L5 Double End of Year Revision List

STATES OF MATTER
1. understand the three states of matter in terms of the arrangement,
movement and energy of the particles

2. understand the interconversions between the three states of matter in

terms of:
a. the names of the interconversions
b. how they are achieved
c. the changes in arrangement, movement and energy of the particles.
3. understand how the results of experiments involving the dilution of
coloured solutions and diffusion of gases can be explained
4. know what is meant by the terms:
a. solvent
b. solute
c. solution
d. saturated solution.
5. know what is meant by the term solubility in the units g per
100 g of solvent
6. understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves
7. practical: investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a
specific temperature
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, & MIXTURES
1. understand how to classify a substance as an element, compound or
mixture
2. understand that a pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling point,
but that a mixture may melt or boil over a range of temperatures
3. describe these experimental techniques for the separation of mixtures:
a. simple distillation
b. fractional distillation
c. filtration
d. crystallisation
e. paper chromatography.
4. understand how a chromatogram provides information about the
composition of a mixture
5. understand how to use the calculation of R f values to identify the
components of a mixture
practical: investigate paper chromatography using inks/food colourings
FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS
1. write word equations and balanced chemical equations (including state
symbols):
 a. for reactions studied in this specification
b. for unfamiliar reactions where suitable information is provided.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. know what is meant by the terms atom and molecule

2. know the structure of an atom in terms of the positions, relative masses
and relative charges of sub-atomic particles
3. know what is meant by the terms atomic number, mass number,
isotopes and relative atomic mass (Ar)
4. be able to calculate the relative atomic mass of an element (A r) from
isotopic abundances

COVALENT
1. know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the sharing of a
pair of electrons
2. understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions
3. understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent covalent
bonds in:
a. diatomic molecules, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens
and hydrogen halides
b. inorganic molecules including water, ammonia and carbon dioxide
c. organic molecules containing up to two carbon atoms, including
methane, ethane, ethene and those containing halogen atoms.

IONIC BONDING
1. understand how ions are formed by electron loss or gain
2. know the charges of these ions:
a. metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3
b. non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7
c. Ag+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Zn2+
d. hydrogen (H+), hydroxide (OH–), ammonium (NH4+), carbonate
(CO32–),nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42–).
3. write formulae for compounds formed between the ions listed above
4. draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the formation of ionic compounds
by electron transfer, limited to combinations of elements from Groups
1, 2, 3 and 5, 6, 7
(Only outer electrons need be shown)
5. understand ionic bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions

CHEMICAL TESTS
1. describe tests for these gases:
a. hydrogen
b. oxygen
 c. carbon dioxide
d. ammonia
e. chlorine.
2. describe how to carry out a flame test
3. know the colours formed in flame tests for these cations:
a. Li+ is red
b. Na+ is yellow
c. K+ is lilac
d. Ca2+ is orange-red
e. Cu2+ is blue-green.
4. describe tests for these cations:
a. NH4+ using sodium hydroxide solution and identifying the gas evolved
b. Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ using sodium hydroxide solution.
5. describe tests for these anions:
a. Cl–, Br– and I– using acidified silver nitrate solution
b. SO42– using acidified barium chloride solution
c. CO32– using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved.

THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. Understand how elements are arranged in the Periodic Table:
a. in order of atomic number
b. in groups and periods.
2. Understand how to deduce the electronic configurations of the first 20
elements from their positions in the Periodic Table
3. Understand how to use electrical conductivity (and the acid-base
character of oxides to classify elements as metals or non-metals LEAVE
TO GASES TOPIC IN L5TH)
4. Identify an element as a metal or a non-metal according to its position
in the Periodic Table
5. Understand how the electronic configuration of a main group element is
related to its position in the Periodic Table
6. Understand why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have
similar chemical properties
7. Understand why the noble gases (Group 0) do not readily react
GROUP 1 – LITHIUM, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM
1. Understand how the similarities in the reactions of these elements with
water provide evidence for their recognition as a family of elements
2. Understand how the differences between the reactions of these
elements with air and water provide evidence for the trend in reactivity
in Group 1
3. Use knowledge of trends in Group 1 to predict the properties of other
alkali metals
4. Explain the trend in reactivity in Group 1 in terms of electronic
configurations

GROUP 7 - CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE

5. Know the colours, physical states (at room temperature) and trends in
physical properties of these elements
6. Use knowledge of trends in Group 7 to predict the properties of other
halogens
7. Understand how displacement reactions involving halogens and halides
provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 7
Explain the trend in reactivity in Group 7 in terms of electronic
configurations

IONIC
1. understand why compounds with giant ionic lattices have high melting
and boiling points
2. know that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid, but
do conduct electricity when molten and in aqueous solution

