PROJECT REPORT

ON

C# And XAML used Calculator

Submitted on partial fullfillment for the three years
degree course
Batchelor of Vocational (Information
Technology)
Of
GAUHATI UNIVERSITY

Submitted by –
Name: Tridip sarma
Roll No : UA-211-200-0038
Registration No : 21069047
BVOC (IT) 6TH SEM (GROUP A)
Guided By –
Dr. Devajit Mahanta
H.O.D. of B.Voc. (IT)

DEPARTMENT OF B.VOC.(IT) 6TH (SEM GROUP A)

NALBARI COMMERCE COLLAGE
NALBARI, ASSAM- 781334

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
C# - The Engine of Intelligence: C# provided the robust logic and
functionality that powers the calculator. Its versatility and clear syntax made
complex calculations a breeze. With an object-oriented approach, C# laid the
foundation for a scalable and maintainable codebase, ensuring the calculator's
reliability.

XAML - Crafting User-Friendly Design: XAML brought the

calculator's user interface to life with its declarative markup language. The
collaboration between C# and XAML seamlessly blended logic with design.
XAML's support for data binding and styling added a touch of elegance to the
interface, creating a user-friendly and visually appealing experience.

WPF - Dynamic and Responsive Interface: WPF played a

crucial role in making the interface dynamic and responsive. Its features,
including data binding and animation support, contributed to an engaging
user experience. The seamless integration with XAML allowed for the
creation of interactive UI elements, enhancing the overall usability of the
calculator.

.NET 5.0 - Modernizing Development: Embracing .NET 5.0 was

a decision to embrace modern development practices. The enhancements
and cross-platform capabilities of .NET 5.0 elevated the project to
contemporary standards. This not only ensured high performance but also
positioned the calculator at the forefront of modern software
development.

Gratitude to the Community: I express my gratitude to the .NET

community for its continuous support. The collaborative spirit and shared
knowledge within the community were instrumental in overcoming
challenges and pushing the boundaries of the project. The vibrant .NET
ecosystem significantly contributed to the success of this endeavor.

About Visual studio

Visual Studio is a powerful integrated development
environment (IDE) created by Microsoft. It’s widely used by
software developers for various programming languages,
including C#, C++, and Python. This IDE offers a

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 comprehensive set of tools and features to streamline the
software development process.
One of the standout features of Visual Studio is its rich code
editor, which provides code completion, debugging, and real-
time syntax checking, making it easier to write clean and error-
free code. The integrated debugger is robust, helping
developers identify and fix issues quickly.

Visual Studio supports a wide range of project types, from

desktop applications to web and mobile development. It has
excellent integration with Azure, Microsoft’s cloud platform,
making it a preferred choice for cloud-based application
development.

Extensions and add-ons, available through the Visual Studio

Marketplace, enhance the IDE’s functionality. Developers can
customize their development environment by adding
extensions that cater to their specific needs.

Version control is made easy with built-in Git support, enabling

collaborative coding and code version management. Visual
Studio also includes excellent tools for unit testing and
continuous integration, ensuring software quality.
The Visual Studio ecosystem extends to Visual Studio Code, a
lightweight code editor, and Visual Studio Online, which offers
cloud-based development collaboration and code repositories.
Overall, Visual Studio is a comprehensive software
development environment that caters to both individual and
team needs. It simplifies and enhances the software
development process with its feature-rich environment and
extensive integration capabilities

Contents

1. Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------08
- Background of the Project----------------------------------------09
- Problem Statement-------------------------------------------------10
- Objectives-----------------------------------------------------------11

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 - Scope of the Project------------------------------------------------12
- Significance of the Project-----------------------------------------13
- Methodology--------------------------------------------------------14

2. Literature Review----------------------------------------------------15
- Overview of Calculator Applications---------------------------16
- Related Technologies (C#, Windows Application) ----------17-18
- Previous Work and Research------------------------------------19

3. System Design-------------------------------------------------------20
- System Architecture-----------------------------------------------21 - 22
- Use Case Diagrams------------------------------------------------22 - 23
- Class Diagrams-----------------------------------------------------24 - 25
- User Interface Design---------------------------------------------26 – 27

4. Implementation------------------------------------------------------28 - 29
- Programming Languages and Tools----------------------------30 - 31
- Algorithms and Data Structures---------------------------------32
- Code Structure-----------------------------------------------------33 - 34
- Key Features and Functionalities--------------------------------35 - 36
- Challenges Faced during Implementation----------------------37 – 38

5. Testing and Quality Assurance------------------------------------39 - 40

- Testing Strategy----------------------------------------------------41 - 42
- Bug Tracking and Resolution------------------------------------43 - 44
- Performance Testing ----------------------------------------------45 - 46

6. Appendices------------------------------------------------------47 - 48
- Code Samples-------------------------------------------------49 - 50
- Screenshots and Diagrams----------------------------------51 - 52

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 Introduction

Welcome to the exciting world of software development, where

creativity meets functionality! In this project, we will embark on
a journey to create a powerful and user-friendly calculator
application using two es0sential tools in the world of Windows

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 application development: C# and XAML.

C# (pronounced “C-sharp”) is a versatile and modern

programming language developed by Microsoft. It’s widely used
for building Windows desktop applications, web applications,
and more. When combined with XAML (Extensible Application
Markup Language), a markup language for designing user
interfaces, you have a dynamic duo that allows you to craft
stunning and responsive user interfaces with ease.

Our goal with this project is to build a calculator application

that not only performs basic arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division but also incorporates
advanced features such as memory functions, history tracking,
and a visually appealing user interface. Whether you’re a
beginner looking to learn the ropes of C# and XAML or an
experienced developer seeking to enhance your skills, this
project will provide valuable insights and hands-on experience.
Throughout this journey, we will explore the fundamentals of
C# programming, delve into the intricacies of XAML for crafting
beautiful user interfaces, and leverage the power of event-
driven programming to make our calculator respond seamlessly
to user interactions. By the end of this project, you’ll have a
solid understanding of how to create Windows applications
using C# and XAML.

