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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 08 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. Motion of hole is a convenient way of describing
a) the actual motion of bound electrons
b) the actual motion of free electrons
c) the actual motion of energy gap
d) the actual motion of conduction electrons
2. The current flowing through a lamp marked as 50 W, 250 V is:
a) 5 A
b) 2 A
c) 2.5 A
d) 0.2 A
3. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the light of
a) blue colour
b) yellow colour
c) green colour
d) red color
4. The magnetic moment of a revolving electron around the nucleus varies with principal quantum number n as
a) μ ∝ n
b) μ ∝ 1
2
n

c) μ ∝ n 2

d) μ ∝ 1

5. Which of the following is not the property of equipotential surfaces?

a) They are concentric spheres for uniform electric fields.
b) They can be imaginary spheres.
c) They do not cross each other.
d) Rate of change of potential with distance on them is zero.

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6. A current carrying wire produces in its neighbourhood
a) electric and magnetic fields
b) zero field
c) magnetic field only
d) electric field only
7. An inductor may store energy in
a) its magnetic field
b) its electric field
c) both in electric and magnetic fields
d) its coils
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8. The μ is also known as :
0

a) magnetic dipole
b) Absolute Permittivity
c) Magnetic dipole moment
d) Magnetic flux
9. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass? (Speed of light in vacuum is 3.0×10 ms )
8 −1

a) 3.0 ×10 ms
8 −1

b) 2.4 ×10 ms
8 −1

c) 2.0 ×10 ms
8 −1

d) 2.8 ×10 ms
8 −1

10. Electric charges are of

a) 5 types
b) 2 types
c) 4 types
d) 3 types
11. The circuit has two oppositely connected ideal diodes in parallel. What is the current flowing in the circuit?

a) 1.33 A
b) 1.71 A
c) 2.31 A
d) 2.0 A
12. The focal length (f) of spherical mirror of radius curvature R is:
a)
3

2R

b) 2R
c) R
d) R

13. Assertion (A): In photoelectron emission, the velocity of electron ejected from near the surface is larger than that
coming from interior of metal.
Reason (R): The velocity of the ejected electron will be zero.

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a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
14. Assertion (A): Work done in moving a charge between any two points in a uniform electric field is independent of the
path followed by the charge, between these points.
Reason (R): Electrostatic forces are not conservative.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion (A): Young’s double slit experiment can be performed using a source of white light.
Reason (R): The wavelength of red light is less than the wavelength of other colours in white light.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false
16. Assertion: For an electric lamp connected in series with a variable capacitor and ac source, its brightness increases with
increase in capacitance.
Reason: Capacitive reactance decreases with increase in capacitance of capacitor.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Section B
17. A light beam travelling in the x-direction is described by the electric field: Ey = 270 sin ω (t − ) . An electron is
x

constrained to move along the y-direction with a speed of 2.0 × 107 ms-1.
Find the maximum electric force and
maximum magnetic force on the electron.
18. A ball of superconducting material is dipped in liquid nitrogen and placed near a bar magnet.
i. In which direction will it move?
ii. What will be the direction of its magnetic moment?
19. What is meant by doping of an intrinsic semiconductor? Name the two types of atoms used for doping of Ge/Si.

20. The ground state energy of hydrogen atoms is -13.6 eV.

i. Which are the potential and kinetic energy of an electron in the third excited state?
ii. If the electron jumps to the ground state from the third excited state, calculate the frequency of the photon emitted.
21. A long straight telephone cable contains six wires each carrying a current of 0.5 A. The distance between the wires is
negligible. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance of 10 cm from the cable
i. if the currents in all the six wires are in the same direction
ii. if four wires carry current in one direction and the other two in opposite direction?

OR

Two insulating infinitely long conductors carrying currents I1 and I2 lie mutually perpendicular to each other in the same
plane, as shown in Fig. Find the locus of the point at which the net magnetic field is zero.