COVALENT
3. explain why substances with a simple molecular structures are gases
or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points
(The term intermolecular forces of attraction can be used to represent
all forces between molecules)
4. explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with simple
molecular structures increase, in general, with increasing relative
molecular mass
5. explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids with
high melting and boiling points
6. explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C 60 fullerene
influence their physical properties, including electrical conductivity
and hardness
know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct electricity
 GASES
8. know the approximate percentages by volume of the four most
abundant gases in dry air
9. understand how to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in
air using experiments involving the reactions of metals (e.g. iron) and
non-metals (e.g. phosphorus) with air
10. describe the combustion of elements in oxygen, including magnesium,
hydrogen and sulphur
11. describe the formation of carbon dioxide from the thermal
decomposition of metal carbonates, including copper (II) carbonate
12. know that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and that increasing
amounts in the atmosphere may contribute to climate change
13. Practical: determine the approximate percentage by volume of oxygen
in air using a metal or a non-metal
14. know the possible products of complete and incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbons with oxygen in the air
15. understand why carbon monoxide is poisonous, in terms of its effect
on the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
16. references to haemoglobin are not required
17. know that, in car engines, the temperature reached is high enough to
allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
18. explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels
results in the formation of sulphur dioxide
19. understand how sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen oxides
contribute to acid rain
20. describe a test for the presence of water using anhydrous copper (II)
sulphate

describe a physical test to show whether a sample of water is pure

CALCULATIONS

1. calculate relative formula masses (including relative molecular

masses) (Mr) from relative atomic masses (Ar)
2. know that the mole (mol) is the unit for the amount of a substance
3. understand how to carry out calculations involving amount of
substance, relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative formula mass (Mr)
4. understand how the formulae of simple compounds can be obtained
experimentally, including metal oxides, water and salts containing
water of crystallisation
5. know what is meant by the terms empirical formula and molecular
formula
6. calculate empirical and molecular formulae from experimental data

ORGANIC
1. know that a hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
2. understand how to represent organic molecules using empirical
formulae, molecular formulae, general formulae, structural formulae
and displayed formulae
3. know what is meant by the terms homologous series, functional group
and isomerism
4. understand how to name compounds relevant to this specification
using the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) nomenclature
(students will be expected to name compounds containing up to six
carbon atoms)
5. understand how to write the possible structural and displayed
formulae of an organic molecule given its molecular formula
6. understand how to classify reactions of organic compounds as
substitution, addition and combustion
(knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required)

CRUDE OIL
7. know that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
8. describe how the industrial process of fractional distillation separates
crude oil into fractions
9. know the names and uses of the main fractions obtained from crude
oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen
10. know the trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity of the main
fractions
11. know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat
energy
12. describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes and shorter-
chain alkanes by catalytic cracking (using silica or alumina as the
catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600-700 oC)
13. explain why cracking is necessary, in terms of the balance between
supply and demand for different fractions

ALKANES
14. know the general formula for alkanes
15. explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons
16. understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for
alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in the molecule, and to name the
unbranched-chain isomers
17. describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of
ultraviolet radiation, limited to mono-substitution
(knowledge of reaction mechanisms is not required)

ALKENES
1. know that alkenes contain the functional group C=C
2. know the general formula for alkenes
3. explain why alkenes are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons
4. understand how to draw the structural and displayed formulae for
alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in the molecule, and name the
unbranched-chain isomers
knowledge of cis/trans or E/Z notation is not required
5. describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine to produce
dibromoalkanes
6. describe how bromine water can be used to distinguish between an
alkane and an alkene

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
7. know that an addition polymer is formed by joining up many small
molecules called monomers
8. understand how to draw the repeat unit of an addition polymer,
including poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) and
(poly)tetrafluoroethene
9. understand how to deduce the structure of a monomer from the
repeat unit of an addition polymer and vice versa
10. explain problems in the disposal of addition polymers, including:
a. their inertness and inability to biodegrade
b. the production of toxic gases when they are burned.

EQUILIBRIA

symbol ⇌ in equations
1. know that some reactions are reversible and this is indicated by the

2. describe reversible reactions such as the dehydration of hydrated

copper (II) sulphate and the effect of heat on ammonium chloride

RATES
1. Describe experiments to investigate the effects of changes in surface
area of a solid, concentration of a solution, temperature and the use of
a catalyst on the rate of a reaction
2. Describe the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration
of a solution, pressure of a gas, temperature and the use of a catalyst
on the rate of a reaction
3. Explain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid, concentration
of a solution, pressure of a gas and temperature on the rate of a
reaction in terms of particle collision theory
4. Know that a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a
reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
5. Know that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway with
lower activation energy
6. Practical: investigate the effect of changing the surface area of marble
chips and of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate
of reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid
Practical: investigate the effect of different solids on the catalytic
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution