Lectures (Week 1)

Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Crisp vs fuzzy set theory

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory
1.1. Characteristic Function for the set 𝑨: 2.1. Membership Function for the fuzzy set 𝐴̅:
𝜒𝐴 : 𝑋 ⟶ {0,1} 𝜇𝐴̅ : 𝑋 ⟶ [0, 1]
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 𝑡 ∈ [0, 1]
𝜒𝐴 (𝑧) = {
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∉ 𝐴
1.2. Crisp Set: 2.2. Fuzzy Set:
A crisp set 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥))}(where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋) is characterized by the characteristic A fuzzy set 𝐴̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥))}(where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋) is characterized by a membership
function 𝜒𝐴 : 𝑋 ⟶ {0,1}. That is in crisp set the characteristic (membership) function 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) (that is in the case of a fuzzy set the membership function can take
function can take only two values 0 and 1 that is 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 1 or 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 0 any value in [0,1]). Thus, the nearer the value 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) to 0, the lower the grad of
according as 𝑥 does or does not belong to 𝐴. membership of 𝑥 in 𝐴̅ and the nearer the value 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) to 1, the higher the grad of
membership of 𝑥 in 𝐴̅.
1.3. Example 2.3. Example
Consider a universal set 𝑅 (Set of Real Numbers), then the set 𝐴 of integers Consider a universal set 𝑅, then subset
greater than 0 is a crisp set and can be represented as: 𝐴̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥))} of 𝑅 close to 10 is a fuzzy subset of 𝑅, since one can precisely
𝐴 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝐴 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝐴 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝐴 (0)), characterize 𝐴̅ by a specific membership function 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) on 𝑅 such as:
(1, 𝜒𝐴 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝐴 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝐴 (3)), … }, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 ≤ 4 and for all 𝑥 ≥ 15, 𝜇𝐴̅ (5) = 0.2, 𝜇𝐴̅ (5.5) = 0.3, 𝜇𝐴̅ (6) =
𝐴 = {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }, 0.4, 𝜇𝐴̅ (6.5) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴̅ (7) = 0.6, 𝜇𝐴̅ (7.5) = 0.7, 𝜇𝐴̅ (8) = 0.8,
𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … }. 𝜇𝐴̅ (9) = 0.9, 𝜇𝐴̅ (10) = 1, 𝜇𝐴̅ (10.5) = 0.9, 𝜇𝐴̅ (11) = 0.8, 𝜇𝐴̅ (11.5) = 0.7,
Explanation: In this case the grades of the characteristic function 𝜇𝐴̅ (12) = 0.6, 𝜇𝐴̅ (12.5) = 0.5, 𝜇𝐴̅ (13) = 0.4, 𝜇𝐴̅ (13.5) = 0.3, 𝜇𝐴̅ (14) = 0.2
𝜒𝐴 : 𝑅 ⟶ {0,1} Then,
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 𝐴̅ = {. . . , (5,0.2), (5.5,0.3), (6,0.4), (6.5,0.5), (7,0.6), (7.5,0.7), (8,0.8), (9,0.9),
𝜒𝐴 (𝑧) = { (10,1), (10.5,0.9), (11,0.8), (11.5,0.7), (12,0.6), (12.5,0.5),
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∉ 𝐴
are, (13,0.4), (13.5,0.3), (14,0.2), . . . }.
