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Prestressed bolt connection.

Table of Content:
Control and syntax
Information on the project
Process of calculation
Loading, basic parameters of the connection
Operational and mounting parameters
Design, dimensions and material of connected parts
Design of connecting bolt
Prestressing and force conditions
Strength checks of statically loaded bolt connection
Strength checks of dynamically loaded bolt connections
Assembly parameters of the connection
Parameters of the coupling at specific working temperature
Graphic output
Causes of failures of bolt connections, increase in loading capacity of bolt
Calculation of bolt fields
Setting, change the language
Workbook modifications

Prestressed bolt connection.

The calculation is designed for a geometrical design and strength check of a prestressed bolt connection, loaded by static
or cyclic loading resp., acting both in the axis of the bolt and in the plane of the connected parts. The application solves the
following tasks:
1. Automatic design of a connection bolt of standard design.
2. Calculation and check of connections fitted with special shanks.
3. Design and calculation of necessary mounting prestressing of the connection and fastening torque.
4. Calculation of force conditions of a loaded connection.
5. Static and dynamic strength check.
6. The application includes a table of commonly used materials of bolts according to ISO, EN, SAE and ASTM, and a
selection of materials of the connected parts according to AISI/SAE/ASTM, ISO, EN and DIN.
7. Support of 2D CAD systems.

The calculations use data, procedures, algorithms and data from specialized literature and standards ANSI, ISO, EN, DIN.
List of standards: ANSI B1.1, ANSI 273, ANSI B18.2.1, ANSI B18.2.2, ANSI B18.3, ANSI B18.6.2, ANSI B18.6.3, ANSI
B18.22.1, ASTM A193, ASTM A307, ASTM A320, ASTM A325, ASTM A354, ASTM A449, ASTM A453, ASTM A490, ASTM
A574, ASTM F568M, ASTM F593, ASTM F2281, SAE J429f, ISO 273, ISO 1207, ISO 4016, ISO 4032, ISO 4035, ISO 4762,
ISO 8738, ISO 8839, EN ISO 898, EN ISO 3506, EN 10269, EN 28839, VDI 2230

User interface.

Download.

Purchase, Price list.

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control, structure and syntax
of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found in the document
"Information on the project".

Process of calculation.
Prestressed bolt connections form the majority of bolt and threaded connections used in practice. These connections are
loaded with great internal axis force (mounting prestressing) during assembly. This prestressing provides the necessary
force bond of contact surfaces of the connected materials.

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In principle, the designed structural junction should behave as a compact formation. A correctly prestressed connection
forms during operation of a cohesive unit with guaranteed force closing in the contact surfaces and unchanged mutual
position of the connected parts. The mounting prestressing of a bolt connection thus includes two basic functions. In case
^
of connections loaded in the plane of the connected parts, the prestressing meets the requirement of shear loading
capacity with utilization of friction forces; in case of connections loaded in the axis of the bolt, it meets the requirement of
compactness or tightness of the connection resp.
From the above-mentioned, the individual steps which are necessary for successful design of a prestressed bolt connection
result:
Selection of a suitable connection bolt
Calculation of the necessary prestressing
Strength check of the designed connection

It is advisable to use the following procedure during design and check:

1. In paragraph [1] select the type of connection, mode and size of loads.
2. Set the necessary operational and mounting parameters of the connection. [2.1 - 2.16]
3. Set a factor of implementation of the working force for the connection which is loaded in the axis of the bolt. [2.17]
4. For a connection with dynamic loading, select a design, desired service life, reliability and safety of the connection.
[2.22 - 2.26]
5. Set the method of design, material and dimensions of the connected parts in the paragraph. [3]
6. Select the material of the bolt [4.1, 4.4] and the type of thread [4.12]. As a hint, the table of recommended min.
diameters of threads in the paragraph may be used [4.2].
7. Pressing the button in the row [4.13] activates a design of dimensions of threads.
8. If you wish to use a non-prismatic alternatively fitted screw instead of a common bolt, specify its geometry in the
paragraph. [4.19]
9. Similarly, you can modify the geometry of the connection in chapter [4.29] if you wish to use a bolt with a head
other than with a hexagonal or cylinder head or a ball seating surface, or with a different diameter of hole.
10. In chapter [5] check force conditions in the connection and/or modify the designed amount of mounting
prestressing. [5.13]
11. Check results of the strength checks in chapter [6] and [7]. In case any of the mentioned checks are not sufficient,
enlarge dimensions of the thread [4.14] or modify parameters in chapters [4.19, 4.29].
12. Save the workbook with the designed solution under a new name.

Note: This calculation is meant for the design of a connection with one bolt. If you need to calculate bolt connections with
more bolts, first it is necessary, according to general principles (see the chapter "Calculation of bolt fields") to specify the
maximum load falling on one (identically or the most loaded) bolt. This will be then be solved as an independent bolt
connection according to the above-mentioned procedure.

Loading of the connection, basic parameters of the calculation. [1]

In this paragraph it is first necessary to enter basic input parameters, characterizing the manner, mode and amount of
loading and the type of connection.
1.1 Calculation units.
In the selective list, select the desired system of calculation units. All values will be recalculated immediately after switching
to other units.
1.3 Design of the bolt connection.
In view of the construction, there are two basic methods of bolt connection design:
A. Bolt connection with a bolt stud
B. Bolt connection with a through bolt

In the selective list, select the connection design.

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1.4 Loading of the bolt connection.

Depending on the type of loading, a prestressed bolt connection must meet different requirements; this results in a ^
different method of calculation of the mounting prestressing. There are three different ways of loading for purposes of
calculations of bolt connections:
A. Loading in the bolt axis.
The bolt connection is loaded with the axial force Fa. Here the mounting prestressing meets the requirement of
compactness, or more precisely, tightness of the connection during operation. The prestressing of the connection
must, therefore, be high enough to provide sufficient residual prestressing of the connected part after loading of the
connection with the operational force and thus the necessary force bond of the contact surfaces.
B. Loading perpendicular to the bolt axis.
The bolt connection is loaded with a radial force Fr , acting in the plane of the connected parts. The mounting
prestressing meets the requirement of shear loading capacity of the connection using friction forces. The shear
acting on the connection must therefore be carried between the connected parts using friction, which is created by
the tightening prestressing of the bolts.
C. Combined loading.
With connections exposed to combined loading, the requirement of compactness and a requirement of shear
loading capacity must be met as well.

Select the desired type of loading in the selective list. After selection, the calculation will be modified into the configuration
which corresponds with the selected type of loading - the parameters, which have no meaning for the selected type, will be
hidden.
1.5 The course of loading.
This list allows users to define the type (course) of loading which acts on the connection. The bolt connection can be
designed for the following types of loading:
A. Quiet (static)
B. Pulsating
C. Repeated
D. Reversed asymmetric
E. Reversed symmetric

With connections exposed to cyclic loading (loading B to E) it is also necessary to carry out, in addition to common
strength checks, checks of the connection bolt in view of fatigue strength.
Select the desired course of loading in the selective list. After selection, the calculation will be modified into the
configuration which corresponds with the selected type of loading - the parameters, which have no meaning for the
selected type, will be hidden.

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Note: With bolt connections exposed to radial forces in the plane of the connected parts (see [1.4]), the option of the
course of loading has no effects on the proper calculation of the connection. The connection is dimensioned for the ^
maximum amount of radial force. For a cyclic course of loading it is advisable to select higher values of safety against side
shift in the row [2.2].
1.6 Loading of the connection.
In this row, enter operational forces acting on the bolt connection. In the row [1.7] enter the amount of static axial (axis)
force or the upper value of amplitude of the force with cyclic loading. In the row [1.8] enter the lower value of amplitude of
the force with cyclic loading. The row [1.9] can be used to enter the radial force, but always enter the maximum amount of
this force.
Warning: Input fields for entering forces are accessible according to settings of the loading mode in rows [1.4, 1.5].

