
The NPPA recently increased the ceiling prices of eight Judiciary
essential drugs by 50%, citing “extraordinary circumstances”
to ensure these medications remain accessible.
7. STATUE OF LADY JUSTICE
Rules and Laws for price revision:
• Para 19 of DPCO 2013: Allows the government Context:
to revise drug prices during extraordinary Recently, a new statue of Lady Justice was unveiled at the
circumstances. Supreme Court of India, replacing the older version that
• Essential Commodities Act: Empowers price symbolized British colonial influence.
regulation to ensure availability and affordability.
• Annual Price Revision: Ceiling prices are typically Features of the New Justice Statue:
revised based on the previous year’s Wholesale • Traditional attire: The new statue is dressed in a
Price Index (WPI). saree, replacing the Western attire to reflect Indian
• Extraordinary Circumstances: Invoked when cultural heritage.
market conditions make price regulation necessary • Eyes open: Unlike the traditional blindfolded Lady
to maintain drug availability. Justice, the new statue’s eyes are open, symbolizing
that justice is not blind in India but sees everyone
About National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority: equally, recognizing the country’s social diversity
• Origin: NPPA was established on August 29, and challenges.
1997, to regulate the prices of pharmaceutical • Scales of justice: The statue continues to hold
scales in one hand, symbolizing the weighing of
drugs and medical devices, implementing the
evidence impartially and maintaining fairness in
provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order judgments.
(DPCO). • Constitution in hand: The sword has been replaced
• Ministry: It operates under the Department of with the Indian Constitution in the statue’s other
Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and hand, emphasizing the Constitution’s supremacy
Fertilizers. in India’s legal system over the use of force or
• Governing law: NPPA’s authority comes punishment.
from the DPCO, 2013 and the Essential • Decoloniality: The shift from colonial symbols like
the blindfold and sword represents an attempt

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to indigenize and decolonize judicial imagery, 9. DHARTI AABA JANJATIYA GRAM UT-
aligning the statue with the principles of Indian
jurisprudence and values.
KARSH ABHIYAN

Context:
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched the Dharti
Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA) on
Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary, from Hazaribagh,
Jharkhand.

Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA):

1. Ministry: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
2. Funds allocated: The total outlay for the scheme
Insta Links: is Rs. 79,156 crores, with Rs. 56,333 crores as the
1. 75-years-of-the-supreme-court-of-India/ Central share and Rs. 22,823 crores as the State
2. Judicial-Reforms-in-India share.
3. Aim: The Abhiyan aims to cover 63,843 villages in
Governance tribal areas, focusing on saturating gaps in social
infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood
through 25 interventions.
8. RAJYAMATA-GOMATA
Features of the scheme:
1. Comprehensive coverage: Encompasses 549
Context: districts and 2,911 blocks across 30 States/UTs,
The Maharashtra government has designated the State’s targeting tribal-majority villages.
indigenous cow breeds as ‘RajyaMata-Gomata’ due to 2. Multi-ministerial convergence: 17-line ministries
concerns over declining numbers. will collaborate to implement 25 interventions.
• Designates indigenous cow breeds as ‘RajyaMata- 3. Holistic approach: The scheme builds upon the
Gomata’ due to declining numbers. success of PM-JANMAN and focuses on critical gaps
• Introduces ₹50 subsidy per cow per day to support in tribal development.
goshalas. 4. Saturation of services: Ensures saturation of
• Indigenous cows hold cultural, scientific, and education, healthcare, and livelihood services in
economic significance. tribal communities.
• Scheme implemented online, monitored by district 5. Infrastructure development: Inauguration of 40
verification committees. Eklavya schools and laying of foundations for 25
• Opposition criticizes decision as politically more, with a target to make 728 schools functional
motivated for upcoming Assembly elections. by March 2026, serving 3.5 lakh tribal students.
• The primary breeds found in the Maharashtra
include: Insta links:
o Deoni - Primarily found in the Marathwada 1. Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan
region.
o Lal Kandhari - Also native to the
Marathwada area.
o Khillar - Predominantly raised in Western 10. PRIME MINISTER’S INTERNSHIP
Maharashtra. SCHEME
o Dangi - A breed from the northern part of
Maharashtra. Context:
o Gaolao - Commonly found in the Vidarbha The government launched the pilot phase of the ambitious
region. Prime Minister’s Internship Scheme, which aims to provide
These breeds are known for their adaptability 1.25 lakh internship opportunities during the fiscal year
to local climates and are valued for their 2024-25.
contributions to organic farming, milk production,
and Ayurvedic practices​ About PM Internship Scheme:
• Origin:
Insta links: o Announced in Budget 2024-25 as part
1. Gir cow breed of the Prime Minister’s Package for
2. Rastriya Gokul Mission Employment and Skilling.
• Aim:
o To provide 1 crore youth with hands-on

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work experience in top 500 companies over management. They also have magisterial powers.
five years, enhancing employability and skill • Difference from Districts:
development. o Leadership: Co-districts are led by an
• Budget: Assistant District Commissioner, while
o ₹2 lakh crore overall, with ₹2,000 crore districts are led by a Deputy Commissioner.
allocated for the fiscal year 2024-25. o Size: Co-districts cover smaller geographical
• Criteria: areas compared to districts.
o Youth aged 21-24 who are not in full-time o Autonomy: While districts have full
employment or education. administrative control over various
o Must hold qualifications like high school departments, co-districts serve as
diplomas, ITI certificates, or graduate a localized extension, reducing the
degrees (e.g., B.A., B.Sc., B.Com). administrative burden on district-level
o Excludes candidates from IITs, IIMs, and offices.
those holding advanced degrees (e.g., • Launch: The first phase started in 2024 with
MBA, CA). the creation of 21 co-districts, and 18 more are
• Features: expected to follow, with the goal of covering all 126
o 12-month internships with a stipend of assembly constituencies.
₹5,000 (₹4,500 from the government, ₹500
from companies). Insta links:
o Interns are insured under government 1. District administration
schemes like PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana.
o A one-time ₹6,000 grant for incidentals.
o Multilingual helpline and grievance 12. TELE-MANAS
redressal system.
• Significance: Context:
o Enhances practical experience for youth, Tele MANAS (Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking
improving employability. Across States) is a tele-mental health initiative launched by
o Focuses on skill development in real- the Government of India under the National Tele Mental
world job environments across sectors like Health Programme (NTMHP) on October 10, 2022.
pharma, auto, and agriculture.
o Supports the government’s vision of
About Tele MANAS:
self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) by
Need for Tele MANAS:
developing skilled manpower.
• Mental health crisis: 15% of India’s adult
population requires mental health intervention,
Insta links: with a 70-92% treatment gap.
1. PMRPY
• High suicide rates: Over 1 lakh people die by
suicide annually in India.
• Mental disorders: Mental disorders are the second
11. CO-DISTRICT leading cause of years lived with disability (YLDs).
• Untapped healthcare access: More than 80%
Context: of people with mental health issues in India do
Assam has become the first state in India to implement a not seek help, despite mental healthcare being a
new administrative structure known as Co-Districts, aimed statutory right under the Mental Healthcare Act,
at improving governance and accessibility of public services. 2017.
The inaugural phase will take place on October 4 and 5,
2024, when 39 Co-Districts will be officially launched.

About Co-Districts:
• What It Is: Co-districts are smaller administrative
units under Assam’s district administration,
established to decentralize governance.
• Objective: Aimed at making administrative services
more accessible to citizens by bringing governance
closer to their homes.
• Functions: Co-districts handle administrative
tasks such as issuing ration cards, caste
certificates, managing land revenue matters,
excise, development, welfare work, and disaster

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Key features of Tele MANAS: for domain-specific knowledge in the international
• 24/7 toll-free helpline: Provides phone- workforce.
based counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatric
consultations, and referral services. Insta Links:
• Accessibility: Designed to make mental health 1. India-launches-e-migrate-v2-0-web-portal
support easily available to individuals across
remote and urban areas.
• Two-tier system: Tier 1 offers initial counselling and
referral services, while Tier 2 provides specialist 14. DRUGS TECHNICAL ADVISORY
consultations and follow-up care, including BOARD
e-prescriptions.
• Integrated care: Seamless connections to in-person Context:
services and other mental health interventions. The Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) has
• WHO praised model: Recognized by the WHO as an recommended bringing all antibiotics under the definition
effective, innovative model for large-scale mental of “new drug” in the New Drugs and Clinical Trial (NDCT)
health care delivery. Rules, 2019 to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Insta Links: Recent Recommendations by DTAB:

1. Tele MANAS • Inclusion of antibiotics as “New Drugs”:
2. Chatbot-for-people-in-mental-distress • All antibiotics would fall under the category of “new
drugs,” requiring manufacturing, marketing, and
sale to be more strictly documented and regulated.
• Union government control:
13. E-MIGRATE PORTAL V2.0 • Manufacturing and marketing approvals for
antibiotics would need clearance from the Union
Context: government, rather than state authorities.
External Affairs Minister Dr. S Jaishankar launched the • Prescription mandatory:
revamped eMigrate v2.0 web portal and mobile app, aimed • Antibiotics would only be available with a valid
at promoting safe and legal migration for Indian workers. prescription, curbing over-the-counter purchases
• This initiative is part of the government’s and indiscriminate use.
commitment to protecting the rights and welfare • Labeling changes:
of Indian migrant workers, aligning with global • A blue strip or box would be added to antibiotic
migration goals under the 2030 Agenda for packaging to distinguish antimicrobial products,
Sustainable Development. improving public awareness.
• Focus on AMR:
e-Migrate Portal v2.0: • This move is part of efforts to address rising
• Launch date: October 2024. antimicrobial resistance in India, where common
• Objective: Promote safe, transparent, and inclusive infections like UTIs, pneumonia, and typhoid are
migration for Indian workers abroad. becoming resistant to standard treatments.
• Ministry: Ministry of External Affairs
• Key features: Significance:
o Provides a platform for safe and legal • Curbing Antimicrobial Resistance: Reducing misuse
migration channels. of antibiotics will help slow the rise of drug-
o 24x7 Multilingual helpline: Offers support resistant infections.
for migrant workers in multiple languages, • Centralized Regulation: Bringing antibiotics under
with real-time solutions for urgent issues. central control ensures uniform regulation across
o Integration with Digilocker: Enables the country.
paperless submission of documents like • Public Health Protection: Mandatory prescriptions
passports and employment contracts. and labeling aim to safeguard public health by
o Social Security Net: Expands social security preventing self-medication and misuse.
for migrants through insurance policies and
partnerships with the State Bank of India About Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB):
for zero-fee digital payment services. • Role: It is the highest statutory body for advising on
o Mobile app: Developed for the first time, technical drug-related matters in India.
offering easy access to services, including • Established under: The Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
a job search marketplace for overseas 1940.
employment. • Part of: Central Drugs Standard Control
• Global need: The platform aligns with India’s global Organization (CDSCO).
negotiations on migration and the growing demand • Nodal ministry: Ministry of Health and Family

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Welfare. About National Green Hydrogen Mission:
• Functions: Advises the central and state • Budget: Outlay of ₹19,744 crore up to FY 2029-30
governments on technical matters related to the for green hydrogen initiatives.
administration of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and • Objectives:
performs other assigned functions under the Act. o Establish India as a global hub for green
hydrogen production, utilization, and
Insta Links: export.
DTAB o Foster decarbonization across industries,
especially steel, mobility, and energy
sectors.
15. “SCAM SE BACHO” CAMPAIGN • Pilot Projects:
o Focus on demonstrating green hydrogen
use in sectors like steel, mobility, and
Context: shipping.
Government and Meta join forces for “Scam se Bacho” o Three sanctioned steel sector projects with
Campaign to tackle rising online scams. financial support of ₹347 crore.
• SIGHT (Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen
About “Scam se Bacho” campaign: Transition):
• Aim: To combat rising online scams and cyber fraud o Incentivizes the domestic manufacturing of
by fostering digital safety and vigilance across India. electrolysers.
• Partnership: Collaboration between Meta (formerly o Promotes the production and usage of
Facebook) and key government ministries, green hydrogen.
including: • Expected Outcomes by 2030:
o Ministry of Electronics and Information o Green Hydrogen Production: At least 5
Technology (MeitY) MMT per year.
o Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) o Renewable Energy: Addition of around 125
o Ministry of Information and Broadcasting GW of capacity.
(MIB) o Investment: Over ₹8 lakh crore in green
o Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre hydrogen.
(I4C) o Employment: Creation of 6 lakh jobs.
• Ministry: Led by the Ministry of Information and o Reduction in fossil fuel imports: Exceeding
Broadcasting (MIB). ₹1 lakh crore.
• Coverage: National initiative, aimed at India’s over o GHG Emissions: Averting nearly 50 MMT of
900 million internet users. annual greenhouse gas emissions.
• Features: • Phase-wise Implementation:
o A whole-of-government approach to raising o Phase I (2022-26): Focuses on demand
awareness on cyber safety. creation and deployment in existing
o Focus on educating citizens to prevent hydrogen-using sectors.
cyber threats and scams. o Phase II (2026-30): Expands to new sectors
o Leverages Meta’s global expertise in online with commercialization of green hydrogen
safety to empower Indian users.
o Support from the highest levels of Insta links:
government to align with Digital India’s 2. National-hydrogen-mission
cybersecurity goals. Opportunities-and-challenges-of-green-hydrogen-in-India

Insta Links:
1. Cyber-security 17. ‘KARMAYOGI SAPTAH’
2. Steps-taken-by-the-government-to-spread-
awareness Context:
Prime Minister inaugurated the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ -
National Learning Week on 19th October 2024 at Dr.
16. NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN MIS- Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi.
SION About Karmayogi Saptah:
• Launch Date: 19th October 2024 by Prime Minister
Context: Modi.
As part of the National Green Hydrogen Mission, the Union • Objective: Promote individual and organizational
Government has sanctioned three pilot projects aimed at capacity-building for civil servants through
using hydrogen in steel production. competency-linked learning.

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• National Learning Week (NLW): Insta links:
o Largest learning event for civil servants. 1. Keralam
o Aims to create a “One Government” 2. Kerala Landslide
message, aligning civil servants with
national goals.
o Focuses on lifelong learning and continuous
development. 19. ESHRAM-ONE STOP SOLUTION
• Learning Targets:
o Each Karmayogi is expected to achieve at
least 4 hours of competency-linked learning
during the week. Context:
o Learning methods include role-based
Union Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya is set to launch
modules on iGOT, webinars, public lectures, the eShram-One Stop Solution, a platform designed to
and policy masterclasses by eminent streamline access to various social security and welfare
speakers. schemes for unorganized workers in India.
• Workshops & Seminars:
o Ministries and departments will organize
seminars and workshops to enhance
domain-specific competencies.
o Emphasis on improving citizen-centric
service delivery through knowledge sharing
and skill development.

Insta links:
1. Mission-Karmayogi

18. ‘E-CUBE HINDI LANGUAGE LAB’

Context:
To facilitate easy learning of Hindi for school students,
Kerala’s general education department has launched the
‘E-Cube Hindi Language Lab’ for students of classes 5 to 7. About e-Shram:
• Origin: Launched on August 26, 2021, to provide a
E-Cube English Language Lab: Key Points comprehensive database of unorganized workers
• Objective: Provides an interactive language learning and serve as a platform for accessing welfare
environment for English, now extended to Hindi. schemes.
• Developer: Created by KITE (Kerala Infrastructure • Aim: To act as a One-Stop Solution for unorganized
and Technology for Education). workers, integrating information and facilitating
• Audience: Targets students in schools, primarily easy access to social security and welfare schemes.
using school laptops. • Nodal ministry: Ministry of Labour & Employment.
• Interactive Features: • Features:
o Includes game-based activities for o Integration: Combines information from
practicing listening, speaking, reading, 12 central schemes to ensure unorganized
writing, and discourse creation. workers benefit from multiple government
o Students can record their voices and save initiatives.
activities in audio/video formats. o Platform: Serves as a centralized database
o Supports animated conversations to help and mediator to simplify the process of
students speak confidently in real-life identifying eligible workers and saturating
situations. scheme benefits.
• Monitoring: o Enrolment success: Over 30 crore
o Teachers and head teachers have separate unorganized workers have registered on the
logins to track student progress. platform as of October 2024.
o Provides feedback mechanisms for teachers o Social impact: Improves awareness among
to review and guide students. unorganized workers regarding available
• FOSS-based: Entirely developed using Free and welfare schemes, contributing to better
Open-Source Software. coverage and support for this vulnerable
sector.

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Insta Links: About Pandemic Fund:
1. e-shram-portal • Fund size and origin: A $25 million initiative
2. Indias-Informal-Labour-Force established under the G20 Pandemic Fund during
Indonesia’s G20 presidency in 2022.
20. BIMA SUGAM • Objective: Enhance pandemic preparedness in
low- and middle-income countries by improving
response capacity to animal health risks.
Context: • Implementing partners: Asian Development Bank
Bima Sugam, an ambitious digital insurance platform (ADB), World Bank, and Food and Agriculture
developed under the Bima Trinity initiative by the Insurance Organization (FAO).
Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI), is
Purpose and rationale:
poised for launch.
• Preventing zoonotic outbreaks: Address the animal
origin of zoonotic diseases, with 5 of 6 WHO-
About Bima Sugam: declared public health emergencies having animal
• Organization & Ministry: Developed by the
origins.
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority • Reducing economic impact: Mitigate socio-
of India (IRDAI), under the Ministry of Finance. economic damage caused by zoonotic outbreaks,
• Aim: To streamline and democratize the insurance
like SARS and avian flu, which caused global losses
process, enhancing accessibility and transparency of $50 billion and $30 billion, respectively.
across India.
Key Interventions:
• This initiative is part of Bima Trinity, which also
• Laboratory upgrades: Expand and improve animal
includes Bima Vistaar and Bima Vahak, showcasing
health labs and vaccine production facilities.
India’s push for modernized insurance solutions.
• Enhanced surveillance: Strengthen early warning
• Features:
systems for better outbreak detection and timely
o Digital marketplace: Functions as an all-
intervention.
in-one platform, allowing life and non-life
• Data system upgrades: Improve data management
insurance companies to sell products like
and analysis for better risk assessment and
an e-commerce site.
decision-making.
o Unified platform: Offers end-to-end
• Institutional capacity building: Establish a disaster
digital services, including policy purchase,
management framework tailored for the livestock
renewal, claims settlement, portability,
sector, addressing capacity needs at national and
and grievance redressal for life, health, and
regional levels.
property insurance.
o Paperless & integrated: Promotes a
Zoonotic diseases:
paperless ecosystem by storing policies
• Definition: Diseases that can be transmitted from
electronically and integrates with
animals (domesticated or wildlife) to humans, often
government databases for seamless
facilitated by close animal-human interactions.
operations.
• Risk statistics: Over 60% of pathogens affecting
o Bima Vahaks Portal: A special portal to
humans originate from animals, with 75% of
onboard Bima Vahaks, women-centric
emerging human diseases linked to animal sources.
intermediaries, to distribute insurance
• Examples and impact: Mosquito-borne diseases
products in rural areas.
(e.g., dengue from Aedes aegypti), avian influenza,
o Inclusivity & Efficiency: Aims to ensure
and rabies are zoonotic diseases. Climate change
insurance access to all, improving ease of
increases the frequency and range of these
use and transparency in the sector.
diseases.
Insta links:
Insta links:
1. Bima-Sugam
1. Global-struggle-for-a-pandemic-treaty
2. Bima-Trinity

21. PANDEMIC FUND 22. AYUSHMAN BHARAT PRADHAN

MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA
Context:
The Union Government of India has launched a $25 million Context:
project to boost animal health security in partnership with On Dhanvantari Jayanti, celebrated as the 9th Ayurveda
the Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank, and Food Day, the Prime Minister will launch the expansion of health
and Agriculture Organization (FAO). coverage to all senior citizens aged 70 years and above as a
major addition to the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan

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Arogya Yojana.
• This will help provide health coverage to all senior
citizens regardless of their income.

About Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY):

• Origin: Launched on April 8, 2015.
• Ministry: The Ministry of Finance.
• Objective: Designed to promote financial inclusion
and self-employment opportunities by extending
credit to small-scale enterprises in manufacturing,
trading, and services, including allied agricultural
activities.
• Loan categories:
o Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000 for nascent
businesses.
o Kishore: Loans between ₹50,000 and ₹5
About Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana lakh for slightly developed businesses.
(AB PM-JAY): o Tarun: Loans above ₹5 lakh up to ₹10 lakh
• Launch year: 2018, as a flagship scheme focused on for mature businesses.
accessible healthcare for India’s vulnerable families. o Tarun Plus: New category with loans from
• Objective: Provides health insurance coverage of ₹10 lakh to ₹20 lakh for successful Tarun
up to ₹5 lakhs per family annually for secondary borrowers.
and tertiary hospital care. • Member Lending Institutions (MLIs): Scheduled
• Coverage: Currently covers 55 crore individuals Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs),
across 12.34 crore families nationwide. Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Non-Banking Financial
• Key features: Companies (NBFCs), Micro Finance Institutions
o Universal health access: Seeks to ensure (MFIs) etc.
no citizen, especially the marginalized, is • Key features:
deprived of healthcare. o Collateral-free loans: Offered through
o Health and Wellness Centres (HWCS): banks, NBFCs, RRBs, and MFIs without
Target of 1,50,000 HWCs to offer primary collateral, ensuring easier access.
healthcare, emphasizing preventive and o MUDRA card: A RuPay debit card offering
curative services. flexible working capital, functioning as
o Expanded senior citizen coverage: Recently an overdraft facility for credit access and
expanded to include all senior citizens 70+, payment convenience.
offering coverage irrespective of income. o MUDRA MITRA app: A mobile app
o Financial protection: Reduces out-of- providing loan-related information,
pocket healthcare expenses for low-income guidance, and resources for aspiring
families by covering a wide array of medical entrepreneurs.
treatments.
Insta links:
Insta Links: 1. PM-Mudra-Yojana-completes-8-years
1. Universal-health-coverage
2. PMJAY
24. AYUSHMAN VAYA VANDANA CARD
23. TARUN PLUS Context:
Prime Minister recently launched the Ayushman Vaya
Context: Vandana Card as an extension of the Ayushman Bharat
In July 2024, the finance minister announced an increase in Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY).
the loan limit to ₹20 lakh, effective from October 24, 2024, • This card aims to ensure free healthcare for every
under the new Tarun Plus category. citizen aged 70 years and above, providing an
annual coverage of up to ₹5 lakh.