𝜒𝐴 (0) = 𝜒𝐴 (−1) = 𝜒𝐴 (−2) = 𝜒𝐴 (−3) =. . . = 0
𝜒𝐴 (1) = 𝜒𝐴 (2) = 𝜒𝐴 (3) = 𝜒𝐴 (4) =. . . = 1
1.4. The concept of subset 2.4. The concept of subset in fuzzy set theory
A set 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} is said to be the subset of a set 𝐴 = A set 𝐴̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥))} is said to be the subset of a set 𝐵̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥))} (where 𝑥 ∈
{(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))}(where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅) if and only if 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 (every 𝑋) if and only if 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) ≤ 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 (every element of 𝐴̅ is an element of
element of 𝐴 is an element of 𝐵) and represented as 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵. 𝐵̅) and represented as 𝐴̅ ⊆ 𝐵̅.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.5. Example 2.5. Example
Consider the following two sets (sub sets of real numbers) Consider the universal set 𝑅 of real numbers and define three fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅ and
𝑍 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑍 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑍 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑍 (0)), 𝐶̅ of 𝑅 close to 0 as:
(1, 𝜒𝑍 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑍 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑍 (3)), … }, 𝐴̅ = {. . . , (−6,0), (−5,0.1), (−4,0.3), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.9), (0,1),
𝑍 = {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }, (1,0.9), (2,0.7), (3,0.5), (4,0.3), (5,0.1), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . . },
𝑍 = {… , −2, −1,0,1,2,3, … } (set of integers). 𝐵̅ = {. . . , (−6,0.2), (−5,0.3), (−4,0.4), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.8), (0,1),
𝑁 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑁 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑁 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑁 (0)), (1,0.8), (2,0.7), (3,0.6), (4,0.4), (5,0.3), (6,0.2), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . . },
(1, 𝜒𝑁 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑁 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑁 (3)), … }, ̅
𝐶 = {. . . , (−5,0), (−4,0.2), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.6), (−1,0.8), (0,1), (1,0.8), (2,0.6),
𝑁= {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), … }. (3,0.4), (4,0.2), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), . . . }.
𝑁 = {1,2,3,4, … } (set of positive integers). Then 𝐴̅ ⊈ 𝐵̅ (since 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) ≰ 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅) and 𝐵̅ ⊈ 𝐴̅ (since 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≰
Then 𝑁 is a subset of 𝑍. Indeed: 𝜒𝑁 (𝑥) ≤ 𝜒𝑍 (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅), whereas, 𝐶̅ ⊆ 𝐵̅ (since 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥) ≤ 𝜇𝐶̅ (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅).
1.6. The concept of equal sets 2.6. The concept of equal fuzzy subsets
Consider two sets 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} and 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥))} (subsets of 𝑋) are Two fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ of 𝑋 are equal if and only if. 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥) for all
equal if and only if 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. In symbols 𝐴 = 𝐵. 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. In symbols 𝐴̅ = 𝐵̅ ⇔ 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥).
1.7. Empty Set 2.7. Empty fuzzy subset
A subset 𝐴 of 𝑋 is empty if and only if 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝑋. A fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ of 𝑋 is empty if and only if 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 in 𝑋.
1.8. The concept of complement 2.8. The concept of complement in fuzzy set theory
If 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} is a subset of 𝑋 (a universal set), then the complement of 𝐴 is If 𝐴̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥)): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is a fuzzy subset of 𝑋, then the complement of 𝐴̅ is
denoted and defined as: denoted and defined as:
𝐴𝑐 = {(𝑥, 1 − 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))}, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. 𝐴̅𝑐 = {(𝑥, 1 − 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥))}.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.9. Example 2.9. Example
Consider the following set (of Example 1.3) Consider the fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅, 𝐵̅ and 𝐶̅ of Example 2.5, then
𝐴 = {… , (−2, 𝜇𝐴 (−2)), (−1, 𝜇𝐴 (−1)), (0, 𝜇𝐴 (0)), . . . , (−6,1), (−5,0.9), (−4,0.7), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.3), (−1,0.1), (0,0),
𝐴̅𝑐 = { },
(1, 𝜇𝐴 (1)), (2, 𝜇𝐴 (2)), (3, 𝜇𝐴 (3)), … }, (1,0.1), (2,0.3), (3,0.5), (4,0.7), (5,0.9), (6,1), (7,1), (8,1), (9,1), . . . .
𝐴 = {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }, 𝐵̅ 𝑐 =
𝐴 = {1,2,3,4, … }. . . , (−7,1), (−6,0.8), (−5,0.7), (−4,0.6), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.3), (−1,0.2), (0,0),
{ },
Then, (1,0.2), (2,0.3), (3,0.4), (4,0.6), (5,0.7), (6,0.8), (7,1), (8,1), (9,1), . .
… , (−2, 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (−2)), (−1, 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (−1)), (0, 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (0)), . . . , (−5,1), (−4,0.8), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.4), (−1,0.2), (0,0),
𝐴𝑐 = { }, 𝐶̅ 𝑐 = { }.
