Theory of Machines

Lecture 1: Gears

Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly

Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,

South Valley University,
Qena-83523, Egypt.
Email: noubyluxor@gmail.com
Tel.: 01010561818
 ‫ نظرية ماكينات‬MDP 214

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 2

 Outline of Presentation

• Power transmission
• Definition of Gear
• Why Using Gears
• Types of gears
• Advantages &Disadvantage
• Applications of gears

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 3

 GEARS
• Power transmission is the movement of energy from its
place of generation to a location where it is applied to
performing useful work

• A gear is a component within a transmission device that

transmits rotational force to another gear or device

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 4

 Gears
• DEFINITION OF GEARS
 A gear is a wheel with teeth on its outer edge.
 The teeth of one gear mesh (or engage) with the teeth
of another.

Gears meshing or engaged

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 5
 Gears Motion

Driver and Driven

• Two meshed gears always rotate in opposite directions.

Driven gear Driver gear

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 6

 Gears
Idler gear

Driver

Idler gear

Driven

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 7

 Why Use Gears?

• Reduce speed
• Increase torque
• Move power from one point to another
• Change direction of power
• Split power

• Generally this functionality is accomplished by many

gears mounted in a gear box!

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 8

 TYPES OF GEARS
• Gears are classified according to the shape of the tooth pair and
disposition into spur, helical, double helical, straight bevel, spiral
bevel and hypoid bevel, worm and spiral gears, Rack and pin Gears

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 9

 SPUR GEAR
Gear (large gear)
Spur gears – tooth profile is parallel to the axis of
rotation, transmits motion between parallel
shafts.

Pinion (small gear)

Internal gears

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 1. 10

 Applications of spur gear
• Used in Electric screwdriver,
clock, gearbox, washing machine
Internal combustion engines, and
many mechanical machine

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 11

 Advantages &Disadvantages
of Spur Gears
• Advantages
– Cost
– Ease of manufacture
– Availability
• Disadvantages
– Only works with mating gear
– Axis of each gear must be parallel

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 12

 Helical Gear…
• Teeth are inclined to the axis of rotation, the angle provides more
gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing.
• Teeth angle to the gear axis (usually 10° to 45°) – called helix angle.
• It can be mounted on perpendicular shafts, adjusting the rotation
angle by 90 degrees

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 13

 Helical Gears
• Advantages
– Smooth and quiet due to gradual tooth engagements (spur gears
whine at high speed due to impact).
– Helical gears good up to speeds in excess of 5,000 ft/min
– More tooth engagement allows for greater power transmission for
given gear size. Can withstand the largest capacity at 30,000 hp.
– Parallel to perpendicular shaft arrangement.
• Disadvantage
– More expensive
– Resulting axial thrust component

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 14

 Herringbone or Double
helical
• To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite hand
can be mounted side by side, to
cancel resulting thrust forces

• Herringbone gears are mostly

used on heavy machinery.

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 15

 Bevel Gears

• Bevel gears are used to transfer drive

through an angle of 90o.
• Teeth are formed on conical surfaces,
the teeth could be straight or spiral.

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 16

 Bevel gears
• Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
• They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees
apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well
• The teeth on bevel gears can be straight or spiral
• locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing
presses, cooling towers, power plants, steel plants,
railway track inspection machines, etc.

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 17

 Spiral Bevel Gears
• Same advantage over bevel
gears as helical gears have
over spur gears!!
• Teeth at helix angle Very
Strong
• Used in rear end applications
(see differentials)

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 18

 Differential Gear
• The differential gear is used to help cars turn corners. The
differential gear (placed midway between the two wheels) allows
the wheels to turn at different speeds while providing the same
torque to both wheels.

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 19

 Bevel Gears
• Gear axis at 90°, based on rolling cones
• Advantages
– Right angle drives
• Disadvantages
– Get axial loading which complicates bearings and
housings

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 20

 Worm gears
Worm gear sets – consists of a helical gear
and a power screw (worm), used to
transfer motion between non-parallel and
non-intersecting shafts.
Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed. It is common for worm gears to have
reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
Many worm gears have an interesting property that no
other gear set has: the worm can easily turn the gear,
but the gear cannot turn the worm
Worm gears are used widely in material handling and
transportation machinery, machine tools, automobiles
etc

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly Worm and wheel

1. 21
 Worm and Worm gear

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 22

 Advantages &Disadvantage
of Worm Gears
worm gear
• Gears that are 90° to each other
• Advantages
– Quiet / smooth drive
– Can transmit torque at right angles
– No back driving
– Good for positioning systems
• Disadvantage
– Most inefficient due to excessive friction
(sliding)
– Needs maintenance worm
– Slower speed applications

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 23

 Rack and pinion gear
Rack and Pinion sets – a special case of
spur gears with the gear having an infinitely Pinio
large diameter, the teeth are laid flat. n

• The rack and pinion gear is

used to convert between rotary
and linear motion. Rack

Radial drilling machine spindle movement

with rack and pinion arrangement

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 1. 24

 Rack and pinion
• Rack and pinion gears are
used to convert rotation
(From the pinion) into linear
motion (of the rack)
• A perfect example of this is
the steering system on many
cars

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 25

 Summary
• Spur Gears • Helical Gears

– Simplest of the gears – Smooth operation as it

– Used to connect parallel results in gradual gear
shafts engagement
– Simple shape – Could connect parallel or
– Low cost non parallel shafts
– No thrust loads from teeth – Higher thrust loads from
engagement teeth reaction forces
3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 26
 Summary
• Bevel gear • Worm & wheel

– Could be used to connect – Very low transmission

two shafts that are at an ratios
angle – High torque transmission
– The teeth may be straight or – High Friction loses
helical – Used in power steering
– Two gear have conical systems, presses, rolling
surfaces mills
3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 27
 Summary
• Rack & pinion

– Converts the rotational

motion into linear motion
– Could have straight or bevel
teeth
– Provides less backlash
– Greater feedback
3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 28
 Report 1

• APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF GEARS

3/8/2014 Dr. Nouby M. Ghazaly 29

Questions?