C H A P TE R 5 9

Differential Equations of First

and Second Order
A differential equation is an equation that involves a function, say y, of one variable, say x, and derivatives
d 2y dy
of y or differentials of x and y. Examples are 2 +2 + 3y − 7 sin x + 4 x = 0 and dy = (x + 2y) dx. T he first
dx dx
equation also can be w ritten as y′′ + 2y′ + 3y − 7 sin x + 4x = 0.
T he o r der of a differential equation is the order of the derivative of highest order appearing in it. T he first
of the above equations is of order tw o, and the second is of order one.
A so lutio n of a differential equation is a function y that satisfies the equation. A gener al so lutio n of an
equation is a formula that describes all solutions of the equation. It turns out that a general solution of a dif-
ferential equation of order n w ill contain n arbitrary constants.

Separable Differential Equations

A separable differential equation is a first-order equation that can be put in the form
dy f ( x)
f ( x) dx + g( y) dy = 0, w hich is equivalent to =−
dx g ( y)
A separable equation can be solved by tak ing antiderivatives

∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ g( y) dy = C
T he result is an equation involving x and y that determines y as a function of x. (S ee P roblems 4– 6, and for
justification, see P roblem 61.)

H om og eneous F unc tions

A function f (x, y) is said to be h o mo geneo us o f degr ee n if f (λx, λy) = λnf (x, y). T he equation M(x, y) dx +
N(x, y) dy = 0 is said to be h o mo geneo us if M(x, y) and N(x, y) are homogeneous of the same degree. It is
easy to verify that the substitution
y = v x, dy = v dx + x dv

w ill transform a homogeneous equation into a separable equation in the variables x and v.

Integ rating F ac tors

C ertain differential equations may be solved after multiplication by a suitable function of x and y produces an
integrable combination of terms. S uch a function is called an integr ating facto r of the equations. In look ing
for integrable combinations, note that:
x dy − y dx
(i) d(xy) = x dy + y dx (ii) d(y/x) =
x dy + y dx x2
(iii) d(ln xy) = (iv) d( 1 u k +1) = uk du
xy k +1

516

     ! "#%$ & ' '(
)%"* +,- * .' / 01
21 )+3
04+,.
CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations 517

M oreover, d(F) + d(G) + . . . = 0 yields F + G + . = constant. (S ee P roblems 10– 14.)

dy
T he so-called linear differ ential equatio ns o f th e fir st o r der , + Py = Q , w here P and Q are functions
dx
of x alone, have the function ξ ( x) = e as integrating factor. (S ee P roblems 15– 17 .)
∫ P dx

dy
An equation of the form + Py = Qy n, w here n ≠ 0, 1 and w here P and Q are functions of x alone, can
dx
be reduced to the linear form by the substitution
dy 1 dz
y1− n = z, y− n =
dx 1 − n dx
(S ee P roblems 18– 19).

Sec ond -O rd er Equations

T he second-order equations that w ill be solved in this chapter are of the follow ing types:
d 2y
= f ( x) (S ee P roblem 23.)
dx 2
d 2y  dy
= f x,  (S ee P roblems 24 and 25.)
dx 2  dx
d 2y
= f ( y) (S ee P roblems 26 and 27 .)
dx 2
d 2y dy
+ P + Qy = R, w here P and Q are constants and R is a constant or function of x only.
dx 2 dx
(S ee P roblems 28– 33.)
If the equation m2 + Pm + Q = 0 has tw o distinct roots m1 and m2, then y = C1e m1x + C2e m2 x is the general
d 2y dy
solution of the equation 2 + P + Qy = 0. If the tw o roots are identical so that m1 = m2 = m, then
dx dx
y = C1e mx + C2 xe mx = e mx (C1 + C2 x)
is the general solution.
d 2y dy
T he general solution of + P + Qy = 0 is called the co mplementar y functio n of the equation
dx 2 dx
d 2y dy
+ P + Qy = R( x) (59.1)
dx 2 dx

If f (x) satisfies (59.1), then the general solution of (59.1) is

y = complementary function + f ( x)
T he function f (x) is called a par ticular so lutio n of (59.1).