Operational and mounting parameters of the connection. [2]

This paragraph is designed for setting various operational and mounting parameters which are necessary for the design
and calculation of a prestressed bolt connection.
2.1 Desired coefficient of tightness (prestressing) of the connection.
A correctly prestressed bolt connection forms during operation a cohesive unit with guaranteed force bond on the contact
surfaces and unchanged mutual position of the connected parts. This requirement of compactness, which is important
particularly with connections exposed to variable loading, is extended in some cases by the requirement for connection
tightness. The pressure on the contact surfaces caused by the prestressing must guarantee a hermetic bond of the
connection during operation.
The requirement of compactness or tightness of the connection is applied with the design of the connection through this
coefficient, which gives the ratio between the residual prestressing of the clamped parts of the connection and the
maximum operational force. The option of this coefficient thus affects the amount of mounting prestressing of the designed
connection. The coefficient is usually selected in the limits according to the following recommendations:
Requirement of compactness of the connection
Connections loaded with a permanent force 0.2 ... 1.5
Connections loaded with a variable force 0.5 ... 2

Requirement of tightness of the connection (higher values used with a variable force or with sealing of a dangerous
medium)
Soft sealing 1 ... 2
Metal profiled sealing 1.5 ... 3
Metal gasket 2.5 ... 4

Note 1: This coefficient has no meaning for connections loaded with a radial force only.
Note 2: If the required residual prestressing is entered in the line [2.3], the value shall be calculated automatically.
2.2 Desired safety against side shift.
With a properly designed connection loaded in the plane of the connected parts, the entire radial force must be transferred
using friction between the connected parts, which arises from the mounting prestressing. This safety coefficient gives the
ratio between the actual residual prestressing in the connection and the minimum (calculated theoretically) clamping force
necessary for entire transfer of the radial force. The requirement of the shear loading capacity of the connection should
meet a safety level higher than 1, however, in fact with regards to technological properties of the operation and possible
inaccuracy of theoretical determination of coefficients of friction between the connected surfaces, it is advisable to specify
the safety against side shifts in a range from 1.5 to 3. The upper values are selected with connections exposed to a
variable loading. With combined loading (see [1.4]) or loading with shocks, it is possible to use a higher safety level.
Note 1: This coefficient has no meaning for connections loaded with axis forces only.
Note 2: If the required residual prestressing is entered in the line [2.3], the value shall be calculated automatically.
2.3 Required residual prestressing of clamped parts of the connection
Adequately large residual prestressing of the clamped parts ensures the necessary force bond of the contact surfaces
during operation.
Note: Upon selecting the check box in this line, the residual prestressing value shall be calculated automatically on the
basis of the values given in the lines [2.1,2.2].
2.4 Desired safety of the bolt at the yield point.
The minimum permissible ratio of the yield point of the selected material of the bolt and the maximum reduced stress in
the bolt core. The lower limit of safety at the yield point with connection bolts is usually selected with regards to the type
of loading, importance of the connection, quality of production, operational conditions and accuracy of calculation, in a
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range from 1.5 to 3. The lower values are selected for connections exposed to a static loading, the upper values are
selected for connections exposed to a variable loading. With important connections, connections exposed to shocks,
connections working in a corrosive environment or at high operational temperatures, there are usually selected even higher
^
values of safety (3 ... 6). General procedures of setting the safety coefficient can be found in the document "Coefficients
of safety".
Warning: In case the calculation does not respect any effects of additional bending stresses [2.8] or effects of operational
temperature [2.11] as the case may be, despite the fact that these effects appear in reality, it is advisable to design the
bolt connection with an adequately increased level of safety.
2.5 Friction coefficient in threads.
The size of the coefficient of friction in threads depends on the material, roughness, surface treatment and thread angle.
The coefficient of friction is lower with flat threads. Coefficient of friction for a sharp thread:

where:
m'- coefficient of friction with flat threads
a - thread angle
Orientation values of the coefficient of friction for a sharp thread (thread angle 60°) are given in the table.
Non-lubricated thread (without any special lubrication, however, not degreased)
Inner thread
Outer steel thread
Steel, untreated Steel, galvanized Grey cast iron Al alloys
Untreated 0.12 ... 0.18 0.14 ... 0.20 0.12 ... 0.18 0.12 ... 0.23
Phosphatised 0.12 ... 0.18 0.14 ... 0.20 0.12 ... 0.18 0.12 ... 0.23
Galvanized 0.14 ... 0.23 0.14 ... 0.25 0.12 ... 0.19 0.14 ... 0.23
Cadmium-coated 0.09 ... 0.14 0.10 ... 0.16 0.09 ... 0.14 0.09 ... 0.15
Degreased 0.19 ... 0.25 0.19 ... 0.25 0.19 ... 0.25 0.19 ... 0.25

Lubricated thread
Inner thread
Outer steel thread
Steel, untreated Steel, galvanized Grey cast iron Al alloys
Untreated 0.10 ... 0.17 0.12 ... 0.18 0.10 ... 0.17 0.11 ... 0.20
Phosphatised 0.10 ... 0.17 0.12 ... 0.18 0.10 ... 0.17 0.11 ... 0.20
Galvanized 0.12 ... 0.20 0.12 ... 0.20 0.11 ... 0.18 0.12 ... 0.20
Cadmium-coated 0.08 ... 0.13 0.09 ... 0.15 0.08 ... 0.13 0.08 ... 0.14

Warning: Some sources state the friction factor values for a flat thread. If you wish to use them in this calculation for
sharp standard threads, it is necessary to modify them in the ratio: friction factor in a standard thread =1.155x of the
friction factor in the flat thread.
2.6 Friction coefficient in seating face of the head (nut) of the bolt.
The size of the coefficient of friction under the head (nut) of the bolt depends on the material of the nut and the clamped
parts, roughness, surface treatment and lubrication. Orientation values of the coefficient of friction for a steel head of the
bolt (nut) are given in the table.
Material of the clamped parts
Head of the bolt (nut)
Steel Galvanized steel Grey cast iron Al alloy
Untreated, dry 0.10 ... 0.18 0.10 ... 0.18 0.12 ... 0.20 -
Phosphatised, dry 0.10 ... 0.18 0.10 ... 0.18 0.12 ... 0.20 -
Galvanized, dry 0.10 ... 0.20 0.16 ... 0.22 0.10 ... 0.20 -
Untreated, lubricated 0.08 ... 0.15 0.08 ... 0.15 0.08 ... 0.16 0.08 ... 0.20
Phosphatised, lubricated 0.08 ... 0.15 0.08 ... 0.15 0.08 ... 0.16 0.08 ... 0.20
Galvanized, lubricated 0.09 ... 0.18 0.09 ... 0.18 0.10 ... 0.18 -

2.7 Friction coefficient between he connected surfaces.

The size of the coefficient of friction between the connected surfaces depends on the material of the connected parts,
roughness, surface treatment and degreasing of the connected surfaces. Orientation values of the coefficient of friction are

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given in the table.
Material of the clamped parts ^
Surface treatment
Steel on steel Steel on cast iron Cast iron on cast iron Al alloys
Machined degreased surfaces 0.12 ... 0.18 0.15 ... 0.25 0.18 ... 0.25 0.08 ... 0.15
Areas without surface treatment 0.15 ... 0.25 0.18 ... 0.30 0.20 ... 0.30 0.12 ... 0.20
Scorched surfaces 0.35 ... 0.55 -
Sand blasted surfaces 0.45 ... 0.55 -

2.8 Additional bending loading of the bolt.

An additional bending stress appears in the bolt core in case of uneven seating of the head of the bolt or nut on the
seating surfaces. Bending stress appears usually due to inaccuracy of production (seating surfaces below the head and nut
are not parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the bolt) or due to a deformation of the clamped parts under loading. The
bending stress may be several times higher than the tensile loading in the bolt core and often causes breaking of the bolt
in the thread output. Additional bending is always very dangerous as far as strength of the bolt (particularly in case of a
variable loading) and you must prevent this by careful machining surfaces and/or using levelling or ball pads. The size of
bending loading can also be reduced by reducing the diameter of the connection bolt shaft or increasing its length.
The size of bending stress depends on the angle deviation of the seating surface of the bolt head from perpendicularity to
the bolt axis [2.9]. In precision engineering, the maximum permissible deviation is approx. d=5' (=0.085°).

