Short-Circuit

ANSI Standard

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI

 Short-Circuit Analysis
Types of SC Faults
•Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Three-Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
•Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
•Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
•IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
•In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G ≅ .87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 2
 Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
• A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
– Verify protective device close and latch capability

– Verify protective device Interrupting capability

– Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)

– I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)

– Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 3

 System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Power Company Supply

• In-Plant Generators

• Transformers (using negative tolerance)

• Reactors (using negative tolerance)

• Feeder Cables and Bus Duct Systems (at

lower temperature limits)

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 4

 System Components
Involved in SC Calculations
• Overhead Lines (at lower temperature limit)

• Synchronous Motors

• Induction Motors

• Protective Devices

• Y0 from Static Load and Line Cable

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 5

 Elements That Contribute
Current to a Short-Circuit
• Generator
• Power Grid
• Synchronous Motors
• Induction Machines
• Lumped Loads
(with some % motor load)
• Inverters
• I0 from Yg-Delta Connected Transformer
© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 6
 Elements Do Not Contribute
Current in PowerStation
• Static Loads

• Motor Operated Valves

• All Shunt Y Connected Branches

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 7

 Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t) i(t)
v(t) = Vm ∗ Sin(ωt + θ )

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 8

 v(t)
i(t)

di
v(t) = Ri + L = Vm × Sin(ωt + θ ) (1)
dt

eeee
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression

RRRR LLLL
----
Vm Vm t
i(t) = × sin(ωt + θ - φ ) + × sin(θ - φ ) ×
Z Z
144424443 1444 424444 3
Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 9

 AC Current (Symmetrical) with
No AC Decay

DC Current

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 10

 AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 11

 Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )

AC Decay Current

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 12

 Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 13

 ANSI Calculation Methods
1) The ANSI standards handle the AC Decay by varying
machine impedance during a fault.

ANSI

2) The ANSI standards handle the the dc

offset by applying multiplying factors. The
ANSI Terms for this current are:
•Momentary Current
•Close and Latch Current
•First Cycle Asymmetrical Current

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 14

 Sources and Models of Fault
Currents in ANSI Standards
Sources
•Synchronous Generators
•Synchronous Motors & Condensers
•Induction Machines
•Electric Utility Systems (Power Grids)

Models
All sources are modeled by an internal
voltage behind its impedance.

E = Prefault Voltage
R = Machine Armature Resistance
X = Machine Reactance (X”d, X’d, Xd)

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 15

 Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Generators are modeled
in three stages.

Synchronous Motors &

Condensers
Act as a generator to supply fault
current. This current diminishes as the
magnetic field in the machine decays.

Induction Machines
Treated the same as synchronous
Synchronous Reactance
motors except they do not contribute to
Transient Reactance the fault after 2 sec.

Subtransient Reactance Electric Utility Systems

The fault current contribution tends to
remain constant.
© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 16
 ½ Cycle Network

This is the network used to calculate momentary short-circuit current

and protective device duties at the ½ cycle after the fault.

1 ½ to 4 Cycle Network

This network is used to calculate the interrupting short-circuit current

and protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the fault.

30-Cycle Network

This is the network used to calculate the steady-state short-circuit

current and settings for over current relays after 30 cycles.

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 17

 Reactance Representation for
Utility and Synchronous Machine
½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4 Cycle 30 Cycle

X”d X”d X”d

Utility

X”d X”d X’d

Turbo Generator

Hydro-Gen with
X”d X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding

Hydro-Gen without
0.75*X”d 0.75*X”d X’d
Amortisseur
winding
α
X”d X”d
Condenser

Synchronous X”d 1.5*X”d α

Motor

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 18

 Reactance Representation for
Induction Machine
½ Cycle 1 ½ to 4
Cycle

>1000 hp , <= 1800 X”d 1.5*X”d

rpm

>250, at 3600 rpm X”d 1.5*X”d

All others, >= 50 hp 1.2*X”d 3.0*X”d

< 50 hp 1.67*X”d
α

Note: X”d = 1 / LRCpu

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 19

 Device Duty and Usage of Fault Currents
from Different Networks
½ Cycle Currents 1 ½ to 4 Cycle
(Subtransient Currents
Network) (Transient Network)

Closing and Latching Interrupting

HV Circuit Breaker
Capability Capability

LV Circuit Breaker Interrupting Capability ---

---
Fuse Interrupting
Capability

SWGR / MCC Bus Bracing ---

Relay Instantaneous ---

Settings

30 Cycle currents are used for determining overcurrent settings.

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 20

 Momentary Multiplying
Factor

MFm is calculated based on:

• Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)
• Location of fault (Remote / Local generation)
Comparisons of Momentary capability (1/2 Cycle)
SC Current Duty Device Rating

HV CB Asymmetrical RMS C&L RMS

Crest C&L RMS

HV Bus Asymmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS

Crest Crest

LV Bus Symmetrical RMS Symmetrical RMS

Asymmetrical RMS Asymmetrical RMS
© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 21
 Interrupting Multiplying
Factor

MFi is calculated based on:

• Fault X/R (Separate R & X Networks)
• Location of Fault (Remote / Local generation)
• Type and Rating of CB

Comparisons of Interrupting Capability (1 ½ to 4

Cycle)
SC Current Duty Device Rating

Adj. Symmetrical RMS* Adj. Symmetrical RMS*

HV CB

Adj. Symmetrical RMS*** Symmetrical RMS

LV CB & Fuse

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 22

 HV CB Closing and
Latching Duty

Calculate ½ Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using ½ Cycle Network.