(1, 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (1)), (2, 1 − 𝜇𝐴 (2)), … (1,0.2), (2,0.4), (3,0.6), (4,0.8), (5,1), (6,1), (7,1), (8,1), . . .
𝐴𝑐 = {… , (−2,1 − 0), (−1,1 − 0), (0,1 − 0), (1,1 − 1), (2,1 − 1), (3,1 − 1), … }
𝐴𝑐 = {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), … }
𝐴 = {0, −1, −2, −3, . . . }.
Explanation: In this case the grades of the characteristic function
𝜒𝐴 : 𝑅 ⟶ {0,1}
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴
𝜒𝐴 (𝑧) = {
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 ∉ 𝐴
are,
𝜒𝐴 (0) = 𝜒𝐴 (−1) = 𝜒𝐴 (−2) = 𝜒𝐴 (−3) =. . . = 0,
𝜒𝐴 (1) = 𝜒𝐴 (2) = 𝜒𝐴 (3) = 𝜒𝐴 (4) =. . . = 1.
Therefore,
1 − 𝜒𝐴 (0) = 1 − 𝜒𝐴 (−1) = 1 − 𝜒𝐴 (−2) =. . . = 1,
1 − 𝜒𝐴 (1) = 1 − 𝜒𝐴 (2) = 1 − 𝜒𝐴 (3) =. . . = 0.
1.10. The union of two sets 2.10. The union of two fuzzy subsets
Consider two sets 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} and 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥))} (subsets of 𝑋), then Consider two fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ of 𝑋. Then the union of 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ is denoted and
the union of 𝐴 and 𝐵 is denoted and defined as: defined as:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑥[𝜒𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥)])}. 𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵̅ = {(𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑥[𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥), 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥)])}.

3
Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.11. Example 2.11. Example
Consider the following two sets of Example 1.5 Consider the fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐶̅ defined in Example 2.5. Then,
𝑍 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑍 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑍 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑍 (0)), 𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵̅ =
(1, 𝜒𝑍 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑍 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑍 (3)), … }. . . . , (−6,0.2), (−5,0.3), (−4,0.4), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.9), (0,1),
{ }.
𝑍 = {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }, (1,0.9), (2,0.7), (3,0.6), (4,0.4), (5,0.3), (6,0.2), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . .
𝑍 = {… , −2, −1,0,1,2,3, … } (set of integers).
𝑁 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑁 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑁 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑁 (0)),
(1, 𝜒𝑁 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑁 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑁 (3)), … },
𝑁= {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }.
𝑁 = {1,2,3,4, … } (set of positive integers).
𝑁 ∪ 𝑍 = {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }
𝑁 ∪ 𝑍 = {… , −2, −1,0,1,2,3, … } = 𝑍.
1.12. The intersection of two sets 2.12. The intersection of two fuzzy subsets
Consider two sets 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} and 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥))} (subsets of 𝑋), then Consider two fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ of 𝑋. Then the intersection of 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ is denoted
the union of 𝐴 and 𝐵 is denoted and defined as: and defined as:
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝜒𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥)])}. 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥), 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥)])}.
1.13. Example 2.13. Example
Consider the following two sets of Example 1.5 Consider the fuzzy subsets 𝐵 and 𝐶̅ defined in Example 2.5. Then,
̅
𝑍 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑍 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑍 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑍 (0)), . . . , (−5,0), (−4,0.2), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.6), (−1,0.8), (0,1),
𝐵̅ ∩ 𝐶̅ = { },
(1, 𝜒𝑍 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑍 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑍 (3)), … }, (1,0.8), (2,0.6), (3,0.4), (4,0.2), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), . . .
𝑁 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑁 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑁 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑁 (0)), . . . , (−6,0), (−5,0.1), (−4,0.3), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.8),
𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅ = { }.
(1, 𝜒𝑁 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑁 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑁 (3)), … }, (0,1), (1,0.8), (2,0.7), (3,0.5), (4,0.3), (5,0.1), (6,0), (7,0), . . .
𝑁 ∩ 𝑍 = {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … }.