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About Ayushman Vaya Vandana Card: is being conducted simultaneously with Israel’s
• Origin: Announced during the Union Budget 2024- military operations in Gaza and other conflict areas.
25.
• Ministry: Operates under the Ministry of Health Insta Links:
and Family Welfare. 1. Defense Systems Israel
• Aim: To provide free, universal healthcare access to 2. Israel- Iran conflict
seniors above 70 years, ensuring they can avail of
necessary treatments without financial burdens.
• Eligibility: All Indian citizens aged 70 years or older
are eligible, regardless of income or economic
26. UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON
status. INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
• Features:
o Coverage: Provides an annual health cover
of ₹5 lakh per family for healthcare needs, Context:
shared if multiple elderly individuals live in The United States Commission on International Religious
one household. Freedom (USCIRF) recently released a report flagging
o Enrolment process: Requires registration concerns over “collapsing religious freedom” conditions in
via the PM-JAY portal or Ayushman app India.
and mandatory eKYC completion, even for • It particularly highlighted events around India’s
those with existing Ayushman cards. 2024 national elections, legal changes such as anti-
o Integrated with other schemes: conversion laws, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act
Beneficiaries of other government health (CAA), and the Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
schemes (e.g., CGHS, ECHS) can either • The report also raised issues around expropriation
retain existing coverage or opt for the of places of worship and misuse of anti-cow
Ayushman Bharat benefits. slaughter laws.
o Additional support: Also available for
individuals insured under the Employees About USCIRF:
State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) and • Established: Under the 1998 International
those with private health insurance. Religious Freedom Act (IRFA).
• Type: Independent, bipartisan U.S. federal
Insta links: government commission.
5-years-of-Ayushman-Bharat-PMJAY • Functions:
o Reviews religious freedom violations
globally.
International Relations o Provides policy recommendations to the
U.S. President, Secretary of State, and
Congress.
25. OPERATION NORTHERN ARROWS o Publishes annual reports with
recommendations for U.S. policy on
Context: religious freedom.
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) initiated a ground invasion • Composition: Nine commissioners appointed by the
into southern Lebanon, targeting Hezbollah’s military U.S. President or Congressional leaders, supported
infrastructure in villages near the Israel-Lebanon border. by non-partisan staff.
• Objective: To monitor and recommend actions
About Operation Northern Arrows: concerning religious freedom violations based on
• Launch: The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) initiated international human rights standards.
Operation Northern Arrows, a ground invasion
targeting Hezbollah’s military infrastructure in Insta links:
southern Lebanon. 1. USCIRF Annual Report
• Objective: The operation aims to neutralize
Hezbollah targets near the Israel-Lebanon border
that pose an immediate threat to northern Israel’s
communities. 27. INDIA-USA MOU
• Military Strategy:
Context:
o Limited, localized raids conducted by IDF
With an eye on reducing dependence on China, India and
commandos, supported by air cover and
the US signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to
artillery.
expand and diversify the critical minerals supply chain at a
o Targets are based on precise intelligence.
bilateral commercial dialogue.
• Parallel operations: Operation Northern Arrows

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Origin and Nations involved: 28. UNIFIL (UNITED NATIONS INTERIM
• Countries involved: India and the United States
signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
FORCE IN LEBANON)
aimed at expanding and diversifying critical mineral
supply chains. Context:
o This agreement is part of a broader effort India expressed concern over the worsening security
to reduce dependence on China for critical situation in West Asia following the injury of two United
minerals, which are essential for modern Nations peacekeeping personnel by an Israeli tank attack
technology and clean energy transitions. along the Lebanon-Israel border.
• Objective: The MOU aims to strengthen
cooperation in areas like mineral exploration, About UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon)
extraction, processing, recycling, and recovery • Establishment: Created by the UN Security Council
between India and the US. in March 1978 through resolutions 425 and 426
following Israel’s invasion of Lebanon.
Key Features: • Mandate:
• The agreement focuses on improving the resilience o Confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces
of the critical minerals sector by identifying from southern Lebanon.
equipment, policies, and best practices that both o Restore international peace and security in
countries can adopt. the region.
• It also emphasizes joint projects in third countries o Assist the Government of Lebanon in re-
and cooperation in newer areas like semiconductors establishing its authority in the area.
and clean energy. o Expanded in 2006 to prevent hostile
• Both countries are working to create a sustainable activities and monitor the ceasefire
supply chain for critical minerals like Rare Earth between Israel and Hezbollah.
Elements (REEs), lithium, and others, given China’s • Personnel: Comprises over 10,500 peacekeepers
dominance in the sector. from 48 countries, performing approximately
14,500 operations monthly, including joint activities
Initiatives taken by India: with the Lebanese Armed Forces.
• Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog): • Operations: Primarily observational, with
Highlighted the need for critical minerals for peacekeepers allowed to use force only in self-
industrial growth, identifying 12 strategic minerals, defense or to protect civilians.
including lithium, cobalt, and tungsten. • Maritime task force: Includes a five-vessel unit
• Ministry of Mines: Set up a steering committee to support coastal security and prevent arms
to review rare-earth elements and energy-critical smuggling.
elements. Studies on India’s mineral reserves were • Funding: Financed through a dedicated budget
conducted to formulate a strategy. approved annually by the UN General Assembly as
• Geological Survey of India (GSI): Developed plans part of the UN Peacekeeping force.
to enhance rare earth exploration, crucial for
securing India’s mineral resources. Insta links:
• Council on Energy, Environment, and Water UN-Peacekeeping-Forces
(CEEW): Conducted studies identifying 13
minerals critical for India by 2030, essential for
manufacturing and clean energy. 29. INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION
Dr. Veena Kumari Dermal committee: Context:
• Objective: To assess the importance and supply Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla is leading a parliamentary
risks of critical minerals using a three-stage process: delegation to the 149th Assembly of the Inter-
international study, inter-ministerial consultation, Parliamentary Union (IPU) in Geneva.
and statistical analysis.
• Outcome: 30 minerals were identified as critical, About Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
based on factors like availability, substitutability, • Established: 1889 in Paris to promote representative
and supply risks, with two minerals categorized as democracy and world peace.
crucial for fertilizers. • Mission: Facilitates parliamentary diplomacy
and empowers parliaments to promote peace,
Insta links: democracy, and sustainable development.
1. Critical-minerals-resilient-supply-chains • Slogan: “For democracy. For everyone.”
• Members: 179 member parliaments and 13
associate members.
• Headquarters: Moved to Geneva in 1921.

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• Funding: Primarily financed by member contributions specialized agency in 1947.
from public funds. • Mission: Coordinates global standardization
and development of telecommunication and ICT
Key structures: services.
1. IPU assembly: The main body expressing • Membership: Comprises 193 countries and over
IPU’s views on global issues. It brings together 1,000 companies, universities, and international
parliamentarians to study international problems organizations.
and make recommendations. • Headquarters: Located in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. Governing council: The plenary policymaking
body, comprising three representatives from each Insta links:
member parliament. It establishes the annual 3. International-telecommunications-union
programme and budget.
3. Executive committee: A 17-member body
responsible for overseeing IPU’s administration. It
advises the Governing Council and is led by the IPU
31. FIVE EYE ALLIANCE
President.
4. Standing committees: Three committees assist the Context:
Assembly in its work. U.K. is the latest to declare its confidence in the judicial
5. Meeting of women parliamentarians: A separate process by Ottawa, which is investigating the alleged
body that discusses gender-related issues and involvement of Indian diplomats in the 2023 killing of a pro-
reports to the Governing Council. It includes both Khalistan preacher.
male and female parliamentarians.
About Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance:
Insta links: 1. Members: The alliance includes five English-
1. IPU speaking countries — Australia, Canada, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.
2. Purpose: It is a multilateral intelligence-sharing
30. WORLD TELECOMMUNICATION network, primarily focused on surveillance and
STANDARDIZATION ASSEMBLY signals intelligence (SIGINT).
3. Classified information: Intelligence shared is
marked as ‘Secret—AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US Eyes Only,’
Context:
giving the alliance its name.
Prime Minister will inaugurate the International
4. Background:
Telecommunication Union - World Telecommunication
o Evolved during World War II to counter the
Standardization Assembly (WTSA) 2024 at Bharat
Soviet threat during the Cold War.
Mandapam in New Delhi.
o The U.S. and U.K. collaborated after
breaking German and Japanese codes.
About World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly
5. Formation:
(WTSA): o In 1946, the BRUSA Agreement (now
• Frequency: Held every four years, with the first
UKUSA Agreement) formalized the
assembly in 2002. intelligence-sharing partnership between
• Role: Governing conference for the ITU
the U.S. and U.K.
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), o Initially focused on signals intelligence like
setting work programs, working methods, and radio and satellite communications.
study group structures. 6. Expansion:
• Significance: Sets global telecommunication
o Canada joined in 1948, followed by
standards to ensure interoperability and promote Australia and New Zealand in 1956, making
innovation. it a five-nation alliance.
• WTSA 2024: Scheduled from October 14-24, 2024,
7. Scope: The alliance covers six key areas, including
in New Delhi, marking the first time hosted in the traffic analysis, cryptanalysis, decryption, and
Asia-Pacific region. acquisition of communication-related information.
• Focus Areas: 6G, AI, IoT, big data, cybersecurity,
8. Significance: The Five Eyes Alliance is one of the
machine-to-machine communications, and most extensive intelligence-sharing networks in
quantum technologies. the world, key in modern global surveillance and
intelligence operations.
About International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
• Establishment: Founded in 1865 as the
Insta links:
International Telegraph Union, became a UN 1. Five-eyes-alliance

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32. MUSANED PLATFORM education, and other key sectors.

o Projects funded are typically recommended
Context: by MEA and are aimed at bolstering socio-
Saudi Arabia launches new digital platform to ensure wage economic development in partner countries.
protection. It ensures a more secure working condition for o The financing includes concessional terms to
foreign workers, including those from India. reduce the burden on developing nations.
o The scheme fosters diplomatic goodwill,
strengthening India’s ties with countries in the
About Musaned Platform:
Global South.
• Purpose: Musaned is a digital platform created
by Saudi Arabia to ensure wage protection and
improve working conditions for foreign domestic Insta links:
workers. 1. India-Maldives-relations
• Coverage: It benefits workers from 10 African 2. DEA
countries (e.g., Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya) and 9 Asian
countries (e.g., India, Bangladesh, Pakistan). 34. HAEMODIALYSIS (HD) MACHINES
• Features:
o Enables workers to check employment Context:
contracts. India is extending humanitarian assistance to two countries
o Tracks financial transactions between by providing 33 tonnes of medical supplies to Lebanon and
employers and workers. haemodialysis (HD) machines to Papua New Guinea.
o Can be linked to contract insurance and
health benefits. Nations Involved
• Objective: To safeguard workers’ rights, minimize • Lebanon: Recipient of 33 tonnes of Indian medical
illegal immigration, and meet Vision 2030 goals of aid to improve healthcare services.
providing a stable working environment. • Papua New Guinea: Recipient of HD machines
• Human rights: The platform promotes human and portable RO units, fulfilling India’s healthcare
rights by ensuring employers fulfill their obligations. commitments under the Forum for India-Pacific
Islands Cooperation (FIPIC).
Insta links:
1. India-and-Saudi-Arabia About Haemodialysis (HD) Machines:
2. Indian-migrants-to-gulf-countries • Function: HD machines filter blood to remove
wastes, excess fluids, and toxins for patients with
kidney failure.
33. INDIAN DEVELOPMENT AND ECO- • Components:
o Uses a dialyzer, also known as an artificial
NOMIC ASSISTANCE SCHEME kidney.
o Blood flows through hair-thin hollow fibers
Context: inside a clear plastic cylinder.
India has extended a new Line of Credit (LoC) for o Dialysate fluid cleans the blood by
₹487.60 crores to Mauritius for financing a water pipeline surrounding the fibers.
replacement project. This initiative is part of the Indian o Wastes diffuse through pores and are
Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), flushed away.
which supports developmental projects in partner countries • Outcome: With each pass through the dialyzer, the
through concessional loans. blood is gradually cleaned, supporting patients with
severe kidney dysfunction.
About IDEAS scheme:
• Origin: Launched in 2003-04 as the “India Insta Links:
Development Initiative,” later renamed as IDEAS 1. Indian-pharma-industry
Scheme.
• Aim: To promote India’s political, economic, and
strategic interests by providing developmental
assistance to developing countries. 35. INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER TRANS-
• Ministry: The scheme is administered by the SHIPMENT PORT
Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) with support
from Exim Bank. Context:
• Features: A quarter century after Kamarajar Port was named the
o Provides Lines of Credit (LoCs) to developing country’s 12th major port, the mega international container
countries for projects in infrastructure, water, transshipment port (ICTP) at Galathea Bay in the Great

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Nicobar Island in the Bay of Bengal has been notified as the 36. KARTARPUR CORRIDOR
13th major port.
Context:
India and Pakistan have agreed to extend the validity of the
agreement on the Kartarpur corridor by five years.

About Kartarpur Corridor:

• Connects important shrines: The corridor links
Darbar Sahib Gurdwara in Pakistan, the final resting
place of Guru Nanak Dev, to Dera Baba Nanak
shrine in India’s Punjab.
• Visa-free movement: Indian pilgrims can visit the
About Galathea Bay: gurdwara without a visa, requiring only a permit.
• Location: On Great Nicobar Island, part of the • Commemorative initiative: It was inaugurated
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. on November 12, 2019, during the 550th birth
• Strategic importance: Near the Malacca Strait, anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev.
handling 35% of global sea trade, critical for Indo- • Operational year-round: The corridor operates
Pacific maritime logistics. throughout the year, with up to 5,000 pilgrims
• International Container Transshipment Port: allowed to visit daily under the agreement.
Designed as a major transshipment port for cargo • Passenger terminal: The fully air-conditioned
from India’s east coast, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. terminal near Dera Baba Nanak has over 50
• Development: Planned in four phases, with Phase immigration counters to accommodate the pilgrims.
1 operational by 2028, starting with 4 million TEUs,
and reaching 16 million TEUs by 2058.
• Cost: ₹41,000 crore total, with Phase 1 costing
₹18,000 crore.
• Environmental sensitivity: Requires careful
development due to the region’s ecological
vulnerability.
• Economic impact: Expected to save $200-220
million annually by reducing India’s reliance on
foreign transshipment ports.

Insta Links:
1. Kartarpur-corridor

37. KAZAN DECLARATION

Context:
The 16th BRICS Summit saw the leaders adopt the Kazan
Declaration: ‘Strengthening Multilateralism For Just Global
Development And Security’

16th BRICS Summit, 2024:

• Host: The 16th BRICS Summit was hosted by Russia
in Kazan from October 22 to October 24, 2024.
Insta links: • Theme: “Strengthening Multilateralism for Just
1. Vadhavan-port-India’s-first-mega-port Global Development and Security”.
2. Shipping-and-sea-ports • Participants: Leaders of BRICS nations (Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa) along with

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new partner countries including Egypt, Ethiopia, Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-
Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Ban Treaty.
• Objective: Discussing economic cooperation, • Headquarters: Vienna, Austria.
multilateralism, geopolitical concerns, and the • Mission: Prepare for the Comprehensive Nuclear-
interests of the Global South. Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT’s) entry into force by
building a verification regime and promoting global
Kazan Declaration - Key outcomes: adoption of the treaty.
• Structure:
Key Area Highlights
o Preparatory Commission (all Member
Call for peaceful resolution to the States), with Working Groups for
Ukraine conflict through diplomacy. administrative, financial, and verification
Geopolitical
Concerns Concerns over the humanitarian crisis issues.
in Palestine and condemnation of vio- o Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS),
lence in Gaza, West Bank, and Lebanon. with divisions for International Monitoring,
Emphasis on the reform of global finan- Data, and On-Site Inspection.
• Funding: Member-state contributions.
Global Gover- cial architecture and multilateralism.
nance & Multi- Support for the continued functioning
About CTBTO International Monitoring System (IMS):
lateralism of the G20 and a reformed, responsive • Network Size: Comprises 337 monitoring facilities,
global financial system. with over 90% operational.
Promotion of local currencies for • Technologies:
Economic Coop-
cross-border payments to reduce trade o Seismic: Detects underground explosions
eration
barriers. via ground shockwaves.
Agreement to explore the establish- o Hydroacoustic: Identifies underwater
ment of a BRICS Grain Exchange and a explosions.
Pandemic BRICS Cross-Border Payment System. o Infrasound: Monitors atmospheric, low-
Preparedness & Support for the BRICS R&D Vaccine frequency sounds from nuclear tests.
Health o Radionuclide: Detects radioactive particles
Center and Early Warning Systems for
infectious diseases. from nuclear explosions.
Addressing antimicrobial resistance and Insta links:
enhancing healthcare collaboration. 1. Comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty-CTBT
Support for India’s Big Cats Conser-
Environmental
vation initiative and collaboration on
Conservation
protecting endangered species. 39. BRICS AND VENEZUELA
Welcoming new BRICS partners from
Expansion & Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Context:
Partnerships the UAE, expanding the bloc’s influence Tensions are escalating between Venezuela and Brazil after
in the Global South. Venezuela’s bid to join BRICS was blocked, reportedly by
Brazil.
Insta links:
1. Turkeys-bid-to-join-brics BRICS and Joining Process:
2. 15th-brics-summit • Joining process: BRICS evaluates candidates based
on international influence, regional stability, and
38. COMPREHENSIVE NUCLE- potential contributions to the bloc.
o New members are typically proposed
AR-TEST-BAN TREATY ORGANIZATION during BRICS summits, and all current
(CTBTO) members must agree for a country to be
accepted.
Context: • Venezuela’s bid: Venezuela aimed to join BRICS
Recently, CTBTO’s systems clarified a false alarm in 2024, but Brazil’s concerns over Venezuela’s
regarding suspected nuclear activity in Iran, showing the regional standing and internal stability, especially
organization’s critical role in preventing misinformation following its disputed presidential election, led to
related to nuclear tests and promoting global security. the rejection.

About Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organiza-

tion (CTBTO):
• Established: 1996 as the interim Preparatory

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decline.
oElectricity: Decreased by 5%, the first
contraction in 13 months.
o Cement: Registered a 3% decline, its worst
performance in nine months.
o Refinery Products: Dropped by 1%,
marking the second fall in three months.
o Natural Gas: Fell by 3.6%, its second
successive month of contraction.
o Crude Oil: Declined by 3.4%, continuing its
third straight month of negative growth.
3. Modest Growth in Fertilizers and Steel:
o Fertilizers: Grew by 3.2%.
About BRICS: o Steel: Registered a 4.5% increase, though
• Origin: Founded in 2009 as a coalition of emerging
this was its slowest growth in 26 months.
economies to strengthen economic ties and
political influence globally.
Reasons for the decline:
• Headquarters: BRICS does not have a permanent
• Base effect: August contraction due to 13.4% growth
headquarters; activities are coordinated through
from previous year.
annual summits hosted by member nations.
• Monsoon impact: Late withdrawal disrupts coal
• Current members: Brazil, Russia, India, China,
production and electricity generation.
South Africa, with recent additions of Ethiopia,
• Global economic uncertainty: Impacts demand,
Iran, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates (joined in
especially for energy-intensive industries.
2024).
• Supply chain disruptions: Logistical bottlenecks and
• Key features:
international market fluctuations affect refinery
o Economic cooperation: Fosters trade and
products and crude oil output.
investment among members.
• Seasonal factors: Reduced construction activity during
o Political influence: Acts as a
monsoon months lowers output in cement and steel
counterbalance to Western-dominated
sectors.
global institutions.
o Multilateral development: Focuses on
Background:
sustainable development, infrastructure
1. Index released by: The Index of Eight Core
financing, and currency stability through
Industries (ICI) is released by the Office of the
the New Development Bank.
Economic Adviser under the Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) in
Insta links:
the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
1. Kazan-Declaration
2. Base year: The base year for the ICI is 2011-12.
2. Turkeys-bid-to-join-BRICS
3. Frequency: The ICI is published every month.
4. Significance: It serves as a critical barometer of
India’s industrial performance, covering 40% of the
weight in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).
GS-3
Insta links:
Indian Economy 1. 8 - core sectors

1. EIGHT - CORE SECTOR

2. CRUISE BHARAT MISSION
Context:
Context:
Output levels in India’s core sectors slipped to a nine-month
The central government has launched the five-year Cruise
low in August, even as year-on-year growth slipped 1.8%,
Bharat Mission, aiming to boost cruise tourism in India to 1
marking the first contraction in three and a half years.
million passengers and create 400,000 jobs by 2029.
Trends in India’s Core Sector Output (August 2024):
About Cruise Bharat Mission
1. Overall Contraction: Core sector output declined by
• Aim: The mission aims to boost cruise tourism
1.8% in August 2024, compared to the 6.1% growth
by doubling cruise passenger traffic by 2029. It
recorded in July.
also seeks to create an ecosystem that fosters
2. Negative Growth in Key Industries:
employment, strengthens maritime trade, and
o Coal: Down by 8.1%, marking the steepest

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enhances India’s standing as a global cruise 3. INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD
destination.
• Target:
OF INDIA
o Increase cruise passenger traffic to 1
million. Context:
o Create 400,000 jobs by 2029. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
o Grow river cruise passengers from 0.5 celebrated its Eighth Annual Day on 1st October, 2024.
million to 1.5 million.
o Expand the number of international cruise About Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI):
terminals from 2 to 10 and river cruise • Established: 1st October 2016, under the
terminals from 50 to 100 by Phase-3. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.
• Nodal ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and • Aim: The IBBI is tasked with the efficient
Waterways. implementation of the IBC, focusing on the
• Features of the Cruise Bharat Mission: resolution of insolvency cases for individuals,
o Phased implementation: partnership firms, and corporate entities in a time-
 Phase 1 (2024-2025): Conduct bound manner.
market studies, form cruise • Functions:
alliances, and modernize cruise 1. Regulation of professionals: It regulates
terminals. insolvency professionals, insolvency
 Phase 2 (2025-2027): Develop new professional agencies, entities, and
cruise terminals and activate high- information utilities.
potential locations. 2. Oversight of processes: It oversees
 Phase 3 (2027-2029): Integrate corporate and individual insolvency
cruise circuits across the Indian resolution, liquidation, and bankruptcy
Subcontinent. processes under the IBC.
o Sustainable infrastructure development: 3. Eligibility and examination: IBBI sets the
 Develop terminals, marinas, water minimum eligibility criteria for insolvency
aerodromes, and heliports. professionals and regulates their qualifying
 Emphasize digitalization (e.g., facial exams.
recognition) and decarbonization 4. Information management: It collects,
(e.g., shore power). maintains, and disseminates information on
 Create a National Cruise insolvency and bankruptcy cases.
Infrastructure Masterplan 2047. • Powers:
o Operational efficiency: 1. IBBI can enforce rules related to corporate
 Streamline operations with digital and individual insolvency resolutions,
solutions like e-clearance systems ensuring compliance with time-bound
and e-visa facilities. processes.
o Cruise promotion & circuit integration: 2. It can establish regulatory frameworks
 Promote international marketing for insolvency professionals and related
and investment. entities, setting standards for efficient
 Host the “Cruise India Summit” and operations.
form alliances with neighboring • Composition:
countries like UAE, Maldives, and 1. Chairperson: Appointed by the Central
Singapore. Government.
o Regulatory and financial policies: 2. Government representatives: Three
 Establish fiscal incentives and members from the Ministry of Finance,
tailored cruise regulations. Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and Ministry
 Launch a National Cruise Tourism of Law (ex-officio).
Policy. 3. RBI Representative: One member
o Capacity building & employment: nominated by the Reserve Bank of India
 Create a Centre of Excellence for (ex-officio).
cruise-related research. 4. Additional members: Five other members
 Develop cruise-specific National appointed by the Central Government,
Occupational Standards to promote of which at least three must be full-time
youth employment. members.
Insta Links: • Tenure:
1. Maritime India Vision-2030 1. Chairperson and non-ex-officio members
serve for five years or until they reach the
age of 65 years, whichever is earlier, and

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are eligible for re-appointment. ₹1,000.
2. UPI123Pay transaction limit: The per-transaction
Insta links: limit for UPI123Pay has been raised from ₹5,000 to
1. IBC Code ₹10,000 to support higher-value transactions.
3. Beneficiary account name look-up: RBI will
introduce a beneficiary account name look-up
facility for RTGS and NEFT, similar to UPI and IMPS,
4. WORLD GREEN ECONOMY FORUM, 2024 enhancing security in payment transactions.