 Background of the Project:

In a world driven by technology and computation, the humble calculator has

remained a steadfast companion for professionals, students, and individuals
alike. From basic arithmetic to complex scientific calculations, calculators serve
as indispensable tools for a wide range of tasks.

The project at hand, the development of a C# Calculator Application, emerges

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from the need to provide a modern, all-encompassing solution that addresses the
evolving requirements of users. Traditional calculators, whether in physical or
digital form, have often fallen short of meeting the diverse needs of individuals
in today's fast-paced and data-driven society. These limitations have become
increasingly evident as professionals, students, engineers, scientists, and
everyday users demand more versatile and user-friendly calculator software.

The background of this project is rooted in the observation that existing

calculator applications frequently lack features, user-friendliness, and the ability
to handle an array of mathematical functions. Users often find themselves using
multiple tools for various types of calculations, leading to inefficiencies and
sometimes inaccuracies. Additionally, many existing calculator applications
lack modern and intuitive user interfaces.

The need for a comprehensive and well-designed calculator application has

become evident as users seek a single, reliable, and user-friendly tool for their
mathematical and scientific needs. This project aims to address this need by
developing a feature-rich, intuitive, and accessible calculator application using
C# technology.

Furthermore, the project recognizes the potential for future enhancements and
expansion. While the initial focus is on creating a Windows-based desktop
application, the design and structure of the C# Calculator Application are
conceived to enable potential deployment on other platforms such as mobile
devices or web applications.

By creating a robust and versatile calculator application, this project seeks to

empower users across a spectrum of professions and fields, from students
solving math problems to engineers conducting complex calculations and
financial professionals making critical investment decisions. The project also
aligns with broader trends of accessibility and inclusivity by ensuring that the
application is designed to be accessible to users with disabilities, adhering to
accessibility standards and guidelines.
 Problem Statement:

In the age of digital technology, the calculator remains an indispensable tool for
countless individuals, spanning professionals, students, scientists, engineers,
and everyday users. Its significance lies in its ability to swiftly and accurately
perform a multitude of mathematical operations, from basic arithmetic to
intricate scientific calculations. However, despite its ubiquity, the current
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landscape of calculator applications presents several notable shortcomings and
challenges that call for a solution.

Lack of Versatility: Many existing calculator applications predominantly focus

on basic arithmetic operations, limiting their functionality. While these are
essential, users often require more versatile tools capable of handling scientific,
engineering, and financial calculations. The absence of advanced features in
traditional calculators creates a gap in meeting the diversified needs of users
across various domains.

User-Friendliness: User experience and intuitive design are paramount in any

application, yet traditional calculators often fall short in this regard. Cluttered
interfaces, complex navigation, and limited input/output areas hinder user
productivity. The absence of modern design principles and interactive elements
further compounds this problem.

 Objectives:
The primary objectives of the C# Calculator Application project are
multifaceted, addressing the complexities and challenges of the modern
computational landscape. These objectives are crafted to ensure that the
resulting application is robust, user-friendly, and capable of meeting a wide
range of user needs:

1. Implement Basic Arithmetic Operations and Advanced Functions:

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The project's foremost objective is to create a calculator application capable of
performing basic arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. Beyond these fundamental functions, the
application will incorporate advanced mathematical and scientific functions.
This includes trigonometric calculations, logarithmic operations, exponential
calculations, and statistical functions, ensuring it can cater to a diverse set of
mathematical requirements.

2. Design a User-Friendly Interface:

The project will emphasize the design of an intuitive and aesthetically pleasing
user interface. It will feature clear input and output areas, easy navigation, and a
visually appealing layout that enhances the user experience. The user interface
will be optimized for efficiency and user satisfaction

3. Provide Memory Functionality:

The application will include a memory storage feature, allowing users to store
and recall values during calculations. This memory function will provide
convenience and efficiency, enabling users to work with multiple values and
calculations without the need for external tools.

4. Robust Error Handling:

The project will implement robust error handling to provide informative error
messages and prevent application crashes. Ensuring that users receive clear and
meaningful feedback when they make incorrect inputs or calculations is crucial
for user satisfaction and accuracy.

 Scope of the Project:

The scope of the C# Calculator Application project is defined by a set of
carefully delineated boundaries and objectives that guide its development,
features, and functionalities. This scope ensures that the project addresses the
needs and expectations of users while remaining manageable and feasible.

1. Calculator Functionality: The project's primary focus is on creating a

versatile and comprehensive calculator application. It includes core
functionality for performing basic arithmetic operations (addition,
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 subtraction, multiplication, division), as well as advanced mathematical
and scientific functions. Users will be able to execute trigonometric
calculations, logarithmic operations, exponential calculations, statistical
functions, and other complex mathematical tasks.

2. User Interface Design: The user interface design is an integral aspect of the
project's scope. It encompasses creating a user-friendly, aesthetically pleasing,
and interactive interface. The application will feature clear input and output
areas, intuitive navigation, and a modern layout to enhance the overall user
experience.

3. Memory Functionality: The application will include memory functionality

that allows users to store and recall values during calculations. This feature will
enhance user productivity and convenience, enabling users to work with
multiple values and conduct calculations seamlessly.

4. Error Handling: A crucial aspect within the scope is the implementation of

robust error handling. The application will provide clear and informative error
messages to guide users when incorrect inputs or calculations occur. The aim is
to maintain the application's stability and reliability.

