DRAI

NAGE

OBJECTI
VES

1.Di
ff
erent
iat
ingt
ypesofdr
ainagesy
stemssuchas:

 Subsoi
lwat
er

 Sur
facewat
er

 Foul
andsoi
lwat
er

 Subsoi
ldr
ainage

 Sur
facewat
erdr
ainage

 3.
1Roof
ing

o Rai
nwat
eri
nst
all
ati
on

 Pav
edar
eas

o Yar
dgul
l
ycol
l
ect
ion

o Channel
connect
ion

 Hi
ghwaydr
ainage

2.Descr
ipt
ionoff
oul
wat
ersy
stems

- Gul
l
eyt
rap

- Manhol
e

- Gr
eeset
rap

- Sept
icandsoakpi
t

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Drai
nageisthear
ti
fi
cialr
emovalofwat
er,bot
hsurfaceandsub-
surf
ace.Drai
nagei
soft
ena
majorel
ementofciv
ilengi
neer
ingandconstr
uct
ionproj
ectsandi
snecessarytoav
oidf
loodi
ng
andotherdamage.

Typi
cal
l
y,ef
fluenti
sconvey
edbydrai
nstosewers,
andfr
om sewer
stoasui
tabl
eout
fal
lor
tr
eat
mentplant.I
nbui
ldi
ngdrai
naget
erms,ef
fl
uentcanr
efert
othefol
l
owi
ng:

Subsoi
lwat
er

Thi
siswat
ercol
l
ect
edf
rom t
heear
tht
olowert
hesubsoi
l
’swat
ert
abl
e.

Sur
facewat
er
Thi
siscol
l
ect
edf
rom sur
facessuchasr
oof
sandpav
edar
eas.

Foul
andsoi
lwat
er

Thisisef
fl
uentcont
ami nat
edbydomesticort
radewaste.Foul(
orwast
e)waterrel
atesto
eff
luentf
rom si
nksandbasinswhichdoesnotcont
ainexcret
a.Soi
lwat
err
elatestoeff
luent
fr
om watercl
osets,
toi
letsandur
inal
swhichdoes.

Subsoilandsurfacewaterareconsi
deredt obecleanandcanbedi schar
gedint
oanapproved
watercourse(e.
g.ri
verorlake)
,orsoakawaywi t
houttreatment.Per
missi
onisrequi
redf
rom t
he
rel
evantauthori
tyorownerbeforedischargi
ng.Foulandsoilwatermustbeconveyedbysewer
toatreatmentplantbefor
ebeingdischargedint
oawat er
course.

Subsoi
ldr
ainage

Subsoi
ldrai
nagecanbeusedt oimprovegr
oundstabi
l
ity
,tol
owerthemoist
urecont
entofasi
te,
toenhancehort
icul
tural
properti
esforl
andscapi
ngandsoon.Itcanber
equir
edtodrai
nthe
wholesit
eortoprotectaparti
cularpar
t.

Accordi
ngt ot
heApprovedDocumentCoftheBuil
dingRegulati
ons,subsoi
ldr
ainageshoul
dbe
provi
dedtoavoidthepassageofgr
oundmoist
ureintoabui
lding’
sinteri
orort
opr ev
entdamage
beingcausedtothebui
ldi
ng’sf
abri
c.

Subsoil
drainageisgenerall
yinvolvestheuseofpi pest hatareporoustoall
owsubsoilwatert
o
passthroughthepipebody ,orpipesthatareperforatedwi t
haser i
esofholesinthel
owerhalf
toall
owsubsoi lwat
ertoriseintot hepipe.Bot
hty pesar egeneral
l
yl ai
ddryjoi
ntedi
nat r
ench
fi
ll
edwithrubble.Apervi
ousmembr aneisgenerallyplacedontopoft her
ubbleasaf i
l
termat,
thencoveredwithnormal backfi
l
l andtoppedwi t
h150mm oft opsoil.

Thisty
peofgr oundwatercont
rolisonlyf
easibl
euptoadepthof1.
5m, andanyfur
therl
ower
ing
ofthewatertableshoul
dbeachi evedbyothermet
hods.Formorei
nfor
mation,
see
Groundwatercontrol
inurbanareas.