𝑁 ∩ 𝑍 = {1,2,3, … } = 𝑁.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.14. Example 2.14. Example (The union and intersection of the fuzzy with its
Consider the set of integers (a subset of 𝑅) complements)
(𝑥1 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥1 )), (𝑥2 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥2 )), (𝑥2 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥2 )), … Consider the fuzzy subset 𝐶̅ of Example 2.5, then
𝑍={ }, . . . , (−5,1), (−4,0.8), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.4), (−1,0.2), (0,0),
(𝑦1 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦1 )), (𝑦2 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦2 )), (𝑦2 , 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦2 )), … 𝐶̅ 𝑐 = { },
(1,0.2), (2,0.4), (3,0.6), (4,0.8), (5,1), (6,1), (7,1), (8,1), . . .
𝑥𝑖 is an integer and 𝑦𝑖 is a non-integer real number for all 𝑖 = 1,2,3, …
. . . , (−5,0), (−4,0.2), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.6), (−1,0.8), (0,1),
Then, 𝐶̅ = { },
(1,0.8), (2,0.6), (3,0.4), (4,0.2), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), . . .
(𝑥1 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥1 )), (𝑥2 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥2 )), (𝑥2 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑥2 )), … . . . , (−5,1), (−4,0.8), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.6), (−1,0.8), (0,1),
𝑍𝑐 = { }. 𝐶̅ ∪ 𝐶̅ 𝑐 = { }≠𝑅
(𝑦1 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦1 )), (𝑦2 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦2 )), (𝑦2 , 1 − 𝜇𝑍 (𝑦2 )), … (1,0.8), (2,0.6), (3,0.6), (4,0.8), (5,1), (6,1), (7,1), (8,1), . . .
Therefore, (Universal set),
(𝑥 , 1), (𝑥2 , 1), (𝑥2 , 1), … and
𝑍={ 1 },
(𝑦1 , 0), (𝑦2 , 0), (𝑦2 , 0), … . . . , (−5,0), (−4,0.2), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.4), (−1,0.2), (0,0),
𝐶̅ ∩ 𝐶̅ 𝑐 = { }≠∅
(𝑥 , 1 − 1), (𝑥2 , 1 − 1), (𝑥2 , 1 − 1), … (1,0.2), (2,0.4), (3,0.4), (4,0.2), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), . . .
𝑍𝑐 = { 1 },
(𝑦1 , 1 − 0), (𝑦2 , 1 − 0), (𝑦2 , 1 − 0), … (Empty set).
(𝑥 , 0), (𝑥2 , 0), (𝑥2 , 0), …
𝑍𝑐 = { 1 }.
(𝑦1 , 1), (𝑦2 , 1), (𝑦2 , 1), …
Then
(𝑥 , 1), (𝑥2, 1), (𝑥2 , 1), …
𝑍 ∪ (𝑍)𝑐 = { 1 } = 𝑅,
(𝑦1 , 1), (𝑦2 , 1), (𝑦2 , 1), …
(𝑥 , 0), (𝑥2, 0), (𝑥2 , 0), …
𝑍 ∩ (𝑍)𝑐 = { 1 } = ∅.
(𝑦1 , 0), (𝑦2 , 0), (𝑦2 , 0), …

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.15. Difference of Two Sets 2.15. Difference of Two fuzzy subsets
Consider two sets 𝐴 and 𝐵, then their difference is denoted and defined as There are two types of differences of two fuzzy subsets.
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝑐 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝜒𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜒𝐵𝑐 (𝑥)])}. 2.15.1. Simple Difference of Two fuzzy subsets
1.15.1. Example Consider two sets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅, then their difference is denoted and defined as
Consider the following two sets of Example 1.5 𝐴̅ − 𝐵̅ = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅𝑐 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑖𝑛[𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥), 1 − 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥)])}.
𝑍 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑍 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑍 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑍 (0)), 2.15.2. Example
(1, 𝜒𝑍 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑍 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑍 (3)), … }, Consider the fuzzy subsets 𝐵̅ and 𝐴̅ of Example 2.5 Then
𝑍 = {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … } (See Example 1.5), 𝐵̅ − 𝐴̅ = 𝐵̅ ∩ 𝐴̅𝑐 =
𝑁 = {… , (−2, 𝜒𝑁 (−2)), (−1, 𝜒𝑁 (−1)), (0, 𝜒𝑁 (0)), . . . , (−6,0.2), (−5,0.3), (−4,0.4), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.3), (−1,0.1), (0,0),
(1, 𝜒𝑁 (1)), (2, 𝜒𝑁 (2)), (3, 𝜒𝑁 (3)), … }, { }.
