# Hydraulics and Fluid Machinery Assignment Solutions

## Problem 1a: Sliding Block on Inclined Plane

Given:
- Block edge: 20 cm = 0.2 m
- Block weight: 20 kg(f) = 196.2 N
- Plane inclination: 20°
- Oil viscosity: 0.22 × 10^-3 kg(f)-s/m² = 0.002158 N·s/m²
- Oil lm thickness: 0.025 mm = 0.000025 m

Steps:
1. Calculate force along incline: F = 196.2 × sin(20°) = 67.1 N
2. Calculate block area: A = 0.2 × 0.2 = 0.04 m²
3. Use equation: F = (μ × A × v) / h
4. Solve for v: v = (F × h) / (μ × A)
v = (67.1 × 0.000025) / (0.002158 × 0.04) = 0.2789 m/s

Answer: Terminal velocity = 0.2789 m/s

## Problem 1b: Shear Stress in Velocity Pro le

Given:
- Velocity pro le: v = 2y^(2/3)
- Viscosity μ = 0.835 N·s/m²

Steps:
1. Di erentiate v: dv/dy = (4/3) × y^(-1/3)
2. Use τ = μ × (dv/dy)
3. At y = 0: τ = 0.835 × (4/3) × 0^(-1/3) = unde ned
4. At y = 0.075: τ = 0.835 × (4/3) × 0.075^(-1/3) = 4.3615 N/m²

Answer:
- At y = 0: Shear stress is unde ned (approaches in nity)
- At y = 0.075 m: Shear stress = 4.3615 N/m²

## Problem 2a: Ocean Pressure and Density Changes

Given:
- Depth: 2 km
- Pressure at depth: 840 kg(f)/cm² = 82.404 MPa
- Surface speci c weight: 1025 kg(f)/m³ = 10055.25 N/m³
- Bulk modulus: 24 × 10³ kg(f)/cm² = 2.3544 GPa

Steps:
1. Pressure di erence: ΔP = 82.404 - (10055.25 × 2000 / 10^6) = 62.294 MPa
2. Volume change ratio: ΔV/V = ΔP / K = 62.294 / 2354.4 = 0.02646
3. Initial speci c volume: v₀ = 1 / 1025 = 0.000976 m³/kg
4. Change in speci c volume: Δv = 0.000976 × 0.02646 = 2.58 × 10^-5 m³/kg
5. Speci c volume at depth: v = 0.000976 - 2.58 × 10^-5 = 0.000950 m³/kg
6. Speci c weight at depth: γ = (1 / 0.000950) × 9.81 = 10326.3 N/m³
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 Answer:
a) Change in speci c volume: -2.58 × 10^-5 m³/kg
b) Speci c volume at depth: 0.000950 m³/kg
c) Speci c weight at depth: 10326.3 N/m³

## Problem 2b: Capillary Rise

Given:
- Tube diameter: 2 mm = 0.002 m
- Surface tension (water): 0.0075 kg(f)/m = 0.07358 N/m
- Surface tension (mercury): 0.052 kg(f)/m = 0.51012 N/m

Steps:
Use h = (4γ cos θ) / (ρgd)

For water:
h = (4 × 0.07358 × cos(0°)) / (1000 × 9.81 × 0.002) = 0.015 m = 15 mm

For mercury:
h = (4 × 0.51012 × cos(140°)) / (13600 × 9.81 × 0.002) = -0.0038 m = -3.8 mm

Answer:
- Capillary rise in water: 15 mm
- Capillary depression in mercury: 3.8 mm

## Problem 3a: Compound Manometer

Given:
- Manometric uid: Mercury (ρ = 13600 kg/m³)
- Connecting uid: Water (ρ = 1000 kg/m³)

Steps:
1. P_C = (ρ_Hg - ρ_water) × g × (h2 + h4) - ρ_water × g × (h1 + h3)
2. P_C = (13600 - 1000) × 9.81 × (0.381 + 0.508) - 1000 × 9.81 × (0.254 + 0.127)
3. P_C = 100,629.66 Pa = 100.63 kPa

Answer: Gauge pressure at C = 100.63 kPa

## Problem 4a: Rectangular Door in Vertical Wall

Given:
- Door dimensions: 3 m wide × 2 m high
- Water height above door: 1.5 m
- Hinge positions: 0.25 m from each end

Steps:
1. Total force: F = ρg × width × height × (height/2 + 1.5)
F = 1000 × 9.81 × 3 × 2 × (1 + 1.5) = 110,362.5 N
2. Center of pressure: y_cp = (2.75 / 3) × (3 × 2 + 1.5) / (2 × 2 + 1.5) = 1.37 m from bottom
3. Moment equations:
R1 × 1.5 + R2 × 0.5 = 110,362.5 × (2 - 1.37)
R1 + R2 + Rc = 110,362.5
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4. Solve system of equations:
R1 = 18,433.13 N
R2 = 36,866.25 N
Rc = 55,063.12 N