SO L V ED P R O B L EM S

1. S how that (a) y = 2e x, (b) y = 3x, and (c) y = C1e x + C2 x, w here C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants, are solutions of
the differential equation y′′(1 − x) + y′x − y = 0.
(a) D ifferentiate y = 2e x tw ice to obtain y′ = 2e x and y′′ = 2e x. S ubstitute in the differential equation to obtain
the identity 2e x(1 − x) + 2e xx − 2e x = 0.
(b) D ifferentiate y = 3x tw ice to obtain y′ = 3 and y′′ = 0. S ubstitute in the differential equation to obtain the
identity 0(1 − x) + 3x − 3x = 0.
(c) D ifferentiate y = C1e x + C2 x tw ice to obtain y′ = C1e x + C2 and y′′ = C1e x. S ubstitute in the differential
equation to obtain the identity C1e x(1 − x) + (C1e x + C2)x − (C1e x + C2 x) = 0.
S olution (c) is the gener al so lutio n of the differential equation because it satisfies the equation and contains
the proper number of essential arbitrary constants. S olutions (a) and (b) are called par ticular so lutio ns because
each may be obtained by assigning particular values to the arbitrary constants of the general solution.
 518 CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations

2. F orm the differential equation w hose general solution is:

(a) y = Cx2 − x; (b) y = C1x3 + C2x + C3.
y′ + 1
(a) D ifferentiate y = Cx2 − x once to obtain y′ = 2Cx − 1. S olve for C = 1  and substitute in the given
2 x 
1  y′ + 1 2
relation (general solution) to obtain y = x − x or y′x = 2y + x.
2 x 
(b) D ifferentiate y = C1x + C2x + C3 three times to obtain y′ = 3C1x2 + C2, y′′ = 6C1x, y′′′ = 6C1. T hen y′′ = xy′′′
3

is the required equation. N ote that the given relation is a solution of the equation y(4) = 0 but is not the
general solution, since it contains only three arbitrary constants.

3. F orm the second-order differential equation of all parabolas w ith principal axis along the x axis.
T he system of parabolas has equation y2 = Ax + B, w here A and B are arbitrary constants. D ifferentiate tw ice
to obtain 2yy′ = A and 2yy′′ + 2(y′)2 = 0. T he latter is the required equation.

dy 1 + y3
4. S olve + = 0.
dx xy 2 (1 + x 2 )
y2 1
H ere xy2(1 + x2)dy + (1 + y3)dx = 0, or dy + dx = 0 w ith the variables separated. T hen the
1 + y3 x(1 + x 2 )
partial-fraction decomposition yields

y 2 dy dx x dx
+ − = 0,
1 + y3 x 1 + x2

and integration yields

1
3 ln |1 + y3 | + ln | x | − 12 ln(1 + x 2 ) = c

or 2 ln |1 + y3 | + 6 ln | x | − 3 ln(1 + x 2 ) = 6c

x 6 (1 + y3 )2 x 6 (1 + y3 )2
from w hich ln = 6c and = e6 c = C
(1 + x 2 )3 (1 + x 2 )3

dy 1 + y 2
5. S olve = .
dx 1 + x 2
dy
S eparate the variables: = dx . Integration yields tan−1 y = tan−1 x + tan−1 C, and then
1 + y2 1 + x 2

y = tan(tan −1 x + tan −1 C ) = x + C
1 − Cx

dy cos 2 y
6. S olve = .
dx sin 2 x
dy
T he variables are easily separated to yield = dx .
cos 2 y sin 2 x
H ence, sec2y dy = csc2 x dx and integration yields tan y = −cot x + C.

7. S olve 2xy dy = (x2 − y2) dx.

T he equation is homogeneous of degree tw o. T he transformation y = vx, dy = v dx + x dv yields
2v dv
(2x)(vx)(v dx + x dv) = (x2 − v 2x) dx or = dx . T hen integration yields
1 − 3v 2 x
− 13 ln |1 − 3v 2 | = ln | x | + ln c

from w hich ln |1 − 3v 2 | + 3 ln |x| + ln C′ = 0 or C′′ |x3(1 − 3v 2)| = 1.