(1,0.1), (2,0.3), (3,0.5), (4,0.4), (5,0.3), (6,0.2), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . .
𝑁 = {… , (−2,0), (−1,0), (0,0), (1,1), (2,1), (3,1), … } (See Example 1.5), 2.15.3. Bounded Difference of Two fuzzy subsets
𝑁 𝑐 = {… , (−3,1), (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), … } (See Consider two sets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅, then their bounded difference is denoted and defined as
Example 1.9), 𝐴̅ ⊖ 𝐵̅ = {(𝑥, 𝑀𝑎𝑥[0, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) − 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑥)])}.
𝑐
𝑍 − 𝑁 = 𝑍 ∩ 𝑁 = {(𝑥, min[𝜒𝑍 (𝑥), 𝜒𝑁𝑐 (𝑥)])}, 2.15.4. Example
= {… , (−2,1), (−1,1), (0,1), (1,0), (2,0), (3,0), … }, Consider the fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ of Example 2.5. Then
= {… , −2, −1,0}. . . . , (−6,0), (−5,0), (−4,0), (−3,0), (−2,0), (−1,0.1), (0,0),
𝐴̅ ⊖ 𝐵̅ = { }.
(1,0.1), (2,0), (3,0), (4,0), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0). . . .
1.16. Cardinality of Set 2.16. Cardinality of a fuzzy Subset
The cardinality of the set 𝐴 is denoted and defined as: There are three types of cardinalities of a fuzzy subset.
|𝐴| = ∑𝑥∈𝑋 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥), 2.16.1. Scalar cardinality
1.16.1 Example The scalar cardinality of a fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ is denoted and defined as:
The cardinality of the subset 𝐵 = {4,5,6} of 𝑁 is 3, that is, |𝐵| = 3. |𝐴̅| = ∑𝑥∈𝑋 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥).
Explanation: The set 𝐵 can be represented as: 2.16.2. Example
𝐵 = {(4, 𝜒𝐵 (4)), (5, 𝜒𝐵 (5)), (6, 𝜒𝐵 (6))}, Consider the fuzzy subset 𝐶̅ defined in Example 2.5
𝐵 = {(4,1), (5,1), (6,1)} (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ≠ 4,5,6). . . . , (−5,0), (−4,0.2), (−3,0.4), (−2,0.6), (−1,0.8), (0,1),
𝐶̅ = { }.
Therefore, (1,0.8), (2,0.6), (3,0.4), (4,0.2), (5,0), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), . . .
|𝐵| = ∑𝑥∈𝑁 𝜒𝐵 (𝑥) = 𝜒𝐵 (4) + 𝜒𝐵 (5) + 𝜒𝐵 (6) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. Then,
|𝐶̅ | = ⋯ + 0 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.8 + 1 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0 + 0 +
⋯ = 5.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

2.16.3. Relative cardinality
The relative cardinality of a fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ of a universal (finite) set 𝑋 is denoted
and defined as:
|𝐴̅|
‖𝐴̅‖ = .
|𝑋|
2.16.4. Example
Consider the universal set 𝑋 = {−6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6} and define a
fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ of 𝑋 close to 0 as:
(−6,0), (−5,0.1), (−4,0.3), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.9), (0,1),
𝐴̅ = { },
(1,0.9), (2,0.7), (3,0.5), (4,0.3), (5,0.1), (6,0)
Then the relative cardinality of the fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ of 𝑋 is:
|𝐴̅| 0+0.1+0.3+0.5+0.7+0.9+1+0.9+0.7+0.5+0.3+0.1+0 6
‖𝐴̅‖ = = = .
|𝑋| 13 13
2.16.5. Fuzzy cardinality
The fuzzy cardinality of a fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ is denoted and defined as:
|𝐴̅|𝐹 = {(|𝐴̅𝛼 |, 𝛼)}.
