Introduction to

Object Oriented Programming

Introduction to OOP
Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP
● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts
● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Why use OOP?

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most

●

widely used programming paradigm

Why is it extensively used?

●
● Well suited for building trivial and complex applications
● Allows re-use of code thereby increasing productivity
● New features can be easily built into the existing code
● Reduced production cost and maintenance cost

Common programming languages used for OOP include

●

C++, Java, and C#

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Building Blocks of OOP: Objects &
Classes
● Object: models a
● Real world object (ex. computer, book, box)
● Concept (ex. meeting, interview)
● Process (ex. sorting a stack of papers or comparing two
computers to measure their performance)

●Class: prototype or blueprint from which objects are

created

Introduction to OOP
Building Blocks of OOP: Objects &
Classes

Class has
● Set of attributes or properties that describes every object
● Set of behavior or actions that every object can perform

Object has
●
● Set of data (value for each of its attribute)
● Set of actions that it can perform
● An identity

Every object belongs to a class

●

Introduction to OOP
Real World Example of Objects &
Classes
Object: FordCar1

Attributes Behavior
Color: Yellow Start, Accelerate,
Reverse, Stop
Class: FordCar Type: Coupe
Model: Mustang
Attributes Cylinder: 6
Color, Type, Model, Cylinder
Behavior
Start, Accelerate, Reverse, Stop
Object: FordCar2

Attributes Behavior
Color: Orange Start, Accelerate,
Type: Coupe Reverse, Stop

Model: Focus
Cylinder: 4
Introduction to OOP
Another Real World Example..

Object: Person1

Class: Person Attributes Behavior

Name:Amulya Speak,
Attributes Listen, Eat,
Height: 5’ 4”
Run, Walk
Name, Height, Age Age: 21

Behavior
Speak, Listen, Eat, Run, Walk Object: Person2

Attributes Behavior
Name:Chetan Speak,
Listen, Eat,
Height: 5’ 9”
Run, Walk
Age: 24

Introduction to OOP
Class

●A class is a set of variables (to represent its attributes) and

functions (to describe its behavior) that act on its variables

Introduction to OOP
Class ShippingBox

sender_name : string
receiver_name : string
cost_per_pound : int int shipping_cost() {
weight : int return cost_per_pound*weight;
}

shipping_cost() : int

Introduction to OOP
Object

●Object is an instance of a class that holds data (values) in

its variables. Data can be accessed by its functions

Introduction to OOP
Objects of ShippingBox class

Object BoxA

sender_name = Julie
receiver_name = Jill
cost_per_pound = 2
weight = 5
shipping_cost()

Class
ShippingBox
Object BoxB

sender_name = Jim
receiver_name = John
cost_per_pound = 5
weight = 10
shipping_cost()

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
What is OOP?

●Paradigm for problem solving by interaction among objects

●It follows a natural way of solving problems

● Ex. Ann wants to start her car

(1) Ann walks to her car
(2) Ann sends a message to the car to start by turning on the ignition
(3)The car starts

Introduction to OOP
Problem Solving in OOP

Problem: Ann wants to start her car

Object Ann Object Ann’s car

Name = Ann Color = Yellow
Age = 21 mes Type = Coupe
sag
Speak() e Model = Mustang
Run() Cylinder = 6
Walk() Start()
Accelerate()
Stop()

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Abstraction

●Extracting essential properties and behavior of an entity

●Class represents such an abstraction and is commonly

referred to as an abstract data type

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Encapsulation

●Mechanism by which we combine data and the functions

that manipulate the data into one unit
●Objects & Classes enforce encapsulation

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Inheritance

●Create new classes (derived classes) from existing

classes (base classes)
●The derived class inherits the variables and functions of

the base class and adds additional ones!