Note: In case you do not wish to include the possible effects of bending stresses in the calculation, it is advisable to
increase safety at the yield point [2.4] by 20 to 50%.
2.11 Influence of the operational temperature on prestressing of the connection.
Upon change of operating temperature, there is a change in the joint prestressing. This may have a fundamental impact on
the functionality of the joint. If the joint should function flawlessly at various temperatures, it is necessary to consider
eventual influence of the temperature already during the design of the joint.
Note: This choice is used only for correct determination of the minimum assembly prestressing [5.12]. The precision and
complete solution of the parameters of a screw joint at a specific operating temperature is covered in a separate chapter
[9]..
2.15 Reduction of mounting prestressing using permanent deformation (settlement) of the connection.
Certain permanent (plastic) deformation of the connection occurs in prestressed bolt connections in operation. This
"settlement" of the connection is caused e.g. by squeezing of the threads on the bolt and/or the nut, squeezing of contact
surfaces of the connected parts and the sealing insert, permanent elongation of the bolt, etc. This deformation may cause
a slow decrease in prestressing of the connection in operation and may also cause possible leakage or non-compactness of
the connection.
Guide values in [mm] for permanent squeezing of the clamped parts (including threads) are given in the following tables
(values in [in] are given in parenthesis):
Tensile/pressure loading of the connection
Roughness of joints
Number of division joints
Ra >= 6.3 Ra <= 3.2
2 0.013 (0.00051) 0.010 (0.00039)
3 0.016 (0.00063) 0.012 (0.00047)
4 0.020 (0.00079) 0.014 (0.00055)
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5 0.025 (0.00098) 0.016 (0.00063)

6 0.030 (0.00118) 0.018 (0.00071) ^
Shear loading of the connection
Roughness of joints
Number of division joints
Ra >= 6.3 Ra <= 3.2
2 0.020 (0.00079) 0.013 (0.00051)
3 0.028 (0.00110) 0.016 (0.00063)
4 0.035 (0.00138) 0.020 (0.00079)
5 0.042 (0.00165) 0.025 (0.00098)
6 0.050 (0.00197) 0.030 (0.00118)
Note: If you decide not to include the possible effects of "settlement" of the connection in the calculation, it is advisable to
design the bolt connection with a higher coefficient of prestressing [2.1], increased by 50 to 80 %.
2.17 Factor of implementation of operational force.
Places of inputs of external axial loading do not always have to be located in the bearing surfaces under heads and nuts of
the bolts. On the contrary, the axial forces usually act in places inside the clamped parts. The factor of implementation of
operational force gives a ratio between distances of actual points of actions of the operational force and the total height of
the clamped parts, and with regards to possible limiting conditions it reaches values in the range [0...1]. This ratio may
significantly affect distribution of loading from the operational force between the connection bolt and the clamped parts
and thus the amount of necessary mounting prestressing of the connection.
Factor of implementation of operational force - limiting conditions

Whilst the position of the point of action of the operational force is quite obvious with some connections, such positions are
more intuitive with other connections and its exact determination may be quite difficult. The existence of two limiting
conditions, between which reality can be found, is a certain guideline. If determination of the coefficient of implementation
of the operational force is not obvious from the geometry of the connection, it is presupposed as n=0.5 in connections with
bolts through and n=0.75...0.25 according to the design of the connection in connections with stud bolts.
Determination of coefficient of implementation of operational force in flange connections

More precise values of the factor of implementation of operational force can be obtained e.g. from the following table
according to VDI 2230:
Type of design of the bolt connection
b/L a/L
SV1 SV2 SV3 SV4 SV5 SV6
0.00 0.00 0.70 0.57 0.44 0.42 0.30 0.15
0.10 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.34 0.25 0.14
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.14

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0.50 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.07

0.00 0.52 0.44 0.35 0.33 0.24 0.13 ^
0.10 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.27 0.21 0.12
0.10
0.30 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.10
0.50 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06
0.00 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.11
0.10 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.11
0.20
0.30 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.09
0.50 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06
0.00 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.10
0.10 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.10
0.30
0.30 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.08
0.50 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03

where the meaning of individual dimensions and the type of design are defined on the following illustration:

Note: Parameters of implementation of operational force can be described in the calculation in two ways. The first way is
to enter a coefficient of implementation of operational force [2.18]; the second is to enter the exact distance of the point of
action of the operational force from the head/nut of the bolts [2.19, 2.20]. The way is determined by setting the switch at
the respective row. The second way gives more exact results in case of connection with more connected parts made of
different materials.
2.22 Special modification of the connection.
Select the corresponding joint design from the list. Special modifications of the joint are used to increase the fatigue
strength of the bolt.
Hint: Detailed description of the special modifications of a joint are available in the chapter "Causes of failures of bolt
connections, increase in loading capacity of the bolt".
2.23 Thread design.
The way of calculation of production of the thread significantly affects the fatigue strength of the connection bolt. As far as
fatigue loading, the cut thread gives the worst results. Special (additional) modifications of the threads are used to increase
the fatigue strength of the bolt. You will find their description in the paragraph "Technological modifications of the
connection" of the chapter "Causes of failures of bolt connections, increase in loading capacity of the bolt".
Recommendations: If you do not know the method of production of the thread, select a cut thread.
2.24 Desired service life of the connection.
Select the required service life of the joint from the list in working cycles.
The fatigue strength of the jointing bolts declines with the increase of the number of working cycles. In the case of steel
bolts, this strength declines to the level of about 106 operational cycles. In the area of required service life greater than
106 operational cycles, the material fatigue limit remains and the strength of the jointing bolt remains almost constant.
2.25 Desired reliability of the connection.
The coefficient of reliability is, in principle, a percentage of the service life and expresses the probability of trouble-free
operation of the connection. In mechanical engineering, reliability is usually considered to be between 80 and 99.9%. A
value of desired reliability higher than 99.9% is used only with very important equipment, whose failure could pose a threat
to human lives or high material losses. In case of common bolt connections with a variable loading, the value of reliability
between 95 and 99.5% is usually chosen.
Reliability Importance of the connection
< 90 % Non-important connections whose failures have no particular consequences.
Less important connections whose failures cause non-functionality of the higher
90 - 95 %
unit, however, not its destruction.
Important connections whose failures cause destruction of higher units and
95 - 99.9 %
high material losses.
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Very important connections whose failures might pose a threat to human lives
> 99.9%
or high material losses. ^
2.26 Desired dynamic (fatigue) safety.
It is necessary to check bolt connections loaded with variable loading regarding fatigue strength. Resistance against
possible fatigue breakage of the connection bolt is considered in the resulting coefficient of dynamic safety. This level of
safety evaluates the position of the bolt in view of variable tensile stress and is defined as the ratio between amplitude
components of the stress of the limit cycle and the operational cycle.
With regards to the accuracy and credibitility of input data, constructional design of the connection, character of loads and
quality of production and operational conditions, there is usually selected a value of dynamic safety in the range from 1.5
... 2.5. The following safety values are recommended for connections used in a non-corrosive environment at operating
temperatures up to 100 °C:
Safety Parameters of the design and connection
- the constructional design of the connection meets principles for connections
exposed to variable loading
- very precise determination of force conditions and stress in the connection
1.5 ... 1.7
- perfect knowledge of material characteristics
- exact following of technological procedures
- less exact calculation without any experimental verification
1.7 ... 2.0 - lower accuracy in the production technology
- unsuitable constructional design of the connection, increasing the risk of
fatigue breaks in the material
2.0 ... 2.5 - insufficient knowledge on actual occurrence and action of external forces
- use of bolts of large diameters
Constructional principles for design of connections exposed to variable loading are given in the chapter "Causes of failures
of bolt connections, increasing loading capacity of bolts".
Note 1: For connections where additional bending stresses appear (see [2.8]), higher safety values are required (2 ... 3).
Note 2: Substantially higher safety values are used for connections exposed to shocks, used in a corrosive environment or
at high temperatures.