2.16.6. Example
Consider the following fuzzy subset:
(−6,0), (−5,0.1), (−4,0.3), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.9), (0,1),
𝐴̅ = { } (See
(1,0.9), (2,0.7), (3,0.5), (4,0.3), (5,0.1), (6,0)
Example 2.16.4),
𝐴̅0 = {−6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6} ⇒ |𝐴̅0 | = 13,
𝐴̅0.1 = {−5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5} ⇒ |𝐴̅0.1 | = 11,
𝐴̅0.3 = {−4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4} ⇒ |𝐴̅0.3 | = 9,
𝐴̅0.5 = {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3} ⇒ |𝐴̅0.5 | = 7,
𝐴̅0.7 = {−2, −1,0,1,2} ⇒ |𝐴̅0.7 | = 5,
𝐴̅0.9 = {−1,0,1} ⇒ |𝐴̅0.9 | = 3,
𝐴̅1 = {0} ⇒ |𝐴̅1 | = 1.
Hence,
|𝐴̅|𝐹 = {(13,0), (11,0.1), (9,0.3), (7,0.5), (5,0.7), (3,0.9), (1,1)}.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.17. The Cartesian Product of Sets 2.17. The Cartesian product of fuzzy subsets
Consider the following subsets the universal set 𝑋. Let 𝐴1̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅1 (𝑥))} and 𝐴̅2 = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅2 (𝑥))} are fuzzy subsets of a universal set 𝑋.
𝐴1 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴1 (𝑥))}, 𝐴2 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑥))}.
Then the Cartesian product 𝐴1̅ × 𝐴̅2 is a fuzzy subset of 𝑋 and its membership function
Then the Cartesian product of the subsets 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 is denoted and defined as:
is
𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑥1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑥2 )},
𝜇𝐴̅1×𝐴̅2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ),
where,
where 𝜇𝐴̅1 ×𝐴̅2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = min {𝜇𝐴̅1 (𝑥1 ), 𝜇𝐴̅2 (𝑥2 )}.
𝜒𝐴1 ×𝐴2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑚 ) = min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑥1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑥2 )}.
Hence, the Cartesian product of 𝐴1̅ and 𝐴̅2 is defined as:
𝐴1̅ × 𝐴̅2 = {((𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ), min {𝜇𝐴̅1 (𝑥1 ), 𝜇𝐴̅2 (𝑥2 )})}.
1.18. Example: Consider the following two subsets of 𝑋 (Universal set):
𝐴1 = {𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 }, that can be written as 𝐴1 = {(𝑎1 , 1), (𝑏1 , 1), (𝑐1 , 1)}, or 𝐴1 = {(𝑎1 , 𝜒𝐴1 (𝑎1 )), (𝑏1 , 𝜒𝐴1 (𝑏1 )), (𝑐1 , 𝜒𝐴1 (𝑐1 ))},
𝐴2 = {𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 }, that can be written as 𝐴2 = {(𝑎2 , 1), (𝑏2 , 1), (𝑐2 , 1)}, or 𝐴2 = {(𝑎2 , 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑎2 )), (𝑏2 , 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑏2 )), (𝑐2 , 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑐2 ))},
Then,
((𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑎1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑎2 )}) , ((𝑎1 , 𝑏2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑎1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑏2 )}) , ((𝑎1 , 𝑐2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑎1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑐2 )}) , ((𝑏1 , 𝑎2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑏1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑎2 )}) ,
𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = ((𝑏1 , 𝑏2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑏1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑏2 )}) , ((𝑏1 , 𝑐2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑏1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑐2 )}) , ((𝑐1 , 𝑎2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑐1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑎2 )}) , ((𝑐1 , 𝑏2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑐1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑏2 )}) , ,

{ ((𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ), min {𝜒𝐴1 (𝑐1 ), 𝜒𝐴2 (𝑐2 )}) . }

𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = {((𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ), 1), ((𝑎1 , 𝑏2 ), 1), ((𝑎1 , 𝑐2 ), 1), ((𝑏1 , 𝑎2 ), 1), ((𝑏1 , 𝑏2 ), 1), ((𝑏1 , 𝑐2 ), 1), ((𝑐1 , 𝑎2 ), 1), ((𝑐1 , 𝑏2 ), 1), ((𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ), 1)},
𝐴1 × 𝐴2 = {(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ), (𝑎1 , 𝑏2 ), (𝑎1 , 𝑐2 ), (𝑏1 , 𝑎2 ), (𝑏1 , 𝑏2 ), (𝑏1 , 𝑐2 ), (𝑐1 , 𝑎2 ), (𝑐1 , 𝑏2 ), (𝑐1 , 𝑐2 )}.

