CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

 Carbon belongs to the fourteenth group or IV A group and 2nd period in the modern periodical table.
 Atomic Number: 6
 Electronic configuration: 2, 4
 Valency: 4
 Property: Non-metal
 The name carbon is derived form the Latin word-carbo which means coal. This is because carbon is the
main constituent of coal.
 All living things are made up of carbon based compounds which are called organic compounds.
BONDING IN CARBON
 Carbon has the electronic configuration of , K-2, L-4
 It has 4 electrons in its valence shell. It can either lose 4 electrons to form C 4+ cation or gain 4 electrons
to form C4- anion. But carbon neither lose nor gain electrons, instead it shares its 4 electrons with other
atom that results in covalent bonding.
 It requires large amount of energy to remove 4 electrons from carbon. Therefore it is not possible for
carbon to form a cation. If carbon is to gain 4 electrons, it is not possible for the nucleus of carbon to
hold on to 10 electrons. Therefor carbon will not form anion.
 The bonds formed by carbon with other elements are very strong. This is because of the small size of
carbon atom, the nucleus of carbon can hold on to the shared pair of electrons strongly.
 Covalent bond : A chemical bond is formed by mutual sharing of one or more electron
pairs between two nonmetallic elements is called covalent bond.
Single covalent bond : One electron pair is shared between two nonmetallic elements to form
single covalent bond.Example : Hydrogen molecule (H2)

Double covalent bond : Two electron pairs are shared between two nonmetallic elements to form
double covalent bond.Example : Oxygen molecule (O2)
 Triple covalent bond : Three electron pairs are shared between two nonmetallic elements to
form triple covalent bond.Example : Nitrogen molecule (N2)

VERSATILE / UNIQUE NATURE OF CARBON

The versatile nature of carbon is due to its:
 Tetravalency
 Catenation
TETRAVALENCY
Due to tetravalency of carbon, it can bond with itself and other elements such as oxygen, chlorine,
fluorine, hydrogen, sulphur etc and form wide variety of compounds. The formation of strong bonds by
carbon atoms among themselves and with other elements make carbon compounds exceptionally stable.
CATENATION
Catenation is the self linking property of carbon in which carbon can link with other carbon atoms in
compounds giving rise to large number of compounds in which carbon atoms are arranged in straight
chains, branched chains and even in the form of rings(closed chain).

Eg:

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called allotropes of the element. The 3
allotropes of carbon are :
 Graphite
 Graphite is a greyish black substance which is soft and slippery and conduct electricity because of the
presence of free electrons.

 Diamond

Diamond is colourless transparent substance having extraordinary lustre and hardness. Since it lacks the
presence of free electrons, it cannot conduct electricity.
 Buckminster fullerene

In Buckminster fullerene, 60 carbon atoms are arranged in the form of a football.There are 20 hexagons
and 12 pentagons of carbon atoms in one molecule of Buckminster fullerene.

WORKSHEET -1
 1) Why carbon does not form C4-ion ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..

2) Write the molecular formula ,draw the electron dot structure of the following molecules.
Hydrogen molecule Oxygen molecule

Nitrogen molecule Sulphur molecule

Methane molecule Ethane molecule

Differences between ionic compounds and covalent compounds.

IONIC COMPOUNDS COVALENT COMPOUNDS

 Ionic bond is formed by transfer of an Covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing
electron from metal to nonmetal of an electron pair between two nonmetals
They have high melting and boiling points They have low melting and boiling points
They are soluble in water and insoluble in They are insoluble in water
organic solvents
They are good conductors of electricity in They are bad conductors of electricity.
molten form or in aqueous solutions.
Eg: NaCl, KCl etc., Eg CH4,Petrol, kerosene etc.
Versatile nature of carbon

a) Tetravalency : Carbon can bind with 4 more carbon atoms with single covalent bonds , or with
different atoms of mono-valent elements.
b) Catenation : Self linking property of an element to form long chains and rings is called catenation.
Example : (Refer Introduction notes)

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons having all carbon to carbon single bonds are called alkanes.CnH2n+2

Hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between carbon atoms are called alkenes.CnH2n.

Hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond between carbon atoms are called alkynes .CnH2n-2.