Design, dimensions and material of connected parts. [3]

The calculation allows users to design a prestressed bolt connection of up to five parts using different materials. This
paragraph can be used for a description of the geometry and selection of materials of the connected parts.
3.1 Design of connected parts.
It is necessary to know the stiffness of the connected parts to determine force conditions in a prestressed bolt connection.
In view of calculating stiffness, the design of connections can be divided into two basic model situations:
A. Connection of plates.
The clamped parts are plates with cross dimensions so large that the area exposed to the stress (having
approximately the shape of a truncated cone) has no marginal limitation. The amount of stiffness then depends only
on the material and total height of the clamped parts.
B. Connection of thick-walled cylinders.
The connected parts do not have such large cross dimensions as to create a "pressure cone" without any marginal
limitation. The area exposed to stress is partly or fully bordered by the outer walls of the clamped parts. All such
cases are, with certain simplification, replaced by a virtual thick-walled cylinder with an adequate outer diameter.
The amount of stiffness of the clamped parts depends, in addition to others, also on this diameter.

Select the design of the connection part in the selective list. In case of connection of cylinder parts you must also enter
their diameters [3.3].

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Note: This parameter is insignificant for calculation of rigidity according to VDI 2230 (see the chapter "Setting, change the
language").
3.2 Number of clamped parts.
Select the number of clamped parts in the selective list. Define their dimensions in the table [3.6].
3.5 Total height of the clamped parts.
The total height of the clamped parts is considered as the distance between the head of the bolt and the nut. If the bolt
connection is provided with washers, it is necessary to include the thickness of the washers in the total clamping height.
3.6 Material and height of the connected parts.
Enter the height and material of the clamped parts in the table. The connected parts are arranged in the table successively
going down from the head of the bolt.
The meaning of parameters in the table:
Li Height of the part [mm, in]
E Modulus of elasticity in tension [MPa, ksi] (at temperature 20°C, 68°F)
Coefficient of thermal expansivity [10-6/°C, 10-6/°F] (for warming 20->100°C, 68-
a
>212°F)
pA Permitted pressure [MPa, ksi]
Material Select a suitable material from the pop-up list
The first five rows of the list is reserved for materials defined by the user. Information and settings of proper materials can
be found in the document "Workbook (calculation) modifications". Other rows of the list include a selection of
materials for the actually specified standard in the sheet "Material".
Note 1: If the connection is provided with washers, add the thickness of the washers to the height of the marginal
clamped parts.
Note 2: If a washer is used with a material with modulus of elasticity different from the material of clamped parts and its
thickness is more than approx. 10% of the total clamped height, it is advisable to define the washer in the calculation as an
independent part.

Design of connecting bolt. [4]

This paragraph can be used for selection of material and design of suitable dimensions of bolts for the above-mentioned
specified design and loading of a prestressed bolt connection. The connection bolt can be designed manually, or use the
automatic design function using the pushbutton in the row [4.13].
Note: The function of the automatic design is functional only for standardized types of threads (see [4.11]).
4.2 Preliminary design of minimum thread diameters.
Values of minimum diameters of the thread are calculated additionally in the table depending on various combinations of
materials of bolts and types of threads. Each column of the table concerns the specified material of the bolt and each row
concerns the specified thread. Individual strength classes of bolts are selected according to the standard and specified in a
list of standards [4.1]. The used specification of the type of thread has the following meaning:
MC Metric thread, coarse
MF Metric thread, fine
UNC Inch thread, coarse
UNF Inch thread, fine
UNEF Inch thread, extra fine
Note: The values of minimum diameters of threads specified in this table are orientation values only, designed in view of
minimum safety of the connection, and do not respect the required coefficient of safety defined in rows [2.4, 2.26].

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4.3 Material of the bolt.

Material of the connection bolt can be selected in the pop-up list in the row [4.4]. The table "recommended diameters of ^
the thread" [4.2] can be used as a guideline for selection of a suitable material. The first five rows of the list are reserved
for materials defined by the user. Information on setting proper materials can be found in the document "Workbook
(calculation) modifications". Other rows of the list include the selection of materials for the actually specified standard
[4.1].
4.10 Modulus of elasticity of the part with internal thread.
For stud bolts, enter the tensile modulus of elasticity of the material of the stud part of the joint at assembly temperature.
Note: This parameter is significant only for calculation of rigidity according to VDI 2230 (see the chapter "Setting, change
the language").
4.11 Parameters of the thread.
This part can be used for selection of the type and dimensions of the thread of the connection bolt. Select the type of
thread in the list [4.12]. The first five items of the list are reserved for standardized threads. Select the desired nominal
size of the thread for the selected type of thread in the list [4.14]. Other necessary dimensions of the thread [4.15 to 4.18]
are calculated automatically according to the standard. For a design of suitable size of the thread you can use the
pushbutton [4.13] for automatic design of the connection bolt.
In case you wish to use a bolt with another (special) type of thread in the connection, select the last item in the list [4.12]
and in input fields [4.15 .. 4.18] enter all necessary dimensions of the thread.
4.13 Automatic design of the connection bolt.
Start automatic design by pressing the appropriate button in the line [4.13]. Using the "F0min" button, search for the
suitable bolt dimensions for the minimum assembly prestressing that ensures the required functionality of the joint. When
using the "F0max" button, a bolt is sought for maximum assembly prestressing, which corresponds to the "Tightening
factor" defined in the line [8.3].
In case of automatic design, a bolt of the minimum dimensions for the selected material of the bolt [4.4] and the type of
the thread [4.12] is selected so that the desired functionality of the connection is ensured and the bolt meets specifications
of the desired level of safety [2.4] in view of strength resp. [2.26]. The application provides a design only for prismatic
bolts of constant diameters (see [4.19]) with inter-circular contact surface [4.30]. Furthermore, the design also
automatically includes dimensions of seating surfaces of the head and the diameter of the hole for the connection bolt (see
[4.29]). If the application does not find a suitable bolt, this fact is indicated by a warning message.
The most frequent causes of insufficient designs and their possible solutions:
Too high loading of the connection:
Solution - The amount of input loading of the connection [1.6] can be reduced in a design of the connection with
more bolts (see the chapter "Calculation of bolt fields").
Low loading capacity of the connection bolt:
Solution - use bolts of a material with a higher loading capacity [4.3].
Too high additional bending loading of the bolt:
Solution - A suitable constructional modification of the connection (see [2.8]).
Increase of the operational prestressing of the connection due to heating of the connection to
operating temperature:
Solution - A suitable constructional modification of the connection, e.g..:
- ensure uniform heating of the bolt and the connected parts
- increase elastic pliability of the connection by reducing the diameter of the bolt shank or inserting a spacing pipe
between the nut and the connected parts
- use bolts with high strength