Context: Difference between UPI Lite and UPI 123 are:

The World Green Economy Forum 2024, held in Dubai,
Feature UPI Lite UPI 123Pay
brings together global leaders to address pressing
environmental issues under the theme “Empowering Smartphone users Feature phone us-
Global Action: Unlocking Opportunities and Advancing Target Users with internet ers without internet
Progress”. access access
IVR, missed call,
Key Points: Direct payment
Transaction app-based, and
• Summit held in: Dubai, UAE, on October 2nd and using stored funds
Methods sound-based pay-
3rd, 2024. on the device
ments
• Theme: “Empowering Global Action: Unlocking
Opportunities and Advancing Progress” Per-transaction lim- Per-transaction
Transaction
• Aim: To promote global cooperation, innovation, it increased from limit raised from
Limit
and sustainable practices across energy, ₹500 to ₹1,000 ₹5,000 to ₹10,000
decarbonization, climate finance, and more. The No specific wallet
forum’s goal is to drive positive transformation Increased from
Wallet Limit limit, uses linked
towards a net-zero future. ₹2,000 to ₹5,000
bank accounts
• Features:
Works without
o Sessions on decarbonization in heavy Requires internet
Technology internet or smart-
industries, use of AI for sustainability, and for initial setup and
Requirement phone, using basic
the role of youth in climate action. usage
mobile functions
o A focus on the future of Sustainable
Aviation Fuel (SAF), aiming for 300 million Designed for wider
tonnes production by 2050. Ideal for small, ev- digital financial
Use Cases
o Emphasis on public-private partnerships eryday transactions inclusion among
and philanthropy to drive climate solutions. feature phone users
o Panels on renewable energy, power
grid challenges, and carbon footprint Insta links:
management. 1. New-UPI-features
This forum aligns with global climate goals,
such as the Paris Agreement, and encourages
collaboration between governments, industries,
and civil society for sustainable development​
6. “NOBEL PRIZE HONORS STUDY ON IN-
STITUTIONS AS PILLARS OF SUCCESS”
Insta links:
1. Green economy
Context:
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Daron
Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson for their
5. UPI123 AND UPI LITE research on wealth inequality between nations. Their work
explores the impact of political and economic systems,
Context: particularly those introduced by European colonizers, on
To encourage wider adoption of the Unified Payments long-term prosperity and societal institutions.
Interface (UPI), the RBI on Thursday announced an increase
in transaction limits on UPI123 and UPI Lite. About their work:
1. Study of institutions: The laureates analyzed how
Recent Changes Announced by RBI political and economic institutions shape nations’
1. UPI Lite wallet limit: The UPI Lite wallet limit has prosperity and development.
been increased from ₹2,000 to ₹5,000, and the per- 2. Impact of colonialism: They examined the systems
transaction limit has been enhanced from ₹500 to imposed by European colonizers and their long-

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term effects on wealth inequality.
3. Comparative studies: A key example includes
comparing the city of Nogales, divided by the U.S.-
Mexico border, to show how different institutional
frameworks lead to varying levels of prosperity on
either side.
4. Focus on democracy: Their research suggests that
nations transitioning to democracy experience
faster economic growth compared to non-
democratic regimes.
5. Publication: Acemoglu co-authored “Why Nations
Fail,” a seminal book that explores the roots of
economic disparity between nations. • Global growth:
o Expected global output growth: 3.2% for
Significance of their work: 2024 and 2025.
1. Understanding wealth inequality: Their work • Inflation:
highlights how differences in institutions explain o Global inflation: From 9.4% in Q3 2022 to
why some countries prosper while others do not. an expected 3.5% by end of 2025.
2. Role of institutions: It underscores the importance • Risks identified:
of inclusive political and economic institutions for o Geopolitical tensions, particularly the
sustainable growth and reducing inequality. Russia-Ukraine war and conflict in West
3. Practical implications: The research offers insights Asia.
into policies needed to reform institutions in poorer o Growing protectionism and tight monetary
countries to foster development. policies.
4. Global relevance: Their findings are crucial for o Sovereign debt issues and weak economic
addressing one of the world’s greatest challenges— activity in China.
narrowing the income gap between nations. • IMF recommendations:
5. Support for democracy: Their work emphasizes o Triple policy pivot:
the positive impact of democratic institutions on  Monetary policy neutrality:
economic growth and development. Gradually shift to neutral stances in
monetary policies.
Insta links:  Build fiscal buffers: Reinforce fiscal
2. 2023-nobel-prize-in-economics-claudia-goldin policies after years of expansive
measures.
 Structural reforms: Focus on
productivity growth, coping
7. WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK with demographic changes,
climate transition, and increasing
Context: resilience.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has released its
World Economic Outlook (WEO) at the Annual Meetings in
Washington, projecting growth rates and economic trends
globally. 8. WORLDSKILLS 2024
Data from World Economic Outlook: Context:
• India’s growth: Union Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,
o Projected growth for FY 2024-25: 7% will felicitate WorldSkills 2024 winners for their outstanding
o Projected growth for FY 2025-26: 6.5% achievements at a competition that was held in France.
o Decline from 8.2% in 2023 attributed to
the normalization of demand after the About WorldSkills 2024:
pandemic. • Event:
o 47th edition of WorldSkills 2024 took place
in Lyon, France.
o It is a biannual competition of international
skilling.
o It is considered the largest global
competition for skills, often compared to
the Olympic Games for vocational skills.
• Team India:

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o India sent its largest-ever contingent with
60 participants, competing in 52 skill
categories.
• Medals and achievements:
o India secured 4 Bronze medals in
Patisserie, Industry 4.0, Hotel Reception,
and Renewable Energy.
o Additionally, 12 participants earned
Medallions of Excellence, showcasing
India’s rising prominence in the global skills
arena.
o Best of Nation Award: Ashwitha Police won
the award for Patisserie and Confectionery,
marking her as the top performer from About Forex Reserves:
India. • Definition: Forex reserves are assets held by RBI
• Significance: in foreign currencies, including foreign currencies,
o The event aligns with India’s goal to gold, SDR (Special Drawing Rights), and RTP
become a global hub for skilled talent, (Reserve Tranche Position) with the IMF.
emphasizing its growing expertise in • Purpose: They support the Indian rupee, stabilize
various vocational domains. the exchange rate, and enable monetary policy
o This year’s participation also marked a adjustments. Reserves also back liabilities and serve
breakthrough moment with more women as a safety net in times of currency devaluation.
competing in traditionally male-dominated • Importance: A strong forex reserve helps India
skills. attract foreign trade and investment, enhancing its
international reputation and economic resilience.
Insta Links:
1. Skill-Development Insta Links:
2. RBI-gold-reserves
3. Indias-forex-reserves-hit-record-high

9. GOLD RESERVES
Context: Agriculture
India’s total gold reserves held by the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) amount to 854.73 metric tonnes, according to the
central bank’s latest report. 10. NATIONAL MISSION ON EDIBLE OILS -
OILSEEDS
India’s Gold Reserve Status:
• Total Gold Reserves: 854.73 metric tonnes, with
Context:
510.46 metric tonnes held domestically and 324.01 The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Shri
metric tonnes stored at the Bank of England and Narendra Modi, has approved the National Mission on
BIS. Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds), a landmark
• Gold’s Share in Total Reserves: Gold now
initiative aimed at boosting domestic oilseed production
represents 9.32% of forex reserves as of September and achieving self-reliance in edible oils.
2024, an increase from 8.15% in March.
• Import Cover: As of June 2024, forex reserves cover
About National Mission on Edible Oils - Oilseeds (NMEO-Oil-
11.2 months of imports, slightly down from March’s
seeds)
11.3 months.
• Origin: Announced in 2024 as part of India’s
• World ranking: (as of September 2024)
broader self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) agenda.
o Top rankers are United States, Germany
o To promote self-reliance, the National
and Italy.
Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-
o The United States has the most gold
OP) was launched in 2021 with an outlay of
reserves and has nearly as many reserves
Rs 11,040 crore.
as the combined total of the next three
• Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’
countries with the largest gold holdings:
Welfare.
Germany, Italy, and France.
• Funds: Total outlay of Rs 10,103 crore (Central
o India holds a significant position in global
Share: Rs 7,150 crore; State Share: Rs 2,953 crore).
gold reserves, ranking 8th in the list of
• Aims:
countries with the most gold reserves.
o Increase domestic oilseed production from

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39 million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million Key Data Points on DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate):
tonnes by 2030-31.
• Sales decline: DAP sales in India during
o Reduce dependence on edible oil imports,
April-September 2024 dropped to 45.72 lakh
targeting 25.45 million tonnes of domestic
tonnes, a 27.2% decline from 62.83 lakh tonnes
production by 2030-31.
in 2023, signalling reduced availability for farm-
o Boost production of key oilseeds like
ers ahead of sowing seasons.
rapeseed, groundnut, soybean, sunflower,
and sesame. • Imports and production: Imports fell to 19.67
o Promote cultivation of oilseeds on fallow lakh tonnes from 34.53 lakh tonnes in 2023,
lands and enhance intercropping practices. and domestic production also decreased slight-
o Utilize modern technologies like genome ly to 21.53 lakh tonnes in 2024 from 23.29 lakh
editing to boost seed quality and tonnes in 2023, creating a supply crunch.
production. • Price increase: Farmers are paying ₹1,600-
• Key features: 1,650 per bag of DAP, well above the govern-
o Introduction of Aadhaar-authenticated ment-fixed MRP of ₹1,350, driven by interna-
e-vouchers for EV buyers to ease the tional costs and shortages.
demand incentive process. • Fertilizer sales trends: While DAP sales fell,
o Allocation of Rs 500 crore for promoting urea and other complex fertilizers saw increas-
e-ambulances. es. Urea sales rose to 189.11 lakh tonnes from
o Creation of 65 seed hubs and 50 storage 183.95 lakh tonnes in the same period.
units to improve seed infrastructure. • Subsidy and costs: With a government subsidy
o Formation of over 600 Value Chain Clusters of ₹21,911 per tonne, but actual costs reaching
across 347 districts, covering over 10 lakh ₹65,000 per tonne, the import of DAP remains
hectares annually. unviable for private players, worsening the
o Expansion of oilseed cultivation in rice and shortage.
potato fallow lands by 40 lakh hectares.
o Enhancement of post-harvest About Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP):
infrastructure to extract more oil from • Key fertilizer for Indian agriculture: DAP is the
sources like cottonseed and rice bran. second most used fertilizer in India after urea.
o Mission will introduce SATHI Portal It is highly preferred for its balanced content of
enabling States to coordinate with Nitrogen (18%) and Phosphorus (46%), which are
stakeholders for timely availability of essential macronutrients for plant growth.
quality seeds • Nutrient benefits: DAP provides both nitrogen
• Current status: and phosphorus, which are vital for early root
o India relies on imports for 57% of its edible development and overall plant health, making it
oil demand. critical at the sowing stage.
o Minimum Support Price (MSP) for oilseeds • Manufacturing process: DAP is produced by
has been significantly increased to ensure reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid under
better prices for farmers. controlled conditions. It is widely manufactured in
o The Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay fertilizer plants across India.
Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) supports
farmers through price support and Insta links:
deficiency payment schemes. 1. First-urea-and-now-dap
o A 20% import duty on edible oils has been
imposed to protect domestic producers and
promote local cultivation.
12. 21ST LIVESTOCK CENSUS OPERATION
Insta links:
1. Edible oil sector
Context:
The 21st Livestock Census Operation, a landmark initiative
led by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and
11. DI-AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE Dairying, is set to be launched by Union Minister today.

About 21st Livestock Census:

Context: • Launch date: October 25, 2024.
A shortage of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), a key • Ministry involved: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal
fertiliser required at the time of sowing, is undermining Husbandry, and Dairying.
crop production prospects for the current rabi season. • Frequency: Conducted every five years since 1919;

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the last census was in 2019. milling.
• Census period: Scheduled from October 2024 to • Standard requirement: The Food Corporation of
February 2025. India (FCI) mandates a standard OTR of 67% per
• Scope: quintal for millers, meaning 67 kg of rice per 100 kg
o Covers 15 livestock species, including cattle, of paddy.
buffalo, yak, sheep, goats, and more. • Penalties for Shortfall: If the OTR falls below 67%,
o Includes poultry species like fowl, ducks, millers must compensate the government for the
turkeys, quail, and others. deficit, leading to financial loss.
o Data on 219 indigenous breeds of 16 • Hybrid impact: Certain hybrid paddy varieties
species. are reported to yield an OTR as low as 60-62%,
• New features: increasing costs for millers by approximately ₹300
o First census to capture independent data per quintal due to reduced yield.
on livestock holdings by pastoralists.
o Will provide information on the gender of Insta links:
individuals primarily involved in livestock 2. Non-basmati-rice
rearing.
• Technology: Utilizes mobile technology for accurate
and efficient data collection and transmission.
• Field officials: Around 1 lakh veterinarians and 14. MISSION FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOP-
para-veterinarians will conduct the door-to-door MENT OF HORTICULTURE (MIDH)
survey.
• Importance: Provides critical data for policy-making Context:
and supports the livestock sector’s growth and The Union Government has decided to expand the Mission
development. for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
by incorporating advanced agricultural techniques like
Insta Links: hydroponics, aquaponics, vertical farming, and precision
1. Animal-husbandry-in-India agriculture.
2. Livestock in India • This move aims to modernize horticulture practices,
increase productivity, and address requests
from various states for updated cost norms and
guidelines.
13. PADDY VARIETY PR-126
About Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture
Context: (MIDH):
The Indian government has initiated a review of the paddy • Origin: Launched by the Government of India,
variety PR-126, widely cultivated in Punjab, following MIDH is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
complaints from local rice millers about a reduction in rice established to promote the horticulture sector.
yield, specifically concerning the Out Turn Ratio (OTR) from • Ministry: Implemented under the Ministry of
paddy to rice. Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
• Aim: Focuses on the holistic growth of horticulture
About Paddy Variety PR-126: through support for production, post-harvest
• Introduction: PR-126 was adopted on a large scale
management, and marketing of diverse horticulture
in Punjab since 2016. crops.
• Sub-schemes:
• Yield concerns: Rice millers report a 4-5% reduction
o National Horticulture Mission (NHM)
in OTR, resulting in less rice yield (around 5 kg per
o Horticulture Cluster Development
quintal).
• Intrinsic defects: Alleged issues include broken
Programme (HCDP)
o Technology Mission for Development in NE
grains, potentially due to early harvesting and
hybrid varieties sold as PR-126. States, Sikkim, and J&K
o National Bamboo Mission
• Growth duration: A short-duration variety that
o Coconut Development Board
typically matures in 125 days but can mature in as
o Mission for Integrated Development of
little as 110 days.
• Water efficiency: Requires less water, aligning with
Medicinal Plants (MIDMP)
sustainable agriculture goals.
Additional information:
• Hydroponics: A soil-free cultivation method where
About Out Turn Ratio (OTR):
• Definition: OTR, or Out Turn Ratio, measures the
plants grow in nutrient-rich water solutions,
percentage of rice yield extracted from paddy after allowing for controlled environment agriculture and
higher yields in limited spaces.

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• Aquaponics: A combination of aquaculture and • Ownership: Initially wholly owned by the Indian
hydroponics, where fish waste provides nutrients government under the Ministry of Defence.
for plants grown in water, and the plants, in turn, • Headquarters: Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
purify the water for the fish. • Industry: Manufactures heavy equipment for
• Vertical Farming: An innovative approach to farming earthmoving, railways, transport, and mining
in stacked layers, typically indoors, using LED sectors.
lighting and controlled environments to maximize • Disinvestment: In 1992, the government divested
crop output in urban or limited spaces. 25% of its holdings. Further strategic disinvestment
• Precision Agriculture: A technology-driven (26%) with management control transfer was
approach to optimize crop yields by using data approved by the Indian government.
analysis, GPS, and IoT tools to monitor and manage • Significance: Asia’s second-largest manufacturer of
farming inputs like water, fertilizers, and pesticides earthmoving equipment.
with high accuracy.
Insta links:
Insta Links: 1. India-Japan-Bullet-Train-Deal
1. Use-of-technology-in-agriculture

17. ADVANCE BOOKING SYSTEM

15. KANDA EXPRESS

Context: Context:
The Kanda express train with 840 metric tonnes of onion The Indian Railways has decided to shorten the Advance
arrived at Kishanganj Railway Station in Delhi from Nashik Reservation Period (ARP) for booking train tickets from 120
in Maharashtra to meet the demand of onion in Delhi-NCR. days to 60 days.

About Kanda Express: About Advance Booking System:

• Cargo: The Kanda Express carries bulk loads of • New ARP rule: From November 1, 2024, passengers
onions to meet regional demands. can book railway tickets 60 days in advance, down
• Recent arrival: Recently delivered 840 metric from the previous 120-day window.
tonnes of onions to Delhi’s Kishanganj Railway • Historical changes: The ARP has been adjusted
Station from Nashik. several times:
• Second bulk shipment: Follows a previous o Between 1981-1985, the ARP was 90 days.
shipment of 1,600 metric tonnes to Delhi-NCR. o Between 1988-1993, it was reduced to 45
• National impact: The initiative contributes to onion days.
price stabilization, with similar shipments aiding o Since 1995, the ARP was 60 days before
markets in Northeast India and other major states. being extended to 120 days in 2008.
• Buffer stock utilization: Part of the government’s • Reasons for shortening ARP:
price stabilization strategy, using its 4.7 lakh tonne o High cancellation rates (21%) and seat
buffer of rabi onions to counter price fluctuations. wastage.
o Fraudulent practices like impersonation and
Insta links: touts exploiting longer booking windows.
1. Parliamentary-committee-for-the-state-of-onion- o 88-90% of reservations occur within 60
storage days, making the longer ARP redundant.
• Fraud prevention: A shorter booking window limits
the ability of touts to block large numbers of tickets
Infrastructure and reduces opportunities for impersonation and
illegal seat allotment.
16. BEML • Special exemptions:
o Foreign tourists: They can still book tickets
up to 365 days in advance as part of a
Context:
dedicated quota for planning long journeys.
State-owned BEML will manufacture the country’s first
o Certain trains like the Taj Express: These
indigenous high-speed train that can travel at a peak speed
are exempt from ARP rules since tickets are
of 280 kmph.
typically booked just days in advance.
o General class tickets: Not affected by ARP
About BEML:
since they are bought just before travel.
• Incorporation: Founded on 11 May 1964, with
Soviet Union assistance.

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Insta links:
1. Indian-railways-stress-factors
2. Growth-in-Indian-railways

Health

18. E. COLI
Context:
Recently, an E. coli outbreak in the U.S. has caused the
death of one individual and led to the hospitalization of 10
others after consuming McDonald’s burgers. The incident
Current status in India:
has sparked concerns over food safety and the spread of
• Cases and deaths: India registered 595 cases and
such infections.
four deaths in 2023. In 2024, the number of cases
decreased to 339, with one recorded death so far.
About E. coli:
• Eligibility for WHO certification: India could soon
• Definition: E. coli is a type of bacteria that normally
become eligible for the elimination certificate if
resides in the intestines of humans and animals.
the trend of keeping cases below one per 10,000
While most strains are harmless, some can cause
people continues for another year.
serious illness.
• Vulnerable regions: Bihar accounts for over 70% of
• Toxin Production: The dangerous strains produce
the total cases, along with Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Shiga toxins, damaging the lining of the small
and parts of Uttar Pradesh.
intestine and causing diarrhea.
• Common Symptoms: Infections can result in
About Kala-azar:
diarrhea (often bloody), stomach cramps, fever, and
• Origin: Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is caused
nausea.
by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.
• Transmission: Spread through contaminated food,
• Transmission: The disease is transmitted by the
water, and contact with fecal matter from infected
bite of an infected female sandfly (Phlebotomus
humans or animals.
argentipes in India).
• Most Known Strain: E. coli O157 is the most
• Vector: The sandfly, breeding in humid conditions
commonly known strain linked to severe infections.
and poor sanitation, plays a major role in the
• Severe Complications: In rare cases, it can lead
spread of the disease.
to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can
• Symptoms: It is characterized by fever, significant
cause kidney failure, particularly in children and the
weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver,
elderly.
and severe anemia. If left untreated, Kala-azar has a
• Treatment: Most infections resolve on their own,
fatality rate of over 95%.
but hydration is key. In severe cases, medical
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms
intervention may be needed.
and parasitological or serological tests, such as the
rK39 diagnostic kit.
Insta links:
• Treatment: Various anti-parasitic treatments are
1. Antibiotic-resistant-bacteria
available, such as amphotericin B, miltefosine, and
2. Abaucin
sodium stibogluconate.

Insta links:
19. KALA-AZAR 1. Kala-azar
2. India-has-eliminated-kala-azar
Context:
India is on the brink of eliminating Kala-azar (visceral
leishmaniasis) as a public health problem, having 20. MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE
maintained fewer than one case per 10,000 people for
two consecutive years, a requirement for World Health Context:
Organization (WHO) certification. Rwanda says eight people have died so far from the Ebola-
like Marburg virus, just days after it declared an outbreak
of the deadly hemorrhagic fever that has no authorised
vaccine or treatment.

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About Marburg Virus Disease (MVD): India’s Achievement
• Origin: Discovered in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, after • National Effort: The Union Government declared
lab workers were exposed to infected green monkeys India free from infectious trachoma based on the
from Uganda. National Trachoma Prevalence Surveys conducted
• Cause: from 2014 to 2017, showing an active trachoma
o Caused by the Marburg virus, a zoonotic RNA prevalence of just 0.7%.
virus from the Filoviridae family, like Ebola. • Global Recognition: WHO praised India’s success,
o The natural reservoir is the African fruit bat citing strong government leadership as a key factor.
(Rousettus aegyptiacus).
• Transmission: Other Recognitions at WHO Regional Conference
o Spread through contact with infected bats or • Bhutan was recognized for cervical cancer
animals, and human-to-human transmission via elimination targets.
blood or bodily fluids. • Timor-Leste for eliminating lymphatic filariasis.
• Symptoms: • Maldives and Sri Lanka for controlling Hepatitis B in
o Early symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, children.
muscle aches, rash, nausea, and diarrhea. • Six countries were acknowledged for reducing
o Severe symptoms: Liver failure, shock, under-five mortality and stillbirth rates.
hemorrhaging, and multi-organ failure.
• Fatality Rate: Insta links:
o Case fatality rate varies between 24% to 88%, 1. Trachoma
depending on the outbreak.
• Treatment:
o No specific treatment or vaccine. Supportive
22. MEDICINAL FOODS AND BENEFITS
care includes fluids, oxygen, and blood
transfusions to improve survival. Context:
In recent decades, researchers have identified new
Insta links: compounds and potential drugs from plants traditionally
1. MVD used in medicine, and today, these plants are being further
explored for broader health applications and benefits.