N ow ± C′x3(1 − 3v 2) = Cx3(1 − 3v 2) = 1, and using v = y/x produces C(x3 − 3xy2) = 1.
CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations 519

y y
8. S olve x sin ( y dx + x dy) + cos ( x dy − y dx) = 0.
x x
T he equation is homogeneous of degree tw o. T he transformation y = vx, dy = v dx + x dv yields

x sinv (v x dx + x 2 dv + v x dx) + v x cos v ( x 2 dv + v x dx − v x dx) = 0

or sinv (2v dx + x dv ) + xv cosv dv = 0

or sinv + v cosv dv + 2 dx = 0
v sinv x
y
T hen ln |v sin v | + 2 ln |x| = ln C′, so that x2v sin v = C and xy sin = C.
x

9. S olve (x2 − 2y2) dy + 2xy dx = 0.

T he equation is homogeneous of degree tw o, and the standard transformation yields

(1 − 2v 2 )(v dx + x dv ) + 2v dx = 0

or 1 − 2v 2 dv + dx = 0
v (3 − 2v 2 ) x

or dv − 4v dv + dx = 0
3v 3(3 − 2v 2 ) x

Integration yields 13 ln |v | + 13 ln |3 − 2v 2 | + ln | x | = ln c, w hich w e may w rite as ln |v | + ln |3 − 2v 2 | +3 ln | x | = ln C ′.

T hen x3(3 − 2vv 2) = C and y(3x2 − 2y2) = C.

10 . S olve (x2 + y) dx + ( y3 + x) dy = 0.
Integrate x2 dx + ( y dx + x dy) + y3 dy = 0, term by term, to obtain

x 3 + xy + y 4 = C
3 4

11. S olve (x + e−x sin y) dx − ( y + e−x cos y) dy = 0.

Integrate x dx − y dy − (e−x cos y dy − e−x sin y dx) = 0, term by term, to obtain

1
2 x 2 − 12 y 2 − e− x sin y = C

12 . S olve x dy − y dx = 2x3 dx.

x dy − y dx
T he combination x dy − y dx suggests d   =
y
. H ence, multiplying the given equation by
 x x2
1 x dy − y dx
ξ ( x) = 2 , w e obtain = 2 x dx , from w hich
x x2
y
= x2 + C or y = x 3 + Cx
x

13 . S olve x dy + y dx = 2x2y dx.

x dy + y dx
T he combination x dy + y dx suggests d (ln xy) = . H ence, multiplying the given equation by
xy
1 x dy + y dx
ξ ( x, y) = , w e obtain = 2 x dx , from w hich In |xy| = x2 + C.
xy xy
 52 0 CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations

14 . S olve x dy + (3y − ex) dx = 0.

M ultiply the equation by ξ(x) = x2 to obtain x3 dy + 3x2y dx = x2ex dx. T his yields

x 3 y = ∫ x 2 e x dx = x 2 e x − 2 xe x + 2e x + C

dy 2
15 . + y = 6 x 3.
dx x
H ere P( x) = 2 , ∫ P( x) = ln x 2, and an integrating factor is ξ ( x) = eln x = x 2. W e multiply the given equation by
2

x
ξ(x) = x2 to obtain x2 dy + 2xy dx = 6x5 dx. T hen integration yields x2y = x6 + C.
No te 1: After multiplication by the integrating factor, the terms on the left side of the resulting equation are an
integr able co mbinatio n.
No te 2: T he integrating factor for a given equation is not unique. In this problem, x2, 3x2, 12 x 2, etc., are all
integrating factors. H ence, w e w rite the simplest particular integral of P(x) dx rather than the general integral,
ln x2 + ln C = ln Cx2.

