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Electricity Notes Class 10TH

Electricity is the flow of electric charge. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in Amperes, with 1 Ampere being a flow of 1 Coulomb of charge per second. Resistance is a measure of how an object opposes the flow of electric current. It depends on factors like the material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have components connected in series or parallel.

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63 views8 pages

Electricity Notes Class 10TH

Electricity is the flow of electric charge. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in Amperes, with 1 Ampere being a flow of 1 Coulomb of charge per second. Resistance is a measure of how an object opposes the flow of electric current. It depends on factors like the material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have components connected in series or parallel.

Uploaded by

Neha Bansal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRICITY

ATOM: Smallest unit of matter consisting of protons (positively charged),


neutrons (no charge) and electrons (negatively charged) particles.

Since electrons are loosely packed it is easier for the atom to lose or gain electrons.
CHARGE: Representation: Q
SI unit: Coulomb
Q= ne where, n is the number of electrons and ‘e’ is the charge possessed by
1 electron.
Charge possessed by 1 electron= 1.6 x 10 -19 C
So, it could be said: 1.6 x 10 -19 C is charge possessed by 1 electron
Therefore, 1 C charge is possessed by: 1/1.6 x 10 -19 electrons.
1C charge = 6.25 X 10 18 electrons.

Electric Current: Amount of electric charge flowing through a particular cross-sectional area
per second.
Representation: I
Formula: I= Q/t , where I is current, Q is charge and t is time.
SI unit of current is “Ampere”. Denoted by A.
Define 1 Ampere current: When 1 coulomb of charge flows through a particular
cross-sectional area in 1 second, the current is said to be 1 ampere.
Other units of current:
mA (milli Ampere) = 10 -3
μA (micro Ampere) = 10 -6
Ammeter: It is an instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
It is always connected in series in a circuit. It has low resistance so that entire current passes
through it and a correct value of current flowing in the circuit is shown.

If connected in parallel it would cause short circuit damaging the ammeter or the circuit.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: A continuous conducting path consisting of wires, resistances and


switch between two terminals of a battery or cell through which an electric current flow.

DIRECTION OF FLOW OF ELCTRIC CURRENT:


From positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery.
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS DEVICES:
Switch: To open and close an electric circuit.
Rheostat: A rheostat is a variable resistor which is used to control current. They are able to
vary the resistance in a circuit without interruption. Rheostats were often used as power
control devices, for example to control light intensity (dimmer), speed of motors, heaters and
ovens.
Cell: Electric cell is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. It makes the
current flow in the circuit by maintaining a potential difference across the terminals of the battery.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL: the amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference
point to a specific point against an electric field.

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: is the work done in moving a unit of positive electric charge from
one point to another in an electric field.

Representation: V
SI Unit: Volts or J/ C
FORMULA: V = W/Q
V – Potential Difference
W – Work
Q – Net Charge

One Volt When 1 Joule of work is done in carrying one coulomb (1C) of charge from one
point to another of a current carrying conductor then the potential difference is said to be 1V.
Voltmeter It is an instrument, used to measure the potential difference in an electric circuit.
It is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is
to be measured. As voltmeter has high resistance it takes negligible current from the circuit
but if connected in series it would greatly decrease the current going through the circuit and
would give faulty readings.

OHMS LAW: It states that the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its ends, under standard temperature and
pressure conditions.

Where, V is potential difference


I is current and R is resistance

Or V/I = R, which is a constant


Resistance: Property of a conductor that opposes flow of current.
SI unit: ohms, symbol: omega (Ω)
Define 1 ohm: It is the resistance of the conductor when potential difference of 1 volt is
applied to its ends and current of 1 ampere flows through it.
FACTORS ON WHICH ‘R’ DEPENDS:
1: LENGTH: If length is increased, resistance is increased and vice versa.
2: CROSS SECTIONAL AREA: If area is increased resistance decreases and vice versa.
3: NATURE OF THE MATERIAL: Some materials have high resistance whereas some have
low resistance. Metals have low resistance while alloys have high resistance.
4: TEMPERATURE: Pure metals: When temperature increases, resistance increases.
When temperature decreases, resistance decreases.
Alloys: Unaffected by increase or decrease of temperature.

RESISTIVITY:

Where “ρ ”(rho) is a proportionality constant known as resistivity of the material of


Conductor. It is also called specific resistance.
Specific Resistance (ρ) Specific electrical resistance or electrical resistivity is an intrinsic
property of a material. It is defined as the measure of a material’s resistance to the flow of an
electric current and is denoted as ρ (rho). Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity i.e. higher
the conductivity, lower will be the resistivity of the material and vice versa.
Resistivity (ρ) : The resistance offered by a wire of unit length and unit cross-sectional area
is called resistivity.
SI unit: Ω m
Resistivity (ρ) does not depend upon length or thickness of conductor.
Resistivity (ρ) depends upon nature of substance and temperature.
Difference Between Resistance and Resistivity

The major difference between resistance and resistivity of the material is that
the resistance resists the electron flow while the resistivity is the material’s
property which describes the resistance of the material with an exact
measurement.

Sl. Differentiating Resistance Resistivity


No. Property

Resistance is the physical Resistivity is the physical


property of a substance property of a particular
1 Definition because of which it opposes substance that measures
the flow of current i.e. resistance of conductor with
electrons. particular dimensions.

Resistance is directly
proportional to the length and Resistivity is only
temperature while it is proportional to the nature
2 Proportionality
inversely proportional to the and temperature of the
cross-sectional area of the particular material.
material.

3 Symbol R ρ

R = V/I or, ρ = (R×A)/L


R = ρ(L/A)
4 Formula
V = Voltage, I = Current, ρ = R = Resistance, L= Length,
Resistivity A = Cross-sectional area

The SI unit of resistance is The SI unit of resistivity is


5 SI Units
Ohms Ohms-meter.

COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES:
SERIES: PARALLEL:

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