21. TRACHOMA ELIMINATION About Medicinal Foods and Benefits:

• Turmeric: Known for its anti-inflammatory and
Context: antioxidant properties, used traditionally in food
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that and medicine. High doses, however, may pose risks,
India has eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem highlighting the need for dosage regulation.
in 2024, making it the third country in the WHO South-East • Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia): Used for immunity
Asia Region to achieve this milestone. boosting, reducing fevers, and other therapeutic
• The achievement aligns with the WHO’s 2021–2030 benefits; traditionally consumed for its stem’s
Neglected Tropical Disease Roadmap, which targets medicinal properties.
the elimination of 20 diseases by 2030. • Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): Known to
alleviate stress, improve energy levels, and enhance
About Trachoma mental focus; it is particularly valued for its root’s
• Cause: Trachoma is caused by the bacterium
therapeutic properties in Ayurveda.
Chlamydia trachomatis and is a leading infectious • Bhringaraj (Eclipta prostrata): Beneficial for hair
cause of blindness worldwide. health, as well as liver and digestive health, and
• Transmission: It spreads through direct contact
sometimes consumed as a leafy vegetable.
with infected eye or nasal discharges and via flies • Lemon (Citrus limon): Recognized for vitamin C
that come into contact with these secretions. content and immunity-boosting properties; varies
• Symptoms: Starts as conjunctivitis (pink eye),
significantly across different varieties and cultivars.
leading to repeated infections that cause the
eyelashes to turn inward (trichiasis), scraping the Insta Links:
cornea and potentially leading to blindness. 3. Traditional-medicine
• Prevention and Treatment: Early-stage trachoma
is treatable with antibiotics like azithromycin. 23. GLOBAL TB REPORT 2023
Improving hygiene, sanitation, and access to clean
water are key strategies in controlling its spread. Context:
The Global TB Report 2023 by the World Health
Organization (WHO) reveals that while India has improved

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in TB diagnosis and treatment coverage, it still faces • Launch vehicle: Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3)
significant challenges in achieving its ambitious 2025 TB • Targeted window: Earth departure date is
elimination target. scheduled on March 29, 2028, and the arrival date
• India remains the country with the highest TB on Venus is July 19, 2028
burden globally, underscoring the need for • Features:
enhanced funding and healthcare strategies. o 19 payloads (16 Indian, 2 Indian-
international, 1 international).
About Global TB Report 2023 and India’s status: o Aerobraking technique to achieve a low-
• Global TB cases: 8.2 million people were newly altitude science orbit (200x600 km).
diagnosed with TB in 2023, making TB the leading o Five-year scientific exploration period post-
infectious killer worldwide, overtaking COVID-19. orbit insertion.
• India’s TB burden: India reported 2.8 million
estimated TB cases in 2023, accounting for 26% Other Missions Related to Venus
of global TB cases and 29% of global TB deaths • Past missions:
(315,000 deaths). o Venera Series (1961-1984): Soviet Union’s
• Progress towards targets: India has reduced TB series of successful Venus missions
cases by 18% and deaths by 24% since 2015, short including flybys, orbiters, landers, and
of the 2025 targets of a 50% reduction in cases and balloons.
a 75% reduction in deaths. o Pioneer Venus (1978): NASA mission
• Increase in diagnosed cases: Reported TB cases studying Venus’ atmosphere, cloud
rose to 2.51 million in 2023, signalling improvement structure, and surface using radar.
in diagnostic reach, with 85% of diagnosed patients o Magellan (1989): NASA mission mapping
receiving treatment. Venus’ surface using radar imaging.
• Multi-Drug-Resistant TB: India accounts for 27% of o Akatsuki (2010): JAXA mission studying
global multi-drug-resistant TB cases, highlighting Venus’ atmospheric circulation.
the need for targeted treatment strategies. • Future missions:
• Funding gap: India’s TB funding dropped from o VERITAS (2026): NASA radar mission to
$432.6 million in 2019 to $302.8 million in 2023, map Venus’ geology.
with domestic funding falling to $253 million. o DAVINCI (2026): NASA mission to study
• Catastrophic costs: For the first time, the report Venus’ atmosphere.
estimates that many households face catastrophic o EnVision (2030s): ESA radar mission
health costs, spending more than 20% of their mapping Venus’ surface.
income on TB-related healthcare.
Insta links:
Read more about Tuberculosis here. 3. Mission to Venus

Insta Links:
1. Analysis-Tuberculosis-elimination-in-India
25. BHARAT-GEN

Context:
Science & Technology
India has launched “Bharat-Gen,” a generative AI initiative
designed to enhance public service delivery, with a strong
24. VENUS ORBITER MISSION focus on promoting inclusivity in Indian languages.

Context: Bharat-Gen Overview:

India’s maiden mission to Venus, which is scheduled for • Developed by: Led by IIT Bombay under National
launch in March 2028, will embark on a 112-day journey to Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems
reach the planet. (NM-ICPS).
• Aim: To create generative AI models supporting
About Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM): India’s linguistic diversity and cultural context.
• Launch year: Scheduled for March 2028. o This initiative marks the world’s first
• Aim: The mission aims to study Venus’ atmosphere, government-funded Multimodal Large
surface, and solar interactions. Key objectives Language Model project.
include mapping Venus’ topography, analyzing
atmospheric composition, studying solar X-rays, Features of Bharat-Gen:
and examining subsurface characteristics. • Multilingual & Multimodal: Bharat-Gen models
• Sanctioned budget: ₹1,236-crore cater to both text and speech, covering a wide
range of Indian languages.

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• India-Centric Data: Uses curated datasets focused • Features:
on India’s linguistic diversity and cultural contexts. o Self-powered sensor: The nanocomposite
• Open-Source Platform: Democratizes AI access, generates energy through pressure and
enabling startups, researchers, and innovators to does not need an external power source.
build on foundational AI models. o Energy harvesting: The sensor can store
• Data-Efficient Learning: Effective in training AI for energy produced through the piezoelectric
languages with limited digital presence, making it effect, which can be utilized to power
suitable for low-resource languages. electronic devices.
o Smart application: It can be used for road
Significance: safety sensors to alert vehicles approaching
• Cultural Preservation: Ensures representation of dangerous turns or high-risk zones.
India’s diverse languages and cultural heritage in AI • Significance:
systems. o The polymer nanocomposite demonstrates
• Digital Sovereignty: Reduces reliance on foreign potential for sustainable and flexible
technologies by developing indigenous AI solutions. energy generation.
• Inclusive Development: Aims to make AI accessible o The application of this technology in road
to all citizens, particularly in underserved regions. safety can significantly reduce accident
• Strengthening AI Ecosystem: Encourages rates by providing real-time alerts at critical
innovation in India’s AI research community, turning points.
fostering global collaborations and boosting AI o The use of smart sensors can pave the way
startups. for advanced wearable technology and
other self-powered devices, contributing
Insta links: to artificial intelligence and automation
1. Multimodal Artificial Intelligence sectors.

Insta links:
26. POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE 1. Polymer nanocomposite - Defence

Context:
Researchers from Centre for Nano and Soft matter Sciences 27. ISRO THIRD LAUNCH PAD
(CeNS), Bengluru have developed a polymer nanocomposite
for pressure sensing and energy harvesting applications and Context:
used it to invent a prototype of a road safety sensor. ISRO is expanding its space capabilities by establishing a
third launch pad at Sriharikota, aiming to support new
About Polymer Nanocomposite: technologies like the New Generation Launch Vehicle
• Chemical and Physical Properties: (NGLV), while enhancing redundancy for critical missions
o The polymer nanocomposite is primarily and future space endeavors.
composed of vanadium disulfide
(VS2) nanoparticles integrated into Existing launch pads in India:
polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), a 1. First launch pad (FLP): Designed for PSLV missions;
piezoelectric polymer. located at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
o VS2 has high surface charge properties, 2. Second launch pad (SLP): Supports GSLV and LVM-
which enhance the piezoelectric effect of 3 missions; also situated at Sriharikota, Andhra
PVDF. Pradesh.
o The nanocomposite exhibits high flexibility,
durability, and energy-harvesting Key features of the third launch pad
capabilities, which are crucial for pressure 1. Redundancy: Acts as a backup to ensure
sensing applications. uninterrupted GSLV launches if issues arise with the
o It can generate electricity via the second launch pad.
piezoelectric effect, converting mechanical 2. Horizontal integration for NGLV: Designed for
pressure into electrical energy. horizontal assembly of the NGLV, focusing on liquid
• Departments Involved: engine boosters, enhancing assembly efficiency.
o This project is part of ongoing research by 3. Increased payload capacity: Supports NGLV’s
Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences higher payloads — 20 tonnes to LEO and 9 tonnes
(CeNS), Bengaluru. to GTO, up from current vehicle capabilities.
o Funded under the INSPIRE faculty Integrated stage testing: Will include stage testing facilities
fellowship program by the Department of directly at the pad, unlike previous setups at Mahendragiri,
Science and Technology (DST), India. streamlining operations.

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28. NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE, 2024 29. 2024 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY

Context: Context:
The Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2024 has been awarded to The 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to
Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their groundbreaking three scientists for their pioneering contributions to protein
work in discovering microRNA and its role in gene design and prediction using advanced computational
regulation. techniques.

Nobel Prize in Medicine 2024: Nobel Chemistry, 2024 winners:

• Laureates: Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun. 1. David Baker: Recognized for his work in
• Work recognized: Discovery of microRNA and its computational protein design.
role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. 2. Demis Hassabis and John Jumper: Awarded for
• Research focus: They studied the roundworm C. their development of the AI model AlphaFold 2,
Elegans and identified how the lin-4 microRNA which predicts protein structures.
regulates the lin-14 gene by inhibiting its protein
production. Their Work:
• David Baker:
Significance of their work: o Developed methods for designing new
1. Gene regulation: Understanding microRNA’s role in proteins using bespoke software, leading
gene regulation is crucial for biological processes as to the creation of ‘designer’ proteins for
it helps control protein production in cells. specific applications.
E.g. Disruption in this regulation can lead to o His team’s work in computational protein
diseases like cancer or diabetes. design began in 2003 and has since been
2. Medical implications: Their work has highlighted refined to construct a wide variety of
the role of microRNA in preventing or contributing proteins.
to several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and • Demis Hassabis and John Jumper:
autoimmune disorders. o Created AlphaFold 2, an AI model capable
E.g. Mutations in microRNA-related genes can of predicting the structures of millions of
cause congenital hearing loss or skeletal disorders. proteins.
3. Therapeutic potential: MicroRNA-based treatments o AlphaFold 2 marked a breakthrough in 2020
are being explored for developing targeted by using AI to accurately predict complex
therapies for genetic disorders. protein structures, significantly surpassing
E.g. Therapeutic approaches may involve altering previous manual efforts.
microRNA activity to treat specific cancers. Significance:
4. Evolutionary importance: MicroRNAs have been 1. Revolutionizes protein research: Their work
crucial in genetic evolution for millions of years, enables the creation of custom proteins with
influencing how cells and tissues develop in multi- specific applications, potentially transforming fields
celled organisms. like drug discovery, biotechnology, and materials
E.g. Abnormal microRNA activity has been linked to science.
various developmental disorders. 2. Accelerates scientific progress: AlphaFold 2’s ability
to predict protein structures rapidly has saved
Nobel prize overview: years of research, offering insights into biological
• Established: 1901, based on Alfred Nobel’s will functions and disease mechanisms.
to recognize contributions in Physics, Chemistry, 3. Wider impact on chemistry: The award highlights
Medicine, Literature, and Peace. chemistry’s interdisciplinary influence, involving
• Award process: Recipients are chosen by AI and computational tools that expand its reach
committees based on rigorous assessments of their beyond traditional boundaries.
work’s impact on their respective fields. 4. Immediate recognition: The prize was awarded
• Significance: It is one of the highest honors in the just four to six years after Hassabis and Jumper’s
scientific community, promoting advancements breakthrough, showcasing the rapid impact of their
that contribute to humanity’s well-being. contributions on modern science.
• Selection criteria: The Nobel Prize recognizes those
whose discoveries have had the most significant Insta links:
benefit to humanity, with an emphasis on 1. 2023-Nobel-prize-in-chemistry-quantum-dots
innovation and progress.

Insta links:
1. 2023 Noble Prize for medicine

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30. CHARON MOON networks to handle complex data, enabling

significant AI capabilities.
Context: Significance of their work:
Scientists have recently detected carbon dioxide and 1. AI foundation: Their innovations laid the
hydrogen peroxide on Charon, Pluto’s largest moon, using groundwork for machine learning, allowing AI
the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). systems to learn and adapt.
2. Deep learning: Hinton’s developments enabled
AI models to perform complex tasks like natural
About Charon
language processing.
• Largest moon of Pluto: Charon is the largest of
3. AI applications: Their work powers technologies
Pluto’s five moons, roughly half the size of Pluto
like chatbots and image recognition.
itself.
4. Integration of physics in AI: Hopfield’s methods
• Discovery: It was discovered on June 22, 1978, by
improved computational efficiency in handling large
James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington at the
datasets.
U.S. Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona.
• Size and mass: Charon is about 1,214 kilometers
(754 miles) in diameter, and its mass is more than Insta links:
one-tenth of Pluto’s mass. 1. 2023-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics
• Double dwarf planet system: Due to its size and
mass relative to Pluto, they are often referred to as
a double dwarf planet system. 32. MACE PROJECT
• Mutual tidal locking: Charon and Pluto always
show the same face to each other, a phenomenon Context:
known as mutual tidal locking. The Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE)
• Orbital period: Charon orbits Pluto every 6.4 Earth Observatory was inaugurated at Hanle, Ladakh.
days at a distance of about 19,640 kilometers • The MACE project is a significant achievement for
(12,200 miles). India in cosmic-ray research, aiming to advance
• Surface composition: Recent findings include scientific understanding and support the socio-
carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide, in addition economic development of Ladakh.
to previously known substances like water ice and
ammonia-bearing compounds. About the MACE project:
• Kuiper belt object: Charon is located in the Kuiper • Location: Hanle, Ladakh, at an altitude of ~4,300 m,
Belt and serves as an invaluable target for studying making it the highest imaging Cherenkov telescope
icy bodies beyond Neptune’s orbit. in the world.
• Development: Indigenously built by Bhabha Atomic
Insta links: Research Centre (BARC) with support from ECIL and
1. Chronicle India other Indian partners.
• Objective: To study high-energy gamma rays and
contribute to the understanding of the universe’s
31. NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSICS, 2024 most energetic phenomena, such as supernovae,
black holes, and gamma-ray bursts.
• Technology: Uses Cherenkov imaging technology
Context: to detect cosmic rays and observe high-energy
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to John astrophysical events.
Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for their pioneering work • Significance: Enhances India’s cosmic-ray research
in artificial neural networks (ANNs), crucial to machine capabilities and strengthens its position in multi-
learning and AI advancements. messenger astronomy on a global scale.
Nobel Physics 2024 Winners Significance of the MACE project
• John Hopfield (Princeton University, U.S.) • Scientific advancement: Puts India at the forefront
• Geoffrey Hinton (University of Toronto, Canada) of cosmic-ray research, enhancing its ability to
study high-energy gamma rays and contribute to
Work of the Laureates: global space research.
• Hopfield Network: John Hopfield developed a • Technological achievement: Demonstrates India’s
recurrent neural network using Hebbian learning capability to develop world-class astronomical
principles, applying statistical physics to tasks like instruments, promoting self-reliance in advanced
pattern recognition. technology.
• Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM): Geoffrey • Socio-economic impact: Supports the development
Hinton advanced deep learning by refining neural of Ladakh by encouraging local talent to pursue

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careers in astronomy, astrophysics, and space About X-band Radar:
sciences.
Feature Details
• Global collaboration: Aims to foster international
partnerships in space research, contributing to the Monitors smaller particles like rain
Purpose
global scientific community’s efforts to understand droplets or soil movements.
the universe’s most energetic events. 8-12 GHz (corresponds to wave-
Frequency Range
lengths of 2-4 cm).
Insta links:
1. Hanle-and-merak-ladakh
Uses Doppler radar and Rayleigh
Technology scattering to detect object move-
ment.
33. TDP1 Produces higher resolution images
Resolution
due to shorter wavelength.
Context:
Shorter range compared to lower
Recent research by scientists at the Indian Association for
Range frequency bands, ideal for localized
the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, has identified
a new approach for cancer treatment by targeting a DNA studies.
repair enzyme called TDP1. Will monitor soil movement for
Application in
landslide warnings and high tem-
Wayanad
About TDP1: poral sampling.
• Role: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1) is a Tracks clouds, rain patterns, and
DNA repair enzyme that plays a crucial role in fixing Meteorological Use
storm formation in real time.
DNA damage induced by Topoisomerase 1 (Top1)
inhibitors during cell division. Shorter range due to higher atten-
Limitations
• Activation: TDP1 becomes particularly active during uation of the signal.
the mitotic phase, helping repair drug-induced Previous Installation First X-band radar installed in New
DNA damage, allowing cancer cells to survive in India Delhi in 1970.
chemotherapy.
• Regulation: The enzyme’s activity is regulated by Insta links:
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), which enhances 1. Risat-2br1
TDP1’s ability to resolve DNA damage through
phosphorylation.

Significance: 35. MECHAZILLA

• Enhanced cancer therapy: Using CDK1 inhibitors
with Top1 inhibitors disrupts DNA repair and halts Context:
the cell cycle, hindering cancer cell survival. SpaceX has achieved a significant milestone in space
• Drug resistance target: TDP1 and CDK1 are new exploration by landing its Starship rocket using an
targets for overcoming resistance to current cancer innovative structure called “Mechazilla.”
therapies.
• Precision medicine: Focuses on personalized About Mechazilla:
treatments by targeting cancer cells dependent on • Mechazilla is the massive 400-ft tall rocket-catching
these DNA repair proteins. structure at SpaceX’s Starbase in Texas.
• Therapeutic potential: Combining CDK1 inhibitors • Equipped with giant mechanical arms known as
with existing drugs may boost cancer cell “chopsticks,” it is designed to catch the Super
elimination, improving treatment success. Heavy booster midair as it returns to Earth after
launch.
Insta links:
1. TH Working of Mechazilla:
• Launch & Ascent: Starship and its Super Heavy
booster launch from the ground.
• Booster separation: The booster detaches from the
34. X-BAND RADAR Starship upper stage at a high altitude.
Context: • Controlled descent: The booster descends using
The Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved the precision thrusters to steer its path back to the
installation of an X-band radar in Wayanad to improve landing site.
monitoring and prediction of weather conditions, • Booster catching: Mechazilla’s mechanical arms
specifically for early warnings related to landslides and move into position and catch the booster as it
floods. hovers, ensuring a controlled landing.

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Significance of Mechazilla: 37. OSSIFICATION TEST
• Quick reusability: Reduces turnaround time for
rocket refurbishment and re-launch, making Context:
missions more efficient. The Mumbai police have confirmed that Dharmaraj
• Cost reduction: Enables rapid reuse of boosters,
Kashyap, one of the three accused in the murder case
lowering overall launch costs significantly. of NCP leader and former Maharashtra Minister Baba
• Sustainability: Enhances the sustainability of space
Siddique, is not a minor. ANI reported that the confirmation
missions by minimizing wear and tear on reusable came after an ossification test was conducted on him.
components.
• Future of space travel: Could enable more
Key methods for estimating age:
frequent, affordable, and scalable space missions,
1. Ossification test:
bringing humanity closer to interplanetary travel
• Purpose: Determines age by assessing bone
goals.
development and the union of epiphyses in
long bones.
Insta links: • Bones used: Radius, ulna, humerus, tibia,
1. SpaceX-starship-landing
fibula, femur.
• Accuracy: Provides an estimate within a margin
of two years (e.g., 16-18 years), allowing for a
36. INDIA MOBILE CONGRESS 6-month error on either side.
• Limitations: Factors such as climate, diet, and
Context: heredity can affect ossification rates.
Industry leaders have lauded Prime Minister Narendra 2. Wisdom teeth:
Modi’s vision for Digital India at the 8th India Mobile • Purpose: The eruption of wisdom teeth (third
Congress during the International Telecommunication molars) is used to estimate age.
Union-World Telecommunication Standardisation Assembly • Age range: Typically erupts in late teens to early
(ITU-WTSA) 2024 in New Delhi. adulthood.
• Limitations: Genetics, oral hygiene, and health
About India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2024: can influence the pattern, making this method
• Edition: 8th edition of Asia’s premier digital less accurate if used alone.
technology exhibition. 3. Epigenetic clock technique:
• Co-hosted by: The Department of • Purpose: Measures DNA methylation to
Telecommunications (DoT) and Cellular Operators estimate chronological age.
Association of India (COAI). • Mechanism: Methyl groups are added to DNA,
• Theme: “The Future is Now” - focusing on particularly at CpG sites (cytosine preceding
integrating advanced technologies into daily life. guanine).
• Focus areas: 6G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), • Use in forensics: Still under exploration in
semiconductors, satellite communication (Satcom), Indian forensic science.
quantum technology, broadcasting, electronics 4. Radiographic techniques:
manufacturing, and security. • Purpose: X-rays and CT scans assess bone
• Significance: maturity and degeneration.
o Technological advancement: Showcases • Use: Helpful in identifying bone age and
innovations in AI, 6G, quantum tech, etc., diseases that can indicate age progression.
fostering collaboration and progress.
o Economic impact: Expected to attract Insta links:
investments, boosting the tech sector and 1. Ossification test
contributing to India’s economy.
o Global collaboration: Connects 120+
countries, enabling exchange of ideas and 38. HABER-BOSCH PROCESS
best practices.
o Startup support: The Aspire program Context:
provides startups with investor access, About Haber-Bosch Process:
accelerating growth. • Purpose: Fixes nitrogen (N2) from the air with
hydrogen (H2) to produce ammonia (NH3),
Insta links: essential for manufacturing fertilizers.
1. World-telecommunication-and-information-society- • Development: Invented by Fritz Haber in the early
day 1900s and industrialized by Carl Bosch.
• Significance: Considered one of the most important
technological advancements of the 20th century,

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enabling mass production of fertilizers. nanoparticles and CZTS-tungsten disulfide (CZTS-
• Industrial breakthrough: First large-scale chemical WS2) composite.
process using high pressure for a chemical reaction. • Composition: The composite is made from earth-
abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic components
using a hydrothermal reaction involving zinc
chloride, copper chloride, tin chloride, and tungsten
disulfide.
• Function: The composite acts as an efficient
photocatalyst, which degrades sulfamethoxazole
under light exposure.