dy
16 . S olve tan x + y = sec x .
dx
dy
S ince + y cot x = csc x , w e have ∫ P( x)dx = ∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x |, and ξ ( x) = eln|sin x| =|sin x |. T hen multiplica-
dx
tion by ξ(x) yields

sin x  + y cot x = sin x csc x

dy
or sin x dy + y cos x dx = dx
 dx 

and integration gives

y sin x = x + C

dy
17 . S olve − xy = x.
dx
H ere P(x) = −x, ∫ P( x)dx = − 12 x 2, and ξ ( x) = e− 2 x . T his produces
1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2
e− 2 x dy − xye− 2 x dx = xe− 2 x dx

and integration yields

1 2 1 2 1 2
ye− 2 x = − e− 2 x + C , or y = Ce 2 x − 1

dy
18 . S olve + y = xy 2.
dx
dy
T he equation is of the form + Py = Qy n, w ith n = 2. H ence w e use the substitution y1−n = y−1 = z,
dx
dy dy
y −2 = − dz . F or convenience, w e w rite the original equation in the form y −2 + y −1 = x, obtaining
dx dx dx
− dz + z = x , or dz − z = − x.
dx dx
T he integrating factor is ξ ( x) = e ∫ = e ∫ = e− x. It gives us e−x dx − ze−x dx = − xe−x dx, from w hich ze−x =
P dx − dx

xe−x + e−x + C. F inally, since z = y−1, w e have

1 = x + 1 + Ce x.
y
CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations 52 1

dy
19 . S olve + y tan x = y3 sec x .
dx
dy dy
W rite the equation in the form y −3 + y −2 tan x = sec x . T hen use the substitution y−2 = z, y −3 = − 1 dz to
dz dx dx 2 dx
obtain − 2 z tan x = −2 sec x.
dx
T he integrating factor is ξ ( x) = e ∫
−2 tan x dx
= cos 2 x. It gives cos2x dz − 2z cos x sin x dx = − 2cos x dx, from
w hich

z cos 2 x = −2 sin x + C , or cos 2 x = −2 sin x + C

y2

2 0 . W hen a bullet is fired into a sand bank , its retardation is assumed equal to the square root of its velocity on
entering. F or how long w ill it travel if its velocity on entering the bank is 144 ft /sec?
L et v represent the bullet’s velocity t seconds after strik ing the bank . T hen the retardation is − dv = v , so
dv = − dt and 2 v = −t + C. dt
v
W hen t = 0, v = 144 and C = 2 144 = 24. T hus, 2 v = −t + 24 is the law governing the motion of the bullet.
W hen v = 0, t = 24; the bullet w ill travel for 24 seconds before coming to rest.

2 1. A tank contains 100 gal of brine holding 200 lb of salt in solution. W ater containing 1 lb of salt per gallon flow s
into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min, and the mixture, k ept uniform by stirring, flow s out at the same rate. F ind
the amount of salt at the end of 90 min.
dq
L et q denote the number of pounds of salt in the tank at the end of t minutes. T hen is the rate of change of
dt
the amount of salt at time t.
dq
T hree pounds of salt enter the tank each minute, and 0.03q pounds are removed. T hus, = 3 − 0.03q.
dt
dq
R earranged, this becomes = dt , and integration yields
3 − 0.03q
ln(0.03q − 3)
= −t + C .
0.03

W hen t = 0, q = 200 and C = ln 3 so that ln(0.03q − 3) = −0.03t + ln3. T hen 0.01q − 1 = e−0.03t, and q = 100 +
0.03
100e−0.03t. W hen t = 90, q = 100 + 100e−2.7 ~ 106.7 2 lb.