5. Unit Conversion: The project's scope extends to the inclusion of a unit

conversion feature. Users will have the capability to convert between various
units, such as currency, length, temperature, and more. This feature enhances
the application's versatility and usefulness for a wide range of calculations

 Significance of the Project:

The development of the C# Calculator Application holds immense significance

in addressing the evolving needs and challenges of users across a broad
spectrum of professions, disciplines, and everyday tasks. This significance is
rooted in several crucial aspects, each of which underscores the value and
impact of the project:

 Versatile Tool for Diverse Users: In an era where individuals from

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 various backgrounds rely on computational tools for their work and
daily life, a versatile and comprehensive calculator application
becomes essential. The C# Calculator Application serves as a
single, dependable tool capable of catering to the mathematical and
scientific needs of professionals, students, scientists, engineers,
financial analysts, and individuals from diverse fields

 Enhanced User Experience: The significance of this project is

underscored by its commitment to enhancing the user experience.
The user-friendly interface design, interactive elements, and
modern layout contribute to an efficient and intuitive interaction
with the application. Users can perform calculations with ease,
reducing the cognitive load associated with traditional calculators

 Seamless Transition Between Functions: By incorporating

advanced mathematical functions alongside basic arithmetic
operations, the project addresses the need for a seamless transition
between different types of calculations. Users can perform basic
calculations and seamlessly switch to more complex scientific or
statistical tasks within the same application, improving efficiency
and workflow.

 Memory Functionality for Efficiency: The inclusion of memory

functionality in the application significantly enhances user
productivity. Professionals working with multiple values and
calculations, as well as students revisiting mathematical concepts,
can benefit from this feature. It simplifies the process of recalling
and reusing values during complex calculations.

 Methodology:
The methodology for the development of the C# Calculator Application is a
structured and systematic approach designed to ensure the successful creation of
a feature-rich, user-friendly, and reliable calculator tool. This methodology
guides the project through its various phases, from initial planning to
implementation, testing, and documentation.

 Requirements Analysis: The project commences with a

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 comprehensive requirements analysis phase. This involves close
collaboration with potential users and stakeholders to identify and
prioritize features, functionalities, and user interface requirements.
Detailed use cases are developed to capture user scenarios and
expectations.

 Design and Architecture: The design phase focuses on architecting

the application. System architecture, including the software and
hardware components, is defined. This phase also includes the
creation of use case diagrams to visualize user interactions, class
diagrams to map out the structure of the software, and database design
if applicable.

 User Interface Design: The user interface design is a critical aspect of

the project. It involves wire framing and prototyping to create a
visually appealing and user-friendly layout. The design emphasizes
clear input and output areas, as well as intuitive navigation, in line
with modern design principles.

 Technology Selection: The choice of technology stack is a crucial

decision. C# is selected as the primary programming language due to
its compatibility with Windows application development and its
ability to create intuitive and interactive user interfaces. Relevant
libraries and frameworks are chosen to support the project's
objectives.

 Development and Coding: The actual development phase involves

writing the code that powers the application. The project adheres to
best coding practices, following a structured code structure,
employing data structures and algorithms suitable for mathematical
operations, and ensuring code modularity for ease of maintenance
Literature Review:

Overview of Calculator Applications:

Calculator applications have been fundamental tools in various domains for

decades. They serve as essential aids for individuals, professionals, and students
across fields such as mathematics, engineering, science, finance, and daily life.
The ubiquity of calculators underscores their significance in modern
computational processes. These applications traditionally offer basic arithmetic

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functions, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
However, the scope of calculator applications has evolved over time to
encompass advanced mathematical and scientific functions.

The importance of calculator applications lies in their capacity to simplify

complex calculations, reducing human error and enhancing efficiency. Basic
arithmetic operations are invaluable in everyday tasks, and scientific and
engineering functions are critical for professionals and researchers. The need for
versatility and user-friendliness has led to the development of feature-rich
calculators, enabling users to perform functions like trigonometry, logarithmic
calculations, exponential functions, and statistical analysis. As such, modern
calculator applications are versatile tools tailored to meet the diverse
computational needs of users.

Related Technologies (C#, Windows Application):

The selection of technologies for the development of the C# Calculator

Application is driven by several key considerations. Firstly, C# (C-sharp), a
programming language developed by Microsoft, stands out as an ideal choice.
C# is renowned for its versatility, robustness, and suitability for Windows
application development. It integrates seamlessly with the Windows operating
system, providing a rich set of libraries and tools for building user-friendly
desktop applications. C# is well-regarded for its object-oriented approach,
simplifying software development and maintenance. This makes it an optimal
choice for creating an intuitive and interactive calculator application.

 Overview of Calculator Applications:

Calculator applications have long held a crucial role in both the professional and
personal spheres, offering invaluable assistance in solving a wide range of
mathematical problems and aiding in everyday calculations. These applications
are fundamental tools that perform arithmetic operations, mathematical
functions, and unit conversions, catering to the diverse computational needs of
users in various fields and domains. This overview delves into the key
characteristics and significance of calculator applications in the digital age.

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  Versatility and Fundamental Functions:

At their core, calculator applications provide basic arithmetic functions, such as

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These fundamental
operations are essential for everyday tasks, making calculators indispensable for
individuals, students, and professionals. Basic arithmetic is the foundation upon
which more complex calculations are built.

 Scientific and Engineering Functions:

Modern calculator applications extend beyond basic arithmetic to offer

advanced mathematical and scientific functions. Users can perform
trigonometric calculations, logarithmic operations, exponential functions, and
statistical analysis. These advanced functions are invaluable for professionals,
scientists, engineers, and researchers, enabling them to conduct intricate
calculations and analyses. Whether it's solving complex equations, modeling
physical phenomena, or analyzing data sets, scientific and engineering functions
enhance productivity and accuracy.

 User-Friendly Interfaces:

A distinguishing feature of calculator applications is their user-friendly

interface. These applications are designed with a focus on intuitive and
accessible user experiences. Clear input and output areas, user-friendly
navigation, and modern design principles contribute to a visually appealing and
interactive layout. The aim is to reduce cognitive load, making it easy for users
to enter and retrieve calculations efficiently.

 Related Technologies (C#, Windows Application):

The selection of technologies is a pivotal decision in any software development
project, and for the C# Calculator Application, two core technologies take
center stage: the C# programming language and Windows Application
development. This section delves into the nuances of these technologies and
how they align with the project's objectives.