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

2.18. Example: Consider the following fuzzy subsets 𝐴̅ and 𝐵̅ of Example 2.5:
𝐴̅ = {. . . , (−6,0), (−5,0.1), (−4,0.3), (−3,0.5), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.9), (0,1), (1,0.9), (2,0.7), (3,0.5), (4,0.3), (5,0.1), (6,0), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . . },
𝐵̅ = {. . . , (−6,0.2), (−5,0.3), (−4,0.4), (−3,0.6), (−2,0.7), (−1,0.8), (0,1), (1,0.8), (2,0.7), (3,0.6), (4,0.4), (5,0.3), (6,0.2), (7,0), (8,0), (9,0), . . . },
Then, 𝐴̅ × 𝐵̅ = {((𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 ), min {𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑎𝑖 ), 𝜇𝐵̅ (𝑏𝑖 )})}.
((−5, −6), 0.1), ((−5, −5), 0.1), ((−5, −4), 0.1), ((−5, −3), 0.1), ((−5, −2), 0.1), ((−5, −1), 0.1), ((−5,0), 0.1), ((−5,1), 0.1), ((−5,2), 0.1), ((−5,3), 0.1),
((−5,4), 0.1), ((−5,5), 0.1), ((−5,6), 0.1), ((−4, −6), 0.2), ((−4, −5), 0.3), ((−4, −4), 0.3), ((−4, −3), 0.3), ((−4, −2), 0.3), ((−4, −1), 0.3), ((−4,0), 0.3),
((−4,1), 0.3), ((−4,2), 0.3), ((−4,3), 0.3), ((−4,4), 0.3), ((−4,5), 0.3), ((−4,6), 0.2), ((−3, −6), 0.2), ((−3, −5), 0.3), ((−3, −4), 0.4), ((−3, −3), 0.5),
((−3, −2), 0.5), ((−3, −1), 0.5), ((−3,0), 0.5), ((−3,1), 0.5), ((−3,2), 0.5), ((−3,3), 0.5), ((−3,4), 0.4), ((−3,5), 0.3), ((−3,6), 0.2), ((−2, −6), 0.2),
((−2, −5), 0.3), ((−2, −4), 0.4), ((−2, −3), 0.6), ((−2, −2), 0.7), ((−2, −1), 0.7), ((−2,0), 0.7), ((−2,1), 0.7), ((−2,2), 0.7), ((−2,3), 0.6),
((−2,4), 0.4), ((−2,5), 0.3), ((−2,6), 0.2), ((−1, −6), 0.2), ((−1, −5), 0.3), ((−1, −4), 0.4), ((−1, −3), 0.6), ((−1, −2), 0.7), ((−1, −1), 0.8), ((−1,0), 0.9),
((−1,1), 0.8), ((−1,2), 0.7), ((−1,3), 0.6), ((−1,4), 0.4), ((−1,5), 0.3), ((−1,6), 0.2), ((0, −6), 0.2), ((0, −5), 0.3), ((0, −4), 0.4), ((0, −3), 0.6),
𝐴̅ × 𝐵̅ = .