Number of carbon Root word Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

atoms CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Suffix – ane Suffix – ene Suffix - yne
1 Meth Methane - CH4 -
2 Eth Ethane - C2H6 Ethene C2H4 Ethyne C 2H 2
3 Prop Propane - C3H8 Propene C3H6 Propyne C 3H 4
4 But Butane - C4H10 Butene C4H8 Butyne C 4H 6
5 Pent Pentane - C5H12 Pentene C5H10 Pentyne C 5H 8
6 Hex Hexane - C6H14 Hexene C6H12 Hexyne C6H10

Structure of benzene (C6H6)

 WORKSHEET-2

1) The bond formed between metal and non metal is …………………………………..

2) The bond formed between a non metal and a non metal is ………………………..

3) What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds
we see around us.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) Classify the following hydrocarbons into saturated and unsaturated

a) C2H6 b) C3H4 c) C4H8 d) C4H10

Saturated compounds …....................................................................................

Un saturated compounds ……………………………………………………………

5) Draw the structure of cyclohexane.

  A homologous series is a series of organic compounds having similar structure and same functional
group in which the successive compounds differ by a CH 2 group.
 Compounds in homologous series have similar chemical properties but different physical properties.

 Structural isomers: Compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their structure
are called structural isomers

Structural isomers of pentane

 WORKSHEET – 3

1) Write the name and molecular formula of the first member of the homologous series of
alkynes.

2) Identify the members of a homologous series:

C2H4, C2H6, C2H2, C3H6, C3H7

………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Compounds having same molecular formula but differ in their structure are

Called ……………………………………………………

4) A series of compounds having same functional group but differ by only one –CH2
group is called ……………………………………………..

5) Draw the isomeric structures of pentane molecule.

 Functional group may be defined as an atom or group of atoms or reactive part which is
responsible for the characteristic properties of the compounds.
 WORKSHEET -4

1) Write the IUPAC name of the compound CH3-CH2-CH3.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2) Identify the functional group present in CH3-CH2-OH.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
3) Name a functional group which can never occupy a terminal position.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) Write the structure of bromo propane.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

5) Write the structure of the functional groups present in the following compounds
i) Ethanol
ii) Ethanoic acid

6) IUPAC name for CH₃ CH₂ CH₂COOH is __________________________________.

COMBUSTION
 Allthecarboncompoundsburninoxygenandyieldcarbondioxideandwater vapour , Heatand light

 C+ O2→ CO2+heat & light

 CH4+ O2→ CO2+H2O +heat and light
 CH3CH2OH +O2→ CO2+H2O+ heat and light
 Saturated hydrocarbons give a clean blue flame due to their complete combustion.

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons give a yellow flame with lots of black smoke (soot) as they do not
undergo complete combustion.

OXIDATION
 Alcohols on oxidation gives carboxylic acids.
 Those substances which are capable of providing oxygen to other substances are called oxidizing
agents.e.g.,alk. KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7 can both behave as oxidizing agents.

ADDITIONREACTION
 Addition of hydrogen
(inthepresenceofcatalystslikePalladiumorNickel)tounsaturatedhydrocarbons,yieldssaturatedhydrocarbons
(Hydrogenation).

 Vegetable oil contains unsaturated carbon chains.

 Animal fat contains saturated carbon chains.

SUBSTITUTION REACTION

An atom or group of atoms takes the place of another is called substitution reaction.

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight).

 WORKSHEET-5

1) Name the process by which unsaturated fats are changed to saturated fats.

………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) What are the products obtained by the complete combustion of ethanol?

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

3) Oxidation of alcohol gives _______________________________.

4) Addition of hydrogen molecule to an unsaturated compound is also known as

_____________________________________.

5) Substitution reaction is given by _____________________ compounds.

6) Give one example in each case to illustrate:

i) Addition reactions.
ii) Substitution reactions.
iii) Combustion reactions.
 ETHANOL(C2H5OH)
 Ethanol is a clear liquid with burning taste.
 Its boiling point is 351K.
 It is completely miscible with water in all proportions.
 It is used in medicines such as tincture iodine ,cough syrups and many tonics.

i) DEHYDRATION
Ethanol, when heated with excess hot conc. H2SO4 at 443K undergoes dehydration to give ethene.

Reaction with sodium : Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to form sodiumethoxide and hydrogen gas.

ETHANOICACID(CH3COOH)/ ACETIC ACID

 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar
 On cooling, pure ethanoic acid is frozen to form ice like flakes. They look like glaciers, so it
is called glacial acetic acid.
 Boiling point is 391K
(i) Reactionwithbase
Ethanoicacidreactswithsodiumhydroxidetoformsodiumethanoateandwater.