Significance:
• Environmental impact: This photocatalyst helps
reduce the harmful effects of antibiotics like
How it works: sulfamethoxazole in the environment.
1. Nitrogen + Hydrogen reaction: Combines • Efficiency: The CZTS-WS2 composite exhibited over
nitrogen from the air with hydrogen under high 80% radical scavenging efficiency and antibacterial
pressure (150–200 atmospheres) and moderate capabilities.
temperature (~400–500°C). • Reusability: The catalyst can be recovered
2. Catalyst: Mostly iron-based catalysts are used to and reused multiple times without losing its
lower the reaction temperature. effectiveness, making it economically viable.
3. Pressure & Temperature: Higher pressure increases • Photostability: The composite demonstrates
ammonia yield, while lower temperatures favor the excellent photostability, which makes it valuable
reaction but slow down the rate. for long-term applications in light-harvesting and
4. Continuous process: Ammonia is removed from photocatalysis.
the reaction batch to maintain an equilibrium that
promotes product formation. Insta links:
1. Improper-disposal-of-antibiotics
Insta Links:
1. Nitrogen pollution
2. Green-ammonia 40. JIANGMEN UNDERGROUND NEUTRI-
NO OBSERVATORY
39. COPPER ZINC TIN SULFIDE NANOPAR- Context:
TICLES The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO)
in China is set to begin operations in 2025, aiming to
Context: gather data on neutrinos to solve fundamental mysteries in
Scientists from the Institute of Advanced Study in Science particle physics.
and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, have developed
a new photocatalyst that can effectively break down Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO):
sulfamethoxazole into less harmful byproducts, marking a • Location: Built 700 meters underground in China’s
significant step toward solving this environmental issue. Guangdong province.
• Purpose: Designed to detect neutrinos emitted by
Need: nearby nuclear power plants, the sun, and Earth’s
• Antibiotic contamination in the environment mantle.
has become a pressing concern due to the • Detector: Features a 600 metric ton spherical
increasing levels of broad-spectrum antibiotics like detector with thousands of light-detecting tubes.
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) being released, leading to • Timeline: Expected to start operations in late 2025.
antibiotic resistance, ecological damage, and health • Collaboration: Scientists from France, Germany,
risks. Italy, Russia, and the U.S. are involved.
• Finding efficient ways to degrade such antibiotics • Global impact: Aims to surpass similar projects in
into less hazardous chemicals is essential for the U.S. and Europe in neutrino research.
mitigating these effects.
About Neutrinos:
About Copper zinc tin sulfide nanoparticles: • Fundamental particle: Neutrinos are elementary
• Photocatalyst developed: The team synthesized particles produced in high-energy processes like
copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 - CZTS) nuclear reactions in stars.
• Hard to detect: Neutrinos rarely interact with

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matter due to their lack of electrical charge. specific foundational AI models.
• Origins: Produced by stars, supernovae, and on o IndiaAI Datasets Platform: Unified
Earth in nuclear reactors and accelerators. platform providing access to high-quality
• Key in physics: Studying neutrinos helps non-personal datasets for AI research and
understand processes in the sun, the universe’s startups.
formation, and Earth’s interior. o IndiaAI Application Development
• Future applications: Could revolutionize astronomy Initiative: Promote AI applications
and medical imaging; potential for long-distance addressing key challenges in sectors like
communication via neutrinos. healthcare, agriculture, and governance.
o IndiaAI FutureSkills: Expand AI education
Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO): through new programs at various academic
• Proposal: Conceived in 2005 to study neutrinos levels and set up Data & AI Labs in smaller
using a detector under Tamil Nadu’s Bodi West Hills. cities.
• Budget: Initially funded at Rs 1,500 crore by the o IndiaAI Startup Financing: Easier access to
Indian government. funding for AI startups, with Rs 2,000 crore
• Approval: Received environment ministry clearance allocated.
in 2018. o Safe & Trusted AI: Ensure responsible
• Challenges: Faces opposition due to environmental AI practices with indigenous tools and
concerns, including its location in a tiger corridor frameworks.
and potential impact on local ecology.
• Status: Construction is stalled due to opposition Insta links:
from environmentalists and local government, with 1. IndiaAI mission
no significant progress to date.

Insta Links:
42. ARTIFICIAL STONE
1. Neutrino-project
Context:
A recent study published in Thorax highlights the
emergence of a severe form of silicosis—a lung disease
41. INDIAAI MISSION caused by inhaling fine silica dust. This is attributed to the
high silica content (over 90%) in artificial stone, compared
Context: to natural stones like marble and granite, which contain
The IndiaAI Mission has selected eight Responsible AI much less silica
projects in response to the Expression of Interest (EoI)
issued under the Safe and Trusted AI Pillar. About Artificial Stone:
• Artificial stone, also known as engineered stone
About IndiaAI Mission: or quartz, is widely used in kitchens due to its
• Origin: Launched during the Global Partnership on aesthetic appeal and durability. However, it poses
Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit in 2023, New significant health risks to workers involved in its
Delhi, by the Prime Minister of India. cutting and polishing.
• Background: Announced to drive AI innovation and • Material Composition:
build a comprehensive AI ecosystem in line with the o Made from crushed rocks bound with
visions of “Making AI in India” and “Making AI Work resins.
for India.” o Contains over 90% silica, compared to 3%
• Aim: To create an advanced AI infrastructure in marble and 30% in granite.
supporting various sectors, boost AI innovation, • Advantages:
enhance data quality, and promote ethical AI o Aesthetic appeal: Smooth, polished look.
practices across the country. o Durability: More resistant to damage than
• Nodal ministry: Ministry of Electronics and natural stone.
Information Technology (MeitY) o Ease of handling: Lacks natural
• Implementing agency: IndiaAI Independent imperfections found in natural stone.
Business Division (IBD) under the Digital India • Health Risks:
Corporation (DIC) o Generates fine silica dust when cut or
• Key Components: polished.
o IndiaAI Compute Capacity: Develop AI o High risk of silicosis, a progressive lung
compute infrastructure with 10,000+ GPUs disease caused by silica inhalation.
via public-private partnerships. o Workers face increased risks due to dry
o IndiaAI Innovation Centre: Create Large cutting without dust suppression measures
Multimodal Models (LMMs) and sector- like water.

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• Thorax Study Findings: • Examples:
o Documented eight cases of workers, o Russia-Ukraine conflict: Use of cyberattacks
average age 34, with severe lung disease. and disinformation.
o Conditions include lung transplants, o Israel-Palestine conflict: Psychological and
autoimmune diseases, and lung infections. information warfare tactics.
• Preventive Measures: o Lebanon: Use of pager blasts as a form of
o Use of water to suppress dust during disruption.
cutting. • Counter-Drone Technologies:
o Adoption of nasal filters and other o Kinetic options: Shooting down drones
technologies to minimize silica exposure. physically.
o Advocating for stricter safety measures to o Non-kinetic options: Jamming, taking
protect workers. control, or using laser and electromagnetic
waves to disrupt drone operations.
Insta Links: • Importance for India:
1. Coal-india-ltd-to-launch-m-sand-projects-in-a-big- o As non-kinetic warfare becomes a key
way component of modern conflicts, India’s
armed forces must develop both kinetic
and non-kinetic capabilities to counter
these emerging threats.
43. NON-KINETIC WARFARE
Insta links:
Context: 1. Hybrid-warfare
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence has
prioritized the discussion on the Indian armed forces’
readiness to tackle “hybrid warfare,” specifically focusing on
non-kinetic warfare. 44. MOONLIGHT LUNAR COMMUNICA-
TIONS AND NAVIGATION SERVICES
About Non-Kinetic Warfare:
• Definition: Context:
o Warfare that goes beyond physical The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its Moonlight
combat and involves electronic warfare, Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS)
cyberattacks, psychological, information, programme at the International Astronautical Congress.
and economic tactics.
o It can include non-military stakeholders About Moonlight Programme:
and aims to disrupt or cripple a country’s • Purpose: The Moonlight programme aims to
infrastructure or governance. create a constellation of lunar satellites to support
• Methods Used: accurate autonomous landings, high-speed
o Cyber warfare: Attacking critical communication, and mobility on the lunar surface.
infrastructure like power grids, hospitals, • Satellite Constellation: Around five lunar satellites
and communication networks. will enable long-distance data transfer between
o Information warfare: Spreading Earth and the Moon, covering a distance of about
disinformation or controlling the narrative 400,000 km (250,000 miles).
to influence public perception and decision- • Timeline:
making. o The programme begins with the launch of
o Electronic warfare: Jamming or Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay
intercepting communication systems. satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology
o Psychological warfare: Manipulating LTD, planned for 2026.
public opinion and morale through fear, o Initial services are expected to begin by
misinformation, or propaganda. the end of 2028, with full operational
o Economic warfare: Disrupting a nation’s capabilities by 2030.
economy by targeting financial systems or • Target Areas: The Moon’s South Pole will be a
trade. primary focus due to its unique lighting conditions
• Impact: and the potential presence of water ice in
o Non-kinetic warfare can be deadlier than permanently shadowed craters.
traditional combat, as conflicts can be won • Collaboration: ESA will work alongside global space
without physical confrontation. agencies, including NASA’s Artemis programme, and
o A well-coordinated cyber or economic the Artemis Gateway project, to foster cooperation
attack can destabilize a nation without the and build shared lunar infrastructure.
need for conventional military force. • Future Impact: Moonlight’s communications

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infrastructure is expected to reduce the need for How the fuel cell works:
standalone communication systems, allowing • Hydrogen supply:
mission teams to concentrate more on mission o Green hydrogen is supplied to the anode
operations such as astronaut safety and robotics. side of the fuel cell, where hydrogen
molecules are split into protons (positively
Insta Links: charged hydrogen ions) and electrons.
1. Apophis-asteroid • Electric current generation:
o The electrons flow through an external
circuit from the anode to the cathode,
creating an electric current that can be
45. GREEN HYDROGEN FUEL CELL BUS used to power various applications, from
vehicles to stationary power plants.
Context: • Water as a byproduct:
Union Minister along with Bhutan Prime Minister Tshering o At the cathode, oxygen from the air reacts
Tobgay took a ride on a green hydrogen-run bus here in the with the protons and electrons to form
national capital, in a message to sustainable mobility and a water vapor (H2O), the only byproduct of
green future. the reaction, along with heat.

About Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Insta links:

• Green Hydrogen Fuel Cells are a highly efficient 1. Biohydrogen-and-Indias-green-hydrogen-pathway
and environmentally friendly way to generate 2. World-Hydrogen-2024-summit
electricity.
• They harness the energy stored in green hydrogen,
which is hydrogen produced using renewable 46. CLOUD CHAMBER
energy sources like wind, solar, or hydropower,
ensuring zero greenhouse gas emissions during Context:
production. India recently launched Mission Mausam, a weather
modification initiative to improve forecasting and manage
events like rainfall and fog. Alongside, the Indian Institute
of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune is developing a
convective cloud chamber for advanced cloud physics
research, enhancing understanding of Indian monsoon
clouds.

About Cloud Chamber:

• Definition: A cloud chamber is a closed drum-like
structure where water vapor, aerosols, and other
particles are injected to study cloud formation
under controlled humidity and temperature.
• Purpose: India’s cloud chamber, unlike basic ones in
other countries, will include convection properties
to simulate monsoon clouds and other weather
phenomena relevant to India.
• Function: It will allow the study of cloud behavior,
Key components: rain formation, intra-particle interactions, and
• Green hydrogen: cloud-seeding techniques under Indian weather
o Green hydrogen is generated through conditions.
electrolysis, a process where water is split
into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using About Mission Mausam:
renewable energy. • Weather modification: The mission aims to manage
• Fuel cell: weather events such as rainfall, hail, fog, and
o A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that potentially even lightning strikes.
converts the chemical energy in hydrogen • Focus on cloud physics: Strengthening cloud
directly into electrical energy. physics research to understand cloud formation and
o It consists of two main parts: the anode behavior under Indian weather systems.
(positive side) and the cathode (negative • Convective cloud chamber: Developing a first-
side), with an electrolyte facilitating the of-its-kind chamber to simulate Indian monsoon
movement of ions between the electrodes. clouds, improving weather forecasting and strategic

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planning. India.
• Cloud seeding: Building on past experiments like • Ministry: Under the Ministry of Human Resource
CAIPEEX, which showed promising results in rainfall Development
enhancement, but with recognition that cloud • Functions: AICTE accredits graduate and
seeding alone cannot solve rainfall deficits. postgraduate programs, ensures quality standards
in technical education, and offers strategic
Insta Links: guidance.
2. Mission-mausam • Headquarters: Located in New Delhi.

Insta links:
2. Bharat-Gen
47. SRIJAN - CENTER FOR GENERATIVE AI

Context:
IndiaAI and Meta have launched a Center for Generative AI, 48. ISRO-DBT AGREEMENT
called Srijan, at IIT Jodhpur, with the goal of driving open-
source AI innovations in India. Context:
• This initiative, supported by a partnership with The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the
the All India Council for Technical Education Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have joined forces to
(AICTE), aims to encourage young developers to develop bio-experiments for the Bharatiya Antariksh Station
leverage open-source AI models to solve real-world (BAS), India’s planned indigenous space station.
challenges.
ISRO-DBT agreement highlights:
About the Center for Generative AI, Srijan: • Purpose: To design biological experiments for BAS
• Objective: Srijan seeks to empower young AI talent and the Gaganyaan mission.
by providing resources to work with Large Language • Areas of Research:
Models (LLMs) and focus on essential areas like o Impact of weightlessness on muscle health.
healthcare, mobility, and education. o Algae studies for nutrient-rich, long-lasting
• Funding: Meta has committed INR 750 Lakhs over food sources and biofuel production.
three years, supporting training, research, and o Effects of space radiation on astronaut
workshops. health.
• Initiatives: The center will host Hackathons, Master • BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment
Training workshops, and a GenAI Resource Hub to and Employment) initiative: Aligns with DBT’s
foster collaboration and skill development. policy to promote bio-manufacturing in India,
• Partnerships: IIT Jodhpur collaborates with national focusing on health, bio-pharma, regenerative
and international stakeholders, including Meta, medicine, and biotechnology for waste
MeitY, AICTE, and academic institutions, to expand management.
Generative AI research and innovation.

About YuvaAI (Youth for Unnati and Vikas with AI) initiative:
• Goal: Part of India’s YuvaAI program, it aims to skill
1 lakh young developers (ages 18-30) in generative
AI to tackle real-world challenges.
• Collaboration: A joint effort by Meta, MeitY and
AICTE to enhance AI talent through open-source
Large Language Models (LLMs) training.
• Core activities: Offers skilling programs, LLM
workshops, and hackathons. Outstanding projects
receive mentoring, seed funding, and support.
• Focus areas: Targets sectors like healthcare,
education, agriculture, and smart cities, aligning
with national goals for sustainable development.

About AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education):

• Establishment: Formed in November 1945, AICTE
became a statutory body in 1987 under the AICTE
Act.
• Purpose: AICTE supports coordinated development
and improvement in technical education across

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About BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, 2024, with a project outlay of ₹364 crore.
and Employment) Policy: • Objective: Provides real-time two-way
communication for fishermen beyond mobile
• Objective: Led by the Department of Biotechnology,
range, enhancing safety and allowing for timely
the BioE3 policy promotes high-performance bio-
advisories during emergencies.
manufacturing in India to support advancements in
• Technology: Uses transponders developed by ISRO,
biotechnology across various sectors.
enabling precise vessel tracking, speed monitoring,
• Focus areas: and emergency communication, especially crucial
o High-value bio-based products: Encourages in adverse weather.
the production of bio-based chemicals, bio- • Application: The Nabhmitra Application aids in
polymers, enzymes, and smart proteins. vessel tracking and provides real-time updates on
o Climate-resilient agriculture & carbon cap- sea conditions, weather alerts, and cyclone data,
ture: Aims to strengthen agricultural practices contributing to safe navigation.
that can withstand climate change impacts • Multilingual Support: Broadcasts in local languages
and utilize carbon capture for sustainable ensure accessibility for non-English-speaking
growth. fishermen, enhancing response time and safety.
o Healthcare and nutrition: Focuses on preci-
sion biotherapeutics, functional foods, and About Transponders:
regenerative medicine to improve healthcare • Definition: A transponder is a wireless device that
outcomes. receives incoming signals, amplifies them, and
o Marine and space biotechnology: Encourages transmits a modified signal back.
innovations in marine and space research to • Primary Functions:
broaden biotechnology applications. o Acts as both a transmitter and receiver
• Innovation and entrepreneurship: Supports
(transmitter + responder).
R&D-driven entrepreneurship through the establish- o Shifts input signal frequency and boosts it.
ment of bio-manufacturing hubs, bio-AI centers, and o Transponders are categorized into active
biofoundries. (used in aircraft, RFID) and passive (used in
devices like credit cards).
• Employment growth: By expanding bioeconomy
• Types:
sectors, the policy aims to create a skilled workforce,
o Bent Pipe Transponder: Converts signal to
generating new jobs and promoting green growth.
radio frequency, boosts it, and transmits it
back; often used in satellites as a repeater.
About Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): o Regenerative Transponder: Processes the
• Orbit: Planned at 400 km above Earth. signal by demodulating and remodulating
• Timeline: Initial module launches by 2028; it for better accuracy; suitable for digital
complete expansion by 2035. signals.
• Capacity: Designed for 15–20-day missions in orbit. • Comparison:
• Structure: Comprises a command module, habitat o Transponder vs. Transceiver: A transceiver
module, propulsion systems, and docking ports. can both send and receive signals without
preprogrammed responses, while a
Insta links: transponder is programmed to respond
1. Bharatiya-antariksh-station automatically.
2. BioE3 Policy o Transponder vs. Transducer: A transducer
converts energy types, while a transponder
handles signal transmission and response.
49. TRANSPONDER TECHNOLOGY
Insta Links:
1. Space-technology
Context:
2. Pradhan-Mantri-Matsya Sampada-Yojana
The Department of Fisheries with the help of the Vessel
Communication and Support System under the Pradhan
Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana has been able to enhance
the safety and security of fishermen at sea. 50. ELECTRIC PROPULSION SATELLITE
• This initiative, utilizing indigenous transponder
technology developed by ISRO and implemented Context:
by New Space India Ltd (NSIL) To make its satellites lighter in future, ISRO is going
to launch its first home-grown electric propulsion-led
About Vessel Communication and Support System: spacecraft, Technology Demonstrator Satellite (TDS-1) in
• Launch Date and Cost: Introduced on August 30, December.

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• This technology shift aims to reduce the weight of o The IUCN has designated India’s Northeast
satellites by substituting chemical fuel with electric as a “Swallowtail-rich zone,” focusing
propulsion, allowing for a more efficient journey to on conservation efforts in this region
geostationary orbit. to protect 69 species through habitat
preservation and sustainable plant use.
About Electric Propulsion Satellite (TDS-1): • Citrus Plant
• Purpose: To demonstrate electric propulsion o Scientific Name: Rutaceae family.
technology for steering satellites using solar- o Distribution: Found in Assam’s “citrus belt”
powered ionized gas, reducing reliance on chemical with 52 varieties.
fuel. o Reason for decline: Overharvesting for
• Benefits: Cuts down satellite mass drastically by medicinal purposes and loss of natural
minimizing fuel needs; a four-tonne satellite can be habitats.
reduced to around two tonnes.
• Technology: Utilizes gases like Argon as fuel, which Insta links:
are ionized using solar power to create propulsion. 1. Why butterfly matters?
• Historical use: First incorporated in GSAT-9 (South
Asia Satellite) in 2017 with imported Russian
components.
• Significance: Marks a step towards India’s
52. ELEPHANT CENSUS METHOD
space autonomy, as this EPS is fully developed
domestically by ISRO.
Context:
The Environment Ministry has shelved its elephant census
Insta Links:
report, ‘Status of Elephant in India 2022-23’, citing a delay
1. Project-200
in the census in the Northeast.
Environment & Ecology
Old Method (Pre-New Method (Post-
Aspect
2002) 2022)
51. SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES Refined direct count
Simple headcount through sample
Context: Direct Count of elephants based block method, where
A new study has revealed that the overexploitation of 25 on sightings 5 sq km blocks are
medicinally valuable host plant species is endangering the surveyed
swallowtail butterflies in the forest habitats of a region in
Assam, commonly known as the “citrus belt of the world.” Introduced in
2002: Indirect Still used in con-
method based on junction with more
About Swallowtail butterflies:
Dung Count dung decay rate advanced genetic
• Scientific name: Family Papilionidae (e.g., Papilio
and defecation rate methods in selected
machaon, Papilio slateri).
of elephants to es- landscapes
• Types: Includes species like the Blue-striped
timate population.
mime (Papilio slateri), Bhutan glory (Bhutanitis
lidderdalii), and Kaiser-i-Hind (Teinopalpus DNA analysis of ele-
imperialis). phant dung samples,
Genetic
• Distribution: Found globally, with 69 species in identifying individual
Mark-Recap- Not used
India’s Northeast. elephants through
ture
• IUCN Status: Some species are globally microsatellite mark-
endangered. ers
• Features: Large, colorful butterflies with forked Elephant numbers Extrapolated data
hindwings resembling a swallow’s tail. extrapolated based combined with ge-
• Threats Extrapola-
on limited obser- netic data, increasing
o Overexploitation of host plants including tion
vations in certain accuracy for unsur-
citrus plant (medicinal use). regions veyed regions
o Illegal tree felling and deforestation. Now synchronized
o Illegal cattle farming in protected areas. Old methods with tiger census
o Tea cultivation and pesticide use near Combined lacked integration data for better land-
habitats. Estimation with other wildlife scape-level man-
o Habitat destruction due to shrinking forest data agement and policy
cover. recommendations
• Swallowtail Conservation Action Plan

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Protection status of Elephant: About Halari donkeys:
• IUCN Status: Classified as Endangered on the IUCN • Region: Found in the Halar region of Gujarat,
Red List. primarily in Jamnagar and Dwarka districts of
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed in Schedule I Saurashtra.
for highest protection. • Status: Considered endangered with a population
• CITES: Included in Appendix I, prohibiting of fewer than 500.
international trade except in rare circumstances. • Appearance: Typically white, larger, and more
The new methods of counting elephants, using resilient compared to other donkey breeds.
genetic mark-recapture models, offer a more accurate • Social behavior: Intelligent and social animals, form
picture of elephant populations. However, habitat loss, close bonds with humans, often used for transport
conflict, and threats like mining and low-hanging power needs.
lines continue to threaten the species.
Uses
Insta links: • Construction: Historically used in building dams,
1. 30 years of Project Elephant forts, hilltop temples, and rest houses due to their
strength in carrying heavy loads.
• Community usage:
o Bharwad and Rabari pastoralists: Used as
53. MODIFIED ECO-MARK SCHEME pack animals during migration.
o Kumbhar community: Employed in pottery
Context: work in the Jamnagar region.
The Ecomark Scheme was introduced to promote eco-
friendly products in alignment with the ‘LiFE’ (Lifestyle for Economic value
Environment) mission initiated in 2021. • Market price: Currently valued at over ₹1 lakh
• The revised scheme, notified in 2024, replaces each, with rising demand for Halari donkey dairies.
the earlier 1991 version, and focuses on reducing • Milk production: Halari donkey milk is known
environmental impacts, promoting resource for its sweetness, with powdered milk selling for
efficiency, and encouraging sustainable production more than ₹7,000 per kg in international markets,
and consumption. especially for cosmetics.

Key features of the scheme include: Conservation efforts:

• Accreditation of products based on specific • Organizations involved: Sahjeevan Trust, Gujarat’s
environmental criteria, ensuring minimal Animal Husbandry Department, and the National
environmental harm. Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources.
• Reduction in energy consumption and promoting a • Actions taken: Identification of pure-bred male
circular economy by utilizing recycled materials and and female donkeys for breeding to increase
eco-friendly production methods. population.
• The scheme mandates accurate labelling to avoid • Future needs: Experts advocate for breeding
misleading claims about product sustainability. farms in the native Halar region, requiring more
• Implementation is overseen by the Central substantial State government resources.
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS). Insta links:
1. Rajyamata-gomata
The scheme is a step towards achieving sustainability
goals, supporting both consumer awareness and
motivating manufacturers to adopt eco-friendly practices.
55. INDIAN WILD ASS
Insta Links:
1. Eco-mark scheme Context:
The population of wild asses in Gujarat, India, has seen
a significant rise, reaching 7,672 as per the 2024 Wild
Ass Population Estimation (WAPE). This marks a 26.14%
54. HALARI DONKEYS increase from the 6,082 wild asses recorded in 2020.

