SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce (Autonomous)

Sion (W), Mumbai – 400 022.

Department of Computer Science

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms Esai Seshan S Thanga Perumal of FYBSc [Computer Science],

Semester I , Seat No FCS2425025 has successfully completed the practicals and submitted

it online in Microsoft Teams for the subject of FMS (Fundamental Mathematics and

Statistics) as a partial fulfilment of the degree BSc(CS) during the academic year 2024-

2025.

________________ _______________
Faculty-in-charge Internal Examiner
Rajesh Yadav Rajesh Yadav

Date: College Seal

Sr No Topics Page No

1 Practical 1 2
Basics of R

2 Practical 2 10
Measure of central
tendency

3 Practical 3 18
Measure of dispersion

4 Practical 4 26
Moments: Raw & Central
Moments

5
Practical 5 28
Skewness & Kurtosis

6 Practical 6 31
Correlation and
Regression

7 Practical 7 34
Combination and
Permutation

8 Practical 8 35
Tower of Hanoi

1
________________________________________________________

Practical 1
________________________________________________________________

1] DATA INPUT

- Arithmetic Operators

Explanation :
a = 23; b = 92

Two variables a and b are assigned the values 23 and 92, .

v=a+b

The variable v stores the result of adding a and b. This is simple addition:
v=23+92=115

w=a-b

The variable w stores the result of subtracting b from a. This is subtraction:

w=23−92=−69

x=a*b

The variable x stores the result of multiplying a and b. This is multiplication:

x=23×92=2116.

y=a/b

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 The variable y stores the result of dividing a by b. This is division:
y=23/92=0.25.

z=a^b

The variable z stores the result of raising a to the power of b. This is exponentiation:
z=2392≈1.900907×10125

v; w; x; y; z

Finally, the values of v, w, x, y, and z are printed to the console, showing the results of
each operation in the following order:

v = 115

w = -69

x = 2116

y = 0.25

z = 1.900907e+125

- Mathematical Functions

Explanation:
log(25)

This computes the natural logarithm (base e) of 25:

log⁡e(25)=3.218876.

sqrt(625)

This calculates the square root of 625:

625=25

exp(50)

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 This computes the exponential function, which is e raised to the power of 50:
e50=5.184706×1021e^{50}

round(3.184628425)

This rounds the number 3.184628425 to the nearest integer:

round(3.184628425)=3

-Trigonometric Functions

Explanation :
sin(0)

This calculates the sine of 0 degrees:

sin(0∘)=0

cos(270)

This calculates the cosine of 270 degrees:

cos(270∘)=0.984382.

- Combinatiorial Function

Explanation ;
Choose(8,2) computes the number of ways to choose 5 items from 10 without regards bto
order , which is 28

2] Vector Operation

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Explanation :
j <- c(25, 3, 61, 4, 52, 63): This creates a vector j with the values 25, 3, 61, 4,
52, 63. The c() function is used to combine these elements into a vector.

sort(j): This sorts the elements of the vector j in ascending order

rank(j): This calculates the ranks of the elements in the original vector j. The rank is based on the
element's position in the sorted vector, where the smallest value is ranked 1

log(j): This calculates the natural logarithm (log base e) of each element in the vector j

Explanation :
N = scan() allows the user to input values directly from the console. The user has input 14
values, and they are read into the variable N

After the scan() function reads the inputs, the output shows the list stored in N as:After the
scan() function reads the inputs, the output shows the list stored in N as: 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 2 1 6 7
94

3] Data Frames, Built in Function

Explanation :
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A data frame named data_frame is created using the data.frame() function

The data frame includes three columns:training: A vector of character strings representing
different types of training ("strength", "stamina", and "other").pulse: A numeric vector
indicating the pulse rate associated with each training type (10, 15, and 20).duration: A
numeric vector indicating the duration (in minutes) for each type of training (60, 30, and 45).

The command data_frame prints out the created data frame, which consists of the following
rows and columns

Explanation :
s <- c(3, 4, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 1, 6, 7, 4, 9, 9, 4):

This creates a vector s with the given numbers.u = table(s):

This line uses the table() function to count the frequency of each unique value in s and stores
it in u.u:

When u is called, it prints the frequency table of s. In this case, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 9 appear in the vector, with their respective counts shown.transform(u):

This line transforms the table into a data frame with two columns:s: The unique values in the
vector.Freq: The frequency of each value

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Explanation :
abs(j) returns the absolute values.

cumsum(j) gives the cumulative sum of the vector

exp(j) computes the exponential function for each elements

log(j) returns the natural logarithm of each elements based on their in j

length(j) provides the number of elements in j

rank(j) assigns ranks to the elements based on their magnitude , handling ties by assigning
ranks

max(x) finds the maximum value.

min(x) finds the minimum value.

mean(x) calculates the average.

sort(x) sorts in ascending order.

sort(x, decreasing = TRUE) sorts in descending order

. var(x) computes the variance.

which(x == value )findsindices where the condition is met.