((0, −2), 0.7), ((0, −1), 0.8), ((0,0), 1), ((0,1), 0.8), ((0,2), 0.7), ((0,3), 0.6), ((0,4), 0.4), ((0,5), 0.3), ((0,6), 0.2), ((1, −6), 0.2), ((1, −5), 0.3),
((1, −4), 0.4), ((1, −3), 0.6), ((1, −2), 0.7), ((1, −1), 0.8), ((1,0), 0.9), ((1,1), 0.8), ((1,2), 0.7), ((1,3), 0.6), ((1,4), 0.4), ((1,5), 0.3), ((1,6), 0.2),
((2, −6), 0.2), ((2, −5), 0.3), ((2, −4), 0.4), ((2, −3), 0.6), ((2, −2), 0.7), ((2, −1), 0.7), ((2,0), 0.7), ((2,1), 0.7), ((2,2), 0.7), ((2,3), 0.6), ((2,4), 0.4),
((2,5), 0.3), ((2,6), 0.2), ((3, −6), 0.2), ((3, −5), 0.3), ((3, −4), 0.4), ((3, −3), 0.5), ((3, −2), 0.5), ((3, −1), 0.5), ((3,0), 0.5), ((3,1), 0.5), ((3,2), 0.5),
((3,3), 0.5), ((3,4), 0.4), ((3,5), 0.3), ((3,6), 0.2), ((4, −6), 0.2), ((4, −5), 0.3), ((4, −4), 0.3), ((4, −3), 0.3), ((4, −2), 0.3), ((4, −1), 0.3), ((4,0), 0.3),
((4,1), 0.3), ((4,2), 0.3), ((4,3), 0.3), ((4,4), 0.3), ((4,5), 0.3), ((4,6), 0.2), ((5, −6), 0.1), ((5, −5), 0.1), ((5, −4), 0.1), ((5, −3), 0.1), ((5, −2), 0.1),
{ ((5, −1), 0.1), ((5,0), 0.1), ((5,1), 0.1), ((5,2), 0.1), ((5,3), 0.1), ((5,4), 0.1), ((5,5), 0.1), ((5,6), 0.1), }

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Lectures (Week 1)
Fuzzy Algebra
By Hidayat Ullah Khan

Classical/crisp set theory (redefined) Fuzzy set theory

1.19. Convex Set 2.1.9. Convex fuzzy Subset
A set 𝐴 is convex if 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 implies 𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 for all 𝜃 ∈ [0, 1]. A fuzzy subset set 𝐴̅ = {(𝑥, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥))} is convex if 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑥) = 𝑠, 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝑦) = 𝑡, where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈
Note: I think we can define the concept of “Convex Set” in terms of Characteristic 𝑋 implies
function as below; 𝜇𝐴̅ (𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦) ≥ min {𝑠, 𝑡} for all 𝜃 ∈ [0, 1].
A set 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥))} (subset of 𝑅) is convex if 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 1 = 𝜒𝐴 (𝑦) (that is 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 2.20. Example: Consider the fuzzy subset 𝐴̅ of Example 2.3:
𝐴) implies 𝜒𝐴 (𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦) = 1 ≥ min {𝜒𝐴 (𝑥), 𝜒𝐴 (𝑦)} (that is (𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦 ∈ . . . , (4,0), (5,0.2), (5.5,0.3), (6,0.4), (6.5,0.5), (7,0.6), (7.5,0.7), (8,0.8),
𝐴) for all 𝜃 ∈ [0, 1]. 𝐴̅ = { (9,0.9), (10,1), (10.5,0.9), (11,0.8), (11.5,0.7), (12,0.6), (12.5,0.5), }
(13,0.4), (13.5,0.3), (14,0.2), (15,0), . . .
1.20. Example: Consider the set 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝜒𝐴 (𝑥)): 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4} (subset of 𝑅), then
Then 𝐴̅ is convex. Indeed: Let 𝜃 = 0.5, then
𝜒𝐴 (𝑥) = 1 for all 𝑥 ∈ [3, 4]. Let 𝑥 = 3.2, 𝑦 = 3.5, and 𝜃 = 0.2, then 𝜇𝐴 (0.5(6) + (1 − 0.5)7) = 𝜇𝐴 (3 + 3.5) = 𝜇𝐴 (6.5) = 0.5 ≥ min {0.4,0.6},
𝜒𝐴 (𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦) = 𝜒𝐴 (0.2(3.2) + (1 − 0.2)(3.5)) = 𝜒𝐴 (3.64) for all 𝜃 ∈ [0, 1].
= 1 ≥ min {𝜒𝐴 (3.2) = 1, 𝜒𝐴 (3.5) = 1}.
Explanation: Clearly 3.64 ∈ [3, 4]), 3.5 ∈ [3, 4]) and 3.2 ∈ [3, 4]). Therefore,
𝜒𝐴 (3.64) = 1, 𝜒𝐴 (3.2) = 1, and 𝜒𝐴 (3.5) = 1.
𝜃𝑥 + (1 − 𝜃)𝑦 = (0.2)(3.2) + (1 − 0.2)(3.5) = 0.64 + 2.8 = 3.44 ∈ 𝐴 = [3,4]

10