 C# Programming Language:

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Versatility and Robustness:

C# (pronounced C-sharp) is a versatile and robust programming language

developed by Microsoft. It is renowned for its adaptability to various
application types, from web development to desktop software. This versatility
positions C# as an ideal choice for a project that aims to create a user-friendly,
feature-rich calculator application.
Object-Oriented Approach:

C# follows an object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm, which simplifies

software development by modeling real-world entities as objects with attributes
and behaviors. This OOP approach facilitates the creation of structured and
maintainable code, a vital consideration in building a reliable and expandable
calculator application.
Seamless Windows Integration:

One of C#'s significant advantages is its tight integration with Windows, the
dominant desktop operating system. C# applications seamlessly interact with
the Windows environment, making it a natural fit for developing a Windows-
based calculator application. This integration ensures that the C# Calculator
Application can take full advantage of Windows features and provide a
consistent user experience.
Extensive Libraries and Tools

 Previous Work and Research:

The development of calculator applications is a dynamic field that has seen
significant progress over the years. Prior research and projects in this domain
have contributed valuable insights, innovations, and best practices that have laid
the foundation for the C# Calculator Application project. This section delves
into key areas of previous work and research:

 Specialized Calculators: Previous work has explored the development of

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 specialized calculator applications tailored to specific industries and
professions. For example, financial calculators are designed for banking
and investment professionals, providing advanced features for complex
financial calculations. These specialized tools are vital for industry-
specific requirements, offering targeted solutions to professionals in those
fields.

 . Scientific and Engineering Calculators: Scientific and engineering

calculators have been a focal point of research and development. These
calculator applications cater to academic and professional users who
require advanced mathematical and scientific functions. Previous projects
have included a broad range of features for researchers, engineers,
scientists, and students, allowing them to perform complex calculations,
solve equations, analyze data, and model physical phenomena.

 User Experience and Interface Design: The significance of user

experience and interface design in calculator applications has been well-
recognized. Previous research emphasizes modern design principles,
interactive features, and visually appealing layouts to enhance usability.
User-friendly interfaces with clear input and output areas, intuitive
navigation, and aesthetics are pivotal for improving the overall
experience.

 . Cross-Platform Accessibility: Previous work has acknowledged the

importance of cross-platform compatibility in calculator applications.
Users expect a seamless transition between desktop, mobile, and web-
based calculator tools. This expectation has led to research on creating
versatile applications that offer consistent functionality across different
operating systems. Such cross-platform accessibility ensures users can
access their favorite calculator tools on the device of their choice.

 System Design:

The system design of the C# Calculator Application project is a critical phase

that defines the architecture, structure, and functional components of the
application. This section provides an in-depth exploration of the system design,
including system architecture, use case diagrams, class diagrams, database
design (if applicable), and user interface design.

 . System Architecture:

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Layers and Components:

The system architecture of the C# Calculator Application is structured around a

multi-layered design. It comprises three primary layers: the presentation layer,
the logic layer, and the data layer. Each layer has specific responsibilities to
ensure modularity, maintainability, and scalability.

The presentation layer is responsible for user interaction. It includes the user
interface components, event handlers, and graphical elements. This layer
ensures a user-friendly experience and clear data presentation.

The logic layer houses the core functionality of the calculator application. It
includes modules for arithmetic operations, scientific calculations, memory
management, error handling, and unit conversions. This layer is crucial for
ensuring accurate calculations and user convenience.

The data layer (if applicable) manages data storage and retrieval. This includes
saving and loading user preferences, history data, and any stored values for
memory functionality. The data layer ensures data integrity and persistence.

Communication and Interaction:

Communication between layers is facilitated through well-defined interfaces.

The presentation layer communicates with the logic layer to trigger calculations
and receive results. The logic layer, in turn, communicates with the data layer
(if applicable) to store or retrieve data as needed.
Scalability and Future-Proofing:

 System Architecture:
The system architecture of the C# Calculator Application project is a
fundamental component that defines the structure and organization of the
application. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring modularity, maintainability, and
efficient functionality. The architecture is structured into several layers, each
with specific responsibilities, in order to provide a reliable, user-friendly, and
adaptable calculator application.

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  Presentation Layer:

The presentation layer is the topmost layer of the system architecture and is
responsible for the user interface and user interaction. It includes graphical
elements, user interface components, event handlers, and elements that users
directly interact with. The key aspects of this layer are as follows:

User Interface Design: The user interface is designed to be intuitive, user-

friendly, and visually appealing. It features clear input and output areas,
interactive buttons for various functions, and a layout that guides users in
performing calculations efficiently.

Event Handling: Event handlers are implemented to capture user interactions,

such as button clicks or keystrokes. These events trigger the underlying logic in
response to user input, ensuring that the application responds to commands
effectively.

User Feedback: The presentation layer provides visual feedback to users,

including real-time display of input and output, error messages, and
notifications. This feedback is essential for guiding users and enhancing the
overall user experience.

 Logic Layer:

The logic layer is the heart of the C# Calculator Application, encompassing the
core functionality of the calculator. It manages all mathematical operations,
scientific functions, memory management, error handling, and unit conversion.
The main components of this layer include:

Arithmetic Operations: This module handles basic arithmetic operations,

including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It ensures the
accuracy of these operations and delivers precise results.

 Use Case Diagrams:

Use case diagrams play a crucial role in visualizing and understanding the
interactions between users and the C# Calculator Application. They illustrate
various user scenarios, known as "use cases," and the system's responses to
these scenarios. These diagrams provide valuable insights into how the
application is expected to function and how it aligns with the diverse
requirements of its users.

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User Interactions:

Use case diagrams capture a range of user interactions with the C# Calculator
Application. These interactions cover a spectrum of activities that users can
perform, ranging from basic arithmetic calculations to more advanced and
specialized functions.