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prod(y) computes the product of elements.

round() rounds numbers to the nearest integer.

Explanation :
byrow ="false" creates a matrix filled by columns.

byrow ="true" creates a matrix filled by rows.

t(A) transposes the matrix, swapping rows and columns.

diag(A) extracts the diagonal elements.

A[,3] extracts the 3rd column of the matrix

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A[1,1] Accesses the element in the 1st row and 1st column of the new matrix A, which is 2

x <- c(1, 3, 5, 9, 10) creates a vector x with the elements 1, 3, 5, 9, and 10.

The function c() is used to combine or concatenate these values into a vector.

x on its own displays the contents of the vector

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__________________________________________________

Practical 2
__________________________________________________
- Mean = Mean is the average of the given numbers and is
calculated by dividing the sum of given numbers by the total
number of numbers

 The following data shows the weekly income of 10 families.

Calculate arithmetic mean

Family A B C D E F G H I J
Income 850 700 100 750 5000 80 420 2500 400 360

Formula : Mean=∑xi /n (Sum of all the observations / Total

number of observations)

Explanation :
1. x <- c(850, 700, 100, 750, 5000, 80, 420, 2500, 400, 360) creates a vector x containing the values:
850, 700, 100, 750, 5000, 80, 420, 2500, 400, and 360.

2. When you run mean(x), R calculates the mean (average) of the values in the vector x.

 Find the arithmetic mean for the given values :-

9,8,6,4,7,5,3,7

Formula: Mean=∑xi /n (Sum of all the observations / Total

number of observations)

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Explanation :
1.y <-c(9,8,6,4,7,5,3,7) creates a vector y containing the values: 9,8,6,4,7,5,3 and 7.

2. When you run mean(y), R calculates the mean(average) of the values in the vector y. Thus,
the mean (average) of the values in y is 6.125

 Find the arithmetic mean of the following numbers

9,8,6,4,7,5,3,7

Formula : Mean=∑xi /n (Sum of all the observations / Total

number of observations)

Explanation :
1.x <- c(9, 8, 6, 4, 7, 5, 3, 7) creates a vector x containing the values: 9, 8, 6, 4, 7, 5, 3,
and 7.

2.When you run mean(x),R calculates the mean (average) of the values in the vector
x .Thus, the mean (average) of the values in x is 6.125.

 Find the arithmetic mean for the given number using scan
function to create a vector for the following values
16,19,27,10,5,7,12,15,NA

Formula : Mean=∑xi /n (Sum of all the observations / Total

number of observations)

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Explanation :
X = scan()prompts you to input a series of numbers.

In this case, you entered the values 16,19,27,10,5,7,12,15 and NA . After pressing enter on
the blank line, R stops reading inputs. When you run a ,it displays the vector x containing the
values: 16,19,27,10,5,7,12,15 and NA. Running mean(b,na.rm=T) calculates the mean
(average) of the values in the vector x Thus, the mean (average) of the values in b is 7.575.

- Median = The median is a measure of central tendency that

represents the middle value in a data set when the values are
arranged in order, either from lowest to highest or highest to
lowest. It is a way to describe the "middle" of a distribution.

 Calculate the median for the following data

1100,1150,1080,1120,1200,1160,1400

Formula :

For odd:- Median=x(n+1/2 )

For even:- Median=[x(n/2 ) +x(n /2+1)]/2

Explanation :
1. x <- c(1100, 1150, 1080, 1120, 1200, 1160, 1400) creates a vector x with the values: 1100,
1150, 1080, 1120, 1200, 1160, and 1400.

2. y =sort(x) sorts the vector b in ascending order, resulting in the vector a: 1080, 1100,
1120, 1150, 1160, 1200, 1400.

3. When you run median (y), R calculates the median of the sorted vector y

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  Find the median of number 3,4,4,6,8,8,5,8,10.

Formula :

For odd:- Median=x(n+1/2 )

For even:- Median=[x(n/2 ) +x(n /2+1)]/2

Explanation :
1. x <- c(3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 5, 8, 10)creates a vector x with the values: 3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 5, 8, and
10.

2. y = sort(d)sorts the vector x in ascending order, resulting in the vector e: 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8,

8, 10.