Note: Automatic design functions only for standardized types of threads (see [4.11]).
Warning: In case of use of automatic design of the bolt, the data are preset in the paragraphs [4.19, 4.29] according to
the above-mentioned rules.
4.19 Design and geometry of the bolt.
Sometimes it may be suitable, from a technological or constructional viewpoint, to use a special bolt in the connection
instead of a common prismatic bolt with several different cross- sections. For example in cases of request for accurate
connection of the parts using fitted bolts or when using the connecting bolt with shortened stem to reduce the influence of
the additional bending tensions. Pliable bolts with special treatment are also frequently used with connections exposed to a
variable loading.
This paragraph can be used to define these special bolts. The number of sections of a bolt with different cross-sections is
entered in the row [4.23], the length and diameter of the particular section is defined in rows [4.26, 4.27]. Individual
sections of the bolt are numbered in increasing order from the nut of the bolt.

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4.29 Geometry of the connection.

This part can be used to set the shape and dimensions of the seating surface of the head (nut) of the bolt and to
determine the diameter of the hole for the connection bolt. When the check mark in the row [4.30] is enabled, all
necessary dimensions are set automatically according to the following rules:
Diameter of the hole for the connection bolt [4.31] - The minimum diameter permitted by the standard is
selected for the open hole for the thread selected in paragraph [4.11] in case of common prismatic bolts. The
diameter of the hole coincident with the maximum diameter of the bolt shank preset in the row [4.27] is selected in
case of fitted bolts.
Outer diameter of seating face (contact surface) [4.32] - The diameter is preset for a common standardized
bolt with a hexagonal head according to the size of the thread selected in [4.11].
Inner diameter of seating face (contact surface) [4.33] - The diameters coincident with the diameter of the
hole is preset in accordance with the most frequently used design.

Note: If you wish to enter your own values for some of the above-mentioned dimension, first it is necessary to disable the
check mark box in the row [4.30].
4.30 Design of seating faces below heads (nuts) of bolts.
In case of bolt connections, three basic types of designs of seating surfaces below heads (nuts) of bolts are used.
A. Annulus seating face.
The most common and natural case of contacts in bolt connections with normal nuts if the seating surfaces are
perpendicular to the axis of the bolt.
B. Conical seating face.
Special use with bolt connections where precise centring of the connected part against the axis of the bolt is
required. This requires a special conical nut and conical seat in the hole for the bolt, hence higher requirement for
precision in production.
C. Spherical seating face.
Special use in connections where perpendicularity of seating surfaces to the axis of the bolt and hence its additional
bending loading can be expected. This requires a special ball nut and a ball seat in the hole for the bolt. This is very
demanding for production technology.

Note: Individual designs differ, above all, as regards the technology and areas of utilization. In view of the design of a
prestressed bolt connection, various designs of contact surfaces have no substantial effects on the calculation itself and
differ only in the amount of friction moment below the head (nut) of the bolt and hence in the amount of necessary
tightening torque.

Prestressing, force conditions and operational diagram of the

connection. [5]
In this paragraph you can find force conditions acting in the designed prestressed bolt connection. Constants of stiffness of
the connection are first calculated additionally in the first part [5.1]. Once the constants have been calculated, the
necessary mounting prestressing of the connection and the corresponding tightening moment are designed in the second
part [5.6]. The force conditions in a fully loaded bolt connection for the given mounting prestressing are calculated
additionally in the last part [5.15]. The force conditions are shown in the illustration in the lower part of this paragraph.

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5.1 Stiffness constants of the connections.

Constants of stiffness express the linear dependence between the axis force acting in the connection and the deformations ^
of individual parts of the bolt connection caused by this force. The constants are considered as guide data for
determination of force conditions of the prestressed bolt connection. Distribution of actions of external axial force between
the connection bolt and the clamped parts of the connection is determined depending on the ratio of the resulting
stiffnesses [5.4, 5.5]. The resulting stiffnesses are determined using the stiffnesses [5.2, 5.3] based on the selected factor
of implementation of the operational force [2.17].
5.13 Mounting prestressing of the connection.
Determination of "correct" mounting prestressing is one of the main tasks in the design of a prestressed bolt connection. A
sufficient amount of mounting prestressing is decisive for correct functioning of the connection. At the same time, this also
affects the resulting force acting in the connection bolt, hence the level of safety against a possible breakage of the bolt.
The mounting prestressing must be designed to ensure the requirement of compactness or tightness of the connection in
case of connections loaded in the axis of the bolt, and the requirement of shear loading capacity of the connection in case
of connections loaded in the plane of the connected parts.
Mounting prestressing can be designed manually or an automatic design can be used. The automatic design can be
initiated if the check mark box to the right of the input field is enabled. The programme then provides a design for the
minimum mounting prestressing to meet the above-mentioned requirement of compactness or shear loading capacity of
the connection. The condition of compactness of the connection is considered as fulfilled if the coefficient of prestressing of
the connection [5.21] is higher or equal to the desired value [2.1]. For fulfilling of the condition of shear loading capacity of
the connection, the safety against side shift [5.22] must be higher or equal to the desired safety [2.2].
Mounting diagram of the connection
In the course of tightening (prestressing) of the connection, the bolt in the connection elongates and at the same time, the
clamped parts are squeezed. The ratio between deformation of the bolt and deformation of the clamped parts is given by
the ratio of their particular stiffnesses. After implementation of the axis operational force into the connection, the loading of
the clamped parts is reduced and the loading of the connection bolt is increased. For the purpose of a strength check, it is
therefore necessary to determine the maximum internal axis force acting on the bolt. The mounting diagram of the
connection is used for this purpose.
The mounting diagram of the connection is compiled for known prestressing and stiffness values of individual elements of
the connection. Distribution of the action of external axial force between the connection bolt and the clamped parts of the
connection is determined using this diagram.

where:
F0 - mounting prestressing of the connection
DL1 - deformation (elongation) of the bolt due to mounting prestressing
DL2 - deformation (squeezing) of the clamped parts due to mounting prestressing
c1 = tg y1 - constant of stiffness of the bolt
c2 = tg y2 - constant of stiffness of the clamped parts
Fa - maximum operational axial force loading the connection
DF1 - the part of the axis component of the operational force additionally loading the bolt
DF2 - the part of the axis component of the operational force relieving the clamped parts
F1 - maximum internal axial force in the bolt
F2 - residual prestressing of clamped parts of the connection
The given diagram is compiled with the presupposition that the points of inputs of the external axial loading are situated at
the ends of the clamping length, in seating surfaces below the head and nut of the bolt. However, in reality the axial forces
act usually on points situated inside the clamped parts (see The factor of implementation of the operational force [2.17]).
This causes changes in the ratio of stiffness between the loaded and relieved parts of the connection, hence changes in the
angles y1 a y2.

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5.21 Coefficient of tightness (prestressing) of the connection.

