MODEL PRIVATE SCHOOL, ABUDHABI

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Grade: 12KB NOTES

DISEASE PATHOGEN MODE OF SYMPTOMS

TRANSMISSION
1. BACTERIAL DISEASE
1. Typhoid Salmonella typhi It enters small Sustained high fever
Widal test intestine (39o-40oC),
through food & water headache,
and migrates to other weakness, stomach
organs pain, constipation &
via blood. loss of appetite.
Intestinal perforation
and death may occur.
2. Pneumonia Streptococcus Inhaling the droplets Respiratory
pneumoniae released by an problems, fever,
infected chills, cough,
person. Sharing headache. In severe
glasses cases, lips and finger
and utensils with an nails turn grey to
infected person. bluish colour.
2.VIRAL DISEASE
1. Common cold Rhinoviruses Inhaling droplets Nasal congestion &
resulting from cough discharge, fever,
or sneezes. Through headache, sore throat,
contaminated objects cough, hoarseness,
(pens, books, cups, tiredness etc.
doorknobs, computer Common cold lasts
accessories) etc for 3-7 days.
3.PROTOZOAN DISEASE
1. Malaria Plasmodium vivax By female Anopheles Haemozoin (toxin
Plasmodium malariae mosquito released by
& Plasmodium) causes
Plasmodium chill and
falciparum
 high fever recurring
every 3-4
days.
2. Amoebiasis Entamoeba Houseflies transmit Constipation,
(Amoebic histolytica parasites from faeces abdominal pain
dysentery) to food & water. and cramps, stools
with excess
mucus and blood
clots.
4.HELMINTHIC DISEASE
1. Ascariasis Ascaris Soil, water, Internal bleeding,
Intestinal parasite vegetables, muscular
fruits pain, fever, anaemia
etc.contaminated and blockage of
with faeces intestinal passage.
containing
eggs of parasites.
2.Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti Bite of female Culex Inflammation of
(Elephantiasis) Filarial worm mosquito lower limbs
5. FUNGAL DISEASE
1. Ringworm Microsporum, From soil or by using Dry, scaly lesions on
Trichophyton towels, cloths, comb skin, nails, scalp etc.
& Epidermophyton. etc. Heat and Intense itching.
moisture help fungi
to grow.

Prevention and control of diseases

1.Personal hygiene
Keep the body clean. Use clean drinking water, food etc.
2.Public hygiene
a. Proper disposal of wastes and excreta.
b. Periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools and tanks.
c. Avoid contact with infected persons or their belongings (to control air-borne diseases).
d. Standard practices of hygiene in public catering.
e. Control and eliminate the vectors (e.g. mosquitoes) for Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue &
Chikungunya.
- Avoid stagnation of water.
- Regular cleaning of household coolers.
- Use of mosquito nets.
- Introduce larvivorous fishes like Gambusia in ponds.
- Spraying insecticides in ditches, drainage and swamps.
- Provide doors and windows with wire mesh.
3.Vaccination & immunisation helped to control diseases like Smallpox, Polio, Diphtheria,
Pneumonia & Tetanus.
4.Drugs like antibiotics also helped to treat infectious diseases.
Immunity
It is the ability of the immune system to fight the pathogens.
1. Innate (inborn) immunity 2. Acquired (adaptive)
It is the non-specific immunity present at birth It is pathogen specific immunity
developed during life time.
4 types of barriers of innate immunity :
a. Physical barriers: E.g. Skin, Mucus coating of the respiratory, gastro-intestinal and urino-
genital tracts.
b. Physiological barriers: They prevent microbial growth. E.g. gastric HCl, saliva, tear
c. Cellular barriers: Phagocytes like WBC [Polymorpho- nuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or
neutrophils, monocytes and natural killer lymphocytes], macrophages etc.
d. Cytokine barriers: Virus infected cells secrete a cytokine protein called interferon. It protects
non-infected cells from further viral infection.
Characters of immunity
a) Specificity and b) Memory
Structure of an antibody molecule
An antibody has 4 polypeptide chains :
2 Light chains and 2 heavy chains (H2 L2)
Types of antibodies :
IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE & IgD

Active Immunity Passive Immunity

1. When the antibodies are developed by our When ready-made antibodies are directly
own cells in response to the antigen. given to protect the body against foreign
2. It takes time to develop immunity agents.
3.It stays for longer period Faster response
Eg:- Vaccination Shorter period
Eg:- IgA in Colostrum
IgG from mother to foetus through placenta.

Cells of immune system:

B-lymphocytes (B-cells) ) T-lymphocytes(T-cells):
Produce antibodies (are the proteins to fight Help B-cells to produce antibodies.
the pathogens).
Immune response by the B-cells by Immune response by T-cells which detects
production of antibody is called Antibody and destroys the foreign cells and also
Mediated Immune response (AMI) or cancerous cells called Cell mediated
Humoral Immune response. Immune response.(CMI).

Allergy - The reaction of the body to certain antigens in the environment.