Whendrainagei
susedt
oprot
ectabui
l
ding’
ssubstr
uctur
e,acutof
fdr
aini
sgener
all
yinst
all
ed
t
hati
nterceptst
hefl
owofwat
eranddi
vert
sitawayfrom t
hesi
te.

Sur
facewat
erdr
ainage

Roof
ing

Iti
sarequir
ementofBuil
dingRegulat
ion’sApprovedDocumentHt hatadequateprovisi
onis
madef orr
ainwat
ert
obecar ri
edfrom theroofofbuil
dings.Toachievethis,
roofsmustbe
desi
gnedwi t
hasuit
ablefal
ltowardseitherasurf
acewat ercoll
ect
ionchannel orgutt
erthat
conveyssurf
acewatert
ov er
tical
rai
nwat erpi
pes,whichinturnconnectthedischargetothe
drai
nagesystem.

Thety
peofr
oofcov
eri
nguseddet
ermi
nest
her
equi
redf
all
oft
her
oof
.Mi
nimum r
ecommended
fal
l
saret
ypi
cal
l
y:

 Al
umi
nium –1:
60.
  Lead–1:
120.

 Copper–1:
60.

 Roof
ingf
elt
s–1:
60.

 Mast
icasphal
t–1:
80.

Standar
ds'
fl
at'
roof
sshouldhaveadesi
gnedmini
mum fal
lof1:40,sothatanact
ual
fini
shed
fal
lof1:
80i
sachieved,
all
owingsomeroom f
orer
rori
ntheconstruct
ion.

Rai
nwat
eri
nst
all
ati
on

Drainagef r
om roofsisgener
all
yprov
idedbyinternal
rai
nwateroutl
etsanddownpipes,
orby
externalgutter
ingsystemsorhopper
s.Iti
srecommendedt hatther
eareatleastt
wodr ai
nage
points,eveniftheroofissmal
l,t
omiti
gateagainstoneoft
hem becomi ngbl
ocked.

Drai
nagemustbear r
angedsoast oavoi
dcausi
ngdampnessordamagetothebui
ldi
ng.Ifthe
rai
nwat erpi
peisfi
tt
edinter
nall
yitmusthavel
eakpr
oofj
oint
s.I
fexter
nal
,ther
oofi
ngshould
preventwaterbei
ngblownintotheeavesbyext
endi
ngi
ntoandbelowthet
opofthegutter.

Thedi
schar
gef
rom abui
l
dingdownpi
pecanbe:

 Di
rect
lyconnect
edt
oadr
aindi
schar
gingi
ntoasoakaway
.

 Di
rect
lyconnect
edt
oadr
aindi
schar
gingi
ntoasur
facewat
ersewer
.

 I
ndi
rect
lyconnect
edt
oadr
ainv
iaat
rappedgul
l
yift
hedr
aindi
schar
gesi
ntoacombi
ned
sewer
.

Tradi
tionall
y,domesticeavesgutter
sandr ainwaterpipesweremadeusingcastiron,al
though
uPVCsy st
emsar eincreasi
nglycommonduet oeaseofi nstal
lat
ionandl
owmai ntenance
requi
rement s.Aslongasadequat esize,
strengt
handdur abi
li
tycanbeassur
ed,theycanalso
bemadeofal uminium all
oy,gal
vani
sedst eel
,stai
nlesssteelandsoon.

Pav
edar
eas

Pav
edar
easar
egener
all
ypr
ovi
dedwi
thoneoft
wof
ormsofsur
facewat
erdr
ainage.

Yar
dgul
l
ycol
l
ect
ion

Apav edareanearabuildi
ngi
slaidtofal
lsof1:
60towardsagully.Thety
peofar
eabeing
drai
nedandt heshapeofthepavedareawill
deter
minethesizeandnumberofgull
i
es.The
maximum pav edareapergul
lyshoul
dbe400sq.m.I fi
tisconnectedtoacombi
nedsewer,t
he
yardgull
yshouldbetrappedwit
hami nimum 50mm wat erseal
.