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Section C
22. A current of 30 amperes is flowing through a wire of cross-sectional area 2 mm2. Calculate the drift velocity of
electrons. Assuming the temperature of the wire to be 27°C, also calculate the rms velocity at this temperature. Which
velocity is larger? Given that Boltzman's constant = 1.38 × 10-23JK-1, density of copper 8.9 g cm-3, the atomic mass of
copper = 63.
23. A battery of e.m.f. 2 V is connected across a block of length 0⋅ 1 m and the area of cross-section 10-4 m2 as shown in Fig.

If the block is of intrinsic silicon at 300 K, find (i) electron current (ii) hole current (iii) total current
Given: μ e = 0⋅ 135 m2 V-1 s-1; μ h = 0⋅ 048 m2 V-1 s-1; instrinsic carrier concentration, ni = 1⋅ 5 × 1016 m-3
24. i. Write the important properties of photons which are used to establish Einstein's photoelectric equation.
ii. Use this equation to explain the concept of (a) threshold frequency and (b) stopping potential
25. Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process was thought to be the transition, n → p + ē . If this was true, show
that if the neutron was at rest, the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate them.
Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range.
26. State Bohr's postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie's hypothesis explain the stability of
these orbits?
27. In Young's double slit experiment, using light of wavelength 400 nm, interference fringes of width 'X' are obtained. The
wavelength of light is increased to 600 nm and the separation between the slits is halved. If one wants the observed
fringe width on the screen to be the same in the two cases, find the ratio of the distance between the screen and the plane
of the interfering sources in the two arrangements.
28. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when:
i. the distance between the coils is increased?
ii. the number of turns in each coil is decreased?
iii. a thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors remaining the same?

Justify your answer in each case.

OR

Define the term mutual inductance between the two coils. Obtain the expression for mutual inductance of a pair of long
co-axial solenoids each of length l and radii r1 and r2 (r2 > > r1). The total number of turns in the two solenoids are N1
and N2 respectively.
Section D

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29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that
does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating
magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
regenerate each other as a wave which propagates through space.

i. Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B⃗ = B0 sin(kx + ωt)^j T

Expression for corresponding electric field will be (Where c is speed of light.)
a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
b) E⃗ = -B0c sin (kx - ωt) k
^
V/m
c) E⃗ = -B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
B0
d) E⃗ = c
sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
ii. The electric field component of a monochromatic radiation is given by E⃗ = 2E0^i cos kz cos ωt. Its magnetic
field B⃗ is then given by
2E0
a) − c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
2E0
b) c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
2E0
c) c
^
j sin kz cos ωt
2E0
d) c
cos kz cos ωt
^
j

iii. A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in a free space along x-direction. At a particular point in space
and time, E = (6.3 ^j ) V/m. What is magnetic field at that time?
a) 0.089 μ T
b) 0.124 μ T
c) 0.021 μ T
d) 0.095 μ T

OR

A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space along x-axis. At a particular point in space, the electric field
along y-axis is 9.3 V m-1. The magnetic induction (B) along z-axis is
a) 3.1 × 10-8 T
b) 3 × 10-5 T
c) 3 × 10-6 T
d) 9.3 × 10-6 T
iv. A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along the x-direction has a wavelength of 3 mm. The variation in the
electric field occurs in the y-direction with an amplitude 66 V m-1. The equations for the electric and magnetic
fields as a function of x and t are respectively
a) E = 11 cos 2π × 10 (t − ) , B = 11 × 10 cos 2π × 10 (t − )
y
11 x

c
y
−7 11 x

b) E = 66 cos 2π × 10 (t − ) , B = 2.2 × 10 cos 2π × 10 (t − )

y
11 x

c
z
−7 11 x

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c) E = 33 cos π × 10 (t − ) , B = 11 × 10 cos π × 10 (t − )
11 x −7 11 x
x x
c c

d) E = 33 cos π × 10 (t − ) , B = 1.1 × 10 cos π × 10 (t − )

y
11 x

c
z
−7 11 x

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Electric field lines as a path, straight or curved in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction
of electric field intensity at the point. Electric field lines are continuous curves they start from a positive charged body
and end at the negatively charged body. (Refer image)

i. Electric field due to a single charge is:

a) cylindrically symmetric
b) none of these
c) asymmetric
d) spherically symmetric
ii. The SI unit of electric field intensity is:
a) N/C
b) N
c) C/m2
d) N/m2
iii. Pick the wrong statement.
a) Electric field lines are continuous curves.
b) Electric field lines can intersect each other.
c) Electric field lines are always normal to the surface of a conductor.
d) The electrostatic field does not form a closed loop.
iv. A metallic sphere is placed in a uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric
field lines?

a) path 'd'
b) path 'c'
c) path 'a'
d) path 'b'

OR

Pick the true statements about electric field lines.

a) Electric field lines provide information about the field strength.
b) Electric field lines provide information about the type of charge.
c) All of these.