Allergen - The substance which causes allergy. Eg - Pollen grains, dust, feathers, fungal spores.
Drugs used in allergy -Antihistamine, adrenaline, steroids
Ig E :- Antibody produced in response to allergen
Ig A :- Antibody present in colostrum, tear, saliva.
Auto immunity: When the body's immune system destroy self cells and molecules.
Eg:- Rheumatoid arthritis
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
Syndrome means a group of symptoms.
▪ It is the deficiency of immune system.
▪ It is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), a retrovirus having RNA genome.
Transmission:
▪ Sexual contact with infected person.
▪ Transfusion of contaminated blood & blood products.
▪ Sharing of infected needles.
▪ From infected mother to her child through placenta.
High risk people of getting HIV:
▪ Individuals with multiple sexual partners.
▪ Drug addicts who take drugs intravenously.
▪ Individuals who require repeated blood transfusion.
▪ Children born to an HIV infected mother.
HIV does not spread by touch or physical contact. It spreads only through body fluids. There
is a time lag (from few months to 5-10 years) between the infection and appearance of
symptoms.
Life cycle of HIV:
HIV enters body → To macrophages → RNA replicates in presence of Reverse transcriptase to
form viral DNA → Viral DNA incorporates into host DNA→ Infected cells produce virus
particles → HIV enters into helper T-cells (TH lymphocytes) → Replicates & produce progeny
viruses → Attack other TH cells →TH cells decrease → Weaken immunity.
▪ During this period, the person suffers from fever, diarrhoea and weight loss.
Diagnosis
ELISA test (Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay).
Treatment
Anti-retroviral drugs are partially effective. They can only prolong the life of the patient.
Prevention of AIDS:
“Don’t die of ignorance”: Educate people about AIDS through organisations like National
AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), WHO etc.
WHO started the following programmes:
1.Make blood (from blood banks) safe from HIV.
2.Use disposable needles and syringes.
3.Advocate safe sex and free distribution of condoms.
4.Control drug abuse.
5.Regular check-ups for HIV in susceptible population.
Cancer
• Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells resulting in the formation of
tumour (masses of cells).
• Normal cells show a contact inhibition (contact with the other cells inhibits their uncontrolled
growth). Cancer cells do not have this property.
Types of Tumours
Benign tumour Malignant tumour
Confined to the place of its origin. Tumour cells grow rapidly, invade and
They do not spread to other parts. damage the surrounding normal tissues, reach
Cause little damage. other sites via blood called metastasis.

Causes of cancer (Carcinogens)

▪ Physical agents: X-rays, gamma rays , UV rays.
▪ Chemical agents: Vinyl chloride, caffeine, nicotine, mustard gas etc.
▪ Biological agents: E.g. oncogenic viruses
Cancer detection and diagnosis
▪ Biopsy:
▪ Blood & bone marrow tests for increased cell counts.
▪ Imaging techniques:
Radiography: Use of X-rays
CT (Computerized tomography) scan
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan
▪ Use of Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens.
Treatment of cancer
▪ Radiotherapy: Tumour cells are irradiated lethally, without damaging surrounding normal
tissues.
▪ Chemotherapy: Use of chemotherapeutic drugs. Many drugs have side effects like hair loss,
anaemia etc.
▪ Immunotherapy: The patients are given biological response modifiers (e.g. α- interferon)
which activates their immune system and helps in destroying the tumour.
▪ Surgery

Drugs
Ophiods They bind to specific opioid
Eg: receptors in CNS and gastro
intestinal tract
Morphine Extracted from poppy pant Sedative and pain killer
Papaver somniferum Useful for surgery.
Heroine Acetylation of morphine Depressant,slows down
Taken by snorting & injection body functions

Cannabinoids Inflorescence of Affect cardiovascular system.

Eg:- Cannabis sativa
Marijuana , Hashish
Charas , Ganja
Coca alkaloids (Cocaine) Usually snorted. Stimulates CNS.
Erythroxylum coca Causes hallucinations.
 Hallucinogenic.
Atropa belladonna &
Datura
Tobacco Stimulates adrenal gland to
Nicotine Nicotiana tobaccum produce adrenaline,nor
adrenaline causing high
BP and heart rate.

Harmful effects of smoking

1.Smoking causes cancers of lung, urinary bladder & throat, emphysema, bronchitis, Coronary
heart disease, gastric ulcer etc.
2.Smoking increases CO content in blood and reduces oxyhaemoglobin. This causes O2
deficiency in body.
3.Tobacco chewing causes oral cancer.

Causes of Drug /alcohol use in adolescence Effects of Drug/alcohol abuse

• Curiosity and experimentation • Reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence.
• Need for adventure and excitement • Coma and death due to respiratory failure,
• To escape facing problems. heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage.
• Stress from pressure to excel in academics • Drugs mixed with alcohol may cause death.
or examination. • Damage of nervous system and liver
• Television, movies, newspapers, internet etc. cirrhosis.
• Unstable or unsupportive family structure • Mental and social distress to family and
and peer pressure. friends.
• Social problems like stealing and spread of
infectious diseases (e.g. AIDS, hepatitis B).
• Use of drugs and alcohol by pregnant
woman
affect the foetus (Foetal alcohol syndrome or
FAS).
• Loss of sexual drive .
• Misuse of drugs by athletes
Warning signs of drug/alcohol abuse in Prevention and control
Adolescence period
• Drop in academic performance and 1. Avoid undue peer pressure.
absence from school. 2. Education and counselling.
• Lack of interest in personal hygiene. 3. Seeking help from parents and peers.
• Withdrawal and isolation. 4. Looking for danger signs.
• Depression, fatigue, aggressive and 5. Seeking professional and medical help such
rebellious behaviour. as
• Change in sleeping and eating habits. a. Psychologists and psychiatrists.
• Fluctuations in weight, appetite etc. b. De-addiction and rehabilitation programs.
• Loss of interest in hobbies.
• Deteriorating relationships with family and
friends.