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ASRMSFIELD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger - 2024

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41 views7 pages

ASRMSFIELD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger - 2024

Uploaded by

lekhethokhalametsane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1 – CEL262S

Practical: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger

1. Objectives

➢ To demonstrate the working principle of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating


under co-current or counter current conditions.

➢ To demonstrate the effect of hot water temperature variation on the performance


characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger.

➢ To determine the exchanger effectiveness both experimentally as well as


theoretically (i.e., using the NTU method) and compare them. Hot and cold-water
output temperatures should be estimated and compared with the measured values.

2. Theoretical Background

Concentric tube heat exchangers are the simplest of the optional heat exchangers. It has
two tubes, one inside the other. One tube carries hot fluid, the other carries cold fluid and
the heat transfers between them. The heat exchanger is in two equal parts joined by
intermediate pipes. This allows two extra measurement points at the midpoint (plus the
standard four points at the connectors). Furthermore, it gives more useful experiment
results, to show more clearly how the fluid temperatures change during heat transfer.

2.1 Useful formulas (concentric tube heat exchanger)

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Where

Calculation of the inside (hi) and outside (ho) film heat transfer coefficients:

Base the physical properties on the bulk temperature (i.e., the average of the inlet and outlet
temp.) of the fluid in the annulus for ho and the inside tube for hi.

General equation for Nusselt Number and heat transfer coefficients:

2|Page
Where P is the perimeter of the heated pipe surface. Note that equivalent diameter for the
tube is its inside diameter. Also, in an ideal situation:

2.2 The number of transfer unit (NTU) effectiveness method for a heat exchanger
analysis

If heat exchanger output temperatures are unknown, to calculate the heat transfer rate from
the logarithmic average temperature differences can be solved by iteration, from an
approximate value of one of the temperatures. This method may be time-consuming and
expensive. Using the NTU-Effectiveness method proves to be more convenient. The
effectiveness is defined as the coefficient between the actual heat exchanged and the
maximum that may be transferred in an infinite area exchanger in counter-current flow.

𝑞
𝜀 =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

where 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ ( 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) if 𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ < 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 because the hot fluid may
experience the highest change in temperature and 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 ( 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) if 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 <
𝑚ℎ 𝐶𝑝ℎ because the cold fluid may experience the highest temperature change, being ( 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 −
𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ) the highest possible difference in temperature that may experience one of the two fluids.

Therefore, effectiveness may be:

The number of transmission units (NTU) is a dimensional parameter widely used for heat
exchanger analysis being defined as:

Also, we may define capacity coefficient (CR) as:

3|Page
Now ε can be expressed as a function of CR and NTU:

Once the effectiveness has been calculated, the temperatures at the outlet of the exchanger
will be:

4|Page
3. Experimental Procedure

The apparatus has the following important dimensions:

3.1 Instructions

➢ Ensure all drain valves are closed.


➢ Ensure that the air bleed valves are closed.
➢ Ensure that the valves are opened or closed correctly to have desired flow direction.
➢ Ensure there is enough water in the tank.
➢ Switch on the power supply to the system.
➢ Set the temperature regulator to the desired set point (e.g. 40°C).
➢ Allow the water temperature to reach the set point. 8. Open the cold-water supply to
the heat exchanger.
➢ Perform the runs in the following matrix.
➢ Close the flow of the cold stream when configure the set-up from co-current to
counter current.
➢ Allow the system to reach steady state for each run. (All variables stabilized)

5|Page
To successfully complete the practical you need to record the following for runs 1 and 2:
➢ Hot water inlet temperature.
➢ Hot water outlet temperature.
➢ Hot water flow rate.
➢ Cold water inlet temperature.
➢ Cold water outlet temperature.
➢ Cold water flow rate.

4. Calculations

➢ The power emitted from the hot water for each temperature setting, QH.
➢ The power absorbed by the cold water for each temperature setting, QC.
➢ The power lost, if any, in the system.
➢ The inside film heat transfer coefficient (hi).
➢ The overall heat transfer coefficient (U).
➢ The actual heat transfer rate, (heat flux), qI.

NTU-Effectiveness calculation

➢ Experimental effectiveness (ε)


➢ Heat transferred by hot water (qh)
➢ Logarithmic average temperatures difference between hot and cold water (Tlm)
➢ Parameters: UA , NTU and CR.
➢ Effectiveness obtained by the NTU method (ε-NTU)
➢ Temperatures for hot and cold water at the exchanger outlet obtained from the
experimental effectiveness (Th,o and Tc,o).

6|Page
5. Discussion

➢ Elaborate on trends and observations you deem significant.


➢ The power lost for the various runs.
➢ Compare the theoretical heat flux, qI, with the calculated values, QH and QC.
➢ The heat transfer coefficients in the various runs.
➢ Comment the values obtained, comparing the experimental effectiveness (ε)
with the effectiveness obtained by the NTU method (ε-NTU).

Some useful equations for predicting the properties of water (T is in °C):

7|Page

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