2 2 . U nder certain conditions, cane sugar in w ater is converted into dextrose at a rate proportional to the amount that
is unconverted at any time. If, of 7 5 grams at time t = 0, 8 grams are converted during the first 30 min, find the
amount converted in 1 1 hours.
2 dq dq
L et q denote the amount converted in t minutes. T hen = k (7 5 − q), from w hich = k dt, and integra-
dt 7 5− q
tion gives ln (7 5 − q) = −kt + C.
W hen t = 0, q = 0 and C = ln 7 5, so that ln (7 5 − q) = −kt + ln 7 5.
W hen t = 30 and q = 8, w e have 30k = ln7 5 − ln 67 ; hence, k = 0.0038, and q = 7 5(1 − e−0.0038t).
W hen t = 90, q = 7 5(1 − e−0.34) ~ 21.6 grams.

d2y
2 3 . S olve = xe x + cos x .
dx 2
H ere d   = xe x + cos x . H ence,
dy dy
dx ∫
= ( xe x + cos x)dx = xe x − e x + sin x + C1, and another integration yields
dx  dx 
y = xex − 2ex − cosx + C1x + C2.

d2y dy
2 4 . S olve x 2 +x = a.
dx 2 dx
dy d 2 y dp dp
L et p = ; then 2 = and the given equation becomes x 2 + xp = a or x dp + p dx = a dx. T hen integra-
dx dx dx dx x
dy
tion yields xp = a ln |x|+C1, or x = a ln | x | + C. W hen this is w ritten as dy = a ln | x | dx + C1 dx , integration gives
dx x x
y = 1 a ln 2 | x | + C1 ln | x | + C2.
2
 52 2 CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations

2 5 . S olve xy′′ + y′ + x = 0.
dy d 2 y dp dp
L et p = . T hen 2 = and the given equation becomes x + p + x = 0 or x dp + p dx = − x dx.
dx dx dx dx
dy C
Integration gives xp = − 1 x 2 + C1, substitution for p gives = − 1 x + 1 , and another integration yields
2 dx 2 x
y = 1 x 2 + C2 ln | x | + C2.
4

d2y
2 6 . S olve − 2 y = 0.
dx 2
S ince d [( y′)2 ] = 2 y′y′′, w e can multiply the given equation by 2y′ to obtain 2y′y′′ = 4yy′, and integrate to ob-
dx
tain ( y ′)2 = 4 ∫ yy ′dx = 4 ∫ y dy = 2 y 2 + C1.
dy dy
T hen = 2 y 2 + C1 , so that = dx and ln | 2 y + 2 y 2 + C1 | = 2 x + ln C2. T he last equation yields
dx 2 y 2 + C1
2 y + 2 y 2 + C1 = C2 e 2 x .

2 7 . S olve y′′ = −1/y3.

2 y′
M ultiply by 2y′ to obtain 2 y′y′′ = − 3 . T hen integration yields
y

dy 1 + C1 y 2 y dy
( y ′)2 = 12 + C1 so that = or = dx
y dx y 1 + C1 y 2

Another integration gives 1 + C1 y 2 = C1 x + C2 or (C1 x + C2 )2 − C1 y 2 = 1.

d2y dy
2 8 . S olve + 3 − 4 y = 0.
dx 2 dx
H ere w e have m2 + 3m − 4 = 0, from w hich m = 1, −4. T he general solution is y = C1ex + C2e−4x.

d2y dy
2 9 . S olve + 3 = 0.
dx 2 dx
H ere m2 + 3m = 0, from w hich m = 0, −3. T he general solution is y = C1 + C2e−3x.

d2y dy
3 0 . S olve − 4 + 13y = 0.
dx 2 dx
H ere m2 − 4m + 13 = 0, w ith roots m1 = 2 + 3i and m2 = 2 − 3i. T he general solution is

y = C1e( 2+3i ) x + C2 e( 2−3i ) x = e2 x (C1e3ix + C2 e−3ix )

S ince eiax = cos ax + i sin ax, w e have e3ix = cos 3x + i sin 3x and e−3ix = cos 3x − i sin 3x. H ence, the solution
may be put in the form

y = e2 x [ C1 (cos 3x + i sin 3x) + C2 (cos 3x − i sin 3 x)]

= e2 x [(C1 + C2 )cos 3x + i(C1 − C2 )sin 3x)]

= e2 x ( A cos 3x + B sin 3x)

