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Mithul Kumar Physics Project

wheatstone

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73 views14 pages

Mithul Kumar Physics Project

wheatstone

Uploaded by

godsonk509
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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EVERWIN VIDHYASHRAM

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TO STUDY THE WHEATSTONE


BRIDGE CIRCUIT WORKING WITH
ITS APPLICATION

NAME: MITHUL KUMAR


STD: XII
SEC: CLEVER
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ‘K.S. MITHUL KUMAR’ student of XII has


successfully completed the Investigatory Project on the topic
‘WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT WORKING WITH ITS
APPLICATION’ under the guidance of “Mrs. R. SWEDHA” during
the academic year 2024-2025 as per the guideline’s issues by the
Central Board of Secondary Education.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have bestowed upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, I would like to use this opportunity to thank
everyone who has been concerned with this project.

Primarily, I would Thank God for enabling me to complete


this project successfully. Then I would like to thank my principal
Mrs. SANJITHA BANU.S and My Physics teacher “Mrs. R.
SWEDHA” whose valuable guidance has helped me patch this
project and make it a full-proof success.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friend who have


helped me with their valuable suggestions. Their guidance has
been beneficial in various phases of project completion.

Last but not least; I would like to thank my classmates who


have helped me a lot.
CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Components of Wheatstone
bridge
3. Circuit construction
4. Working principle of Wheatstone
bridge
5. Example circuit
6. Applications of Wheatstone
bridge
7. Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
8. Summary
9. Bibliography
INTRINTRODUCTION

Samuel Hunter Christie invented the


Wheatstone bridge in the year 1833, which
became popular with the works of Sir
Charles Wheatstone in 1843.

An electrical circuit that is set up to


measure the unknown value of a resistor
and creates a balance between the two legs
of the bridge circuit is called a Wheatstone
Bridge. As shown in the figure below, three
resistances are known and the fourth one
has to be found out.

Compared to the other measuring


instruments such as voltage divider, the
concept of Wheatstone bridge is widely used
because of the accuracy in its measurement
of resistance.
COMPONENTS OF WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE

• A resistor with an unknown resistance value.

• Two resistors (with known resistance value)

• Variable Resistor (a device like Rheostat or


Preset could work)

• Voltage/DC source

• Galvanometer (or any device which indicates


the voltage difference or the flow of current)

• Connecting Wires

• Circuit Construction

• Construction of Wheatstone Bridge


CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION

A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type structure


having four resistors, three of known and one of
unknown value.

Here R1, R2, and R3 have known values among


which R2 is adjustable and finally Rx is the value
to be measured. Along with these resistances, a
galvanometer (Vg) is there between B & D, and a
DC supply between A & C.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Now according to the Wheatstone bridge principle if the


ratio of the two resistances (R1/R2) on one edge is
equal to the ratio of the two resistances (R3/RX) on
another edge then there will be no flow of current
between the midpoints of the two edges of
resistance. This condition of the bridge is known as the
Balanced Bridge Condition.

In the Balanced Bridge condition, the current through


the galvanometer is zero and also the voltage
difference between the points B & D becomes zero, i.e.,
at both points voltage level would be the same.

Writing equations for the balanced bridge


condition would look like:

R1/R2 =R3/Rx (or) R1 * Rx =R2 * R3


Thus, Rx = R3 * (R2/R1)
This detection of zero current in galvanometer is of
high precision, thus depending on the level of precision
of known values, the unknown resistance can be found
with the highest rate of accuracy and precision.
In the Wheatstone bridge experiment, one resistor
should always be variable in order to obtain a balanced
condition.
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Let us consider the below circuit


where the bridge is in an unbalanced
condition and we need to calculate
the voltage difference between Q1
and Q2, i.e., Volt and hence the
value of R4 needed to make the
bridge balanced.
Example of Wheatstone Bridge As per the voltage
division law,
Vq1(R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs, where Vs
=100volts (voltage source)

Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms, R1=50 ohms, and Vs=


100 volts, we get
Vq1 = 44.4 volts

Similarly, Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs


putting the values, R4 =50 ohms, R2 =100 ohms, and
Vs 100 volts, we getVq2=33.3 volts

Thus, Volt can be found as,


Volt =Vq1-Vq2
So, Volt = 44.4- 33.3 =11.1 volts

Now to make the bridge balanced, we can find a


suitable value for R4 as done
below:

R4 = R2* (R3/R1)
putting the values of R1, R2, and R3, we have

R4 = 100 (40/50) = 80 volts

Therefore, R4 80 volts is the value of resistor which


should be used to make the bridge in a balanced
condition.
APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

. Used in Light detecting devices.

. For measuring the changes in the pressure.

. For measuring the changes in the strain of the


circuit.

. Used for the Sensing of mechanical and


electrical quantities.

. Also, photo resistive devices use this circuit.

. Thermometers also use Wheatstone bridges for


the temperature measurements which need to be
accurate.

. Values like capacitance, inductance, impedance,


etc. can be measured with some variations in the
Wheatstone bridge circuit.
LIMITATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

Along with all these advantages, there are a few


limitations of the Wheatstone bridge as well,
such as:

. Readings may be inaccurate under unbalanced


conditions.

. The range of measured resistance varies from a


few ohms to mega ohms.

. Susceptibility for high DC current is not there.


SUMMARY

. Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s


. Wheatstone bridges are one of the best
methods of measuring resistance due to the
basic mathematical ratio involved.

. Accurate standards with sensitive enough


voltmeter, measurements of resistance within
.05% can be reached.

. Many calibration laboratories still use this


method today.

. The Wheatstone Bridge are replaceable;


however, for its simplicity and versatility the
circuit is an indispensible piece of technology
BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com

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