Channel
connect
ion

Thepavi
ng,l
aidt
ot hesamefal
ls,
drai
nsawayfr
om abuil
dingt
oachannell
aidt
ofal
l
sof1:
120.
Thechannel
isconnectedt
othedrai
nagesy
stem.Thechannel
ist
ypi
cal
ly:

 Hal
f-
roundgl
azedcl
aywar
echannel
:Ei
theropenorwi
thagr
ati
ngcov
er.
  Pr
ecastconcr
etechannel
blocks:
Wit
hacont
inuoussl
otdownt
hecent
reoft
het
op.

 Pr
ecastori
nsi
tuconcr
eteboxchannel
:Wi
thacasti
ronsquar
emeshgr
ati
ng.

Hi
ghwaydr
ainage

Theconst r
uctionofr oadsaffectst
henatural
surfaceandsubsur f
acedr ai
nagepatternof
wat er
shedsorhi l
l
-sl
opes.Thepr ov
isi
onofadequatedr ainageisimportanttopreventthe
accumul at
ionofexcesswat erormoi stur
eonorwi thi
nr oadconstructi
onst hatcanadversel
y
aff
ectt hei
rmat er
ialproper
ti
es, compromiseover
allstabili
tyandaffectdri
versafety.Drai
nage
mustcopewi thwaterf r
om thecarri
ageways,har
dshoul ders,foot
/cyclepaths,ver
ges,and
adjacentcatchmentar eas.

Whati
saGul
l
yTr
ap?

Trapsareanimpor t
antcomponentofapl
umbingsy st
em.Theyprev
entingr
essoffoulai
r,
i
nsectsandv er
mi nfr
om thesewer
sint
othebuil
dingandresi
stt
hespreadofdisease.Tr
apsar
e
constr
ucted,
sot hattheyr
etai
nabodyofwaterwhichact
sasawat erseal
.

Tr
apsshouldbeoft
hesel
f-
cleansingtype.Theyshoul
dgenerat
eenoughveloci
tyfr
om t
he
av
ail
abl
eflowtohav
eaself
-cleansingeff
ect,asmoothfi
nishandaful
luni
form bor
e.

Foulgassesproducedinthesewers,
drains,wast
e-pi
pesmaycauseanuisancebyenter
ingi
n
housesthroughhouse-connect
ingpi
pesifthei
rpassagei
snotcheckedbysomesuitabl
e
devi
ces.Theappur t
enanceswhichareusedtostopenter
ingoff
oulgassesi
nsidet
hehouses
areknownast raps.

Agull
ytr
apisprov
idedoutsidet
hebuil
dingbefor
econnect
ingtoext
ernal
seweragel
i
ne.I
tal
so
col
l
ectswastewaterf
rom theki
tchensi
nk,washbasi
ns,bathsandwasharea.

Gull
yTrapisprovidedtopreventthefoul
gasesent
eri
ngint
othebuil
dingbyprovi
dingwat
er
seal
.Ithasdeepwat ersealofminimum 50mm depthandi
tal
sopreventsent
ryofbugsand
i
nsectsfrom sewerli
netowast ewaterpipes.

I
ncombinedsy
stem i
.e.whatrai
nwaterandbuil
dingseweragefl
owinsi
ngl
edr
ainage,
rai
nwat
er
pi
pesmaybeconnect
edt othedrai
nagelinet
hroughgull
ytrapsonl
y.

Thetotaldepthofgul
lytr
apshal
lnotbel essthan30cm.Anddept hofwatershal
lnotbeless
than15cm andwi thaminimum watersealof50mm.Eachgul lytr
apshal
lhaveonecastiron
grat
ing15cm x15cm andi tmustbeembeddedi ncementconcret
efoundati
onproperl
yand
housedinabr i
ckmasonrychamber.Chambermustbewel lplaster
edandonewat erandair
ti
ghtC.Icoverfi
xedoverfr
ame30cm X30cm i nsi
dedimensions.

Gull
ytrapsrecei
vesull
agefrom baths,washbasi ns,
kit
chensinkset
candpassitonint
ot he
sewercarryi
ngdischar
gefrom W.C.Gul l
ytrap,
therefor
e,di
sconnect
sthesull
agedr
ainfrom
sewerlineofthehouse.Whengullytrapisprovideditmaynotbenecessar
ytoprov
ide
i
ndivi
dual t
rapsforbat
hs,basi
nsandki tchensinks.