2
d y dy
3 1. S olve − 4 + 4 y = 0.
dx 2 dx
H ere m2 − 4m + 4 = 0, w ith roots m = 2, 2. T he general solution is y = C1e2x + C2xe2x.

d2y dy
3 2 . S olve + 3 − 4y = x2 .
dx 2 dx
F rom P roblem 6, the complementary function is y = C1ex + C2e−4x.
CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations 52 3

T o find a particular solution of the equation, w e note that the right-hand member is R(x) = x2. T his suggests
that the particular solution w ill contain a term in x2 and perhaps other terms obtained by successive differentia-
tion. W e assume it to be of the form y = Ax2 + Bx + C, w here the constants A, B, C are to be determined. H ence
w e substitute y = Ax2 + Bx + C, y′ = 2Ax + B, and y′′ = 2A in the differential equation to obtain

2 A + 3(2 Ax + B) − 4( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) = x 2 or −4 Ax 2 + (6 A − 4 B) x + (2 A + 3B − 4C ) = x 2

S ince this latter equation is an identity in x, w e have −4A = 1, 6A − 4B = 0, and 2A + 3B − 4C = 0. T hese yield
A = − 1 , B = − 3 , C = − 13 , and y = − 1 x 2 − 3 x − 13 is a particular solution. T hus, the general solution is
4 8 32 4 8 32
y = C1e x + C2 e−4 x − 1 x 2 − 3 x − 13 .
4 8 32

d2y dy
3 3 . S olve − 2 − 3y = cos x .
dx 2 dx
H ere m2 − 2m − 3 = 0, from w hich m = −1, 3; the complementary function is y = C1e−x + C2e3x. T he right-hand
member of the differential equation suggests that a particular solution is of the form A cos x + B sin x. H ence, w e
substitute y = A cos x + B sin x, y′= B cos x − A sin x, and y′′ = − A cos x − B sin x in the differential equation to
obtain

(− A cos x − B sin x) − 2( B cos x − A sin x) − 3( A cos x + B sin x) = cos x

or −2(2 A + B)cos x + 2( A − 2 B)sin x = cos x

T he latter equation yields −2(2A + B) = 1 and A − 2B = 0, from w hich A = − 1 , B = − 1 . T he general

5 10
solution is C1e− x + C2 e3 x − 1 cos x − 1 sin x.
5 10
2
3 4 . A w eight attached to a spring moves up and dow n so that the equation of motion is d 2s + 16 s = 0 , w here s is the
ds dt
stretch of the spring at time t. If s = 2 and = 1 w hen t = 0, find s in terms of t.
dt
H ere m2 + 16 = 0 yields m = ± 4i, and the general solution is s = A cos 4t + B sin4t. N ow w hen t = 0, s = 2 = A,
so that s = 2 cos 4t + B sin4t.
Also w hen t = 0, ds/dt = 1 = −8 sin 4t + 4B cos 4t = 4B, so that B = 1 . T hus, the required equation is
4
s = 2 cos 4t + 1 sin 4t .
4

2
3 5 . T he electric current in a certain circuit is given by d 2I + 4 dI + 2504 I = 110. If I = 0 and dI = 0 w hen t = 0, find
dt dt dt
I in terms of t.
H ere m + 4m + 2504 = 0 yields m = −2 + 50i, −2 − 50i; the complementary function is e−2t (A cos 50t + B sin
2

50t). B ecause the right-hand member is a constant, w e find that the particular solution is I = 110/2504 = 0.044.
T hus, the general solution is I = e−2t (A cos 50t + B sin 50t) + 0.044.
Also w hen t = 0, dI/dt = 0 = e−2t[(−2A + 50B) cos 50t − (2B + 50A) sin 50t] = −2A + 50B. T hen B = −0.0018,
and the required relation is I = −e−2t(0.044 cos 50t + 0.0018 sin 50t) + 0.044.