This coefficient gives the ratio between the residual prestressing of the clamped parts of the connection [5.19] and the ^
maximum axis operational force [5.7]. Detailed information can be found in [2.1].
Note: The coefficient of tightness of the connection has no meaning for connections loaded with radial forces only.
5.22 Safety against side shift.
This coefficient of safety gives the ratio between the actual residual prestressing in the connection [5.19] and the minimum
(theoretically calculated) clamping force [5.9] necessary for full transfer of the radial force. Detailed information can be
found in [2.2].
Note: This safety has no meaning for connections loaded with axial forces only.

Strength checks of statically loaded bolt connections. [6]

This paragraph gives results of basic strength checks of the bolt connection.
6.1 Strength check of connections in the working staste.
The strength check is executed by comparing the resulting reduced stress in the bolt core [6.6] with the yield point of the
material of the bolt [6.7]. The resulting reduced (comparative) stress is calculated in the thinnest part of the bolt (for
prismatic bolts for small diameter threads, in the weakened shaft with pliable bolts).
The reduced stress is calculated according to the formula:

where:
s - tensile stress in the bolt core for the maximum axis force
sb - additional bending stress
t - torsional stress in the bolt core for the tightening torsional moment
kt - reduction coefficient (see the chapter "Setting, change the language")
If the designed bolt has to meet all requirements of the strength check, the resulting level of safety [6.8] must be higher or
equal to the desired level of safety [2.4].
6.9 Strength check of connections in the assembly state.
The strength check is executed by comparing the resulting reduced stress in the bolt core [6.12] with the yield point of the
material of the bolt. According to the general recommendations, the comparative stress should not exceed 90% of the yield
point.
The reduced stress is calculated according to the formula:

where:
s0 - tensile stress in the bolt core for the assembly preload
sb - additional bending stress
t - torsional stress in the bolt core for the tightening torsional moment
6.14 Check of pressure in seating face of the bolt head.
If the designed bolt connection has to meet specifications of the check, the pressure in the seating surface [6.15] must be
lower than the permitted pressure in the marginal connected part [6.16]. If the designed connection does not meet the
specifications, modify the design so that the head (nut) seating surface is enlarged.
6.17 Strength check of connections for maximum prestressing.
If there is a decline in the prestressing of the joint due to temperature change [5.16] or subsidence of a joint [5.17], the
bolt may be exposed short-term to a substantially higher load than the one for which it was tested in the paragraph [6.1].
In such case, it is suitable to also consider testing the bolt for this maximum load. The peak of the resultant stress should
then not substantially exceed the yield point of the bolt material.

Strength checks of dynamically loaded bolt connections. [7]

A bolt connection exposed to variable loading must be checked in view of fatigue strength. Fatigue breaks usually appear
on bolts at points of stress concentrations (in places of constructional notches), most frequently in the section of the first
load carrying thread.

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The procedure of determining dynamic safety of the connection and the meaning of the rows [7.2 .. 7.10] is obvious in the
following illustrations: ^
Working diagram of the connection exposed to repeated or alternate operational forces resp.

where:
F - maximum axial force loading the connection
F0 - prestressing of the connection
F1 - maximum internal axial force in the bolt
F2 - minimum residual prestressing of the clamped parts of the connection
Fm - medium axis force of the cycle
Fa - amplitude of the axis force of the cycle
reduced Smith's fatigue diagram

where:
Sy - yield point of the material of the bolt
sf - fatigue limit
s0 - stress in the thread core from prestressing of the connection
sA - amplitude component of limit fatigue strength of the bolt for the given course of loading
sm - medium stress of the operational cycle in the thread core
sa - amplitude component of the stress of the operational cycle in the thread core
Also in case of a dynamically loaded connection, the designed bolt must meet requirements of the "static" check at the
yield point for loads from the maximum axis force [6.1].

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7.1 Strength check in the thread core.

^
Resistance against a possible fatigue break of the connection bolt is considered on the basis of the resulting coefficient of
dynamic safety [7.10]. This level of safety evaluates the position of the bolt in view of variable tensile stress and is defined
as the ratio between amplitude components of the stress of the limit cycle sA and the operational cycle sa. If the designed
bolt has to meet all requirements of the strength check, the resulting safety level [7.10] must be higher or equal to the
desired safety level [2.26].
Warning: This strength check does not take into account any effects of additional bending stress (see [2.8]), which may
very negatively affect the fatigue strength of the bolt. Therefore, it is necessary, particularly with connections loaded with
variable loading, to eliminate as much as possible the creation of bending stress by using suitable constructional
modifications, or by taking its presence into account when considering the dynamic safety of the connection.
7.6 Basic fatigue limit.
Theoretically calculated fatigue limit in tension of a smooth rod with a circular diameter of the selected material of the bolt,
loaded with an alternate axial loading.
7.7 Fatigue limit with a limited service life.
Fatigue limit in tension of the designed bolt material for the desired service life of the connection [2.24].
7.8 Corrected fatigue limit in tension of the given bolt.
Fatigue limit in tension of the designed bolt. Corrected value of the basic fatigue limit [7.7] with regards to the selected
design of the connection [2.22, 2.23], type and dimensions of thread [4.11] and desired reliability of the connection [2.25].
Note: The value of the corrected fatigue limit is determined theoretically using empirically acquired coefficients. If you
have more precise data for the given bolt, which are based on fatigue tests, you can enter such data upon selecting the
check box located on the right side of the input field.
7.11 Strength check in the reduced shank.
In the case of shoulder bolts, a fatigue fracture sometimes occurs at the point of transition to the reduced shank.
This strength test is done according to the same principles as the test in the thread core. The corrected fatigue limit [7.14]
shall however be higher in the case of this test. If the designed bolt has to meet all requirements of the strength check,
the resulting safety level [7.16] must be higher or equal to the desired safety level [2.26].
Warning: This strength check does not take into account any effects of additional bending stress (see [2.8]), which may
very negatively affect the fatigue strength of the bolt. Therefore, it is necessary, particularly with connections loaded with
variable loading, to eliminate as much as possible the creation of bending stress by using suitable constructional
modifications, or by taking its presence into account when considering the dynamic safety of the connection.
7.14 Corrected fatigue limit in tension of the given bolt.
Fatigue limit in tension of the designed bolt. Corrected value of the basic fatigue limit [7.7] with regards to the selected
geometry of the bolt [4.19] and desired reliability of the connection [2.25].
Note: The value of the corrected fatigue limit is determined theoretically using empirically acquired coefficients. If you
have more precise data for the given bolt, which are based on fatigue tests, you can enter such data upon selecting the
check box located on the right side of the input field.

Assembly parameters of the connection. [8]

In the main calculation, the theoretical values of the necessary assembly prestressing and tightening torque are
additionally calculated for the designed screw joint. In real-time practice, it is however very difficult and costly to achieve a
precise assembly prestressing in a joint when tightening a bolt.
For this reason, the screw joints are often designed to ensure their correct functionality for a given, predefined assembly
prestressing range <F0min...F0max>. The width of this range at the same time shall depend on the applied bolt tightening
method. This paragraph is just intended for testing screw joints of such design.
The permissible prestressing range is determined using the "Tightening factor" [8.3]. The lower prestressing limit "F0min"
at the same time must ensure the requirement of the compactness of the joint during operation. For the upper limit of the
assembly prestressing "F0max", the bolt must fulfil the conditions of the strength test.