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d) Electric field lines provide information about the direction of the electric field.
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Section E
31. i. Draw a ray diagram for the formation of the image of a point object by a thin double convex lens having radii of
curvatures R1 and R2 and hence, derive lens maker's formula.
ii. Define power of a lens and give its SI unit. If a convex lens of length 50 cm is placed in contact coaxially with a
concave lens of focal length 20 cm, what is the power of the combination?

OR

i. Define a wavefront. How is it different from a ray?

ii. Depict the shape of a wavefront in each of the following cases.
a. Light diverging from point source.
b. Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
c. Using Huygen's construction of secondary wavelets, draw a diagram showing the passage of a plane wavefront
from a denser into a rarer medium.
32. What is an electric dipole and electric dipole moment? Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to an
electric dipole. Also discuss the special cases.

OR

Two isolated point charges A and B are separated by a distance of 30⋅ 0 cm, as shown in fig.

The charge at A is +3⋅ 6 × 10-9 C. The variation with distance x from A along AB of the potential V is as shown in fig.

i. State the value of x at which the potential is zero.

ii. Use your answer in (i) to determine the charge at B.
iii. A small test charge is now moved along the line AB from x = 5⋅ 0 cm to x = 27 cm. State and explain the value of x at
which the force on the test charge will be maximum.
33. i. Draw a schematic arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coil in a transformer when the two coils are
wound on top of each other.
ii. State the underlying principle of a transformer and obtain the expression for the ratio of secondary to primary voltage
in terms of the
a. number of secondary and primary windings and

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b. primary and secondary currents.
iii. Write the main assumption involved in deriving the above relations.
iv. Write any two reasons due to which energy losses may occur in actual transformers.

OR

i. What do you understand by the sharpness of resonance in a series L-C-R circuit? Derive an expression for Q-factor
of the circuit.
ii. Three electrical circuits having AC sources of variable frequency are shown in the figures. Initially, the current
flowing in each of these is same. If the frequency of the applied AC source is increased, how will the current flowing
in these circuits be affected? Give the reason for your answer.

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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 08 (2023-24)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) the actual motion of bound electrons
Explanation: The motion of the hole is a convenient way of describing the actual motion of bound electrons, whenever
there is an empty bond anywhere in the crystal.
2. (d) 0.2 A
Explanation: I = = 0.2 A
P 50 W
=
V 250 V

3. (d) red color

Explanation: For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the light of red color.
As wavelength of red color is maximum among all, hence, μ ∝
1

λ
, hence μ is smaller. As μ decreases, angle of
deviation decreases.
4. (a) μ ∝ n
Explanation: L = and μ =
h e
n ⋅ ⋅L
2π 2m

∴ μ =
e

2m
⋅
nh

2π
∴ u ∝ n.
5. (a) They are concentric spheres for uniform electric fields.
Explanation: Key Idea: There is no potential gradient along any direction parallel to the surface. Any surface over
which the electric potential is the same everywhere is called an equipotential surface. The electric field and hence, lines
of force everywhere are at right angles to the equipotential surface. This is so because there is no potential gradient along
any direction parallel to the surface and, so no electric field parallel to the surface. This means the electric field and
hence, lines of force are always at right angles to the equipotential surface. Hence, they are not concentric spheres for a
uniform electric field. They are concentric spheres for an isolated point charge.
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6. (a) electric and magnetic fields
Explanation: Static charges produce only an electric field. Moving charges produce a magnetic field in addition to their
electric fields.
7. (a) its magnetic field
Explanation: The energy is stored inside an inductor in the form of magnetic field.
8. (b) Absolute Permittivity
Explanation: Absolute Permittivity
9. (c) 2.0 ×10 ms 8 −1