• Calculate X/R ratio and Multiplying factor MFm

• Imom, rms, Asym = MFm * Imom, rms, sym

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 23

 HV CB Interrupting Duty

Calculate 1½ to 4 Cycle Current (Imom, rms, sym) using ½ Cycle Network.

• Determine Local and Remote contributions (A “local” contribution is

fed predominantly from generators through no more than one
transformation or with external reactances in series that is less than
1.5 times generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the
contribution is defined as “remote”).

• Calculate no AC Decay ratio (NACD) and multiplying factor MFi

NACD = IRemote / ITotal

ITotal = ILocal + IRemote

(NACD = 0 if all local & NACD = 1 if all remote)

• Calculate Iint, rms, adj = MFi * Iint, rms, Symm

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 24
 HV CB Interrupting
Capability
• CB Interrupting kA varies between Max kA and Rated kA
as applied kV changes – MVAsc capability.

• ETAP’s comparison between CB Duty of Adj.

Symmetrical kA and CB capability of Adjusted Int. kA
verifies both symmetrical and asymmetrical rating.

• The Option of C37.010-1999 standard allows user to

specify CPT.

• Generator CB has higher DC rating and is always

compared against maximum through SC kA.

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 25

 LV CB Interrupting Duty

• LV CB take instantaneous action.

• Calculate ½ Cycle current Irms, Symm (I’f) from the ½

cycle network.

• Calculate X/R ratio and MFi (based on CB type).

• Calculate adjusted interrupting current Iadj, rms, symm =

MFi * Irms, Symm

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 26

 Fuse Interrupting Duty

Calculate ½ Cycle current Iint, rms, symm from ½ Cycle Network.

• Same procedure to calculate Iint, rms, asymm as for CB.

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 27

 L-G Faults

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 28

 L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 29

 Sequence Networks

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 30

 L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

If = 3 × Ia 0
3 × VPr efault
If =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z0
if Zg = 0

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 31

 L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections

I a 2 = − I a1
3 × VPr efault
If =
Z1 + Z 2

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 32

 L-L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

I a 2 + I a1 + I a 0 = 0 = I a
VPr efault
If =
 Z0 Z2 
Z1 +  
 Z0 + Z2 
if Zg = 0

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 33

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 34

 Solid Grounded Devices
and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 = Z 2 & Z 0 < Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3φ < I f 1φ
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/∆ Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 35

 Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults
•L-L-G Faults
•L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 36

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 37
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 38
 SC Study Case Info Page

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 39

 SC Study Case Standard
Page

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 40

 SC Study Case Adjustments
Page
Tolerance
Adjustments Length
Adjustments
•Transformer
Impedance •Cable Length
•Reactor •Transmission
Resistance Line Length
•Overload
Heater
Resistance
Temperature
Corrections
Adjust Fault •Transmission
Impedance Line Resistance
•L-G fault •Cable Resistance
Impedance

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 41

 Tolerance Adjustments

Z 'Transforme r = Z Transforme r * (1 ± Tolerance )

Length 'Cable = LengthCable * (1 ± Tolerance )
Length 'Transmissi onLine = LengthTransmissi onLine * (1 ± Tolerance )

Positive tolerance value is used for IEC Minimum If calculation.

Negative tolerance value is used for all other calculations.

Adjustments can be applied Individually or Globally

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 42

 Temperature Correction

( 234.5 + Tc )
R 'Copper ' = R BASE *
(234.5 + Tb )
( 228.1 + Tc )
R ' Alumi = RBASE *
( 228.1 + Tb )

RBASE = Resistance at base tempereatu re

R' = Resistance at operating temperatur e
Tb = Conductor base temperatur e in C
Tc = Conductor temperatur e limit in C

Temperature Correction can be applied

Individually or Globally
© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 43
 System for SC Study
Power Grid U1
X/R = 55
Gen1
Voltage Control
Design Setting:
%Pf = 85
MW = 4
Transformers Max Q = 9
T1 X/R Min Q = -3
PS =12
PT =12
ST =12
T2 X/R = 12

Lump1
Y open grounded

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 44

 System for SC Study

Tmin = 40, Tmax = 90

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 45

 System for SC Study

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 46

 Short-Circuit Alerts
• Bus Alert

• Protective Device Alert

• Marginal Device Limit

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 47

 Bus SC Rating
Type of Device Monitored Parameter Condition Reported
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical
MV Bus (> 1000 Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. crest kA Bracing Crest
Momentary Symmetrical. rms kA Bracing Symmetrical
LV Bus (<1000Volts)
Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Bracing Asymmetrical

Protective Device Rating

Device Type ANSI Monitored Parameters IEC Monitored Parameters

LVCB Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

Momentary C&L Making

Momentary C&L Crest kA N/A
HV CB
Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

Fuse Interrupting Adjusted Symmetrical. rms kA Breaking

SPDT Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making

SPST Switches Momentary Asymmetrical. rms kA Making

© 1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 48

 3-Phase Duty SC Results
Run a 3-phase Duty SC calculation for a
fault on Bus4. The display shows the
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current.

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 49

 Unbalance Fault Calculation

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit ANSI Slide 50