Cl
eani
ngofgul
l
ytr
apatf
requenti
nter
val
sisnecessar
ytopr
eventchoki
ng.
MANHOLE

Amanhole,alsoknownasaninspect
ionchamber,pr
ovidesaccesstoundergr
ounduti
l
iti
es,
mostcommonl ysewersyst
ems.Thisenabl
esoperat
ivestoundertakei
nspect
ions,
make
modi
ficat
ions,andcar
ryoutcl
eani
ngandmai nt
enance.

Amanholeusual
lyconsi
stsofachamberorr
ing–aver
ti
cal
cir
cul
arpi
pe–ofv
ary
ingsi
zesand
dept
hs,
whichisusedtoaccessi
nspect
ionpoint
s.

Manhol esar
egeneral
lyconst
ructedwherethereisachangeofdir
ectionand/orachangei n
gradi
entoftheut
il
it
ies,orwhereaccessisrequir
edforaspeci
fi
cmai ntenancepurpose.They
aretypi
call
yposi
ti
oned0. 5m awayfrom curbl
ines,
pref
erabl
ywiththemanhol ecover
posit
ionedawayfr
om t hewheell
ineoftr
affi
c.

Thecoveract sasaplugtoprot
ectthemanholeandpreventunaut
hori
sedaccess.Cov
erscan
becir
cular,
r ect
angul
arorsquar
e,andaret
ypical
lymadef r
om metalor
,lesscommonly,pr
ecast
concr
ete,glassrei
nfor
cedplast
ic,
oracompositemateri
al.

Oldermanhol esar
eusuallyfi
tt
edwithstepsontheinnersi
deofthewal
ltoall
oweasyaccess.
Gener al
l
y,ift
hemanhol edepthisl
essthan1m, astepladderi
smandat
ory,wher
easifi
t
exceeds2. 5m, ar
egularl
addermustbef i
tt
ed.Moremoder nmanhol
esmaybedesignedsot hat
physicalentr
yisnotrequi
red.
GREASETRAP

Agr easet rap(alsoknownasgr easeint erceptor,greaser ecover

ydevice,greasecapsul eand
greaseconv ert
er)isapl umbi ngdev ice( at ypeoft rap)designedtointerceptmostgr easesand
solidsbef oretheyent erawast ewat erdi sposal sy st
em.Commonwast ewatercontainssmal l
amount sofoilswhi chent erintosept i
ct anksandt r
eatmentf aci
li
ti
est oform afloati
ngscum
l
ay er.Thisscum l ayerisv eryslowlydi gest edandbr okendownbymi croorganismsi nthe
anaer obicdigestionpr ocess.Lar geamount sofoi lfrom f
oodpr epar
ationinrestaurantscan
over whelm asept ictankort reatmentf acili
ty,
causi ngr el
easeofuntreatedsewagei ntothe
env i
ronment .High-viscosityfatsandcooki nggr easesuchasl ar
dsolidif
ywhencool ed,andcan
combi newi thotherdi sposedsol i
dst obl ockdr ainpipes.

APPLI
CATI
ON

Restaurantandfoodserv
iceki
tchensproducemuchwast egr
easewhi
chispresenti
nthedrai
n
l
inesfrom vari
oussinks,di
shwashersandcookingequi
pmentsuchascombiovensand
commer ci
alwoks.I
fnotremoved,thegreasecanclumpandcausebl
ockageandback-upi
nthe
sewer.
TERMSUSEDI
NDRAI
NAGE

Accesscover
-r
emov ablecoveronpipesandfi
tt
ingswhi
chpr
ovi
desaccesst
othei
nter
iorof
pi
pewor kf
orinspecti
on,test
ingandcleani
ng

Br
anchdi
schar
gepi
pe—di
schar
gepi
peconnect
ingsani
tar
yappl
i
ancest
othedi
schar
gest
ack

Br
anchv
ent
il
ati
ngpi
pe-v
ent
il
ati
ngpi
peconnect
edt
oabr
anchdi
schar
gepi
pe

Dr
ainagecanbecat
egor
izedi
nto2–

Abov
egr
ounddr
ainage

Bel
owgr
ounddr
ainage

ABOVEGROUNDDRAI
NAGE

Abov
egr
ounddr
ainagecanbecat
egor
izedi
nto

Onepi
pesy
stem

Twopi
pe/
dual
pipesy
stem

ONEPI
PESYSTEM

All
wastefr
om wat
erclosetsl
opesinksuri
nal
bidetsi
nkbat
hsandwashhandbasi
nar
etaken
toasi
nglewast
estackwhichisconnect
edatthegroundl
evel
dir
ect
lyt
othedr
ain

I
tissuit
abl
einmulti
storeybuil
dingsi
nwhi chsani
taryappl
iancesar
eplannedingr
oupsoneach
f
looroneabovetheother.Thi
smakest hebranchconnecti
onfrom t
heappli
ancest
othemain
wasteandvent
il
ati
ngstackt obekeptasshortaspossibl
e

I
nonepi
pesyst
em, t
hedepthofwat
erseali
nat r
apofasanit
aryappl
i
anceisimport
antsi
nce
t
her
eisnodi
sconnect
ionofthemai
nwastepipeasi
tisusual
lyint
wopipesystem
Wat
erseal
prov
idesonl
ybar
ri
ert
otheent
ryofdr
ainai
rint
othebui
l
ding

ADVANTAGES.

I
tismor
eeconomi
cal

I
thasf
ewv
ert
ical
pipesconnect
ionsont
heout
sidewal
loft
hebui
l
ding

Iti
nducesbett
erpl
anni
ngandgroupi
ngt
husr
educi
ngt
henumberofi
nspect
ionchamber
sand
eli
minatest
heuseofopengul
l
ies

I
tgi
vesabet
terdr
ainagef
lour

I
treducesmai
ntenancecost

TWOPI
PE/
DUALPI
PESYSTEM

Thissy st
em isusedwher ether
eislonghori
zontaldist
ancebetweensanit
aryappl
i
ancesin
buildi
ngsuchasf actor
ies,
schoolsandhospi
t al
s;washhandbasinsorsinksmaybeinstal
l
edin
roomssi tedalonghori
zontaldi
stancefr
om themai nstackcar
ryi
ngthedischar
gefrom water
closets

BELOW GROUND/
UNDERGROUNDDRAI
NAGESYSTEM

Ther
ear
e3bel
owgr
ounddr
ainage

Separ
atesy
stem

Combi
nedsy
stem

Par
ti
all
ysepar
atesy
stem

SEPARATESYSTEM

Inthi
ssystem adupl
icat
esystem ofsewerisprov
idedonet
or ecei
vewastef
rom sani
tar
y
appli
anceandtheotheronetorecei
veallsurf
acewaterf
rom r
oads,roof
sandpavedareas.

COMBI
NEDSYSTEM

Inthi
ssystem onlyoneseweri
sprov
idedwhichrecei
vessoi
landwastefr
om allsani
tar
y
appli
ancesplusrain,
wat
er,
surf
acewaterf
rom r
oadspavementandroofsofhouse.

Asi
ngl
edr
aini
srequi
redt
otakedr
ainagef
rom eachhouset
opubl
i
csewer

PARTI
ALLYSEPARATESYSTEM

Thi
ssy
stem i
sbasi
cal
l
yaseparat
esy
stem buti
nordertosav
eondr
ainagecostani
sol
atedr
ain
wat
eri
sall
owedtobeconnect
edtot
hefoulwaterdrai
n.

Adupl
i
cat
esy
stem ofseweri
spr
ovi
ded

All
surf
acewaterf
rom r
oadgul
li
esandpavedareai
stakent
othesur
facewatersewerandt
he
sewerandthesoi
lsewerr
ecei
vesal
lwaterfr
om sani
tar
yappl
i
ancesplusr
ainwaterfr
om r
oof
s
andy ardofapr i
vateproper
ti
es.From householdpointofviewcombi nedandparti
all
yseparat
e
systemsar ethesameasbot hrequir
easinglemai nhousedr ai
nasinglesetofi
nspecti
on
chamber s.Ahousedr ai
nsystem mustbeplannedandl ai
dsuchamannert hatl
iqui
dsare
conv ey
edf rom t
hehouset othesewercesspool orplaceofdisposalasspeedyaspossibl
e
withoutgivi
ngnuisanceordangertohealt
h.Drai
nsmustbesel fcl
eansingandhaveadequate
meansofaccess