Explanation: Using, μ = c

v
−8
3×10 8 −1
1.5 = ⇒ v = 2.0 × 10 ms
v

10. (b) 2 types

Explanation: Two types
Positive charge — deficiency of electrons i.e. if a body loses electrons, it will be positively charged.
Negative charge — excess of electrons i.e. if a body gains electrons, it will be negatively charged
11. (d) 2.0 A
Explanation: Diode D1 is reverse biased, so it offers an infinite resistance. So no current flows in the branch of diode
D1.

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Diode D2 is forward biased, and offers no resistance in the circuit. So current in the branch.
V 12
I = = = 2A
Req 2+4

12. (d) R

Explanation: The relationship between the focal length f and radius of curvature r for spherical mirror is given by R
= 2f. Therefore, f = R

13. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation: For an incident photon of given energy, velocity of photoelectron ejected from near the surface is larger
than that coming from the interior of the metal because less energy is required to eject an electron from the surface than
from the interior. The velocity of an ejected electron may not be zero.
14. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Electrostatic forces are conservative. Work done in moving a charge in a uniform electric field is path
independent.
15. (d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation: A is false and R is also false
16. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Section B
17. Maximum electric field,
E0 = 270 Vm-1
Maximum magnetic field,
= 9 × 10-7 T,
E0 270
B0 = =
c 8
3×10

directed along z-direction

Maximum electric force on the electron,
Fe = qE0 = 1.6 × 10-19 × 270 = 4.32 × 10-17 N
Maximum electric force on the electron
Fm = qvB0 = 1.6 × 10-19 × 2.0 × 107 × 9 × 10-7

= 2.88 × 10-18 N.
18. i) Away from the magnet
ii) The direction of the magnetic moment is opposite to that of the magnetic field applied.
Explanation:
Now considering both superconducting material and liquid nitrogen are diamagnetic in nature, thereby after dipping the
ball in liquid nitrogen it will come out as a diamagnetic material. The ball has acquired diamagnetic properties, when in
contact with a magnet will form magnetic poles in opposite direction of the magnet kept thereby, repelling the ball away.
As the ball is repelled away it can be said that the magnetic moment will form opposite in direction to the magnetic field
applied.
19. doping an intrinsic semiconductor means adding impurities in the structure of the si/Ge atoms that will increase the
number of charge carriers in the semiconductor. there can be two types of extrinsic semiconductors because of doping
n-type by doping pentavalent atoms
p-type by doping trivalent atoms
20. i. The third excited state corresponds to n = 4.
Thus, energy of electron in the fourth orbit of the H-atom,
E4 = − = -0.85 eV
13.6 13.6
= −
2 2
n 4

Now,
1
E = −(K . E. ) = (P . E. )
2

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∴ Potential energy of electron in third excited state = 2E4 = 2(-0.85) = -1.7 eV
And Kinetic energy of electron in third excited state = -(E4) = -(-0.85) = 0.85 eV
ii. ΔE = E4 - E1 = -0.85 - (-13.6) = 12.75 eV
Thus, frequency is,
ΔE
ν =
h
−19
12.75×1.6×10
= Hz
−34
6.6×10
15
≈ 2.9 × 10 Hz

21. i. Net current, I = 0.5 × 6 = 3.0 A, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m

= 6.0 × 10-6 T
−7
μ0 I
B=
4π×10 ×3.0
=
2πr 2π×0.1

ii. Net current, I = 0.5 × 4 - 0.5 × 2 = 1.0 A

= 2.0 × 10-6 T
μ I −7

B= 2πr
0
=
4π×10

2π×0.1
×1.0

OR

According to right hand thumb rule, the magnetic fields due to the two conductors can vanish only in regions I and III.
Let the magnetic field be zero at point P (x, y).

