House Drainage

Building Services II
Kalol Institute of Architecture & Design
 Idea

The principles and procedure to be followed while constructing and

laying sewer lines in private buildings are referred as ‘house drainage ’
 Objectives

• To maintain healthy condition in the building

• To dispose off waste water as early and quickly as possible

• To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank

• To facilitate quick removal of foul matter

• To collect and remove waste matters systematically

 Principles
• It advisable to lay the sewers by the side of the building rather than
below the building
• All the drain should be laid straight between inspection chambers,
avoiding sharp bends and junction as far as possible
• The house drain should be connected to the public sewer only
when the public sewer is deeper than the house drain in order to
avoid reverse flow from the public sewer to the house drain
• House drainage should contain enough traps at suitable points for
its efficient functioning
 Principles

• The joints of sewer should be properly tested before putting the

drainage line to use
• Lateral sewer should be laid at proper gradient so that they can
develop self cleansing velocity
• The size of drain should be sufficient, so that they do not overflow
at the time of maximum discharge
 Principles

• The layout of house drainage should permit easy cleaning and

removal of obstructions
• The entire system should be properly ventilated from the starting
point to the final point of disposal
• All the materials and fittings of the drainage system should be hard,
strong and resistant to erosion action. They should be non-
absorbent type
 Definitions

Sewage The term sewage is to indicate the liquid wastes from the
community. It includes discharge from bathrooms, kitchen, washing
places, wash basins, latrines, urinals, industrial wastes and storm
water

Sullage Sullage is used to indicate the waste waters from bathrooms,

kitchens, washing places, wash basins, etc.

Sewerage :- The entire science of collecting and carrying sewage by

water carriage system through sewer, is known as sewerage
 Definitions

Sewer An underground pipe or conduit which carries sewage is called sewer

Vent pipe The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is known as vent
pipe

Plumbing system Plumbing system is the entire system of piping's, fixtures,

pipelines, etc. For providing water supply or drainage to the building

Sewerage system A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town

collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to the waste water
treatment plant
 Definitions
Rainwater pipe It is a pipe which carries only the rainwater

Trap The which is connected at the end of the soil pipe or waste pipe to
stop the entry of foul gases inside the building is known as trap

Water seal The vertical distance between the crown and the dip of the trap
is known as water seal. This portion always remains full of water. Generally,
the water seal varies from 75 mm to 100 mm

Traps The device which is connected at the end of soil pipe or waste pipe
to stop the entry of foul gases inside the building is known as trap. It is a
bent pipe in the shape of ‘u’ which always remain full of water
 Water Seal
Causes of failure of water seal
Faulty joints
Crack in the bottom of seal
Creation of partial vacuum in the sewer fittings
Increase in the pressure of sewer gases
Non-use for a prolonged period

Prevention
Connecting the portion between the soil pipe and trap by a vent pipe .
Use of anti-siphonage pipe in the building
 Requirement of a good trap
• It should possess a adequate water seal at all times

• It should be not absorbent material

• The internal and external surface should have smooth finish so that dirt,
etc. Does not stick to it
• It should be free from any inside projection, angles, contractions, so that
flow is not obstructed
• It should be self cleansing

• It should be simple in construction, cheap and readily available

• It should be provided with suitable access for cleaning

 Classification of traps
• Classification based on shape

• P – trap

• Q – trap

• S – trap
 Floor trap or Nahni trap
• A floor trap a commonly known as a nahni trap is used to collect
wash water from floor, kitchen and bathrooms . It forms the
starting point of waste water flow. It is generally made of cast
iron .
 Gully trap
• these are special type of traps which disconnect sullage drain from
the main drainage system . A well designed gully trap serve two or
three connections from the nahni trap
 Intercepting trap
• The intercepting trap is also known as disconnecting trap or
interceptor . It is provided at the junction of the house drain with
the public sewer or septic tank . It is thus provided in the last man
hole of the house drainage system.
 Pipes
• Soil pipe it is the pipe carrying sewage from urinals, water closet

• Waste pipe it is pipe carrying from bathrooms , kitchen , sinks etc. It does not
carry human excreta.
• Vent pipe the pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation of the system is
known as vent pipe .
• Rain water it is a pipe which carries only the rain water .

• Antisiphonage pipe is a pipe which is installed in the house drainage to

preserve the water seal of the traps
• Ventilating pipe the ventilating pipe enables the foul gases of sewage to be
safely discharge in to the atmosphere .
Sanitary fittings

Wash basin

Sinks

Bath tub

Water closet

Urinals

Flushing cistern
 System of plumbing

• There are four principal system of plumbing for drainage of

building :
• Single stack system

• One pipe system

• Partially ventilated single stack system

• Two pipe system

 Single stack system

This is the simplest system, in which the waste matter from

bathrooms, kitchen, sinks etc. As well as foul matter from the WC and
urinals are discharged in one single pipe, called the soil pipe and
waste pipe. This pipe terminates as the vent pipe at its top, and no
separate vent pipe is provided
 One pipe system

In this system a separate vent pipe is provided and the traps of all
water closet , basins, etc, Are commonly ventilated .
Partially ventilated single stack system

This is a modified form of the single stack system and one pipe
system . In this system the waste from WC , basins , sinks , etc , is
discharged in to one common soil and waste pipe
 Two pipe system

In this system separate soil pipe and waste pipe is provided. The
discharged from WC is connected to soil pipe while the discharge
from bath, sinks, lavatory basins etc. Are connected to waste pipe
 Testing of drains and pipes
• After laying a house drains and fitting the pipes , their water
tightness should be ascertained by applying various test . The
drains are usually tested in section between successive chamber
and vertical pipe are tested in groups having one common
inspection chamber .

• Following test are usually conducted

1. Air test
2. Coloured water test
3. Hydraulic test
4. Smell test
5. Smoke test
 Maintenance of house drainage system

• Entry of undesirable elements : Care should be taken to see that

undesirable substances like grit, sand, decayed fruits, vegetables,
pieces of clothes leaves, etc. Do not enter the system .
• Flushing : It is advisable to flush the system once or twice a day in
order to maintain it in working condition
• Inspection : Various unit of house drainage system should be
inspected at regular intervals and the obstruction, if any, should be
removed
• Quality of material : Good quality material should be used
 Precaution in plumbing work

• For all pipes, fitting, etc. Standard material should be used

• Sub –standard material may caused leakage in pipe and fitting

• All the joints should be made water tight by wrapping jute thread
and white lead paint in the threads, while screwing
• Over screwing of pipes, fittings, elbow, tee, sockets, cross etc .
Should not be done to avoid cracks
• The pipes should be cut at right angle to the axis of the pipe