8.3 Tightening factor.

This coefficient gives the ratio between the upper and lower limit of the permissible assembly prestressing
aA=F0max/F0min.
The coefficient may assume values in the interval <1-4> and its size shall depend on the applied bolt tightening method.
Table of recommended tightening coefficient values according to VDI 2230:
aA Tightening method Setting method
Tightening with elongation control or monitoring
1.05 to 1.2 Sound travel time.
by ultrasound.
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Mechanical elongation by means of pressure Prespecified elongation of the bolt, setting via forcing
1.1 to 1.3
screws located in the nut or the bolt head.
Mechanical elongation by means of multipartite
torque of the pressure screws. ^
1.2 to 1.5 Torque of the tightening tool.
nuts with threaded bushing.
Tightening with mechanical elongation
1.1 to 1.5 Setting via adjustment measurement.
measurement or monitoring.
Setting via pressure or length measurement or
1.1 to 1.4 Continual hydraulic tightening.
rotation angle of the nut.
Impulse driver with hydraulic impulse generator,
1.2 to 2.0 Setting via angle of rotation or torque.
torque and/or angular displacement controlled.
Yield-point controlled tightening, motorized or Presetting of the relative torque or rotation angle
1.2 to 1.4
manual. coefficient.
Rotation-angle controlled tightening, motorized or Experimental determination of preliminary tightening
1.2 to 1.4
manual. moment and rotation angle.
1.4 to 1.6 Torque-controlled tightening with hydraulic tool. Setting via pressure measurement.
Torque-controlled tightening with torque wrench, Experimental determination of the required tightening
1.4 to 1.6 signalling wrench or motorized nut-runner with torque at the original joint member (for example, by
dynamic torque measurement. elongation measurement of the bolt).
Torque-controlled tightening with torque wrench,
signalling wrench or motorized nut-runner with
1.6 to 2.0 dynamic torque measurement.
For friction coefficient m=0.08~0.16 Determination of the required tightening torque by
estimating the friction coefficient (surface and
Torque-controlled tightening with torque wrench,
lubricating conditions are a great influence).
signalling wrench or motorized nut-runner with
1.7 to 2.5 dynamic torque measurement.
For friction coefficient m=0.04~0.10
Setting the driver via retightening moment, which is
Tightening with impact wrench or impulse driver. formed from the required tightening moment (for the
2.5 to 4.0 Tightening by hand. estimated coefficient of friction) plus supplement.
Manual tightening based on subjective assessment.

Parameters of the coupling at specific working temperature. [9]

This paragraph is used to investigate the force ratios in the joint at a specific working temperature.
The working joint prestressing changes upon change of the working temperature. This change is caused by two different
phenomena:
Change of prestressing due to the effect of thermal expansion
The change in prestressing occurs if parts made of materials with different thermal expansion are used in the joint,
or in a case where the bolt temperature differs from the temperature of the jointed parts.
Change in prestressing due to change of joint rigidity
For normal materials, the modulus of elasticity declines with rising temperature. This has the consequence of
reduction of the rigidity of the individual parts of the joint and subsequently also decline of prestressing. This
phenomenon is sometimes neglected, however it may be highly significant in the calculations for some materials
(Al,Mg).

Change in temperature also results in change of the physical and mechanical properties of the materials used. For correct
design of the joint, it is therefore necessary to know the properties of the material at working temperature. Enter the
corresponding values in paragraphs [9.5] and [9.9].
Hint: Upon selection of the appropriate check box, all the necessary properties are entered automatically for the given
material.
Note: Automatically suggested material parameters are determined for the given temperature theoretically using
empirically acquired coefficients, which are common for the entire group of materials. Although the values set in this
manner are close to the values obtained by measurement of specific materials, in the case of the final calculations, we
recommend using the parameters of the material according to the material data sheet or manufacturer’s specifications.

Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and 3D CAD systems can be
found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".
Supplements - This calculation:
For drawing the bolt connection it is necessary to set in this paragraph some details of the connection which were not
determined with calculations of the connection.
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10.2 Design of the bolt head.

^
Select the respective design of the bolt head in the selective list. The application provides 4 basic designs of bolt heads.
However, with regards to commonly produced sizes of bolts, it is not possible to use all these types of heads for some
diameters of threads. The dimensions of the selected head are determined using the selected type and diameter of thread
[4.12, 4.14] according to the following standards: ANSI B18.2.1, ANSI B18.3, ANSI B18.6.2, ANSI B18.6.3, ISO 1207, ISO
4016, ISO 4762.
Note: This setting has no meaning if a type of bolt without a head is set in the row [4.20].
10.3 Design of the nut.
Select the respective design of the bolt nut in the selective list. The application provides 2 designs of hexagonal nuts. The
dimensions of the selected nut are determined using the selected type and diameter of thread [4.12, 4.14] according to the
standards: ANSI B18.2.2, ISO 4032, ISO 4035.
Note: This setting has no meaning in case of stud bolts with heads (see setting of rows [1.3, 4.20]).
10.4 Number of washers below the bolt head.
In the selective list, specify the number of washers below the bolt head. If the drawing has to include a connection without
washer, select "0". The dimensions of the washer are determined using the selected type and diameter of thread [4.12,
4.14], according to the standards: ANSI B18.22.1, ISO 8738.
10.5 Number of washers below the nut.
In the selective list, specify the number of washers below the nut. If the drawing has to include a connection without
washer, select "0". The dimensions of the washer are determined using the selected type and diameter of thread [4.12,
4.14], according to the standards: ANSI B18.22.1, ISO 8738.
Note: This setting has no meaning for stud bolts (see row [1.3]).

Causes of failures of bolt connections, increase in loading capacity of

the bolt.
The most frequent causes of failures of bolt connections and their remedies
Incorrect knowledge of actual occurrence and action of external forces.
Solution - Increase the level of safety.
Additional bending stress in the bolt due to shape and position deviations of the bolts and nuts.
Solution - Bending loading can be eliminated using ball washers, longer bolts with shafts with reduced diameters
and parallel machining of the connected surfaces.
Loss of prestressing caused by thermal elongation or plastic deformation of the bolt and connected parts.
Solution - Use high-strength pliable bolts. Do not use soft washers, but rather hard tempered washers to eliminate
seating as much as possible.
Spontaneous loosening due to shaking.
Solution - Secure it using shaped washers.
Chemical or electrochemical attack, corrosion.
Solution - Suitable selection of material and surface treatment.
Breaks of connection bolts exposed to variable loading.
Solution - Suitable technological and constructional modifications to increase the loading capacity of the bolt
(described in detail in the following chapter).

Technological and constructional modifications to increase the loading capacity of the bolt
Fatigue breaks occur in parts exposed to variable loading, usually at points of stress concentration (in places of
constructional notches), though the value of the nominal stress is well below the ultimate strength. Statistics shows that of
the total number of evaluated standardized bolts, breaks occur in 65% of bolts at the point of the first load carrying thread,
in 20% at the run-out of the thread and in 15% at the place of the transition of the shaft into the head of the bolt. The
above-mentioned classification of frequencies of fatigue breaks shows some evident critical points which must be taken
into account with designs of dynamically loaded connections.
Constructional modifications of the connection:
Use of pliable bolts instead of common standardized bolts.
In view of reduction of the amplitude component of the stress, it is advisable to design a connection with as high a
ratio of stiffness c2/c1 as possible. Hence the bolt has to be elastic and the stiffness of the connected parts as high
as possible. Pliable bolts are modified using a reduction in their diameters, or drilling or elongation of their shafts.

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Use of a tractive nut or a nut with a relieving notch.

Distribution of the stress between the thread will be improved and the first load carrying thread will be relieved.

Carry out the first load carrying thread of the bolt and the very first thread, with a transition into a reduced shaft
and an overlap of the nut thread.
The first load carrying thread will be relieved and the notch coefficient in the run-out of the thread will be
decreased.