Magnetic field at P due to current I1,

μ0 I1
B1 =
2πx
(directed inward)
Magnetic field at P due to current I2,
μ I2
(directed outward)
0
B2 =
2πy

As the net magnetic field at P is zero, so

B1 = B2
μ I1 μ I2 I2

2πx
0
=
2πy
0
or y = ⋅x
I1

Section C
22. No. of atoms in 63 gram of copper = 6.023 × 1023
No. of atoms in 8.9 gram or 1 cm3 of copper
23

= 6.023 × 10

63
× 8.9

No. of atoms per m3 of copper

23 6

=
6.023 × 10 × 8.9 × 10

63

Electron density,
= 8.48 × 1028 m-3
23 6

n=
6.023 × 10 × 8.9 × 10

63

Also I = 30 A, A = 2 mm2 = 2 × 10-6m2,

e = 1.6 × 10-19C
∴ Drift velocity,

vd = I 30
=
−19 28 −6
enA 1.6 × 10 × 8.48 × 10 × 2 × 10

= 1.1 × 10-3 ms-1

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The rms velocity of electrons at 27°C (= 300 K) is given by
−−−− −−−−−−−−−−
−23
3kB T
vrms =
3 × 1.38 × 10
√ = √
m −31
9 × 10

= 1.17 × 105 ms-1

The rms velocity is about 108 times the drift velocity.
23. Here, A = 10-4 m2; l = 0.1 m; V = 2 volt; T = 300 K; μ e = 0⋅ 135 m2 V-1 s-1

ni = ne = nh = 1⋅ 5 × 1016 m-3; μ h = 0⋅ 048 m2 V-1 s-1

Now, E = = 20 V m-1
V 2
=
l 0⋅1

Now, ve = μ e E = 0.135 × 20 = 2⋅ 7 m s-1

and vh = μ h E = 0.048 × 20 = 0.96 m s-1

i. Electron current, Ie = e A ne ve

= 1⋅ 6 × 10-19 × 10-4 × 1⋅ 5 × 1016 × 2⋅ 7

= 6⋅ 48 × 10-7 A
ii. Hole current, Ih = e A nh vh

= 1⋅ 6 × 10-19 × 10-4 × 1⋅ 5 × 1016 × 0⋅ 96

= 2⋅ 304 × 10-7 A
iii. Total current, I = Ie + Ih

= 6⋅ 48 × 10-7 + 2⋅ 304 × 10-7

= 8⋅ 784 × 10-7 A
24. i. Important properties of photons are-
a. Photons are small packets of energy.
b. Each photon has energy E (= hν = hc/λ ) and momentum p(= E/c), where c is the speed of light, h is Planck's
constant, ν and λ are frequency and wavelength of radiation respectively.
ii. Since Einstein's photoelectric equation is given by KE = mv = hν − ϕ max
1

2
2
max 0

a. For a given material, there exists a certain minimum frequency of the incident radiation below, which no emission
of photoelectron takes place. This frequency is called threshold frequency. Above threshold frequency, the
maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photo electron or equivalent stopping potential is independent of the
intensity of the incident light but depends only upon the frequency of the incident light.
b. If the collecting plate in the photoelectric apparatus is made at a high negative potential, then most of the high
energetic electrons get repelled back along the same path and the photoelectric current in the circuit becomes zero
called cut-off or stopping potential.
25. Let us consider the cases before and after β -decay
Before β-decay; if the neutron was at rest. Hence, En = mnc2, pn = 0
After β-decay; pn = pp + pe
or. 0 = pp + pe ⇒ |pp| = |pe| = p.......(1)
1

Also, energy of proton Ep = (m 2 4

pc + pp c )
2 2
2

1 1

energy of electron Ee = (m 2
e
c
4
+ pp c )
2 2 2
= (me c
2 4 2 2
+ pe c ) 2
from (1) st we get ,
Now applying conservation of energy,
1 1

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
(mp c + p c ) 2
= (me c + p c ) 2
= mn c

mpc2 = 936 MeV, mnc2 = 938 MeV and mec2 = 0.51 MeV

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since, the energy difference between n and p is small, pc will be small, pc < < < mpc2, while pc may be greater than mec2
2 2