Performing Basic Calculations: This use case represents the fundamental

function of the calculator, allowing users to conduct basic arithmetic
calculations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It's the
starting point for most users when they utilize the application for everyday
calculations.

Utilizing Advanced Functions: The advanced functions use case encompasses a

variety of mathematical and scientific operations. Users can perform
trigonometric calculations (e.g., sine, cosine), logarithmic calculations,
exponentiation, and statistical analysis. This use case caters to professionals,
scientists, engineers, and students who require more intricate calculations.

Managing Memory: The memory management use case is vital for users who
need to store and retrieve values during calculations. Users can save values to
memory and recall them as needed, simplifying complex operations that involve
reusing values.

 Class Diagrams:
Class diagrams are an integral part of the C# Calculator Application's design,
depicting the object-oriented structure and relationships between classes that
form the application's core. These diagrams provide a blueprint for the
implementation, illustrating how different components interact and contribute to
the application's functionality.

Object-Oriented Design:

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The class diagrams embody the object-oriented design principles that are
fundamental to the C# Calculator Application project. Classes represent various
components of the application, including user interface elements, mathematical
operations, memory management, error handling, and more.

User Interface Classes: These classes encapsulate elements of the user interface,
such as buttons, input fields, and graphical components. The user interface
classes are responsible for capturing user interactions and presenting output.

Mathematical Operation Classes: Classes dedicated to mathematical operations

handle basic arithmetic, advanced functions, and unit conversions. They
encapsulate the logic required for accurate calculations, including addition,
subtraction, trigonometric operations, logarithmic calculations, and unit
conversions.

Memory Management Classes: Memory management classes oversee the

storage and retrieval of values for memory functionality. They ensure that
values can be temporarily saved and retrieved as needed during calculations.

Error Handling Classes: Robust error handling is a crucial aspect of the

application, and error handling classes are responsible for generating
informative error messages in case of invalid inputs or calculation errors. These
classes contribute to the application's accuracy and reliability.

Data Structure Classes: Data structures, such as arrays or lists, are embedded
within classes to store values, user preferences, and historical data. They
provide a means to manage data efficiently, especially for memory functionality
and history tracking.

 User Interface Design:

The user interface design of the C# Calculator Application is a pivotal element

of the project, directly impacting the user experience. It focuses on creating an
aesthetically pleasing, user-friendly, and highly functional interface that allows
users to interact with the application efficiently and effectively.

Aesthetic and User-Friendly:

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The user interface design places a strong emphasis on aesthetics and user-
friendliness. These aspects are crucial for engaging users and ensuring that the
application is visually appealing. Key considerations include:

Clear Input and Output Areas: The design features clearly defined areas for
users to input their calculations and view the results. These areas are intuitively
laid out to guide users through the process, reducing cognitive load and
minimizing errors.

Intuitive Button Layout: Interactive buttons for various functions, including

basic arithmetic operations, advanced mathematical functions, memory
management, and unit conversion, are strategically positioned. The layout of
these buttons ensures easy access and quick execution of functions.

Aesthetics and Color Schemes: The user interface design incorporates a

pleasing visual style with appropriate color schemes. Colors are chosen not only
for aesthetics but also for usability, ensuring that the interface is comfortable for
users to engage with for extended periods.

Visual Clarity: The design prioritizes visual clarity, with legible fonts,
consistent button sizes, and appropriate spacing. These design choices enhance
the readability of the interface and contribute to a seamless user experience.

Interactive Elements:

The user interface design of the C# Calculator Application is enriched with

interactive elements that enhance the user experience. These interactive
elements include:

Button Interactions: Buttons respond to user interactions, such as hovering and

clicking. Feedback mechanisms, like color changes or highlighting, provide
visual cues to users that they are interacting with the application effectively.

 Implementation:

The implementation phase is a critical stage in the development of the C#

Calculator Application, where the design and planning are translated into actual
code. This phase involves programming, coding, and the creation of the
software's functional components. Here, we explore various aspects of the
implementation, including the choice of programming languages and tools,
algorithms and data structures, code structure, key features and functionalities,

21
and challenges faced during implementation.

Programming Languages and Tools:

Choice of C#: The project leverages the C# programming language, a robust

and versatile language developed by Microsoft. C# was chosen due to its
suitability for Windows application development, its rich set of libraries, and its
strong integration with the Windows operating system. Visual Studio, an
integrated development environment (IDE) for C#, is the primary development
tool used.

Win Forms for User Interface: Windows Forms (Win Forms) is a technology for
creating Windows desktop applications. It is employed to design and develop
the user interface, offering a range of controls and tools for creating a visually
appealing and user-friendly interface.

Algorithms and Data Structures:

Arithmetic Operations: Algorithms for basic arithmetic operations (addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division) are implemented, ensuring accurate
calculations and handling edge cases (e.g., division by zero). Mathematical
functions such as trigonometry, logarithms, exponentiation, and statistical
operations are also implemented with appropriate algorithms.

Data Structures for Memory: Data structures like arrays or lists are used to
manage memory functionality, allowing users to store and retrieve values.
These structures are chosen for efficient data storage and retrieval.

Unit Conversion Algorithms: Unit conversion is facilitated through algorithms

that handle the conversion between different units (e.g., currency, length,
temperature). These algorithms ensure accurate and efficient unit conversion.

 Programming Languages and Tools:

The choice of programming languages and development tools is a critical aspect

of the C# Calculator Application project. This section provides an in-depth
exploration of the programming language and the development tools used to
bring this software to life.

22
Choice of C# Programming Language:

C# (C-Sharp): The C# programming language serves as the foundation of the

C# Calculator Application. C# is a versatile, modern, and object-oriented
language developed by Microsoft. It is a language of choice for Windows
application development, thanks to its close integration with the Windows
operating system and the .NET framework. Here's why C# was selected:

Windows Compatibility: C# seamlessly integrates with Windows, making it the

ideal choice for developing Windows applications. The C# Calculator
Application is primarily designed for use on Windows platforms, and C# offers
native support for Windows-specific features and APIs.