Context: About Indian Wild Ass:

The endangered Halari donkeys, native to the Halar region • Species and Habitat:
of Gujarat, are considered to be intelligent animals which o It is a sub-species of the Asian Wild Ass,
work closely with human beings. locally called Khur in Gujarat.
o Found predominantly in the Little Rann of

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Kutch and Great Rann of Kutch. Recent study findings:
o Habitats include desert and grassland • Increased vegetation: The extent of plant cover on
ecosystems. the Antarctic Peninsula has increased 14 times over
• Population Data (2024 WAPE): the past 35 years, expanding from less than 1 sq km
o Highest numbers found in Surendranagar in 1986 to nearly 12 sq km by 2021.
(2,705), followed by Kutch (1,993), Patan • Greening rate: The rate of greening increased by
(1,615), Banaskantha (710), Morbi (642), over 30% between 2016 and 2021, with vegetation
and Ahmedabad (7). like mosses and lichen thriving due to warmer
o Gender and age distribution in forest areas: conditions.
2,569 females, 1,114 males, 584 babies, • Impact on ecosystem: Rising temperatures and
and 2,206 unclassified wild asses. increased plant life may lead to soil formation,
• Conservation Status: creating conditions conducive to invasive species,
o CITES: Appendix II potentially threatening native flora and fauna.
o Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule I • Albedo effect: More plant life could reduce the
• Ecological Role: peninsula’s albedo (reflectivity), absorbing more
o Contributes to seed dispersal, promoting solar energy and further increasing temperatures,
vegetation growth. potentially accelerating global warming.
o Helps in habitat creation by clearing
pathways through grazing. Significance:
• Threats: • Indicator of climate change: The expansion of plant
o Human activities like salt farming, cover highlights the profound impact of climate
agriculture, and cattle grazing. change even in the most remote and extreme
o Soil salinity issues due to irrigation canals regions.
bringing water to the area. • Global repercussions: Increased temperatures and
• Conservation Efforts: ice loss in Antarctica contribute to rising sea levels,
o Continuous rise in population due to state affecting coastal areas worldwide.
government’s efforts since 1976. • Ecological shifts: The greening of Antarctica raises
o Use of modern technology like drones and concerns about altering its ecosystem balance,
camera traps for population estimation. paving the way for non-native species and
impacting native biodiversity.
Insta Links:
1. Indian wild ass Insta links:
2. Impact-of-Antarctic-ice-melting-on-ocean-currents

56. ANTARCTIC WARMING 57. PMECRG & MAHA-EV MISSION

Context: Context:
A new study indicates a dramatic increase in plant cover on The newly operationalised Anusandhan National Research
the Antarctic Peninsula, attributed to rising temperatures, Foundation (ANRF) has launched two initiatives: the Prime
signalling significant ecological changes. Minister Early Career Research Grant (PMECRG) and the
Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas - Electric
About Antarctic warming: Vehicle (MAHA-EV) Mission.
• Warming rate: Antarctica is warming at a rate
between 0.22°C to 0.32°C per decade, double the About Prime Minister Early Career Research Grant
global average of 0.14-0.18°C per decade. (PMECRG):
• Antarctic peninsula: This region is warming • Origin: Launched under ANRF to support early
five times faster than the global average, with career researchers and boost scientific research.
temperatures now nearly 3°C higher than in 1950. • Aim: To foster high-quality innovative research,
• Extreme heatwaves: The continent has faced drive technological progress, and contribute to
record-breaking heatwaves, with temperatures in India’s global leadership in science and technology.
July 2024 reaching up to 28°C above normal and • Features:
a peak heatwave in March 2022 showing a rise of o Flexible budget for ease of research.
39°C above average. o Focus on nurturing young researchers.
• Sea ice loss: Antarctica’s sea ice extent in 2024 was o Encourages groundbreaking discoveries and
the second smallest on record, closely following the research excellence.
record low in 2023. o Positions India as a leader in Science &
Technology by supporting early career
researchers.

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About Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas - Conservation Meet-2024 highlighted the
Electric Vehicle (MAHA-EV) Mission: importance of butterfly conservation and raised
• Origin: Part of ANRF’s MAHA scheme designed to awareness of Kaziranga’s butterfly diversity.
address critical scientific challenges and align with
national priorities like Atmanirbhar Bharat.
• Aim: To develop domestic EV technologies, reduce
import dependency, and position India as a global
hub for EV component development.
• Features:
o Focus on three critical verticals: EV
Batteries and Cells, Power Electronics,
Machines, and Drives (PEMD), and EV
Charging Infrastructure.
o Encourages multi-institutional
collaboration.
o Supports India’s transition to electric
mobility and fosters domestic innovation in
the EV sector. About Kaziranga National Park:
o Enhances competitiveness and aligns with 1. Location:
India’s goal of achieving a Viksit Bharat by o Situated in Golaghat and Nagaon districts
2047. of Assam.
2. UNESCO World Heritage Site:
About Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): o Declared a national park in 1974 and a
• Origin: Operationalised in 2024, chaired by the UNESCO World Heritage Site, housing
Prime Minister during its first Governing Board two-thirds of the world’s one-horned
meeting. rhinoceros’ population.
• Ministry: Ministry of Science & Technology. 3. Biodiversity:
• Aim: To bridge the gap between academic research o Hosts a variety of fauna, including royal
and industrial applications, aligning R&D with Bengal tigers, leopards, capped langurs,
national priorities. and migratory birds.
• Function: o Known for its tall elephant grass, water
o Promotes inclusive growth, scientific lilies, and wet alluvial grasslands.
advances, and innovation. 4. Flora and Fauna:
o Facilitates industry-aligned translational o Famous for elephant grasses, rattan cane,
research. and aquatic plants like water hyacinths.
o Supports capacity building and global o Important species include Bengal florican
positioning of India in key sectors. and western hoolock gibbon, India’s only
ape species.
Insta links: 5. Ecological importance:
1. National-research-foundation o Largest undisturbed area in the
Brahmaputra Valley floodplains, offering
critical habitats for diverse wildlife.
58. KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK
Insta links:
Context: 3. Kaziranga-National-Park
Kaziranga National Park in Assam, renowned for its one-
horned rhinoceros, has now earned recognition as the
second-largest butterfly diversity hub in India, after 59. AZORES ARCHIPELAGO
Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh.
Context:
Butterflies in Kaziranga: Recently, the regional assembly of the Azores approved the
1. Species diversity: Kaziranga is home to 446 creation of the largest marine protected area in the North
butterfly species, making it the second-most diverse Atlantic, significantly contributing to global conservation
butterfly hub in India. goals.
2. Newly recorded species: 18 new species, including
Burmese Threering, Glassy Cerulean, and Peacock
Oakblue, have been documented.
3. Butterfly conservation: The first-ever Butterfly

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About Tenkana:
• New Genus: The genus Tenkana was discovered in
southern India, named after the Kannada word for
“south.”
• Species Relocation: Two previously known species,
Tenkana manu (South India and Sri Lanka) and
Tenkana arkavathi (Karnataka), have been moved
from the Colopsus genus to Tenkana.
• New Species: A new species, Tenkana jayamangali,
was discovered and named after the Jayamangali
river in Karnataka.
• Habitat: Unlike related spiders that inhabit forests,
Tenkana species are found in drier, ground habitats
across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, and Puducherry.
About Azores Archipelago:
• Location: The Azores is a group of nine volcanic Insta links:
islands located in the North Atlantic Ocean, around 2. Helopeltis-theivora/spider
1,500 km west of mainland Portugal.
• Origin: The islands were formed through volcanic
activity, and the archipelago sits above the
61. GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD
Azores Triple Junction, where the Eurasian, North
American, and African tectonic plates meet. Context:
• Geography: Divided into three groups — The birth of a Great Indian Bustard (GIB) chick through
northwest, central, and eastern — the islands run in artificial insemination at the Sudasari Breeding Centre
a northwest-southeast direction. in Rajasthan’s Jaisalmer marks a significant step in the
• Key Features: conservation of this critically endangered species.
o Mount Pico on Pico Island is the highest
point in the Azores. Artificial Insemination of GIB:
o Climate: The islands have an oceanic • The chick was hatched on October 16, marking
subtropical climate, characterized by mild the first birth of a Great Indian Bustard through
temperatures year-round. artificial insemination.
o Fauna: The Azores are home to unique • A team from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
biodiversity, including the endemic Azores learned the technique from a similar project in
bullfinch and Monteiro’s storm petrel, as Abu Dhabi, where artificial insemination is used to
well as rich laurel forests. breed the houbara bustard.
o Marine conservation: The Azores • This initiative is part of the ongoing captive
government recently established a 300,000 breeding program started in 2019, with the aim of
square km protected marine area, aiming eventually releasing bred GIBs into the wild.
to preserve underwater mountain ranges
and deep-sea ecosystems.
o Conservation leadership: The region is
leading marine protection efforts, aligning
with the UN’s 2030 goals to protect 30% of
land and sea.
o Marine biodiversity: The islands are known
for their diverse marine life, including deep-
sea corals and hydrothermal vents.

Insta links:
1. Measures-for-the-protection-of-marine-species
2. State-of-the-ocean-report-2024

60. TENKANA

Context:
A team of scientists from India and Canada has identified a
new genus of jumping spiders, Tenkana, in South India.

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About Great Indian Bustard: 63. EMISSIONS GAP REPORT, 2024
• Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps
• Distribution: Found mainly in the Thar Desert of
Context:
Rajasthan, with a viable population of around 100- The Emissions Gap Report, an annual publication of the UN
150 individuals. Environment Programme, warned that the Paris Agreement
• Habitat: Prefers dry grasslands and scrublands.
objective of keeping global rise in temperatures to within
• Features:
1.5 degree Celsius would be “gone within a few years”.
o Among the heaviest flying birds, with males
weighing up to 15 kg.
Key Findings of Emissions Gap Report 2024:
o Distinctive black crown, pale neck, and
• GHG emissions growth: Global GHG emissions
brownish body with marked wings.
increased by 1.3% in 2023, with China and India
• Diet: Opportunistic eaters, consuming grass seeds,
seeing notable rises of 5.2% and 6.1%, respectively.
insects, small rodents, and reptiles.
• Paris agreement targets in jeopardy: The report
• Breeding: Lays a single egg during the monsoon
emphasizes that without rapid reductions, the goal
season on open ground.
of limiting warming to 1.5°C will likely become
• Conservation Status:
unachievable within a few years, with the world on
o IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
track for a 2.6-3.1°C rise by the century’s end.
o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
• Ambitious emissions reductions required: To stay
o CITES: Appendix I
on the 1.5°C path, a reduction of 42% in global GHG
• Threats: Habitat destruction, power line collisions,
emissions is required by 2030 and 57% by 2035,
and human interference.
with current plans achieving only about a 10% cut
by 2030.
Insta links: • Financial commitment for emissions reductions:
1. GIB Achieving the necessary reductions by 2030 would
2. Supreme-court-eases-ban-on-power-lines-in-great- require investment at $200 per ton of CO₂, which
indian-bustard-habitat could bridge the emissions gap by 31 billion tonnes.

About Emission Gap Report:

62. INDIAN FLAPSHELL TURTLES • Publisher: United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP).
Context: • Title: “Emissions Gap Report 2024: No More Hot
Recently, two individuals were arrested in Noida for Air…Please!”
smuggling live Indian flapshell turtles. These turtles, • Purpose: Annual analysis to assess the gap between
protected under India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, are current and required emissions levels to meet Paris
considered government property, making their trade illegal. Agreement goals.
• Focus of the 2024 report:
About Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata): o Review of upcoming Nationally Determined
• Habitat: Freshwater species found in rivers, ponds, Contributions (NDCs) due by 2025.
lakes, and canals, preferring areas with muddy or o Call for a 7.5% annual reduction in
sandy bottoms. emissions through 2035 to meet targets.
• Distinguishing feature: Named “flapshell” due to o Emphasis on enhanced financial, policy, and
the flaps of skin on their plastron that cover their technological commitments.
limbs when retracted.
• Distribution: Found across South Asia, including Insta links:
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, and 1. Emission-gap-report
Myanmar. 2. Production-gap-report, 2023
• Lifestyle: Omnivorous and typically solitary, they
are well adapted to drought conditions. 64. COKING COAL
• Conservation status:
o IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Context:
o CITES: Appendix I.
India’s coking coal imports surged to a six-year peak in the
o Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:
first half of the current fiscal (April-September 2023), driven
Schedule I, making their trade, hunting, and
by increased imports from Russia amidst rising domestic
transportation illegal.
steel production.
Insta Links:
Recent status of Coking Coal imports:
1. Operation-kachchhap
• Import volume: 29.6 million tonnes (mt) of coking

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coal imported in H1 FY24, a six-year high. About Tardigrades:
• Russian imports: Shipments from Russia rose • Habitat: Found globally in terrestrial, marine, and
significantly, with a 200% increase, reaching 4 MT in freshwater environments, from extreme Arctic cold
H1 FY24. to Antarctic depths and high altitudes.
• Alternative sourcing: India’s mills capitalized on • Extreme survivors: Known for enduring extreme
Russia’s discounted coking coal, while imports from radiation, temperatures ranging from 150°C to
traditional sources like Australia saw a decline. -272°C, and decades without food or water.
• Unique physiology: These tiny, eight-legged,
NOTE: No need to remember all these data for prelims but multicellular creatures can revive from a dried,
you can use them in your mains answers which can fetch lifeless state even after several years.
additional marks. • Size and structure: Microscopic but multicellular,
they are among the most resilient life forms on
About Coking Coal: Earth, earning nicknames like “water bears” and
• Content and formation: “moss piglets” due to their appearance and habitat
o Composition: Bituminous coal with high preferences.
carbon content, low sulphur, phosphorus, • Tardigrades’ radiation resistance:
and alkalis, making it suitable for o Genetic adaptation: Hypsibius henanensis
steelmaking. has 14,701 genes, with 30% unique to
o Formation: Formed from the carbonization tardigrades, that activate under radiation to
of coal at high temperatures to produce protect and repair DNA.
metallurgical coke. o DNA repair mechanisms: Uses a specific
• Chemical and physical indicators: protein, TRID1, to quickly repair DNA
o High carbon Content: Essential for the double-strand breaks caused by radiation.
strength and efficiency of coke in blast o Mitochondrial and DNA repair proteins:
furnaces. Produces proteins crucial for mitochondrial
o Low impurities: Lower sulphur and function and DNA repair, enhancing survival
phosphorus content than steam coal after radiation exposure.
to minimize contamination in steel o Antioxidant pigments (Betalains):
production. Produces betalains that neutralize
• Importance: harmful chemicals generated by radiation,
o Steel production: Critical for producing pig preventing cellular damage.
iron in blast furnaces, where it acts as a
reducing agent and supports the furnace Insta Links:
charge. 2. Marine-Tardigrade
o Industrial by-products: Produces by-
products like tar, benzole, ammonia
sulphate, and coke oven gas, which support
chemical manufacturing and power 66. SURGE IN GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS
generation.
• India’s resources and dependency: Despite being Context:
a major steel producer, India is a net importer of The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has
coking coal due to limited domestic reserves. reported a record rise in global greenhouse gas (GHG)
levels, highlighting a surge in carbon dioxide emissions and
Insta Links: the warming effects on global temperatures.
2. Coal
3. Indias-coal-and-lignite-production Greenhouse gas surge:
• CO₂ concentration increase: 2023 saw 2.3 parts
per million (ppm) rise in CO₂ levels from 2022,
marking the twelfth consecutive year of over 2 ppm
65. TARDIGRADES increases.
• Global warming record: 2023 surpassed the
Context: previous record held in 2016, with temperatures
Researchers have discovered the mechanisms behind the 1.48°C above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900).
extraordinary radiation resistance of a newly identified • Carbon cycle: About 50% of CO₂ emissions remain
species of tardigrades, Hypsibius henanensis, which may in the atmosphere, 30% absorbed by land, and 25%
have future applications in space travel, nuclear cleanup, by oceans.
and cancer therapy. • India’s contribution: India’s GHG emissions grew
by 6.1% in 2023, now accounting for 8% of global
emissions, with historical contributions standing at

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3%. (IGBC) for sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure.
• Radiative forcing increase: Since 1990, radiative
forcing (warming effect) from GHGs has risen by
51.5%, with CO₂ contributing 80% of this increase.

67. BANDHAVGARH TIGER RESERVE

Context:
Four elephants were found dead, with five others in poor
health, at Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh.

About Durgesh Aranya Zoological Park:

• Location: Situated in the Bankhandi area of
Kangra’s Dehra assembly constituency, Himachal
Pradesh.
• Unique attractions: The park will feature 34
enclosures within its Van Vaibhav Path and
Biodiversity Court, housing 73 species, including
Asiatic lions, crocodiles, gharials, and indigenous
birds.
• Sustainability: With a budget of ₹619 crore, it
emphasizes eco-friendly design and will be the first
zoo to earn IGBC certification.
• Tourism and employment impact: Aims to attract
About Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve: tourists, create jobs, and promote eco-tourism in
• Location: Situated between the Vindhyan and Kangra, reinforcing its status as Himachal Pradesh’s
Satpura ranges in Umaria district, Madhya Pradesh. “Tourism Capital.”
• Status: Designated a national park in 1968, it
gained Tiger Reserve status in 1993. About Indian Green Building Council (IGBC):
• Topography: Known for valleys, hills, and plains • Established: Formed in 2001 as part of the
with the historic Bandhavgarh Fort, associated with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana, prominently • Headquarters: Based in Hyderabad, India.
located. • Role: India’s leading body for green building
• Vegetation: Features tropical moist deciduous certification, offering programs to promote
forests, including sal, mixed forests, and grasslands, sustainable architecture.
with bamboo on the lower slopes. • Services: Provides certification, develops rating
• Flora: Includes notable species like Saj (Terminalia systems for eco-friendly buildings, and conducts
tomentosa), Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), Arjun training on green construction practices.
(Terminalia arjuna), and Amla (Emblica officinalis). • Global representation: One of five countries on the
• Fauna: Hosts the Royal Bengal Tiger noted for the World Green Building Council board, engaging in
highest density of tiger population in India and international discussions on sustainability at events
globally. like COP.
• Rating criteria: Evaluates projects based on
Insta Links: categories like energy and water efficiency, hygiene,
1. 30-years-of-Project-Elephant innovation, and sustainable practices.

Insta links:
68. DURGESH ARANYA ZOOLOGICAL 1. Green-buildings
PARK

Context: Himachal Pradesh’s upcoming Durgesh Aranya Zoo-

logical Park in Kangra’s Dehra constituency is set to become
India’s first zoo certified by the Indian Green Building Council

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Defence (PM E-DRIVE) scheme that has a financial outlay of Rs 10,900
crore over a period of two years.
69. THERMOBARIC WEAPONS
About PM E-DRIVE SCHEME:
• Ministry: Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI).
• Scheme replaces:
Context:
o It replaces the Faster Adoption and
Russia’s use of ODAB-1500 thermobaric weapons in
Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India
Ukraine has garnered attention due to their extremely
Phase II (FAME India Phase II).
destructive effects.
• Aim:
o The scheme aims to accelerate the
About Thermobaric weapons: transition to electric vehicles by offering
1. Thermobaric weapons use the atmosphere’s incentives and building a robust EV
oxygen to fuel an explosion. charging ecosystem.
2. Release a fuel cloud that ignites, causing a high- • Financial Outlay: Rs. 10,900 crores for a period of
temperature explosion. two years.
3. Results in an immense blast wave and a vacuum • Subsidies and Incentives:
effect by consuming nearby oxygen. o Subsidies will promote electric two-
wheelers (e-2Ws), three-wheelers (e-3Ws),
e-ambulances, e-trucks, and other
emerging EVs.
• Features:
o E-buses: Rs. 4,391 crores allocated for the
procurement of 14,028 e-buses by state
transport units.
o E-vouchers: Aadhaar-authenticated
e-vouchers for EV buyers will be
introduced, signed by both the buyer and
dealer, and uploaded on the PM E-DRIVE
portal for facilitating demand incentives.
o E-ambulances: Rs. 500 crores allocated for
e-ambulances, with safety standards set
Features in consultation with the Ministry of Health
1. Two-stage explosion: First disperses fuel, then and Family Welfare (MoHFW).
ignites it. o Demand aggregation: Managed by
2. Effective in enclosed spaces: Highly destructive in Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL)
buildings, bunkers, or tunnels. in cities with populations exceeding 40
3. Human impact: Can rupture organs and cause lakhs (e.g., Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata).
severe injuries due to pressure changes.
4. Not specifically banned: No explicit ban, but Insta Links:
targeting civilians could violate the Hague 1. E-Vehicle Policy
Conventions.

History and Origin

1. Developed by the U.S. and Soviet Union during the
71. ODISHA LEOPARD POPULATION
Cold War.
Context:
2. Used by the U.S. in 2001 against al-Qaeda in
Odisha’s leopard population has increased by 22%, rising
Afghanistan.
from 568 to 696 in two years between 2022 and 2024,
3. Russia has deployed these in Chechnya and
despite ongoing concerns about poaching and the illegal
Ukraine.
trade of leopard skins in the State.
Insta Links:
Key Findings from the Odisha Leopard Estimation 2024:
1. Cluster bombs & Thermobaric weapons
• Leopard Population Increase: The number of
leopards increased by 22%, rising from 568 to 696
between 2022 and 2024.
70. PM E-DRIVE • Geographical Spread: Leopards are found both
within and outside protected areas, with 45%
Context: The government yesterday launched the PM Elec- residing outside designated protected zones.
tric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement

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• Key Habitats: Defence System (VSHORADS) at the Pokhran Field Firing
o Similipal Tiger Reserve: The largest leopard Ranges in Rajasthan.
population, serving as a source population
for surrounding areas like Hadagarh and VSHORADS: Key features and details:
Kuldiha wildlife sanctuaries. • Type: Fourth-generation Man Portable Air Defence
o Satkosia and Hirakud wildlife divisions: System (MANPAD).
Identified as other key habitats with • Design and development: Indigenously developed
substantial leopard populations. by DRDO’s Research Centre Imarat (RCI),
• Challenges: The population still lags behind Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO
the 2018 census estimate of 760, and poaching laboratories and industry partners.
remains a significant threat with 116 leopards killed • Purpose: Designed to counter low-altitude aerial
between 2018 and 2024. threats like helicopters and low-flying aircraft.
• Range: Capable of engaging targets at a range of up
to 6 km.
• Technologies incorporated:
o Dual-band IIR seeker: Ensures precise
tracking and targeting of aerial threats.
o Miniaturised reaction control system:
Enhances missile maneuverability.
o Integrated avionics: Provides advanced
targeting and control.
o Dual-thrust solid motor: Powers the missile
for fast response and interception.
• Portability: Lightweight and portable design for
quick deployment over difficult terrains.
• Operational capability: Demonstrated hit-to-kill
capability against high-speed targets in various
engagement modes (approaching, receding, and
crossing scenarios).
National Leopard Census (India 2022): • Development status: Trials completed with
• National Population: The leopard population in production agencies engaged, paving the way for
India stands at 13,874, reflecting an 8% increase early user trials and mass production.
from 12,852 in 2018.
• Top States for Leopards: Madhya Pradesh has the Insta Links:
highest number of leopards (3,907), followed by 2. VSHORADS
Maharashtra (1,985), Karnataka (1,879), and Tamil
Nadu (1,070).
• Methodology: Surveys were conducted using foot
patrols and camera traps, yielding over 85,000 73. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS
images of leopards across 18 states.
Context:
Nearly 20 years after the India-US civil nuclear deal was
Leopard census methodology:
signed, Holtec International, a privately-held US company,
• Camera traps: Identification of leopards based on
has emerged as a potential catalyst to finally unlock the
unique rosette patterns.
commercial potential of the pact.
• Foot surveys: Monitoring of pug marks, scrapes,
and scats to estimate leopard presence.
About Small Modular Reactors (SMRs):
• Definition: Advanced nuclear reactors with a power
Insta Links:
capacity of up to 300 MW per unit, about one-third
1. Snow leopard
the size of traditional reactors.
• Features:
o Small: Compact size, making them versatile
72. VERY SHORT-RANGE AIR DEFENCE for different sites.
SYSTEM o Modular: Can be factory-assembled and
transported for on-site installation.
Context: o Reactors: Use nuclear fission to generate
The Defence Research and Development Organisation heat and produce energy.
(DRDO) successfully conducted three flight tests of the Advantages
fourth-generation miniaturized Very Short-Range Air • Longevity: Designed to operate for 40-60 years with