= mnc2 − pc
p c
2
⇒ mp c +
2 4
2mp c

To first order pc = mnc2 - mpc2 = 938 MeV - 936 MeV = 2 MeV

This gives the momentum of proton or neutron. Then,
1
−−−− −−−−
Ep = (m 2 4
pc + p c )
2 2
2
2 2
= √936 + 2 = 936 MeV
1 −−−−−−−−−−
Ee = (m 2 4
ec + p c )
2 2 2 2
= √(0.51) + 2
2
= 2.06 MeV
26. According to Bohr's postulate for stable orbits only those circular orbits can be the allowed stationary states or stable
orbits of an electron in which its angular momentum is an integral multiple of
h

2π

That is, L =
nh
, n = 1, 2, 3, …
2π

According to de-Broglie's hypothesis, λ =

h

p
=
h

mv

A stable orbit must contain an integral number of de-Broglie wavelengths λ . So

2πr = nλ

h
⇒ 2πr = n
mv
nh
⇒ L = mvr =
2π

Thus the de-Broglie's hypothesis leads to Bohr's quantization condition for stationary or stable orbits.
27. Fringe width X is same in both cases
D1 λ1
In first case, X = d
D2 λ2
In second case, X =
d/2

D1 λ1 D2 λ2
∴ =
d d/2

D1 λ2
or =3:1
2×600 3
= 2⋅ = =
D2 λ1 400 1

28. i. The mutual inductance of two coils, decreases when the distance between them is increased. This is because the flux
passing from one coil to another decreases.
μ0 N1 N2 A
ii. Mutual inductance, M =
l

i.e., M ∝ N N 1 2

Clearly, when the number of turns N1 and N2 in the two coils is decreased, the mutual inductance decreases.
iii. When an iron sheet is placed between the two coils the mutual inductance increases, because
M ∝ permeability (μ ).

OR

A coil B kept near another coil A has magnetic flux passing through it when kept near coil A. The ratio of magnetic flux
through the coil B to the current in the coil A is called as mutual inductance of coils. or Mutual Inductance is the
interaction of one coils magnetic field on another coil as it induces a voltage in the adjacent coil
ϕ2
M12 = i

Let S1​carries a current i.

μ N1 i
Magnetic field inside S1 will be B = o

Flux through each turn of S2​is ϕ = B × πr

2
2

2
μ N1 πr i N2
=
o 2
ϕ
l

Flux through each turn of S2​is ϕ = ϕN B 2

2
μo N1 πr i N2
=
2
ϕB
l

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2
ϕ μ N1 N2 πr
M= =
B o 2

i l

Section D
29. i. (a) E⃗ = B0c sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
Explanation: Given : B⃗ = B0 sin (kx + ωt)^j T
The relation between electric and magnetic field is, c = or E = cB
E

The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of magnetic field.
Therefore, the electric field component along z-axis is obtained as E⃗ = cB0 sin (kx + ωt) k
^
V/m
2E0
ii. (b) c
^
j sin kz sin ωt
Explanation:
dE dB
= −
dz dt
dE
= -2 E0k sin kz cos ωt = − dB

dz dt

dB = +2 E0k sin kz cos ωt dt

B = +2 E0k sin kz ∫ cos ωt dt = +2 E0 k

ω
sin kz sin ωt
E0 ω
= = c
B0 k

2E0 2E0
B= sin kz sin ωt ∴ B⃗ =
c
sin kz sin ωt ^j c

E is along y-direction and the wave propagates along x-axis.

∴ B should be in a direction perpendicular to both x-and y-axis.
iii. (c) 0.021 μ T
Explanation: Here, E = 6.3 ^j ; c = 3 × 108 m/s
The magnitude of B is
Bz = = = 2.1 × 10-8 T = 0.021 μ T
E 6.3

c 8
3×10

OR

(a) 3.1 × 10-8 T

Explanation: At a particular point, E = 9.3 V m-1
∴ Magnetic field at the same point =
9.3

8
3×10

= 3.1 × 10-8 T
iv. (b) E y
= 66 cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
) ,B z
= 2.2 × 10
−7
cos 2π × 10
11
(t −
x

c
)