Rich Libraries: C# benefits from a vast array of class libraries and frameworks
available through the .NET framework. These libraries offer pre-built functions
and tools that expedite development and contribute to the application's
robustness. The availability of libraries for graphical user interfaces (GUIs),
data manipulation, and mathematical operations simplifies the implementation
of the calculator's core functionalities.

Modern and Object-Oriented: C# is a modern and object-oriented language,

which aligns with contemporary software development standards. It facilitates
clean, structured, and maintainable code, enabling developers to create a
sophisticated and user-friendly application.

Safety and Security: C# emphasizes type safety and memory management,

reducing the likelihood of common programming errors such as buffer
overflows. This focus on safety enhances the reliability and security of the
application.

 Algorithms and Data Structures:

The implementation of the C# Calculator Application involves the use of

algorithms and data structures to handle various aspects of the calculator's
functionality. This section provides a detailed insight into the algorithms
employed for mathematical operations, unit conversions, and error handling, as

23
well as the data structures used for memory management and calculation
history.

Arithmetic Operations Algorithms:

Basic Arithmetic Operations: The calculator application incorporates algorithms

for basic arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. These algorithms are designed to provide precise and accurate
results. Key considerations include:

Handling Floating-Point Precision: To mitigate issues related to floating-point

precision, the algorithms employ techniques such as rounding to a specified
number of decimal places. This ensures that the calculator's results are reliable
and predictable.

Error Handling: The algorithms include robust error handling mechanisms to

address scenarios such as division by zero or other invalid inputs. Error
messages are generated to guide users and maintain the application's accuracy.

Advanced Mathematical Functions: The application also implements algorithms

for advanced mathematical functions, such as trigonometry (sine, cosine),
logarithmic calculations, exponentiation, and statistical analysis. These
algorithms involve complex mathematical computations and are designed to
provide accurate and efficient results.

Data Structures for Memory Management:

Arrays and Lists: To facilitate memory management, the C# Calculator

Application employs data structures such as arrays and lists. These data
structures store values that users wish to temporarily save for future calculations
or reference. Key considerations include:

Efficient Data Storage: Arrays and lists are chosen for their efficiency in data
storage and retrieval. These data structures ensure that values can be quickly
stored and accessed during calculations

 Code Structure and Components:

The code structure of the C# Calculator Application is organized into well-
defined components and classes, each serving a specific role in the application.
This section provides an extensive overview of the key code components and
their functions.

24
User Interface Components:

Main Form: The main form of the application serves as the primary user
interface. It contains various GUI elements, including input fields, buttons for
arithmetic operations, and function buttons for advanced features like memory
management and unit conversion.

Event Handlers: Event handlers are integral parts of the code, as they respond to
user interactions with the GUI elements. These handlers trigger the execution of
corresponding operations, ensuring that user actions are translated into
meaningful calculations.

Core Calculation Logic:

Arithmetic Operations: A set of classes or functions is responsible for basic

arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division). These
components ensure precision and accuracy in calculations, considering factors
like rounding and handling edge cases.

Advanced Functions: Separate classes or functions are dedicated to advanced

mathematical functions, such as trigonometry, logarithmic calculations,
exponentiation, and statistical operations. These functions incorporate complex
algorithms to deliver accurate results.

Memory Management and Data Structures:

Memory Management: The application includes components to manage

memory functionality, allowing users to store and recall values. These
components utilize data structures like arrays or lists to efficiently save and
retrieve values.

Calculation History: For users to review past calculations, the code includes
components for storing and managing calculation history. This functionality
helps users track their work and retrieve previous results.

 Key Features and Functionalities:

The C# Calculator Application is designed to provide a comprehensive set of

features and functionalities to meet the diverse needs of its users. This section
offers an in-depth look at the key features and functionalities that make this
calculator application a powerful and versatile tool.

25
  . Basic Arithmetic Operations:

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division: The application supports

fundamental arithmetic operations, allowing users to perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division with precision and ease.

 Advanced Mathematical Functions:

Trigonometric Functions: Users can access trigonometric calculations, including

sine, cosine, and tangent, essential for geometry, physics, and engineering
applications.

Logarithmic Calculations: The calculator provides logarithmic functions for

base 10 and natural logarithm, supporting mathematical and scientific
calculations.

Exponentiation: Users can calculate exponential functions, including square

roots and exponentials, aiding in a wide range of scientific and mathematical
computations.

Statistical Operations: Statistical functions are integrated for tasks like

calculating mean, median, and standard deviation, valuable for data analysis.

 Memory Management:

Memory Storage: Users can save values to memory for temporary storage
during calculations, enhancing efficiency when reusing values.

Memory Recall: The application allows users to retrieve values from memory,
making it easier to reference previously saved numbers.

 Unit Conversion:
Unit Conversion: The calculator includes a unit conversion feature that enables
users to switch between various units, such as currency (e.g., USD to EUR),
length (e.g., meters to feet), temperature (e.g., Celsius to Fahrenheit), and more.

 Challenges Faced During Implementation:

The development of the C# Calculator Application encountered several
challenges that required creative problem-solving and technical expertise. These
challenges were overcome through careful planning, collaboration, and
innovative solutions. Here, we provide a detailed account of the notable

26
challenges faced during the implementation phase:

 Floating-Point Precision and Rounding:

Challenge: Handling floating-point precision in arithmetic operations was a

complex issue. Floating-point calculations can introduce rounding errors,
affecting the accuracy of results. Users expect precise calculations, and
rounding discrepancies were unacceptable.

Solution: The implementation employed strategies for rounding and managing

precision. Rounding to a specific number of decimal places was used to ensure
consistent results. Careful handling of rounding issues ensured that the
calculator provided accurate and predictable outcomes for users.

 User Interface Responsiveness:

Challenge: Maintaining a responsive user interface during complex calculations

was a significant challenge. Users needed real-time feedback on their
interactions, and the application had to perform well even during resource-
intensive calculations.

Solution: The code was optimized to separate computational tasks from user
interface interactions. Background threads were employed to handle
calculations, preventing the UI from becoming unresponsive. Feedback
mechanisms, such as progress indicators, were used to inform users of ongoing
calculations. This approach ensured that users could perform operations without
experiencing lag or unresponsiveness.

 Memory Management Efficiency:

Challenge: Implementing efficient memory management for storing and

recalling values was a challenge. The code needed to ensure that memory
functionality was both user-friendly and efficient in terms of data storage and
retrieval.

Testing and Quality Assurance:

The testing and quality assurance phase of the C# Calculator Application
project is a critical stage in ensuring that the software meets high standards of
performance, accuracy, and user-friendliness. This section provides a
comprehensive exploration of the testing strategies, test cases and results, bug

27
tracking and resolution, and performance testing.

 . Testing Strategy:

Comprehensive Testing Approach: The testing strategy encompassed a

comprehensive approach, covering various aspects of the application. It aimed
to evaluate not only basic arithmetic calculations but also advanced
mathematical functions, unit conversions, memory management, and user
interface interactions.

Manual and Automated Testing: Manual testing was carried out by testers to
evaluate the application's usability and user experience. Automated testing tools
were employed to conduct repeatable and extensive testing, including unit
testing for individual components and integration testing to ensure the smooth
interaction between different features.

Regression Testing: As new features and enhancements were added to the

application, regression testing was a crucial part of the strategy. It ensured that
existing functionality remained intact and free from unintended side effects.

Accessibility Testing: A dedicated accessibility testing phase was incorporated

to ensure that the application was usable by individuals with disabilities. Screen
readers and keyboard interactions were thoroughly tested to meet accessibility
standards.

 Test Cases and Results:

Test Case Development: Detailed test cases were developed to cover a wide
range of scenarios. These included positive test cases to verify that the
application produced correct results for valid inputs and negative test cases to
evaluate error handling for invalid inputs.

Mathematical Function Testing: Test cases were designed to evaluate the

accuracy of mathematical functions, including trigonometric calculations,
logarithmic functions, exponentiation, and statistical operations. Input values
were selected to cover various mathematical scenarios.

 Testing Strategy:
The testing strategy for the C# Calculator Application was meticulously
designed to ensure that the software met high standards of performance,
accuracy, and user-friendliness. It encompassed various facets of testing,
including comprehensive testing approaches, manual and automated testing,

28
regression testing, accessibility testing, and a focus on testing mathematical
functions, unit conversions, memory management, user interface, error
handling, and calculation history. Below, we delve into the details of the testing
strategy:

 Comprehensive Testing Approach:

The testing strategy adopted a holistic approach, aiming to evaluate the entire
spectrum of the application's functionality. This encompassed not only
fundamental arithmetic calculations but also advanced mathematical functions,
unit conversions, memory management, and user interface interactions. The
goal was to provide a calculator that was not only accurate but also versatile and
user-friendly.

 Manual and Automated Testing:

To ensure thorough testing, a combination of manual and automated testing was

employed. Manual testing was essential for evaluating the application's
usability, user experience, and accessibility. Automated testing tools were used
to conduct repeatable and extensive testing, including unit testing for individual
components and integration testing to verify the seamless interaction between
different features.

 . Regression Testing:

As new features and enhancements were continually added to the application,

regression testing was a vital component of the strategy. This practice ensured
that existing functionality remained intact and free from unintended side effects.
It was particularly critical to avoid the introduction of new bugs or regressions
when implementing new features or making changes to the existing codebase.

 Accessibility Testing:

The testing strategy recognized the importance of accessibility. A dedicated

accessibility testing phase was incorporated to ensure that the application
was usable by individuals with disabilities.
 Bug Tracking and Resolution:
Bug tracking and resolution is a critical part of the software development
process, ensuring that identified issues are effectively addressed and that the
application meets high standards of performance, accuracy, and user-
friendliness. The bug tracking and resolution process involved the following

29
key steps:

 Bug Identification:

During the testing phase, testers and developers collaboratively identified

various deviations from expected behavior, known as "bugs." These could
include functional issues, performance bottlenecks, and usability problems. Bug
identification was an ongoing process, with testers actively seeking and
documenting issues.

 Bug Prioritization:

Each identified bug was assigned a priority based on its impact and severity.
This prioritization helped the development team determine the order in which
bugs should be addressed. Critical issues that affected the application's core
functionality or introduced significant errors were given the highest priority.

 Bug Tracking System:

To effectively manage and document identified issues, a bug tracking system

was utilized. This system allowed for the centralized recording and monitoring
of all identified bugs. Each bug was documented with details that included:

 . Resolution and Verification:

Developers actively worked on resolving identified bugs. The resolution process

involved making necessary code changes to correct the issues. Developers
thoroughly analyzed the code to identify the root causes of the problems and
implemented the required fixes.

 Performance Testing (if applicable):

Performance testing plays a crucial role in assessing the efficiency,
responsiveness, and scalability of the C# Calculator Application. Although the
primary function of a calculator may not typically involve heavy computational

30
loads, ensuring that the application performs optimally is essential for a
seamless user experience. This section provides a comprehensive overview of
the performance testing process:

 Performance Benchmarks:

Performance testing began by establishing clear performance benchmarks and

metrics against which the application's performance could be measured. These
benchmarks were set in alignment with user expectations and industry
standards, ensuring that the application met performance goals.

 Speed and Responsiveness:

The testing phase evaluated the speed and responsiveness of the application,
especially during complex calculations or unit conversions. Test scenarios were
designed to simulate real-world usage, assessing how quickly the application
responded to user inputs and displayed results.

 Scalability Testing:

In scenarios where the application was expected to support multiple users or

handle resource-intensive calculations, scalability testing was conducted. This
involved subjecting the application to varying levels of load and complexity to
determine its ability to maintain performance under different workloads.