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over 90% capacity factors. the regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping
• Low-Carbon Electricity: Efficient in generating large with model testing conducted at the Naval Science
amounts of clean energy. and Technological Laboratory, Visakhapatnam.
• Flexibility: Ideal for remote locations and can be • Make in India initiative: Symbolizes India’s push for
paired with renewable energy in hybrid systems. self-reliance in defense manufacturing and aligns
• Cost Efficiency: Reduced fuel needs, lower staffing, with the Government’s Make in India policy.
and off-site manufacturing save construction time
and costs. Insta Links:
• Repurposing Sites: Can be installed on 1. LSAM 12
decommissioned thermal power plant sites using
existing infrastructure.
75. T-90 BHISHMA TANK
Safety Features
• Enhanced Safety: Smaller core damage risk, Context:
improved seismic isolation, and passive safety In a significant stride towards self-reliance, the Indian
features reduce potential radioactive leaks. Army has successfully overhauled its first T-90 Bhishma
• Simple Design: Lower likelihood of uncontrolled tank, marking a critical step in enhancing its operational
radioactive releases compared to traditional readiness.
reactors.
About T-90 Bhishma Tank:
Disadvantages • Origin: The T-90 Bhishma is a main battle tank of
• Limited Availability: Not yet widely used for power the Indian Army, procured from Russia in 2001,
generation. with deliveries starting in 2004.
• Economic Viability: Requires large-scale production • Specifications:
to be cost-effective. o Weighs approximately 47 tonnes.
• Regulatory Challenges: Licensing for SMRs is o Measures 9.6 meters in length and 2.8
complex and costly, designed primarily for larger meters in width.
reactors. o Can reach speeds up to 60 km/h, making it
highly maneuverable in various terrains like
Insta links: forests and marshes.
1. Bharat-small-reactors • Firepower:
o Equipped with a 125 mm smoothbore gun,
capable of firing different types of shells.
74. LSAM 12 (MISSILE CUM AMMUNI- o Features an anti-aircraft gun that can target
TION BARGE) within a range of 2 kilometers and fire up to
800 shells per minute.
• Advanced Features:
Context: o Sports a new turret weapon station with an
The Indian Navy marked a significant milestone with the upgraded 125 mm gun.
launch of the ‘Missile Cum Ammunition Barge, LSAM 12 o Integrated with a highly automated digital
(Yard 80)’, the sixth vessel in the series of eight barges fire control system (FCS) to effectively
designed to transport ammunition and supplies. target enemy tanks, self-propelled guns,
and other armored targets.
o Includes a guided missile system capable
About LSAM 12 (Missile Cum Ammunition Barge)
• Project details: Sixth barge of the 08 x Missile Cum
of destroying armored targets, even those
Ammunition Barge project, aimed at enhancing the with explosive reactive armor (ERA), with a
operational logistics of the Indian Navy. range of up to 5 kilometers.
• Crew:
• Manufacturer: Built by M/s SECON Engineering
o Operated by a crew of three: commander,
Projects Pvt Ltd, Visakhapatnam, an MSME
shipyard. gunner, and driver.
• Protection:
• Contract: Agreement for building the barges was
o Equipped with a Nuclear-Biological-
signed between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and
SECON on 19 Feb 2021. Chemical (NBC) protection system
• Purpose: Facilitates the transportation,
to safeguard the crew in hazardous
embarkation, and disembarkation of ammunition environments.
and supplies to naval platforms at jetties and outer
harbours. Insta links:
• Design and testing: Indigenously designed under 1. Ladakh-security

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• Significance: The ship demonstrates India’s growing
capabilities in indigenous shipbuilding, aligned with
76. THAAD MISSILE SYSTEM national defense and economic strategies.
Context:
Insta links:
In response to escalating tensions in West Asia, particularly
1. Survey-vessel-Sandhayak
with Iran’s missile attacks on Israel, the U.S. has decided to
deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)
missile system to bolster Israel’s air defense.
78. MARITIME EXERCISES
About THAAD:
• Purpose: THAAD is a missile defense system Context:
designed to intercept and destroy short- to India conducted two significant maritime exercises in
medium-range ballistic missiles during their final October 2024 to enhance security and cooperation in the
flight phase. Indian Ocean region.
• Key features:
o Uses a powerful radar to detect incoming About NASEEM AL BAHR Exercise:
missiles. • Nations involved: India and Oman.
o Does not rely on warheads; instead, it uses • Location: Off the coast of Goa, India.
kinetic energy to destroy missiles, making it
a safer defense system. About Sagar Kavach Exercise:
• Range: THAAD can hit targets at ranges of 150 to • Forces involved:
200 kilometers. o Indian Coast Guard, Indian Navy, Marine
• Contractor: Lockheed Martin is the primary Police, State Police, Border Security Force
contractor behind the THAAD system. (BSF), National Security Guard (NSG), and
• Deployment: First deployed in 2008, THAAD is port authorities.
considered a complementary system to the Patriot o Aerial surveillance support provided by
missile defense but covers a wider area of defense. Coast Guard aircraft and drones.
• Location: Gujarat and Union Territory of Daman &
Insta links: Diu.
Why-china-is-opposing-thaad-defence-systems-in-south- • Key activities:
korea o Coastal security drills and simulated
scenarios to test coordination and SOPs
among various forces.
o The exercise aimed to sharpen coastal
77. SAMARTHAK VESSEL
defense mechanisms and enhance
preparedness for maritime threats.
Context:
The first of two multi-Purpose Vessels (MPVs) for the Indian
Navy, built by L&T Shipyard, was launched at Kattupalli, Insta links:
Tamil Nadu. 1. Sagar-kavach
• The ship, named ‘Samarthak,’ is part of India’s
2. Military-exercises-in-news
broader efforts to promote indigenous shipbuilding
in line with the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in
India’ initiatives. 79. SHADOW FLEET
About Samarthak Vessel: Context:
• Name: Samarthak, meaning ‘Supporter,’ The term “shadow fleet” has gained attention in the global
symbolizing its multi-dimensional capabilities. maritime industry, particularly in the context of sanctions
• Shipyard: L&T Shipyard, Kattupalli, Tamil Nadu. imposed on Russia due to its ongoing conflict with Ukraine.
• Specifications:
o Length: 106 meters. About Shadow Fleet:
o Width: 16.8 meters. • Meaning: A fleet of tanker ships that obscure the
o Speed: Maximum of 15 knots. ownership and origin of cargo, often to bypass
• Capabilities: international sanctions.
o Towing ships. • Operations: These ships operate by frequently
o Launching and recovering targets. changing flags, names, and ownership to mask
o Operating unmanned autonomous vehicles. their activities and avoid sanctions or regulatory
o Serving as a platform for trials of oversight.
indigenous weapons and sensors. • Issue: The use of complex ownership structures,

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shell companies, and registration under Flags of 80. S4* SSBN
Convenience (FoC) makes enforcement of sanctions
difficult, allowing sanctioned countries, like Russia, Context:
to export goods. India’s fourth nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
• Impact on India: India has been implicated in (SSBN), referred to as S4*, was launched into water at the
hosting shadow fleets, particularly in relation to Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam.
Russian oil shipments, with some Indian firms
reportedly linked to such fleets operating from About Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN):
Dubai. 1. Features:
• Nuclear propulsion: SSBNs are powered by nuclear
About Flag of Convenience (FoC): reactors, enabling them to stay submerged for long
• A Flag of Convenience (FoC) vessel flies the flag of a durations without surfacing, limited only by food
country different from the country where the ship’s supplies and maintenance.
owner is based. This is often done to save costs and • Ballistic missile capability: They are equipped with
avoid stringent regulations on crew welfare and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs),
ship maintenance. allowing them to serve as a platform for nuclear
• Purpose: Allows shipowners to benefit from lower deterrence with a second-strike capability.
taxes, fewer regulations, and easier registration • Stealth: The submarines are designed for stealth,
processes in countries with less stringent maritime reducing their detection by enemy forces, making
laws. them a key asset for strategic deterrence.
• Common FoCs: Countries like Panama, Liberia, 2. Indian SSBN Programme:
and the Marshall Islands are known for offering • Operational SSBNs: India currently operates two
FoCs, making them attractive for owners looking to SSBNs, INS Arihant (commissioned in 2016) and INS
minimize operational costs and oversight. Arighaat (commissioned in 2024).
• Issues: It allows owners to obscure the true origin • Upcoming SSBNs: The S4 submarine, Aridhman, is
and ownership of vessels, making it harder to undergoing sea trials, and the newly launched S4*
enforce international laws and labor protections. is more advanced in terms of size and missile range
capabilities.
About Indian Register of Shipping (IRS): 3. Features of Indian SSBNs:
• Established in 1975 under the Indian Companies • Missile range: INS Arihant is equipped with K-15
Act, based on the recommendation of the Mudaliar SLBMs with a 750 km range. The S4* will carry the
Committee. advanced K-4 missile, capable of striking targets up
• Mission: To ensure accurate classification and to 3,500 km away.
safety records of mercantile shipping and other • Nuclear deterrence: These submarines provide
maritime-related constructions. India with a second-strike capability, a critical
• Key Functions: element of its nuclear deterrence strategy, ensuring
o Sets standards for the construction, survivability in case of a first-strike attack.
maintenance, and operation of ships. • Strategic importance: SSBNs allow India to
o Conducts surveys and provides technical maintain credible deterrence by remaining hidden
certifications for maritime equipment and in the vastness of the oceans, ensuring the
industrial installations. capability to respond to any nuclear attack.
o Assists in the development of India’s
merchant marine industry and evaluates Insta links:
quality management systems. 2. SSBN
• Global Recognition: IRS has grown to become an
internationally recognized classification society and
became Chair of the International Association of 81. FAST PATROL VESSELS
Classification Societies (IACS) in 2019.
• Commitment: IRS promotes safety, environmental Context:
protection, and maritime risk management, aiming The Indian Coast Guard (ICG) launched two Fast Patrol
to be a trusted partner in maritime operations Vessels (FPVs) ‘Adamya’ and ‘Akshar’, marking a milestone
worldwide. in its commitment to enhanced maritime security and
indigenous manufacturing.
Insta links: • These vessels, built by Goa Shipyard Ltd. (GSL) with
1. Vadhavan-port-Indias-first-mega-port over 60% indigenous content, are part of an eight-
2. LSAM-12-missile-cum-ammunition-barge vessel contract valued at Rs. 473 crores.

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About Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs):
• Dimensions: 52 meters in length and 8 meters in breadth; displacement of 320 tons.
• Performance: Equipped with a Controllable Pitch Propeller-based propulsion system, with a top speed of 27 knots.
• Indigenous manufacturing: Over 60% of components are domestically sourced, supporting India’s self-reliance in
defense.
• Primary roles:
o Fisheries protection: Monitoring foreign trawlers in Indian waters.
o Coastal patrol: Regular patrols of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and coastal areas.
o Anti-smuggling: Prevents smuggling activities in Indian maritime territory.
o Search and rescue: Conducts search and rescue missions for distressed vessels or personnel.
o Communication link: Provides essential communication channels during conflicts or emergencies.
o Escort services: Escorts coastal convoys during hostilities or wartime conditions.

Insta links:
1. Operation-Sajag

82. MILITARY EXERCISES

Context:
India participated in two notable joint exercises involving its Special Forces: Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR with the United
States and Exercise GARUD SHAKTI with Indonesia.

About Exercise VAJRA PRAHAR:

• Participants: Indian Army Special Forces and the US Army Green Berets.
• Location: Orchard Combat Training Centre, Idaho, USA
• Purpose: To enhance cooperation, joint operations capability, and interoperability between Indian and US Special
Forces.
• Training Focus:
o Execution of joint missions in desert and semi-desert conditions.
o Tactics, including joint planning, reconnaissance missions, use of Unmanned Aerial Systems, and
psychological warfare.

About Exercise GARUD SHAKTI:

• Participants: Indian Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and Indonesia’s Special Forces, Kopassus.
• Location: Cijantung, Jakarta, Indonesia.
• Purpose: To boost cooperation, enhance tactical knowledge, and improve interoperability between Indian and
Indonesian Special Forces.
• Training Focus:
o Special operations in jungle terrain, strikes on terrorist camps, and tactical drills.
o Sharing information on weapon systems, equipment, and specialized techniques.

Insta Links:
2. Bilateral-and-Multilateral-military-exercises

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INSIGHT SHORTS

Topic Why in news?

1. IDEX (ADITI 2.0) Offers 19 challenges in AI, Quantum Tech, anti-drone systems,
CHALLENGE with grants up to ₹25 crore for iDEX winners.

2. DISC 12 CHAL- Presents 41 challenges in UAVs, AI, and communication, including MIRA initiative,
LENGE with grants up to ₹1.50 crore for start-ups/MSMEs.

3. INDIAN INSTITUTE The iconic India Pavilion at the Expo City in Dubai will host the first overseas
OF FOREIGN TRADE campus of Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT).

Both nations have reached the B2B Framework Agreement regarding the
4. NEPAL AND INDIA development of petroleum infrastructure in Nepal.

5. FRANCE AND IN- Both nations jointly will be setting up an aeronautics cluster as well as developing an
DIA Indo-French campus for professional training in aeronautics and space.

A Ugandan court on Friday sentenced a former Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) command-
6. LORD’S RESIS-
er to 40 years in prison after a landmark war crimes trial over his role in the group’s
TANCE ARMY two-decade reign of terror.

• Suda, a three-year-old male Great Indian Bustard at the Ramdevra breed-

ing centre, was trained to mate with a dummy bird for sperm collection. This
enabled the artificial insemination of a female bustard, contributing to the first
successful GIB chick born through assisted reproduction.
7. GREAT INDIAN • Tony, a five-year-old female GIB at the Sam breeding centre, was the recipient
BUSTARD of Suda’s sperm via artificial insemination. Her insemination led to the birth of a
chick, marking a significant step in conservation efforts for the endangered GIB.
• The Sam breeding centre is one of two main sites dedicated to the Great Indian
Bustard conservation project. Alongside the Ramdevra centre, it plays a vital
role in the breeding and recovery of the species.

8. JOYA-LA BARRETA People attend a stargazing and comet-watching gathering at Joya-La Barreta ecological
PARK park in Queretaro, Mexico

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MAPPING

INTERNATIONAL

Place Why in News?

1. CANARY IS- Context: Rescue crews renewed the search for about 48 migrants missing since their boat
capsized near the Spanish island of El Hierro in what threatens to be the deadliest such inci-
LAND dent in 30 years of crossings from Africa to the Canary Islands

About Canary Islands:

• The archipelago located in Atlantic Ocean, 1,300 km south of Spain and 115 km west
of Morocco.
• Part of Spain.
• Originated from millions of years ago volcanic eruptions.
• Subtropical climate with warm temperatures and minimal seasonal variation.
• Rich volcanic soil supports diverse vegetation with plant species varying based on
elevation.

El Hierro Island:

• Location: El Hierro is the southernmost and westernmost of the Canary Islands, locat-
ed off the coast of Africa.

• Features: Known as the “Meridian Island”, El Hierro is the second-smallest of the

main Canary Islands, covering an area of 268.51 square kilometers.

o The island is characterized by volcanic landscapes, rugged terrain, and a sub-

tropical climate.

• Capital city: Valverde and the island has a population of about 11,659 (2023).

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2. MOUNT ERE- Context: Mount Erebus in Antarctica, the southernmost active volcano, stands out by not
only being active in the extreme cold but also emitting micro-crystals of gold.
BUS

About Mount Erebus:

• Location: Ross Island, Antarctica; southernmost active volcano on Earth.
• Volcano type: Stratovolcano, characterized by a conical shape formed from layers of
lava and ash.
• Discovery: Discovered in 1841 by British explorer Sir James Clark Ross, named after
his ship HMS Erebus.
• Elevation: Stands at 3,792 meters (12,441 feet), the second-highest volcano in Ant-
arctica.
• Lava lake: Known for its persistent lava lake, active since at least 1972, one of the few
long-lived lava lakes globally.
• Eruptions: Features Strombolian eruptions, with occasional ejection of molten lava
bombs.
• Proximity to research stations: Monitored closely due to its proximity (40 km) to
McMurdo Station (U.S.) and Scott Base (New Zealand).

Insta Links:
1. Mount Erebus

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3. VUHLEDAR Context: In Ukraine, Russian troops have taken complete control of the eastern city of Vuhle-
dar.

1. Vuhledar Overview
2. • Located in Volnovakha Raion, Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine.
3. • Positioned on an elevated plain, offering strategic importance.
4. • Russia aims to advance north to reach regional transportation hubs.
5. • Developed in the 1960s, intended to become a major economic center linked to
Donbas region’s coal industry.
6. • Located in a historically coal-rich area, Vuhledar’s economy is linked to coal mining.
4. LITTLE PRESPA Little Prespa Lake’s Decline and Impact
LAKE

• Located on the Albanian-Greek border, mostly in Greek territory, with a small part in Alba-
nia.
• Part of a transboundary ecosystem rich in biodiversity, home to species like the Dalmatian
pelican.
• Crucial for local biodiversity, supporting various species of birds, fish, and plants.
• Environmental threats include climate change, human interference, and the diversion of the
Devoll River for irrigation.
• Current condition: 430 hectares of the lake in Albania have dried up or turned into swamps.
• Cultural & economic impact: Fishing was a primary livelihood, now relying on cattle grazing
due to lake deterioration.

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5. CHAGOS AR- Context: The U.K. and Mauritius have reached an agreement on the return of the Chagos
Archipelago to Mauritian sovereignty, resolving a long-standing dispute. This development,
CHIPELAGO involving the strategic Diego Garcia base, is seen as a completion of Mauritius’ decolonisation
process.

Chagos Archipelago History

• Claimed by Britain and Mauritius in 1814.
• Separated by U.K. in 1965 to form British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT).
• Diego Garcia leased to U.S. in 1966 for military base, displacing native Chagossian popula-
tion.
• Legal disputes persist, with Mauritius claiming sovereignty since 1968.
• International Court of Justice ruled in 2019 to return Chagos Islands to Mauritius.

Geographical location of Chagos Archipelago:

• Location: Central Indian Ocean, 1,600 km south of India’s southern tip.
• Key Islands: Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos, Danger Island.
• Climate: Tropical marine, moderated by trade winds.
• Disputed Nations: U.K., Mauritius, U.S. due to Diego Garcia military base.

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6. MY QUYNH Context: An outbreak of the H5N1 bird flu virus has caused the deaths of several large car-
nivores in zoos in southern Vietnam. This highlights the risks posed by zoonotic diseases not
SAFARI PARK just to wildlife but also to human health, as the virus has the potential to infect mammals
and, in rare cases, humans.
Cause:
• The animals, including 47 tigers, 3 lions, and a panther, died due to the H5N1 bird
flu virus, confirmed by the National Center for Animal Health Diagnosis. The virus,
typically associated with avian species, caused fatalities among these large mammals
in August and September 2024.

Zoo locations:
1. My Quynh Safari Park:
o Location: Long An Province, southern Vietnam.
o Distance: South of Ho Chi Minh City.
o Proximity: It is a private safari park known for housing various wildlife, includ-
ing large carnivores.
2. Vuon Xoai Zoo:
o Location: Dong Nai Province, near Ho Chi Minh City.
o Distance: Approximately 40 km northeast of Ho Chi Minh City.
o Proximity: Close to urban centers, making it a popular tourist attraction with
a variety of animals.
Note: For exam purpose just try to remember the parks and zoo name, which country
it is located in and why it was in news.

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7. SUDAN CIVIL Context: The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) launched a major offensive against the paramil-
itary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum and Bahri. Thus, the war which was quiet for
WAR a few months has gained momentum again. Eighteen months into the civil war, the UN said
that more than 20,000 people have been killed.

Places in news:

1. Khartoum and Bahri: Major sites where the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) launched a
renewed offensive against the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
2. Omdurman: One of the conflict zones that experienced spread of violence beyond
the initial fighting in Khartoum.
3. El Fasher: Located in Darfur, heavily impacted by clashes and a critical area in the
ongoing humanitarian crisis.
4. Darfur and Kordofan States: Regions facing severe humanitarian issues, including
famine and ethnic-targeted violence due to the conflict.
5. Zamzam Camp, North Darfur: Declared as having famine conditions, hosting nearly
500,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs).
6. Jazeera State: Facing food insecurity crisis similar to conditions in Zamzam camp due
to the ongoing conflict.
7. El Fashaga Region: Border area with Ethiopia, witnessing frequent clashes over agri-
cultural land amid the ongoing instability.
8. Abiey Region: Disputed land between Sudan and South Sudan, with increased ethnic
violence and over 100 casualties reported.

Insta links:
1. Darfur-Sudan

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8. CHAUKHAMBA Context: Recently, two foreign climbers, Michelle Theresa Dvorak (USA) and Fay Jane Man-
ners (UK), were rescued from an elevation of 6,015 meters near the Chaukhamba III peak in
III PEAK Chamoli district, Uttarakhand.

About Chaukhamba:
• Location: Part of the Gangotri Group in the Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India.
• Proximity: Located west of Badrinath at the head of the Gangotri Glacier.
• Summits:
o Chaukhamba I: 7,138 m (23,419 ft) — the tallest in the Gangotri range.
o Chaukhamba II: 7,070 m (23,196 ft).
o Chaukhamba III: 6,995 m (22,949 ft).
o Chaukhamba IV: 6,854 m (22,487 ft).
• Significance: Forms the eastern anchor of the Gangotri Glacier and a prominent mas-
sif in the Garhwal Himalayas.

Insta links:
1. Gangotri-national-park
2. Char-dham

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9. NILE RIVER Context: The Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) came into force on
October 13, 2024, after over a decade of negotiations, aiming to promote equitable and
BASIN COOPERA- sustainable use of the Nile’s water resources.
TIVE FRAMEWORK
AGREEMENT

About Nile River Agreement:

1. Origin: The CFA replaces colonial agreements from 1929 and 1959 that gave Egypt
veto powers over Nile usage.
2. Amendments: The CFA introduces Article 14b, ensuring no significant effect on wa-
ter security for any Nile Basin State.
3. Nations involved: Negotiated among nine Nile Basin countries (Burundi, DR Congo,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda) and later ratified by five
nations (Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda) and South Sudan acceded.
4. Nations rejecting: Egypt and Sudan opposed the CFA, particularly Article 14b, citing
concerns about water security.

Nile River Facts:

1. Length: The Nile is one of the world’s longest rivers, stretching approximately 6,695
kilometers.
2. Sources: Main sources include Lake Victoria, the Blue Nile, the White Nile, and the
Kagera River.
3. Countries involved: The Nile Basin includes parts of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda,
Congo (DRC), Kenya, and Egypt.
4. Delta: The river forms an arcuate delta as it flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
5. Principal streams: The Nile is fed by three main tributaries – the Blue Nile, Atbara,
and White Nile.

Insta links:
1. River-Nile

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10. MOUNT Context: Mount Adams, the largest volcano in Washington, has shown an increase in seismic
activity after lying dormant for thousands of years, recent reports suggest.
ADAMS

About Mount Adams:

• Location: Washington State, USA.
• Height: 12,277 feet (3,742 meters), making it the largest active volcano in Washing-
ton by volume.
• Width: 18 miles (29 kilometers).
• Volcanic field: Lies within the Mount Adams volcanic field, a 1,250 sq.km area with
over 120 basaltic volcanoes.
• Glaciers: Supports over 10 active glaciers, providing vital water to surrounding eco-
systems.
• Last eruption: Occurred between 3,800 and 7,600 years ago.
Stratovolcano characteristics:
• Definition: Tall, steep, cone-shaped volcanoes.
• Composition: Built from layers of ash and lava.
• Eruption style: Magma is viscous and gas-rich, causing explosive eruptions.
• Formation: Occur at tectonic plate margins where continental plates override ocean-
ic plates.
• Prevalence: Comprise ~60% of Earth’s volcanoes, with 85% around the Pacific’s “Ring
of Fire.”