3. Running median(y) calculates the median of the sorted vector ‘ y’

 Find the median for the given number with missing value
7,9,11,12,15,18,55

Formula :

For odd:- Median=x(n+1/2 )

For even:- Median=[x(n/2 ) +x(n /2+1)]/2

Explanation :
1. x <- c(7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 5, 5, 18, NA)creates a vector x containing the values
7,9,11,12,15,18,55 (which represents a missing value).

2. y = sort(x)sorts the vector x, excluding the NA value, resulting in the sorted vector y:
7,9,11,12,15,18,55

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 3. Running median(y), na.rm = TRUE)calculates the median of the sorted vector y, removing
the NA with na.rm = TRUE

- Mode = The mode is a measure of central tendency that represents the

most frequently occurring value in a dataset. It is the value or values that
appear most often. Unlike the mean and median, the mode can be used with
both numerical and categorical data.

 Calculate the mode for the given values 2,7,10,15,10,7,8,10,2

Formula : mode = L+Δ1/Δ1+Δ2 x

Explanation :
1. a <- c(2, 7, 10, 15, 10, 7, 8, 10, 2)creates a vector x containing the values: 2, 7, 10, 15,
10, 7, 8, 10, and 2.

2. b = table(x)creates a frequency table of the elements in a. This table shows how many
times each value appears in a. The output of table(a) would look like this: names by b)[b
== max(b)]extracts the names (i.e., values) from the frequency table b where the
frequency is equal to the maximum frequency (i.e., the most frequent value).

max(b)returns the highest frequency in the table (which is 3, for the value 10).

b == max(y)creates a logical condition to find which values have the highest frequency.

names(b)[b == max(b)]returns the name(value)corresponding to the highest frequency.

 Find the mode of 10.5,6.5,2.3,6.5,8.9,4,4

Formula : mode = L+Δ1/Δ1+Δ2 x

Explanation :
1. a <- c(10.5, 6.5, 2.3, 6.5, 8.9, 4, 4)creates a vector a with the values: 10.5, 6.5, 2.3, 6.5, 8.9, 4,
and 4.

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2. b = table(b)creates a frequency table for the values in a. This table shows how many times
each value appears in a. The output of table(a) would look like this:

3. names(b)[b == max(b)]extracts the names(i.e., values) from the frequency table b where the
frequency is equal to the maximum frequency (i.e., the most frequent values)

 Find the mode of following data with missing value:

20,30,31,25,30,31,30,32,NA.

Formula : mode = L+Δ1/Δ1+Δ2 x

Explanation :
1. a <- c(20, 30, 31, 25, 30, 31, 30, 32, NA)creates a vector a with the values: 20, 30, 31,
25, 30, 31, 30, 32, and NA (which represents a missing value).

2. b = table(a)creates frequency table for the values in a, excluding the NA value. The
table would count how many times each value appears in a.

3. names(b)[b == max(b)]extracts the names(i.e., values) from the frequency table b

where the frequency is equal to the maximum frequency (i.e., the most frequent value).

- Quartiles = Quartiles are values that divide a dataset into

four equal parts, each containing 25%of the data. They provide
a way to understand the spread and distribution of data by
breaking it into segments

 Find the Q1,Q2&Q3 for given values:- [4,7,1,3,5,8,23]

Formula : Q1=(n+1)/4 Q3= 3(n+1)/4

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Explanation :
1. p <- c(4, 7, 1, 3, 5, 8, 23)creates a vector p with the values: 4, 7, 1, 3, 5, 8, and 23

. 2. Q1 = quartile(x, 0.25)calculates the first quartile (Q1), which is the value below which
25% of the data falls. The result is 3.5. This means 25%of the data values are less than or
equal to 3.5.

3. Q2 = quartile(x, 0.50)calculates the second quartile (Q2), which is the median. The result
is 5. This means 50% of the data values are less than or equal to 5.

4. Q3 = quartile(x, 0.75)calculates the third quartile (Q3), which is the value below which
75% of the data falls. The result is 7.5. This means 75%of the data values are less than or
equal to 7.5

 Find the quartile Q1,Q2&Q3 from following data.

(4,6,5,9,8,10,3)

Formula : Q1=(n+1)/4 Q3= 3(n+1)/4

Explanation :

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1. p <- c(4,6,5,9,8,10,3)creates a vector p with the values4,6,5,9,8,10 and 3

. 2. Q1 = quartile(x, 0.25)calculates the first quartile (Q1), which is the value below which
25% of the data falls. The result is 3.5. This means 25%of the data values are less than or
equal to 10.