Explanation: Here : E0 = 66 V m-1, Ey = 66 cos ω(t − ,

x
)
c

= 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m, k =
2π
λ
λ

= c ⇒ ω = ck = 3 × 108
ω 2π
×
−3
k 3×10

or ω = 2π × 1011
Ey = 66 cos 2π × 1011(t −
x
∴ )
c

Ey
Bz = =(
66 11 x
) cos 2π × 10 (t − )
c 8 c
3×10

= 2.2 × 10-7 cos 2π × 1011(t − x

c
)

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30. i. (d) spherically symmetric
Explanation: spherically symmetric
ii. (a) N/C
Explanation: N/C
iii. (b) Electric field lines can intersect each other.
Explanation: Electric field lines can intersect each other.
iv. (a) path 'd'
Explanation: path 'd'

OR

(c) All of these.

Explanation: All of these.
Section E
31. i. Consider the figure. Suppose L is a thin lens. The thickness of lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on the
principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface forms the image of O at I'
at a distance v' from P1.

From the refraction formula at spherical surface:

n2 n1 n2 −n1

′
- u
= ....(i)
v R1

The image I' acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface, the final image is
formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The distance of virtual object (I') from pole P2 is (v'
- t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2) to first medium
(refractive index n1), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
n1 n2 n1 −n2

v
- ′
(v −t)
= R2
.....(ii)
For a thin lens, t is negligible as compared to v', therefore from (ii),
n1 n2 n2 −n1

v
− =− .....(iii)
′
(v ) R2

Adding equations (i) and (iii), we get

n1 n1

v
−
u
= (n 2 − n1 ) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
)

n2
or =( .....(iv)
1 1 1 1
− − 1) ( − )
v u n1 R1 R2

If the object O is at infinity, the image will be formed at second focus i.e. if u = ∞, v = f2 = f
Therefore from equation (iv)
1
−
1

∞
= (μ − 1) ( 1
−
1
)
f R1 R2

i.e. 1
= (μ − 1) ( R1
1
−
1

R2
) ....(v)
f

This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Maker's Formula.
ii. Power of a Lens: The power of a lens is its ability to deviate the rays towards its principal axis. It is defined as the
reciprocal of focal length in metres.
Power of a lens, P =
1 100
diopters = diopters
f( in metres ) f( in cm)

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The SI unit for power of a lens is dioptre (D).
Power of convex lens, P1 = 1

F1
D =
1

0⋅50
= 2 D

Power of concave lens, P2 = F2

1
D =
−0⋅20
1
= −5 D

∴ Power of combination of lenses in contact

P = P1 + P2 = 2 - 5 = -3 D

OR

i. A wave front is defined as a surface of constant phase. The ray, at each point of a wave front, is normal to the wave
front at that point. The ray indicates the direction of propagation of wave while the wave front is the surface of
constant phase.
ii. (a) In case of light diverging from a point source, the shape of wave-front is a spherical as shown in the figure:

(b) In case of light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus, the wave-front is a plane
wave front as shown below:

(c) The following diagram shows the passage of a plane wavefront from a denser into a rarer medium.

32. Electric dipole:- A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a certain distance is called an electric dipole.
Electric dipole moment:- It is defined as the product of either charge and the length of the electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole AB having charge -q at point A and charge +q at point B. Let O be the centre of the dipole
and P be any point at a distance r from its centre, where electric potential due to the dipole is to be determined. Let
∠ POB = θ as shown in Fig.
The potential at point P due to charge -q,

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1 q
V1 = − ⋅
4πε0 PA

and the potential at point P due to charge +q,

1 q
V2 = ⋅
4πε0 PB

Therefore, net potential at point P due to the dipole,

q q
V = V1 + V2 = − 4πε0
1
⋅ +
1

4πε0
⋅
PB
PA

or V =
4πε0
1
⋅q[
PB
1
−
1
] ......(i)
PA

From the diagram, we have

or OM = a cos θ
OM OM
cos θ = =
OA a

PA ≈ PM = PO + OM = r + a cos θ
Similarly, it can be obtained that
PB = r - a cos θ
In the equation (ii), substituting for PA and PB, we have
1 1 1
V = ⋅q[ − ]
4πε0 r−a cos θ r+a cos θ

= 1 r+a cos θ−r+a cos θ

⋅q[ ]
2 2 2
4πε0 r −a cos θ

= 1 2a cos θ
⋅q ⋅
2 2 2
4πε0 (r −a cos θ)

Since q(2a) = p,
p cos θ
V= 1

4πε0
⋅
2 2 2
(r −a cos θ)

Special cases:
When point P lies on the axial line of the dipole. In such a case, θ = 0o and cos 0o = 1
Therefore, the equation
p
1
Vaxial = ⋅
2 2
4πε0 (r −a )

In case a << r, then

1 p
Vaxial = ⋅
2
4πε0 r

When point P lies on the equatorial line of the dipole. θ = 90o and cos θ = cos 90o = 0
Vequi = 0

OR

i. At x = 18 cm, the potential is zero.

ii. Now, at x = 18 cm, net potential due to the two charges A and B is zero i.e.
Q Q
1 A 1 B
⋅ + ⋅ = 0
4πε0 x 4πε0 r−x

where r is the distance between the two charges.

Here, QA = 3⋅ 6 × 10-6 C, x = 18 cm = 0.18m and
r - x = 30 - 18 = 12cm = 0⋅ 12m
−9
3⋅6×10 QB
9 9
∴ 9 × 10 × + 9 × 10 × = 0
0⋅18 0⋅12

or QB = - 2⋅ 4 × 10-6 C
iii. Force on the test charge at any point = - potential gradient at that point × charge
From the graph, it follows that the potential gradient (i.e. slope of the graph) and hence the force on the test charge is
maximum at the point x = 27 cm.
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33. i.

ii. Principle of a transformer: When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, an emf is induced in the
neighbouring (secondary) coil. Or When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting current
produces an alternating magnetic flux which links the secondary and induces an emf in it.
dφ
a. Let dt
be the rate of change of flux through each turn of the primary and the secondary coil
dϕ
−N1
ε1 N1

ε2
=
dt

dϕ
= and e1=v1 and e2 =v2
N2
−N2
dt

V1 N1
or V2
=
N2
...(i)
b. But for an ideal transformer,
V1l1 = V2l2
V1 I2
= ...(ii)
V2 I1

From equation (i) and (ii)

V1 N1 I2
= =
V2 N2 I1

iii. Main assumptions:

a. The primary resistance and current are small.
b. The flux linked with the primary and secondary coils is the same/there is no leakage of flux from the core.
c. Secondary current is small.
iv. Reason due to which energy losses may occur: Flux leakage/Resistance of the coils and the Eddy currents/
Hysteresis.

OR

i. The sharpness of resonance in series L-C-R circuit refers how quick fall of alternating current in circuit takes place
when the frequency of alternating voltage shifts away from the resonant frequency. It is measured by the quality
factor (Q-factor) of circuit.

The Q -factor of the series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the voltage developed across the capacitance or
inductance at resonance to the impressed voltage which is the voltage applied.
voltage across L or C
i.e., quality factor (Q) = applied voltage

(ωr L)I
Q= RI

[∵ applied voltage = voltage across R]

ωr L (1/ωr C )I
or Q = or Q =
1
=
R RI RC ωr

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∴ Q= L
1
[using ω = r
1
]
RC ⋅ √LC
√LC

−−
Thus, Q =
1 L
√
R C

This is required expression.

ii. Let initially Ir current is flowing in all the three circuits. If the frequency of applied AC source is increased then, the
change in current will occur in the following manner:
Circuit containing resistance R only:

where, fi = initial frequency of AC source.

There is no effect on current with the increase in frequency.
AC circuit containing inductance only:

With the increase of frequency of AC source, inductive reactance increase as

Vrms Vrms
I= XL
=
2πfL

For given circuit,

I∝ 1

Current decreases with the increase of frequency.

AC circuits containing capacitor only:

XC = 1

ωC
=
1

2πfC

Vrms Vrms
Current, I = XC
= 1
( )
2π fC

I = 2πfC V rms

For given circuit, I ∝ f

Current increases with the increase of frequency.

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