●Provides the ability to re-use existing code

Introduction to OOP
Inheritance Example

BankAccount CheckingAccount SavingsAccount

customer_name : string customer_name : string customer_name : string

account_type : string account_type : string account_type : string
balance : int balance : int balance : int
insufficient_funds_fee : int interest_rate : int

deposit() : int deposit() : int deposit() : int

withdrawal() : int withdrawal() : int withdrawal() : int
process_deposit() : int calculate_interest() : int

Introduction to OOP
Inheritance Example

BankAccount
customer_name : string
account_type : string
balance : int

deposit() : int
withdrawal() : int

CheckingAccount SavingsAccount

insufficient_funds_fee : int interest_rate : int

process_deposit() : int calculate_interest() : int

Introduction to OOP
 Topics
●Why use OOP?
●Building blocks of OOP

● Classes
● Objects
●What is OOP?
●OOP concepts

● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism*
●Advantages vs Disadvantages
●Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
Disadvantages of OOP

●Initial extra effort needed in accurately modeling the

classes and sub-classes for a problem

●Objects in OOP consume more memory. Each object

carries additional overhead for its methods, especially
when dealing with a large number of objects

Not suited for high frequency trading for example where

●

performance is critical and every microsecond counts

Introduction to OOP
Conclusion

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●: Which of the following statements about inheritance in Java is true?

● a) Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from multiple classes
simultaneously.
b) Inheritance in Java is denoted by the keyword extends.
●c) Private members of a superclass are accessible to subclasses.
d) Inheritance does not support code reuse and extensibility.

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●: Which of the following statements about inheritance in Java is true?

● a) Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors from multiple classes
simultaneously.
b) Inheritance in Java is denoted by the keyword extends.
●c) Private members of a superclass are accessible to subclasses.
d) Inheritance does not support code reuse and extensibility.

Introduction to OOP
ABSTRACTION
●Which statement about abstract classes in Java is correct?

a) Abstract classes can be instantiated using the new keyword.

b) Abstract classes may contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.
c) Abstract classes must implement all methods defined in their interfaces.
d) Abstract classes cannot have constructors.

Introduction to OOP
ABSTRACTION
●Which statement about abstract classes in Java is correct?

a) Abstract classes can be instantiated using the new keyword.

b) Abstract classes may contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.
c) Abstract classes must implement all methods defined in their interfaces.
d) Abstract classes cannot have constructors.

Introduction to OOP
POLYMORPHISM

●: What is the key difference between method overloading and method

overriding?

●a) Method overloading allows a subclass to redefine a method from its

superclass.
●b) Method overriding occurs when a class has multiple methods with the same
name but different signatures.
●c) Method overloading occurs when a subclass provides a specific
implementation of a method from its superclass.
●d) Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a different implementation of

a method defined in its superclass.

Introduction to OOP
POLYMORPHISM

●: What is the key difference between method overloading and method

overriding?

●a) Method overloading allows a subclass to redefine a method from its

superclass.
●b) Method overriding occurs when a class has multiple methods with the same
name but different signatures.
●c) Method overloading occurs when a subclass provides a specific
implementation of a method from its superclass.
●d) Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a different implementation of

a method defined in its superclass.

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●In Java, a subclass ____________.

●a) Inherits all properties and methods from its superclass

● b) Can override private methods from its superclass
●c) Can access private members of its superclass directly
● d) Cannot have methods with the same signature as its superclass

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●In Java, a subclass ____________.

●a) Inherits all properties and methods from its superclass

● b) Can override private methods from its superclass
●c) Can access private members of its superclass directly
● d) Cannot have methods with the same signature as its superclass

Introduction to OOP
POLYMORPHISM

●Which type of polymorphism is resolved at compile-time?

● a) Static polymorphism
● b) Dynamic polymorphism
● c) Compile-time polymorphism
● d) Run-time polymorphism

Introduction to OOP
POLYMORPHISM

●Which type of polymorphism is resolved at compile-time?

● a) Static polymorphism
● b) Dynamic polymorphism
● c) Compile-time polymorphism
● d) Run-time polymorphism

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●In Java, a subclass ____________.

●a) Inherits all properties and methods from its superclass

● b) Can override private methods from its superclass
●c) Can access private members of its superclass directly
● d) Cannot have methods with the same signature as its superclass

Introduction to OOP
INHERITANCE

●In Java, a subclass ____________.

●a) Inherits all properties and methods from its superclass

● b) Can override private methods from its superclass
●c) Can access private members of its superclass directly
● d) Cannot have methods with the same signature as its superclass

Introduction to OOP
Thank you!

Introduction to OOP