3. Q2 = quartile(x, 0.50)calculates the second quartile (Q2), which is the median. The result
is 5. This means 50% of the data values are less than or equal to 12.

4. Q3 = quartile(x, 0.75)calculates the third quartile (Q3), which is the value below which
75% of the data falls. The result is 16.5. This means 75%of the data values are less than or
equal to 16.5

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_____________________________________________
Practical 3 :- Measure of dispersion
_____________________________________________
{The range in statistics for a given data set is the difference
between the highest and lowest values. The coefficient of range is
a normalized measure that shows the relative spread of the data.
It is calculated by dividing the difference between the maximum
and minimum values by their sum}
1] Create a vector with the following values 8,9,8,10,11 . Find the
range and coefficient of range
Formula:-
Range=Maximum Value−Minimum Value
Coefficient of Range=Maximum Value + Minimum
Value/Maximum Value−Minimum Value

Explanation :
a <-c(8, 9, 8, 10, 11) creates a vector a with the values: 8, 9, 8, 10,
and 11

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l = max(a) calculates the maximum value in a, which is 11.
s = min(a) calculates the minimum value in a, which is 8.
r = l-s calculates the range, which is 11- 8 = 3.
cora = (l- s) / (l + s) calculates the coefficient of range: 0.1578947

2] Following distribution gives the number of houses and the

number of persons per hour. Find the range and coefficient of
range from following data.
NO.of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Person
NO.of 26 113 120 95 60 42 21 14 5 4
House

Formula:-
Range=Maximum Value−Minimum Value
Coefficient of Range=Maximum Value + Minimum
Value/Maximum Value−Minimum Value

Explanation :
a <-c(26,113,120,95,60,42,21,14,5,4) creates a vector a with the
values: 26,113,120,95,60,42,21,14,5 and 4

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l = max(a) calculates the maximum value in a, which is 120.
s = min(a) calculates the minimum value in a, which is 4.
r = l-s calculates the range, which is 120-4 = 116.
cora = (l- s) / (l + s) calculates the coefficient of range : 0.9354839

3] Calculate the range and coefficient of range

Weight (kg) Class Mid-Values No. of

Boundaries student
60-62 59.5-62.5 61 5
63-65 62.5-65.5 64 18
66-68 66.5-68.5 67 42
69-71 68.5-71.5 70 27
72-74 71.5-74.5 73 8

Formula:-
Range=Maximum Value−Minimum Value
Coefficient of Range=Maximum Value + Minimum
Value/Maximum Value−Minimum Value

Explanation :

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a <-c(59.5,62.5,66.5,68.5,74.5) creates a vector a with the values:
59.5,62.5,66.5,68.5 and 74.5
l = max(a) calculates the maximum value in a, which is 74.5.
s = min(a) calculates the minimum value in a, which is 59.5.
r = l-s calculates the range, which is 74.5-59.5=15.
cora = (l- s) / (l + s) calculates the coefficient of range : 0.1119403

{Quamtiles are values that divide a dataset into four equal parts.
They help to describe the spread and distribution of data by
providing insight into the data’s central tendency and variability.
The quantile deviation, also known as the semi-interquartile
range, measures the dispersion of the middle 50% of the data. It
tells us how spread out the data is around the median .The
coefficient of quartile deviation is a relative measure of
dispersion, indicating the spread of the middle 50% of data
relative to the size of the quartiles}

4] The wheat production (in kg) of 20 acres is given as

1120,1240,1320,1080,1200,1440,1360,1680,1730,1785,1342,19
60, 1880,1755,1720,1600,1470,1750,1885. Find the quartile
deviation and the coefficient of quartile deviation
Formula:-
Q1=[(n+1) /4] −th value Q3=3[(n+1) /4]−th value
Quartile Deviation=(Q3−Q1)/2
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation=(Q3+Q1)/(Q3−Q1)

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Explanation:-
First Quartile (Q1): 1331 (25% of the data falls below this value).
Third Quartile (Q3): 1752.5 (75% of the data falls below this
value).
Quartile Deviation (QD): 210.75, indicating the spread of the
middle 50%ofthedata.
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (coQD): 0.1367, reflecting that
the middle 50%ofthedatais spread out by approximately 13.67%
of the sum of Q1 and Q3

5] Find the quartile deviation and coefficient of quartile

deviation.