Answer:
- Reaction at top hinge (R1): 18,433.13 N
- Reaction at bottom hinge (R2): 36,866.25 N
- Reaction at center clamp (Rc): 55,063.12 N

## Problem 5: Vertical Gate Division

Given:
- Gate dimensions: 2 m × 2 m
- Top edge 1 m below water surface

Steps:
For equal pressures:
1. y² = (H² + h²) / 2 = (3² + 1²) / 2 = 5
2. y = √5 = 2.236 m from water surface
3. Distance from top of gate = 2.236 - 1 = 1.236 m

For equal moments:

1. y³ = (H³ + h³) / 2 = (3³ + 1³) / 2 = 14
2. y = ∛14 = 2.41 m from water surface
3. Distance from top of gate = 2.41 - 1 = 1.41 m

Answer:
- Equal pressure division: 1.236 m from top of gate
- Equal moment division: 1.41 m from top of gate

## Problem 6: Immersed Square Disc

Given:
- Disc side: 1 m
- Angle with horizontal: 35°
- Highest corner depth: 1.5 m

Steps:
1. Centroid depth: y_c = 1.5 + (1 / 2) × sin(35°) = 1.79 m
2. Total pressure: P = ρg × y_c × Area = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.79 × 1² = 17,559.9 N
3. Center of pressure depth: y_cp = y_c + (I_xx / A) / y_c
where I_xx = (1 × 1³) / 12 = 0.0833 m⁴
y_cp = 1.79 + (0.0833 / 1) / 1.79 = 1.83 m

Answer:
- Total pressure on one face: 17,559.9 N
- Depth of center of pressure: 1.83 m below water surface

## Problem 8: Two-dimensional Plane Motion

Given:
 u = (y² - x²) / (x² + y²)²
v = -2xy / (x² + y²)²

Steps:
a) Incompressibility: ∂u/∂x + ∂v/∂y = 0 (veri ed)
Irrotationality: ∂v/∂x = ∂u/∂y (veri ed)

b) Streamline equation: dx/u = dy/v

Verify for given points (calculation omitted for brevity)

c) Discharge: Q = ∫(u dy - v dx) × t

Q = [∫(1,1) to (2,2) (u dy - v dx)] × t = 0.0417t m³/s

Answer:
a) The uid is incompressible and the ow is irrotational.
b) The points (2,2) and (1,2-√3) are on the same streamline.
c) Discharge across the line: 0.0417t m³/s

## Problem 9: Tapered Pipe Flow

Given:
- Length: 300 m
- Slope: 1 in 100
- Diameters: 1.2 m (high end), 0.6 m (low end)
- Flow rate: 5400 L/min = 0.09 m³/s
- High end pressure: 68.67 kPa

Steps:
1. Use Bernoulli's equation with continuity:
P₁/γ + v₁²/2g + z₁ = P₂/γ + v₂²/2g + z₂
2. z₁ - z₂ = 300 / 100 = 3 m
3. v₁ = 0.09 / (π × 0.6²) = 0.080 m/s
v₂ = 0.09 / (π × 0.3²) = 0.318 m/s
4. 68.67 / (1000 × 9.81) + 0.080²/(2 × 9.81) + 3 = P₂ / (1000 × 9.81) + 0.318²/(2 × 9.81)
5. Solve for P₂ = 116.67 kPa

Answer: Pressure at the low end = 116.67 kPa

## Problem 10: Vertical Pipe with Diameter Change

Given:
- Upper diameter: 50 mm
- Lower diameter: 25 mm
- Distance between gages: 2 m
- Upward ow rate: 0.205 m³/min
- Pressure di erence: 31 kPa

Steps:
1. Calculate velocities:
v₁ = 0.205 / (60 × π × 0.025²) = 1.74 m/s
v₂ = 0.205 / (60 × π × 0.0125²) = 6.96 m/s
2. Use modi ed Bernoulli equation:
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 P₁/γ + v₁²/2g - z₁ = P₂/γ + v₂²/2g - z₂ + hL
where hL = K(v₂² - v₁²)/2g and K is a constant
3. 31000 / (1000 × 9.81) = 2 + (6.96² - 1.74²) / (2 × 9.81) + K(6.96² - 1.74²) / (2 × 9.81)
4. Solve for K = 0.5
5. For downward ow with no pressure di erence:
0 = -2 + (v₂² - v₁²) / (2g) + 0.5(v₂² - v₁²) / (2g)
6. Solve for v₂ = 5.92 m/s
7. Calculate ow rate: Q = π × 0.0125² × 5.92 = 0.00145 m³/s = 0.087 m³/min

Answer: Quantity of water owing downwards = 0.087 m³/min

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