Decreasing the notch coefficient in the run-out of the thread with a rounded transition into a shaft with a reduced
diameter.
Increasing the transition radius from the head to the shaft.
If possible, do not use threads with fine spacing.
If possible, do not use bolts of large diameters.
It is advisable to use two smaller bolts instead of one big bolt.
Suitable constructional design of connections with stud bolts.
It is advisable to design a connection with overlapping threads of the bolts in open holes. In case of blind holes, it is
better to use a stud bolt with a nut bearing against the hole bottom instead of a common bolt with a head. The
most advantageous case is to use a stud bolt with a ball end or a small ball inserted.

Technological modifications of the connection:

Use of a rolled thread instead of a cut thread.
Additional rolling of the thread root.
Hardening of the material using cold forming.
Chemical and thermal treatment of the thread, nitriding, phosphating.

Calculation of bolt fields.

Bolt connections often do not occur individually, but in groups, where they provide combined transfer of external forces.
Due to technological reasons the fields mostly include bolts of the same diameters, arranged in rectangular or circular
shapes. The solution of these group connections is based on determination of the maximum load falling on one
(concurrently or the most loaded) bolt, which is then designed as an independent bolt connection according to the above-
mentioned procedures.

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There are also given general procedures of solutions for several basic types of bolt fields (the symbol "n" used in the
formulas indicates the number of bolts in the connection): ^
Loading of the connection by a force perpendicular to the contact surface running through the centre of
gravity of the connection.

The external loading is distributed uniformly to all bolts of the connection.

Axial loading falling on one bolt:

The group connection is then designed as an independent bolt connection exposed to the axial force Fai.

Loading of the connection by a force inclined to the contact surface running through the centre of gravity of
the connection.

The external force is decomposed into component Fa, perpendicular to the contact surface, and component Fr, parallel to
it. The connection bolts will be loaded uniformly, thus:
Axial loading falling on one bolt:

Radial loading falling on one bolt:

The group connection is then designed as an independent bolt connection exposed to a combined loading from the axis
force Fai and the cross force Fri.

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Loading of the connection by a force inclined to the contact surface not running through the connection
gravity centre. ^

The external force is decomposed into component Fa perpendicular to the contact surface and component Fr parallel to it,
acting on the centre of gravity of the connection:

At the same time, it also creates a moment on the centre of gravity:

The condition of non-deviation of the left margin of the basic plate causes the minimum needed stress:

where e.g. for a rectangular contact surface the contact surface "A" of the connection and the sectional module "W" can be
determined using the relations:

where:
a - length of the connection
b - width of the connection

When designing a connection, it is also necessary to determine maximum values of partial forces acting on one bolt.
Axis forces in bolts from force Fa:

Axis forces in bolts from moment M:

Maximum axis force in the bolt from moment M:

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Total maximum axis operational force:

Radial forces in bolts from component Fr:

The group connection is then designed as an independent bolt connection exposed to combined loading from axis force
Famax and cross force Fri. It is also necessary not to forget to check the designed prestressing of the connection [5.17] with
regards to minimum necessary prestressing F0min, determined using the condition of non-deviation of the margin of the
basic plate.
Loading of a connection by a force lying in the plane of the connection running through the centre of
gravity of the connection.

The external loading is distributed uniformly to all bolts of the connection.

Radial loading falling on one bolt:

The group connection is then designed as an independent connection exposed to cross force Fri.

Loading of the connection by a moment in the plane of the connection.

If circular flanges are exposed to a torsional moment only, individual bolts will be exposed uniformly to the radial force:

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^
The group connection is then designed as an independent bolt connection exposed to cross force Fri.

Loading of the connection by a force running through the centre of gravity and a moment in the plane of
the connection.

The cross force acting in the centre of gravity of the connection is distributed uniformly to all bolts:

The torsional moment causes loading of each individual bolt by a radial force:

The resulting force acting on one bolt is a vector sum of partial forces Fri, FMi. The group connection is further designed as
an independent bolt connection exposed to maximum cross force Frmax.

Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document "Setting
calculations, change the language".
Supplements - This calculation:
3.0 User setting of calculation parameters.
In this paragraph, you can set some of the basic parameters for the behaviour of the calculation (applied calculation
procedures). By selection of suitable theoretical calculation models, you can thus adapt the calculation to your individual
practice.
3.1 Method of calculating the stiffness.
The rigidity constants are the basic data item for determination of the force ratios of the prestressed screw joint. While it is
possible by standard mathematical methods to calculate the rigidity constants of bolts with relative precision, the situation
is different when determining the rigidity of the clamped parts and it is hardly possible to get precise rigidity values by
procedure other than by experimental measurement.
When tightening the screw joint, the stress between the head and nut spreads in an asymmetric area, whose sectional
dimensions change along the clamping length. It is very difficult or even impossible to create a general mathematical
model that precisely describes this area. In the past, many various calculation models were thus created that are based on
many simpler assumptions. The results of these models may differ substantially. For this reason, the program offers a
possibility to choose from five historically most commonly used calculation procedures. For calculation of the rigidity of
clamped parts, these mathematical models use two basic methods:
Substitute tube method - The older and simpler method in which for the purpose of calculation of the stress, the afflicted
area is replaced by an imaginary thick-walled tube.
Pressure cone method - More modern and precise method based on the idea that the area afflicted by stress has the
approximate shape of a truncated double cone.
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Warning: For the calculation according to VDI 2230, a basic model for determination of rigidity is used for a centrally
clamped and loaded joint. The program does not allow calculation of screw joints according to the model for the
eccentrically clamped and loaded joint described here.
^
3.6 Angle of the pressure cone.
Enter the angle of the pressure cone.

According to "Shigley", this angle changes in the range 25-33° in relation to the geometry and material of the joint.
Usually, precision of 30° is considered suitable.
Note: For a calculation according to VDI 2230, the size of the angle is calculated automatically on the basis of the selected
geometry of the joint.
3.8 Critical cross-sectional area of the bolt thread.
Theoretically the strength test of the stressed part is always done at its narrowest point. For a strength test of a bolt, the
critical cross-sectional area should thus correspond to the cross-section of the thread core. However, a large number of
strength tests has shown that in the case of standardized threads, the factual critical cross-sectional area is larger. This
area is usually termed the "Tensile stress area" and its section corresponds to the arithmetic mean from the centre and
small diameter of the thread.
Recommendations: For sharp standardized threads according to ISO or ANSI, select "Tensile stress area". For flat and
non-standard threads, it is more suitable to select "Minor diameter area", which favours safety.
3.9 Reduction coefficient of the torsional stress.
The tightening of the bolt creates torsional stresses in the thread core, which must be taken into account during strength
testing of the bolt. The size of this stress in the bolt core declines over time. During the strength test of the joint in
operating state, it is thus suitable to count on a lower torsional stress than during testing of the joint in the assembled
state.
The reducing coefficient gives the size of the torsional stress that will be part of the total stress in the bolt core under
working load. The resulting comparative stress in working state is then determined using the formula:

where:
s - tensile stress in the bolt core for the maximum axis force
sb - additional bending stress
t - torsional stress in the bolt core for the tightening torsional moment
kt - reduction coefficient
The reduction coefficient may have values in the interval <0..1>. For variable "0", the torsional stress is completely
neglected and the bolt is tested only in terms of tensile stress (a method usually used in literature in the USA). For variable
"1", the strength test on the contrary includes the total size of the torsional stress from the tightening torque (this
procedure favours safety and is often stated in older European literature).
Recommendations: The VDI 2230 Standard recommends the size of the reducing coefficient kt=0.5.

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document "Workbook
(calculation) modifications".

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