X 5 15 20 50 70 82
F 8 12 20 10 7 3

Formula :-
Q1=[(n+1) /4] −th value Q3=3[(n+1) /4]−th value
Quartile Deviation=(Q3−Q1)/2
22
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation=(Q3+Q1)/(Q3−Q1)

Explanation :
First Quartile (Q1): 7.25. This means 25% of the data falls below
7.25
Third Quartile (Q3): 11.5. This means 75% of the data falls below
11.5.
Quartile Deviation (QD): 2.125. This measures the spread of the
middle 50%ofthedata.
It’s calculated as Q3−Q12\frac{Q3 Q1}{2}2Q3−Q1 .
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (coQD): 0.2267. This relative
measure of dispersion indicates that the spread of the middle
50%of the data is approximately 22.67% of the sum of Q1 and Q3.

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{The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, which
is the average of the squared differences between each data point
and the mean.
Variance provides a measure of the variability or spread in a
dataset, with higher variance indicating more dispersion and
lower variance indicating less dispersion.
The coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation
to the mean, multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage. It
provides a relative measure of variability compared to the mean
of the dataset}

6] Find the standard deviation, variance & the coefficient of

variance of following frequency distribution

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

interval
Frequencies 14 23 27 21 15

Formula :
σ=1/N [ i=1∑N (xi −μ)2]
σ2=N1 i=1∑N (xi −μ)2
Coefficient of Variation (CV)=μ/σ ×100%

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Explanation :
Dataset: x = {14, 23, 27, 21, 15}
Standard Deviation: Measures the spread of data points around
the mean
Variance: The square of the standard deviation, indicating the
spread of data.
Mean :The average value of the dataset.
Coefficient of Variation (CV): The standard deviation expressed
as a percentage of the mean, showing relative dispersion

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________________________________________________________

Practical – 4

________________________________________________________
MOMENTS:

RAW AND CENTRAL MOMENTS Moments are useful in describing

• Center of a data set,

• Variation in a data set,

• Skewness of a data set, and

• Kurtosis of a data set.

Raw Moments: The Moments about zero distribution are known as Raw Moments
Formula:

Central moments: The Moments about the mean of distribution are known as Central
Moments

Moments:

The raw moments and central moments can be calculated using all. moments() function from
moments package.

The syntax to compute raw and central moments of a data set using R is
all.moments(x,order.max=2,central=FALSE) where , • x: a numeric vector of data

• order.max : the maximum order of the moments to be computed (default value is 2)

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• central: a logical value (FALSE for raw moments or TRUE for central moments. 1. Create a vector
which represents student marks 98 87 96 91 85 89 93 96 99 86 Find the raw moments and Central
moments.

Code and Output:

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________________________________________________________
Practical – 5

________________________________________________________
SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS SKEWNESS:

Skewness is a measure of symmetry. The meaning of skewness is "lack of symmetry".

Skewness gives us an idea about the concentration of higher or lower data values around the
central value of the data. Karl Pearson's defined the coefficient of skewness based on moments
as

Where

Second sample central moment

Third sample central moment

The coefficients β2 and γ1 are also called moment coefficients of skewness

KURTOSIS:

The literal meaning of kurtosis is peakedness or flatness of the data. The kurtosis measures
how peaked or how flat the histogram is relative to the bell-shaped histogram. The bell-shaped
histogram is based on normal (Gaussian) distribution.

• The value of kurtosis for a normal (Gaussian) distribution is 3

. • If the histogram has too many observations in the tails compared to normal histogram, then
the kurtosis is larger than 3.

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• If the histogram has short tails and most of the observations are tightly clustered around the
mean, then the kurtosis is less than 3. The moment coefficient of kurtosis (also known as β2
Pearson's moment coefficient of kurtosis) is denoted by and is defined as

The moment coefficient of kurtosis γ2 is defined as

Where

n is total no. of observations

x is sample mean

Moments Package:

The R Studio "moments" package can be thought of as a collection of tools that make it easier for
us to comprehend our data. It is similar to having a math assistant that performs all of these
necessary calculations for us, making it simpler to describe and evaluate our data.

Find the Skewness and Kurtosis of the given following data

Code input with output:-

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30
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Practical – 6

__________________________________________________________________________________

Correlation using Scatter diagram

AIM:
A. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient

B. Spearman’s Rank correlation

A]. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient

Example code with input and output

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B. Spearman’s Rank correlation

Example sums with input and output code

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REGRESSION
AIM:

A. Coefficient of Regression

Example sums with input and output code

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__________________________________________________________________________________
Practical – 7

__________________________________________________________________________________

Combination and Permutation

The below example are to find factorial , permutation and combination

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___________________________________________________________________________
Practical – 8

___________________________________________________________________________

TOWER OF HANOI

AIM :-Write a program to implement Tower of Hanoi

toh=function(n,s,d)

Examples with code of input and output :

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