3 6 . A chain 4 ft long starts to slide off a flat roof w ith 1 ft hanging over the edge. D iscounting friction, find (a) the
velocity w ith w hich it slides off and (b) the time required to slide off.
L et s denote the length of the chain hanging over the edge of the roof at time t.
(a) T he force F causing the chain to slide off the roof is the w eight of the part hanging over the edge. T hat
w eight is mgs/4. H ence,

F = mass × acceleration = ms ′′ = 14 mgs or s ′′ = 14 gs

M ultiplying by 2s′ yields 2 s ′s ′′ = 12 gss ′ and integrating once gives (s ′)2 = 14 gs 2 + C1.
W hen t = 0, s = 1 and s′ = 0. H ence, C1 = − 14 g and s ′ = 12 g s 2 − 1 . W hen s = 4, s ′ = 1
2 15g ft /sec.
 52 4 CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations

(b) S ince ds = 1 g dt , integration yields ln s + s 2 − 1 = 1

gt + C2. W hen t = 0, s = 1. T hen
2 2
s2 − 1
C2 = 0 and ln( s + s 2 − 1 ) = 12 gt .
W hen s = 4, t = 2 ln(4 + 15 )seconds.
g

3 7 . A boat of mass 1600 lb has a speed of 20 ft /sec w hen its engine is suddenly stopped (at t = 0). T he resistance
of the w ater is proportional to the speed of the boat and is 200 lb w hen t = 0. H ow far w ill the boat have moved
w hen its speed is reduced to 5 ft /sec?
L et s denote the distance traveled by the boat t seconds after the engine is stopped. T hen the force F on the
boat is

F = ms ′′ = − K s ′ from w hich s ′′ = − ks ′

200 g
T o determine k, w e note that at t = 0, s′ = 20 and s ′′ = force = − = −4 . T hen k = − s ′′ / s ′ = 15 . N ow
mass 1600
s ′′ = d v = − , and integration gives lnv = − 5 t + C1, or v = C1e−t/5.
v 1
dt 5
W hen t = 0, v = 20. T hen C1 = 20 and v = ds = 20 e− t / 5. Another integration yields s = −100e−t/5 + C2.
dt
W hen t = 0, s = 0; then C2 = 100 and s = 100(1 − e−t/5). W e require the value of s w hen v = 5 = 20e−t/5, that is,
w hen e− t /5 = 14 . T hen s = 100(1 − 14 ) = 7 5 ft.

SU P P L EM EN T A R Y P R O B L EM S

3 8 . F orm the differential equation w hose general solution is:

(a) y = Cx2 + 1 (b) y = C 2x + C
(c) y = Cx2 + C2 (d) xy = x3 − C
(e) y = C1 + C2 x + C3x2 (f ) y = C1ex + C2e2x
(g) y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x (h) y = C1ex cos(3x + C2)

Ans. (a) xy′ = 2(y − 1); (b) y′ = (y − xy′)2; (c) 4x2y = 2x3y′ + (y′)2; (d) xy′ + y = 3x2; (e) y′′′ = 0;
(f ) y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 0; (g) y′′ + y = 0; (h) y′′ − 2y′ + 10y = 0

3 9 . S olve:
(a) y dy − 4x dx = 0 Ans. y2 = 4x2 + C
(b) y2 dy − 3x5 dx = 0 Ans. 2y3 = 3x6 + C
(c) x3y′ = y2(x − 4) Ans. x2 − xy + 2y = Cx2y
(d) (x − 2y) dy + (y + 4x) dx = 0 Ans. xy − y2 + 2x2 = C
(e) (2y2 + 1)y′ = 3x2y Ans. y2 + ln |y| = x3 + C
(f) xy′(2y − 1) = y(1 − x) Ans. ln |xy = x + 2y + C
(g) (x2 + y2) dx = 2xy dy Ans. x2 − y2 = Cx
(h) (x + y) dy = (x − y) dx Ans. x2 − 2xy − y2 = C
(i) x(x + y) dy − y2 dx = 0 Ans. y = Ce−y/x
(j) x dy − y dx + xe−y/x dx = 0 Ans. ey/x + ln |Cx| = 0
(k ) dy = (3y + e2x) dx Ans. y = (Cex − 1)e2x
(l) x2y2 dy = (1 − xy3) dx Ans. 2x3y3 = 3x2 + C

