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Lecture # 13 (Continuous Functions-SE)

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14 views26 pages

Lecture # 13 (Continuous Functions-SE)

Uploaded by

muhammadshuja2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Calculus &

Analytical
Geometry
(MATH- 101)
Instructor: Dr. Naila Amir (naila.amir@seecs.edu.pk)
Continuity

▪ Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano
▪ Chapter: 2 (2.5)
Properties of Continuous Functions
Applying Properties of Continuous Functions
By using properties of continuous functions, it follows that each of the
functions below is continuous at every point in its domain.
Properties of Continuous Functions
Continuity of a composition function
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = cos 𝑥. Discuss the continuity of the
composite functions (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) 𝑥 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 .
Solution:
The Intermediate Value Theorem
The Intermediate Value Theorem
Following theorem is an important theorem concerning the behavior of
functions that are continuous on a closed interval.
The Intermediate Value Theorem
• The Intermediate Value Theorem tells us that at least one number 𝑐 exists, but
it does not provide a method for finding 𝑐. Such theorems are called existence
theorems.

• A proof of this theorem is based on a property of real numbers called


completeness.

• The Intermediate Value Theorem states that for a continuous function 𝑓(𝑥), if 𝑥
takes on all values between 𝑎 and 𝑏, 𝑓(𝑥) must take on all values between 𝑓(𝑎)
and 𝑓(𝑏).
The Intermediate Value Theorem
• As an example of the application of the Intermediate Value Theorem, consider a
person’s height. A girl is 4 feet 3 inches tall on her tenth birthday and 5 feet 5
inches tall on her fourteenth birthday.

• Then, for any height ℎ between 4 feet 3 inches and 5 feet 5 inches, there must
have been a time 𝑡 when her height was exactly ℎ.

• This seems reasonable because human growth is continuous and a person’s


height does not abruptly change from one value to another.
Example
• Let’s consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 for 𝑥-values between 1 and 5.
• Note that, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 is a smooth curve that has no rips, tears, or holes in it, so
we call it continuous.
• If we put 𝑥 = 1 into 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1, it will produce 𝑦 = 2 and if we use 𝑥 = 5,
then we get 𝑦 = 26.
• Thus, the Intermediate Value Theorem will guarantee that the given function
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 will produce all of the real numbers between 2 and 26.
• Furthermore, the Intermediate Value Theorem guarantees that these 𝑦-values
will be produced by numbers chosen for 𝑥 between 1 and 5.
The Intermediate Value Theorem
The Intermediate Value Theorem guarantees the existence of at least one number
𝑐 in the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

There may, of course, be more than


one number 𝑐 such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑘,
as shown in figure.
Bolzano Theorem: A special case of IVT
The Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) can often be used to locate the zeros of a
function that is continuous on a closed interval.
Specifically, if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on
[𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) differ in sign,
the Intermediate Value Theorem
guarantees the existence of at least one
zero of 𝑓(𝑥) in the closed interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
Example
Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the polynomial function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 has a zero in the interval [0, 1].

Solution:

Note that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on the closed interval [0, 1]. Since

𝑓 0 = (0)3 +2 0 − 1 = −1 and 𝑓 1 = (1)3 +2 1 − 1 = 2

it follows that 𝑓(0) < 0 and 𝑓(1) > 0.


Example
We can therefore apply the Intermediate
Value Theorem to conclude that there must
be some 𝑐 in [0, 1] such that

𝑓 𝑐 = 0,

i.e.,

𝑓(𝑥) has a zero in the closed interval 0,1 .


Example
Without graphing, show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 has at least one zero
between −2 and −1.
Solution:
This function is continuous on the interval −2, −1 . Moreover,

𝑓 −2 = 12 and 𝑓 −1 = −4.

Since 𝑓(−2) and 𝑓(−1) differ in sign, therefore, somewhere between 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(𝑥) passes through 0.
Example
For the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8,

a) use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the function has a zero on
the interval 0, 3 .

b) find the value of "𝑐" guaranteed by the theorem such that


𝑓(𝑐) = 0.
Example
Solution:
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 is continuous on the interval 0, 3 . Moreover,
𝑓 0 =8 and 𝑓 3 = −1.

Since 𝑓(0) and 𝑓(3) differ in sign, therefore, somewhere between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3,
𝑓(𝑥) passes through 0. Now
𝑓 𝑐 = 0 ⟹ 𝑐 2 − 6𝑐 + 8 = 0
⟹ 𝑐 = 2 or 4.

We choose 𝑐 = 2 not 4, why???


Example
Given f (x) = 3x2 − 2x − 5, Show that f (x) = 0 has a solution on [1,2].
Solution:
Since
f (1) = −4  0
f (2) = 3  0
✓ 𝑓 (𝑥) is continuous (polynomial)
✓ 𝑓 (1) < 0 < 𝑓 (2)
✓ By the Intermediate Value Theorem there exists a 𝑐 ∈ [1, 2] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0.
Example
1. Show that the polynomial function f (x)= x + 2 x − 2x − has at least
3 2

one zero in the interval −3,3 .

2. find the value of " 𝑐 "guaranteed by the theorem such that:


𝑓(𝑐) = 0.
Example
Solution
• First, we must comment on the continuity of the function. Polynomial
functions are continuous on entire real line.

• Next, we must find 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏).

• f (a) = f (−) = (-3)3 + 2(-3)2 − 2(-3) − = −  


• f (b) = f (3) = (3) + 2(3) − 2(3) − =   
3 2

• Thus, Bolzano Theorem applies and somewhere between 𝑥 = −3, and


𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(𝑥) passes through 0.
Example
f (c)= c + 2 c − 2c −= ⟹ 𝑐 = −2, ± 2
3 2
Example
Why does the IVT fail to hold for 𝑓(𝑥) on [−1, 1]?

−1; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
1; 0≤𝑥≤1 1

-2 2

-1

Not Continuous in interval!


Point of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 0.
Practice Questions
Q#1: Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
sin 3𝑥
; 𝑥≠0
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ቐsin 2𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0.
2/3; 𝑥=0
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − |𝑥| at 𝑥 = 1.
(1 + 𝑥)1/𝑥 ; 𝑥≠0
3. 𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ at 𝑥 = 0.
1; 𝑥=0

2 −4; 𝑥≤0
Q#2: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = ቊ
𝑥−4 ; 𝑥>0
Determine whether 𝑓𝑜𝑔 and 𝑔𝑜𝑓 are continuous at 𝑥 = 0. If not continuous then what type
of discontinuity exists at this point?
Practice Questions
𝑥; if 𝑥 is irrational
Q#3: Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ቊ
1 − 𝑥; if 𝑥 is rational
is continuous at 𝑥 = 1/2.
1− 𝑥
Q#4: Find the constant "𝑐", provided the function 𝑓 𝑥 = ; 0≤𝑥<1
ቐ 𝑥−1
𝑐; 𝑥=1
is continuous for all 𝑥 ∈ 0,1 .
Q#5: Determine the constants "𝑎" and "𝑏", such that the function:
𝑥 3; 𝑥 < −1
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥 2 + 2; 𝑥≥1
is continuous for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Practice Questions
Book: Thomas Calculus (14th Edition) by George B. Thomas,
Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass, Frank R. Giordano

• Chapter: 2

• Exercise: 2.6
Q # 1 – 46

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