 Load Testing:

Load testing was a significant component of performance testing. It involved

simulating heavy user traffic and complex calculations to assess how the
application performed under these conditions. The goal was to identify potential
bottlenecks or performance issues, ensuring that the application remained
efficient and responsive.

 Resource Utilization:

Performance testing also evaluated the application's resource utilization,

including CPU, memory, and disk usage.
Appendices

Appendix A: Code Samples

Explore snippets of the C# code that powers the calculator application. These
samples provide insights into the implementation of key features and

31
functionalities.

Appendix B: Screenshots and Diagrams

Visual representations of the user interface, system architecture, use case
diagrams, and class diagrams offer a glimpse into the design and structure of the
C# Calculator Application.

Appendix C: Survey Forms

Included are the survey forms used to gather valuable user feedback. Analyzing
the responses aids in understanding user preferences and areas for potential
improvement.

Appendix D: Testing Artifacts

Details of the testing strategy, test cases, and results are provided, showcasing
the rigorous testing process undertaken to ensure the reliability and performance
of the application.

Appendix E: User Documentation

A condensed version of the user documentation is presented here, summarizing
key aspects of the C# Calculator Application for quick reference.

Appendix F: Project Timeline

A visual representation of the project timeline illustrates the milestones and key
events that shaped the development process.

Appendix G: Resource Allocation

Insights into the allocation of resources, including team members, time, and
tools, provide a snapshot of the project's organizational structure.

Appendix H: Risk Assessment and Mitigation

Identification of potential risks and the corresponding mitigation strategies are
outlined, offering a proactive approach to project management.

Appendix I: Proposed Features for Future Versions

An outline of features envisioned for future versions of the calculator
application demonstrates a commitment to ongoing improvement and
innovation.

Appendix J: User Feedback and Improvement Plans

Selected user feedback and the associated improvement plans are summarized,

32
highlighting the dynamic nature of the application's development based on user
needs.

Appendix K: Lessons Learned

Key insights and lessons derived from the project's development process are
documented, contributing to a culture of continuous learning and improvement.

Appendix L: Project Impact

Explore the multifaceted impact of the C# Calculator Application,
encompassing user empowerment, community building, educational support,
and technological relevance.

Appendix M: References
A comprehensive list of books, websites, journals, and resources used
throughout the project serves as a valuable reference for further exploration and
understandin

 Code Sample

33
 MainWindow.xaml.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;

namespace Calculator
{
/// <summary>
/// Interaction logic for MainWindow.xaml
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
double lastNumber, result;
SelectedOperator selectedOperator;
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();

private void NumberButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{
int selectedValue = int.Parse((sender as
Button).Content.ToString());

if(resultlable.Content.ToString() == "0")
{

34
 resultlable.Content = $"{selectedValue}";
}
else
{
resultlable.Content = $"{resultlable.Content}
{selectedValue}";
}

private void OprationButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{

if (double.TryParse(resultlable.Content.ToString(), out
lastNumber))
{
resultlable.Content = "0";
}
if (sender == intoButton)
selectedOperator = SelectedOperator.Multiplication;
if (sender == substructionButton)
selectedOperator = SelectedOperator.Sustraction;
if (sender == devisonButton)
selectedOperator = SelectedOperator.Division;
if (sender == addisonButton)
selectedOperator = SelectedOperator.Addition;

private void pointButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (resultlable.Content.ToString().Contains("."))
{
//do nothing
}
else
{
resultlable.Content = $"{resultlable.Content}.";
}

35
 }

private void equlButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{
double newNumber;
if (double.TryParse(resultlable.Content.ToString(), out
newNumber))
{
switch (selectedOperator)
{
case SelectedOperator.Addition:
result = Simplematch.Add(lastNumber,
newNumber);
break;
case SelectedOperator.Division:
result = Simplematch.Division(lastNumber,
newNumber);
break;
case SelectedOperator.Sustraction:
result = Simplematch.Subs(lastNumber,
newNumber);
break;
case SelectedOperator.Multiplication:
result = Simplematch.Multip(lastNumber,
newNumber);
break;
}
resultlable.Content = result.ToString();
}
}

private void percentecButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{
double tempNumber;
if (double.TryParse(resultlable.Content.ToString(), out
tempNumber))
{
tempNumber = (tempNumber /100);
if (lastNumber != 0)
{

36
 tempNumber *= lastNumber;
}
resultlable.Content = tempNumber.ToString();
}
}

private void nagativeButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if(double.TryParse(resultlable.Content.ToString(),out
lastNumber))
{
lastNumber = lastNumber * -1;
resultlable.Content = lastNumber.ToString();
}
}

private void acButton_Click(object sender,

RoutedEventArgs e)
{

resultlable.Content = "0";

}
public enum SelectedOperator
{
Addition,
Sustraction,
Multiplication,
Division
}
}
}

37
 MainWindow.xaml

<Window x:Class="Calculator.MainWindow"

xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/present
ation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"

xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008
"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-
compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:Calculator"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="Calculator" Height="550" Width="300">

<Grid>
<Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
<ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
<ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
<ColumnDefinition Width="*"/>
</Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="*"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<Label x:Name="resultlable" FontSize="60" Content="0"
Grid.Row="0" Grid.ColumnSpan="4"
HorizontalAlignment="Right" VerticalAlignment="Bottom"/>
<Button Foreground="Black" Click="acButton_Click"
x:Name="acButton" Margin="7" Content="AC" FontSize="40"
Grid.Column="0" Grid.Row="1"/>
<Button Foreground="Black"
Click="nagativeButton_Click" x:Name="nagativeButton"
Margin="7" Content="+/_" FontSize="40" Grid.Column="1"
Grid.Row="1"/>

38
 <Button Foreground="Black"
Click="percentecButton_Click" x:Name="percentecButton"
Margin="7" Content="%" FontSize="40" Grid.Column="2"
Grid.Row="1"/>

 Screenshot and Diagrams

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