4 0 . T he tangent and normal to a curve at a point P(x, y) meet the x axis in T and N, respectively, and the y axis in S
and M, respectively. D etermine the family of curves satisfying the conditions:
(a) TP = PS; (b) NM = MP; (c) TP = O P; (d) NP = O P

Ans. (a) xy = C; (b) 2x2 + y2 = C; (c) xy = C, y = Cx; (d) x2 ± y2 = C

CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations 52 5

4 1. S olve P roblem 21, assuming that pure w ater flow s into the tank at the rate of 3 gal/min and the mixture flow s out
at the same rate.

Ans. 13.44 lb

4q
4 2 . S olve P roblem 41 assuming that the mixture flow s out at the rate 4 gal/min. ( Hint: dq = − 100 − t dt ).

Ans. 0.02 lb

In P roblems 43– 59, solve the given equation.

d2y
43. = 3x + 2 Ans. y = 12 x 3 + x 2 + C1 x + C2
dx 2

d2y
4 4 . e2 x = 4(e4 x + 1) Ans. y = e2x + e−2x + C1x + C2
dx 2

d2y
45. = −9 sin 3x Ans. y = sin 3x + C1x + C2
dx 2

d2y dy
46. x − 3 + 4x = 0 Ans. y = x2 + C1x4 + C2
dx 2 dx

d 2 y dy 3
47. − = 2x − x2 Ans. y = x + C1e x + C2
dx 2 dx 3

d 2 y dy
48. x − = 8x3 Ans. y = x4 + C1x2 +C2
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
49. − 3 + 2y = 0 Ans. y = C1ex + C2e2x
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
50. + 5 + 6y = 0 Ans. y = C1e−2x + C2e−3x
dx 2 dx

d 2 y dy
5 1. − =0 Ans. y = C1 + C2ex
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
52. −2 +y=0 Ans. y = C2xex + C2ex
dx 2 dx

d2y
53. + 9y = 0 Ans. y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
dx 2

d2y dy
54. − 2 + 5y = 0 Ans. y = ex(C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
55. − 4 + 5y = 0 Ans. y = e2x(C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
dx 2 dx

d2y dy
56. + 4 + 3y = 6 x + 23 Ans. y = C1e−x + C2e−3x + 2x + 5
dx 2 dx
 52 6 CHAPTER 59 Differential Equations

d2y 3x
57. + 4 y = e3 x Ans. y = C1 sin 2 x + C2 cos 2 x + e
dx 2 13

d2y dy
58. − 6 + 9 y = x + e2 x Ans. y = C1e3 x + C2 xe3 x + e2 x + x + 2
dx 2 dx 9 27

d2y
59. − y = cos 2 x − 2 sin 2 x Ans. y = C1e x + C2 e− x − 15 cos 2 x + 25 sin 2 x
dx 2

6 0 . A particle of mass m, moving in a medium that offers a resistance proportional to the velocity, is subject to an
attracting force proportional2 to the displacement.2F ind the equation of motion of the particle if at time t = 0, s = 0
and s′ = v0. ( Hint : H ere m d 2s = − k1 ds − k2 s or d 2s + 2b ds + c 2 s = 0, b > 0.)
dt dt dt dt

v0
Ans. If b2 = c2, s = v0te−bt; if b2 < c2, s = e− bt sin c 2 − b 2t ; if b2 > c2,
c2 − b2
v0
s= ( e( − b + b2 − c2 )t
− e( − b − b2 − c2 )t
)
2 b2 − c2
dy f ( x)
6 1. J ustify our method for solving a separable differential equation =− by integration, that is,
dx g ( y)
∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ g( y) dy = C .
dy
Ans. D ifferentiate both sides of ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ g( y) dy = C w ith respect to x, obtaining f ( x) + g( y) = 0.
dx
dy f ( x)
H ence, =− and the solution y satisfies the given equation.
dx g ( y)