(ii) Reactionwithcarbonatesandbicarbonates.
Ethanoicacidreactswithcarbonatesandbicarbonatesandproducesbriskeffervescenceduetotheevolutionofcar
bondioxide.

Esterificaiton:
Ethanolreactswithethanoicacidinthepresenceofconc.H2SO4(catalyst)toformethylethanoateandw
ater is known as esterification.
 Saponification :Ester on treating with sodium hydroxide (alkali) to give alcohol and sodium salt
of carboxylic acid .This reaction is called saponification

WORKSHEET-6

1) 5 - 8 % of aqueous solution of acetic acid is known as _______________

2) When ethanol is treated with con. H₂ SO₄ , it gives ________________________

3) Name the functional group present in a) CH3CH2OH b) CH3COOH

4) What happens when small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?

5) What is an esterification reaction?

6) What happens when alcohol is heated with excess conc. H2SO4 at 443K? What role does
conc. H2SO4 play in this reaction?
 7) Write two uses of esters?

8) What is saponification reaction.

Soft water: Water which forms lather with soap solution is called soft water.

Hard water: Water which does not form lather with soap solution is called hard water. Hardness is due to the
presence of salts of calcium and magnesium.

Differences between soap and detergent

Soap Detergent
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts
chain carboxylic acids. of long chain carboxylic acids
Soaps form lather with soft water only Detergents give lather with both soft water and
hard water

Cleansingactionofsoaps:

Soap molecule is made up of two parts-a long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic and a
short ionic part which is hydrophilic. The hydrocarbon part dissolves in dirt where the
hydrophilic part is soluble in water. When soap is added to water, they are arranged
radially with the hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and the ionic end directed
outwards. This structure is called micelle. When a dirty cloth is put in water containing
soap, the dirt is trapped by the micelle.

The ionic end of the micelle remain attached to water and when the cloth is agitated, the micelle in
which the dirt is trapped get dispersed in water and can be washed away.
Micelle formation will not takeplace when soap is added to organic solvents like
ethanol because the hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are soluble in ethanol.
 Worksheet
1) In what way are soaps different from detergents?

2) Which ions are responsible for making water hard?

3) Which is scum?

PREVIOUS BOARD QUESTIONS

1) You are given balls and stick model of six carbon atoms and fourteen hydrogen
atoms and sufficient number of sticks. In how many ways one can join the models
of six carbon atoms and fourteen hydrogen atoms to form different molecules of
C6H14.

2) Draw the structural formulae of all the possible isomers of the compound with the
molecular formula C3H6O and also give their electron dot structures.

3) What are isomers? “Isomers of the first three members of alkane series are not possible”.
Give reason to justify this statement and draw structures of two isomers of
butane, C4 H10.
4) An organic compound ‘X’ is a liquid at room temperature. It is also a very good
solvent and has the molecular formula C2 H6 O. on oxidation ‘X’ gives ‘Y’ which give,
brisk effervescence on reacting with NaHCO3. X reacts with Y in the presence of
conc.H2SO4to give another compound ‘Z’ which has a pleasant smell. Identify X, Y
3and Z. also write chemical equations to show the formation of Y and Z.
5) Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name
suffixed with „–ol‟ and having two carbon atoms in the molecule. With the help
of a balanced equation indicate what happens when its heated with excess of
conc. H2SO4.
6) What is meant by isomers? “We cannot have isomers of the first three members
of alkane series” give reason to justify this statement.
Draw the structures of two isomers of pentane, C5H12
7) Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid. Distinguish
between ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i) litmus test, (ii) reaction with sodium
carbonate.
8) Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes. Name and draw the structure of one member
ofeach.
(b) Alkanes generally burn with clean flame. Why?
9) (a) Define the term 'isomers'
(b) Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and write
their names.
(c) Give the electron dot structures of the above two compounds.
10) Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds:
i. CH3COCH3
ii. C2H5COOH
11) Complete the following equations:
(a) CH4 + O2 
(b) C2H5OH Hot conc. H SO2 4
(c) CH3COOH + NaOH
12) Why soaps are not considered suitable forwashing when water is hard?
13) List in tabular form three physical and two chemical properties on the basis of which
ethanol and ethanoicacid can be differentiated.
14) Draw the structure of Butanone molecule, CH3COC2H5.
15) Write chemical equations to show what happens when:
i. Ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K.
ii. Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid acting as a catalyst.
iii. An ester reacts with a base.
16) (a) State two properties of carbon which lead to a very large number of carbon
compounds.
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