Insta links:
2. Types of volcano
3. Mount-Ruang-Indonesia

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11. ITALY-ALBA- Context: The first people to be intercepted at sea by the Italian navy under a controversial
migration deal with Albania are on their way to the Balkan nation to have their asylum claims
NIA MIGRATION processed.
PACT
About Pact:
1. Migration pact signed: Italy’s far-right Prime Minister, Giorgia Meloni, and Albanian
Prime Minister, Edi Rama, signed a pact in November 2022 to manage asylum claims
of migrants.
2. Asylum processing in Albania: Under the agreement, migrants intercepted at sea are
sent to Albania, where their asylum claims are processed.
3. Screening criteria: Only men from “safe” countries such as Bangladesh and Egypt
are sent to Albania; vulnerable individuals, including women, children, and men with
illnesses or signs of torture, are taken to Italy.
4. Places in news:
1. Schëngjin: Port where intercepted migrants arrive in Albania.
2. Gjadër: Location of the former Albanian air force site used to hold migrants
while processing their asylum claims.
3. Lampedusa: Southern Italian Island where vulnerable migrants are taken
after screening.

Insta links:
1. Albania

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12. COOGEE Context:

BEACH Tar balls:

• Formation: Result from oil spills, forming when oil mixes with seawater, sand, and
debris, creating a hardened substance.

• Size & texture: Vary from small pebbles to fist-sized, with smooth or rough surfaces
depending on environmental exposure.

• Environmental impact: Pose significant hazards to marine life and human health due
to toxic components like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Location in the news:

• Coogee Beach, Sydney: On October 15, 2024, black, ball-shaped debris, potentially
tar balls, were discovered along the length of the beach.

Insta links:
2. Brown carbon tar balls
3. Australia

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13. HWANGE Context: Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe’s largest wildlife reserve, recently became the
center of attention due to the discovery of three poached lions.
NATIONAL PARK
About Hwange National Park:
• Location: Situated in northwest Zimbabwe, near the main road between Bulawayo
and Victoria Falls.
• Size: Covers approximately 14,600 sq. km, making it the largest natural reserve in
Zimbabwe.
• History: Established in 1928; formerly known as Wankie Game Reserve.
• Wildlife: Home to over 100 mammal species and 400 bird species, including 19 large
herbivores and eight large carnivores. It houses half of Zimbabwe’s elephant popula-
tion (around 50,000) and over 500 lions.
• Conservation efforts:
o Part of the Kavango-Zambezi Trans frontier Conservation Area (KAZA) involv-
ing five Southern African nations.
o Use of drones and other technologies to combat poaching.
• Threats:
o Poaching, though under control, continues to target species like lions, ele-
phants, and rhinos.
o Trophy hunting contributes to challenge.

Insta links:
1. ZiG

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14. REFUGEE Context: Israeli military strikes resulted in the deaths of at least 45 Palestinians in the Gaza
Strip, primarily affecting the northern regions, according to Palestinian health officials.
CAMPS IN THE
GAZA STRIP Places in news:
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) provides essential services within
eight recognized refugee camps in the Gaza Strip. However, the agency does not police or
govern these camps, as those responsibilities lie with local authorities.

• Beach Camp: Densely populated along the coast.

• Bureauj Camp: Central Gaza camp, heavily affected by conflicts.
• Deir El-Balah Camp: Serves many refugees in central Gaza.
• Jabalia Camp: Largest camp in Gaza Strip, faces overcrowding and poor infrastructure.
• Khan Younis Camp: Serves a large population in southern Gaza.
• Maghazi Camp: Smaller central Gaza camp, affected by economic hardships.
• Nuseirat Camp: More populated near Bureij.
• Rabah Camp: Located near Gaza-Egypt border, heavily impacted by border conflicts

NOTE: These locations and names are very important for prelims; please make note of them.

Insta links:
2. Israel-Palestine-issue
3. UNRWA

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15. NEOM Context: Saudi Arabia has taken a significant step toward realizing its ambitious NEOM proj-
PROJECT ect by opening its first luxury tourism site, an island called Sindalah.

About NEOM project:

• Purpose: NEOM seeks to establish Saudi Arabia as a global luxury tourism and in-
vestment hub while advancing sustainable, high-tech urban development.
• Features: It includes innovative concepts like The Line, twin skyscrapers spanning
170 km, a floating industrial complex called Oxagon, and Trojena, a mountainous
skiing and leisure area.
• Sindalah Island: The first open site, Sindalah is a 840,000 square-meter luxury island
aiming to attract global tourists and investors with high-end facilities, yachting
berths, and a capacity of up to 2,400 guests daily by 2028.

Insta links:
4. India - Saudi Relations

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16. IRANIAN Context: Recent satellite imagery reveals damage at two Iranian military bases following a
suspected Israeli airstrike. The Parchin base, historically linked to Iran’s nuclear activities, and
MILITARY BASES Khojir, associated with ballistic missile development, both sustained damages.

Locations in news:
• Parchin Military Base:
o Location: Approximately 40 kilometers southeast of Tehran, near the Mama-
lu Dam.
o Significance: Historically linked to Iran’s nuclear weapons program. The
IAEA has suspected it as a test site for explosives that could trigger a nuclear
weapon.
o Damage: Satellite imagery shows one building destroyed and others dam-
aged. The site includes “Taleghan 2,” a facility identified as containing an
explosive testing chamber and flash X-ray system.
• Khojir Military Base:
o Location: Roughly 20 kilometers from Tehran, this base includes under-
ground facilities and a tunnel system.
o Significance: Known for housing missile production facilities and is vital to
Iran’s ballistic missile program.
o Damage: Satellite images reveal destruction at two structures, impacting
Iran’s missile manufacturing capability.

Insta links:
1. Places in News

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INDIAN

Place Why in News?

1. BAGMATI RIVER
Context: The death toll due to persistent downpours triggered flooding and landslides
across Nepal rose to 112, according to the Nepal Police database.

About Bagmati River:

1. Origin: Bagdwar in the Shivapuri Hills, located northwest of the Kathmandu Val-
ley, Nepal, at an elevation of around 2,690 meters (8,825 feet).
2. Course:
o It flows through the Kathmandu Valley, passing through Chovar Gorge.
o The river then flows southward through the Shivalik Range and into the
Terai region of Nepal.
o It enters the Indian state of Bihar and flows southeastward, eventually
joining the Burhi Gandak River.

3. Countries: Flows through Nepal and India.

4. Tributaries: Manohara and Bishnumati Rivers.
5. End: The river empties into the Burhi Gandak River after a course of 360 km (225
miles).
6. Cities: Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Birgunj in Nepal, and it passes through rural
regions in Bihar, India.
7. Cultural Significance:
o The river is considered sacred by Hindus and Buddhists.
It is home to the famous Pashupatinath Temple (UNESCO World Heritage Site) in Kath-
mandu and the Gokarneswor Temple.

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2. ETURNAGARAM Context: A catastrophic weather event flattened an estimated 50,000 trees over 332 hect-
ares in Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Mulugu, Telangan
WILDLIFE SANCTU-
ARY

About Eturnagaram wildlife sanctuary:

• Location: Situated in Mulugu district, Telangana, near the borders of Maharashtra
and Chhattisgarh, 100 km from Warangal and 250 km from Hyderabad.
• Established: Declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1952 by the Hyderabad Nizam Gov-
ernment.
• Area: Spans over approximately 806 sq. km.
• Water bodies: Dayyam Vagu stream divides the sanctuary, with the Godavari River
also flowing through it.
• Flora: Dominated by tropical dry deciduous forests with species like teak, bam-
boo, madhuca, and terminalia.
• Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife including tigers, leopards, panthers, wolves, sloth
bears, blackbucks, nilgai, sambar, and four-horned antelope. Hosts reptiles like
Mugger crocodiles, cobras, pythons, and kraits.
• Cultural significance: Contains the famous Sammakka-Saralamma Temple within
its boundaries.

Insta links:
3. Eturnagaram-amrabad-wildlife-sanctuaries

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3. GANGA- Context: At least five people were killed in an explosion at a coal mine in West Bengal’s
Birbhum district.
RAMCHAK AND
GANGARAM-
CHAK-BHADULIA
COAL MINE

Places in news:
1. Birbhum District, West Bengal:
• Location: Birbhum is located in the western part of the state of West
Bengal, India.
• Mineral extracted: Known for coal mining, with several mines operating
in the region, including the Gangaramchak and Gangaramchak-Bhadulia
coal mines.
2. Gangaramchak and Gangaramchak-Bhadulia coal mine:
• Location: These coal mines are situated in the Khoyrasole block of Bir-
bhum district, West Bengal.
• Mineral extracted: Primarily coal, used for energy production by the West
Bengal Power Development Corporation Ltd. (WBPDCL).
3. Khoyrasole Block:
• Location: A block under Lokpur police station in Birbhum district, West
Bengal.
• Mineral extracted: Coal mining activities are prominent in this area.
4. Mohammad Bazar Area, Birbhum district:
• Location: A locality in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India.
• Mineral extracted: Known for stone quarrying and mining activities, in-
cluding the presence of explosive materials used for mining operations.

Insta links:
4. Coal-sector-reforms

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4. PADMAJA NAIDU Context: The Red Panda Program of Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park
HIMALAYAN ZOO- has been selected as a finalist for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA)
LOGICAL PARK Conservation Award 2024.

About Red Panda

• Diet: Primarily herbivorous, consuming bamboo, berries, acorns, and occasionally
small mammals.
• Behavior: Shy, solitary, and arboreal; uses its bushy tail for balance and warmth in
winter.
• Habitat: Lives in the mountainous forests of Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and
Nepal, with nearly 50% of its habitat in the Eastern Himalayas.
• Conservation Status:
o IUCN Red List: Endangered
o CITES: Appendix I
o Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (India): Schedule I
• Threats: Habitat loss due to deforestation and decline in bamboo forests are ma-
jor threats to red panda populations.

About Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park:

• Location: Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

• Established: 1958; situated at an elevation of 7,000 feet (2,134 m).
• Size: 67.56 acres (27.3 hectares), making it the largest high-altitude zoo in India.
• Specialization: Focuses on breeding animals adapted to alpine conditions, with
successful programs for species like snow leopards, Himalayan wolves, and red
pandas.
• Conservation Efforts:
o Plays a central role in India’s red panda conservation and breeding efforts.
o Houses a Biobanking and Genetic Resource Facility to preserve gametes,
tissues, and DNA of endangered species.
• Recognition: Attracts around 300,000 visitors annually and is a member of the
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
• Legacy: Named after Padmaja Naidu, the daughter of Sarojini Naidu, in recogni-
tion of her contributions to Indian society.

Insta links:
5. Red panda

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5. KARANPURA Context: Recent studies using microscopic palynomorphs, organic remains, and geochem-
ical assessments have indicated significant hydrocarbon generation potential in the South
COALFIELD Karanpura coalfield, specifically in the eastern Sirka region of Jharkhand.

About South Karanpura coalfield:

• Location: Situated in the Ramgarh district of Jharkhand, India, forming an elongat-
ed strip along the Chingara fault.
• Reserves: Covers an area of approximately 195 square kilometers, with coal re-
serves estimated at 5,757.85 million tonnes.
• Mineral richness: Primarily consists of coal, carbonaceous shale, and sandstone
layers, known for its significant deposits of workable coal.
• Recent features: High potential for hydrocarbon generation, especially in the east-
ern Sirka coalfield compared to the Giddi coalfield, with promising conditions for
coal bed methane and shale gas exploration.

About Shale gas:

• Shale gas and oil are unconventional natural resources. They are found at 2,500-
5,000 metres below the earth’s surface.
• They are deeper in comparison to conventional crude oil found at 1,500 me-
tres. The process of extracting shale oil and gas requires deep vertical drilling fol-
lowed by horizontal drilling.
• The most common way to extract shale gas is ‘hydraulic fracturing’ (frack-
ing), Shale gas is trapped under low permeable rocks.

Insta links:
4. DD NEWS

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6. ROOPKUND LAKE Context: Roopkund Lake, the site has drawn significant attention due to the mystery sur-
rounding the skeletons’ origins. However, environmental changes linked to climate change
are shrinking the lake, raising concerns about its future.

About Roopkund lake:

• Origin: Glacial lake at Mt Trishul base in Uttarakhand, India.
• Feeds by melting snow and glaciers.
• Geographical location: Chamoli district, Nanda Devi National Park.
• Historical mystery: The lake contains human skeletons that date back to 850 AD,
with DNA studies suggesting two distinct groups of people, likely pilgrims, who
died from a hailstorm.
• Current issue: Climate change is shrinking the lake, reducing its depth and area
due to shifting precipitation patterns and increased silting from moraine slides,
impacting both the lake’s ecosystem and cultural significance.

Insta links:
5. Nature

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7. SRI SIN- Context: A set of copper-plate inscriptions dating back to the 16th Century CE have been
discovered at the Sri Singeeswarar temple at Mappedu village in Tiruvallur district recent-
GEESWARAR TEM- ly.
PLE

About Singeeswarar Temple (Mappedu):

• Location: Situated in Mappedu, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, approximately 20
km from Poonamallee on the Chennai-Poonamallee-Perambakkam highway.
• Construction: Built in 976 A.D. by Aditya Karikal Chola II, the elder brother of
Rajaraja Chola.
• Renovation: In the 16th century, Ariyanatha Mudaliar, an officer under King
Tirumala Nayaka, renovated the temple, particularly erecting the main tower
(Raja Gopuram).
• Historical inscriptions: Copper-plate inscriptions from 1513 CE, written in Sanskrit
and Nandinagari script during the reign of Vijayanagara King Krishnadevaraya,
were recently discovered at the temple. These inscriptions hold significant histor-
ical value.
• Special features: The temple is known for its unique depiction of Anjaneya (Hanu-
man) playing the Veena in a subtle state, making it a special spiritual site.

Insta links:
4. Temple-architecture

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8. Z-MORH TUNNEL Context: Seven workers of the infrastructure company APCO Infratech, involved in con-
structing the Z-Morh tunnel, were killed in a militant attack in Jammu and Kashmir.

About Z-Morh Tunnel:

• Location: 6.4 km tunnel located near Gagangir village in Ganderbal district, con-
necting Sonamarg and Kangan in central Kashmir.

• Strategic importance: Part of the larger Zojila tunnel project, providing all-weath-
er connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh, vital for military access to border
areas.
• Altitude: Situated at over 8,500 feet, the tunnel bypasses snow-prone regions,
ensuring year-round access.

• Construction: Initially conceived by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in 2012,

later transferred to NHIDCL; APCO Infratech is executing the project.

• Completion: Soft-opened in February 2024, with full completion delayed due to

the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) for J&K elections.

• Military importance: Provides crucial connectivity for Indian defence forces to

border areas like Siachen Glacier and Eastern Ladakh, especially given ongoing
tensions with China and Pakistan.

Insta Links:
3. Z Morh tunnel
4. Sela-tunnel-

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9. BIOLUMINES-
CENT WAVES

Context: After Chennai faced heavy rains, a remarkable natural phenomenon took place
at the East Coast Road (ECR) beach, as rare bioluminescent waves lit up the night sky, mes-
merizing the city’s residents.
Location:
• Chennai East coast road beach.
About Bioluminescence:
• Definition: Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms, primari-
ly due to chemical reactions within marine life.
• Organism Responsible: Noctiluca scintillans, also known as “sea sparkle,” is a bio-
luminescent phytoplankton that creates mesmerizing blue waves when disturbed.
• Marine species: Common bioluminescent organisms include certain fish, bacteria,
and jellyfish.
• Purpose: It is believed that bioluminescence serves multiple functions for marine
life, including:
o Defense Mechanism: Used to escape predators.
o Communication: Helps species communicate with each other.
o Attraction: Assists in attracting prey or mates.
• Location: Bioluminescence can appear in various marine environments, depend-
ing on the type of organism and habitat.

Insta links:
5. Bioluminescence

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10. NANDANK- Context: With a severe cyclonic storm predicted to hit Bhubaneswar, Odisha, the Nan-
ANAN ZOOLOGICAL dankanan Zoological Park has initiated extensive preparations to ensure the safety and
PARK
well-being of the animals.

About Nandankanan Zoological Park:

• Location: Situated near Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

• Inauguration: Opened in 1960.

• Global recognition: First zoo in India to become a member of the World Associa-

tion of Zoos & Aquariums (WAZA).

• Breeding centre: Known for successful breeding of endangered species like the

Indian pangolin and white tigers. Leopards, lions, vultures, and the Indian gharial

are also bred here.

• Conservation efforts: World’s first captive crocodile breeding center, achieving the

breeding of gharials in 1980.

• Botanical garden: The park also hosts the State Botanical Garden, a key center for

plant conservation and nature education in Odisha.

Insta links:
6. Nandankanan-zoological-park

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Context: The Rat Tail Falls, located in the Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, stands as the
state’s tallest waterfall at 947 feet. Recent heavy rainfall has significantly increased its
11. RAT TAIL FALLS water flow, enhancing its dramatic cascade down the hills.

About Rat Tail falls (Thalaiyar falls):

• Location: Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Height: Stands at 297 meters (974 feet), making it the tallest waterfall in Tamil
Nadu, the sixth highest in India, and the 267th highest globally.
• Water source: The falls form part of the Manjalar River, a tributary of the Vaigai
River.
• Visibility: The waterfall can be seen from the Dum Dum Rock viewpoint on the
Batalugundu-Kodaikanal Ghat Road, located about 3.6 km away.
• Scenic view: It is recognized for its unique appearance as a long, thin strip of wa-
ter cascading down a black rock cliff, especially noticeable on clear days.

Insta links:
3. Type of falls
4. Lonavala waterfalls

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12. ARUGAM BAY Context: Israel has advised its citizens to swiftly leave tourist regions in Sri Lanka, specifi-
cally the Arugam Bay area, due to a potential terrorist threat.

About Arugam Bay:

• Location: Arugam Bay, also known as “Arugam Kudah,” is located on Sri Lanka’s
southeast coast, within the Batticaloa Territory.
• Historical significance: It is part of the ancient Mattakallappu Desam, a historic
region in Sri Lanka.
• Tourism: A popular spot for Israeli tourists, with many businesses catering to He-
brew-speaking visitors, including eateries, spas, and a Chabad house.
• Name origin: The Tamil name “Arugam Kudah” translates to “Bay of Cynodon
dactylon,” referring to a type of grass commonly found in the area.

Insta links:
7. Israel-Palestine-issue
8. Hambantota-port

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13. PERIYAR TI- Context: The residents of Pampa Valley and Angel Valley in Kerala’s Erumely panchayat
are facing challenges due to their proximity to the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) and recent
GER RESERVE buffer zone demarcations.

Places in News:
• Pampa Valley & Angel Valley:
o Situated near the Periyar Tiger Reserve; residents face wildlife threats
and legal issues over buffer zone designation.
o Known for its historical ties to the “Grow More Food” campaign of 1947-
48, which supported post-war veterans.

• Mookenpetty Causeway: A bridge over the Azhutha River serving as a

boundary between populated agricultural areas and PTR wilderness, mark-
ing a symbolic divide between local communities and protected forest areas.

About Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR):

• Location: Situated in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala.
• Formation: Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 and later declared a Tiger
Reserve in 1978. Named after the Periyar River, which originates within the re-
serve.
• Drainage: Major rivers flowing through the reserve are the Periyar and Mullayar.
• Unique species: Hosts medicinal plants like Syzygium periyarensis, Habenaria
periyarensis (an orchid), and Mucuna pruriense thekkadiensis.
• Indigenous communities: Home to six tribal communities including the Mannans,
Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis, and Ulladans, who live within the
reserve.

Insta links:
9. Periyar-tiger-reserve

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14. DHOLAVIRA Context: The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) has flagged concerns regarding the poor pres-
ervation, lack of tourist facilities, and halted excavation activities at Dholavira, an ancient
Harappan city and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
About Dholavira:
• Significance: Dholavira is an important archaeological site from the Indus Valley
Civilization, inhabited from 3000 BCE to 1800 BCE.
• Location: Situated in Kutch District, Gujarat, between the seasonal streams of
Mansar and Manhar.
• Dholavira is the fifth largest site of the Indus Valley Civilization in the
sub-continent.
• UNESCO status: Designated a World Heritage Site in 2021.
• City layout: Comprises a walled city and cemetery, featuring a Castle with a Bailey,
Ceremonial Ground, Middle Town, and Lower Town.
• Key features: Notable for its advanced water management system, with 16 reser-
voirs and channels, step wells, and large public baths.
• Historical insights: Dholavira’s remains reveal insights into urban planning, trade,
governance, and Harappan culture, showcasing fortifications, gateways, work-
shops, and residential units.

Insta links:
10. Aspects-of-Dholavira

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15. PETRAPOLE Context: Union Home Minister inaugurated a new passenger terminal building and the
‘Maitri Dwar’ cargo gate at Petrapole Land Port on the India-Bangladesh border in West
LAND PORT (MAITRI Bengal.
DWAR)

About Maitri Dwar:

• Location: Positioned at Petrapole Land Port on the India-Bangladesh border in
West Bengal.
o Located in the North 24 Parganas district.
• Purpose: Designed to streamline cross-border cargo movement and support in-
creased trade between India and Bangladesh.
• Capacity: Handles around 600-700 trucks daily, boosting the efficiency of cargo
handling across the border.
• Facilities: Provides integrated infrastructure for customs, immigration, and securi-
ty for seamless cross-border processing.
• Significance: Enhances India-Bangladesh trade relations by supporting nearly 70%
of the land-based trade between the two countries.
o Petrapole is South Asia’s largest land port and handles a significant por-
tion of India-Bangladesh land-based trade.

Insta Links:
3. India Bangladesh Relations

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 Current Affairs 30

16. SAMBHAR Context: Over the past three days, 164 migratory birds were found dead at Sambhar Lake
LAKE in Rajasthan, raising concerns about a possible recurrence of avian botulism, which previ-
ously caused the deaths of around 18,000 birds in 2019.

Why in news:
• Mysterious bird deaths: 164 migratory birds, including Northern Shovelers and
Black-winged Stilts, were found dead at Sambhar Lake.
• Suspected cause: Preliminary analysis suggests avian botulism, a bacterial illness
that affects birds in low-oxygen environments.
• Response actions: Local authorities, with support from the State Disaster Re-
sponse Force (SDRF), are removing dead birds to prevent the spread of the
disease, and officials from multiple departments are coordinating conservation
efforts.

About Sambhar Lake:

• Location: Situated in Nagaur and Jaipur districts, Rajasthan, 80 km southwest of
Jaipur.
• Largest saltwater lake: India’s biggest inland saline lake, spanning over 200 sq.
km.
• Shape and feed: Elliptical in shape, fed by ephemeral streams like Mendha and
Runpangarh.
• Ramsar site: Designated as a Ramsar site in 1990, marking it as a wetland of inter-
national importance.
• Migratory birds: Key winter habitat for flamingos, pelicans, and various migratory
birds, especially during winter.
• Salt production: Produces approximately 210,000 tonnes of salt annually, making
Rajasthan one of India’s top salt-producing states.

Insta links:
2. Places in News

178 www.insightsonindia.com