CHAPTER 6

STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS
Introduction

2
Introduction

3
Introduction

4
Introduction

5
Introduction

6
Introduction
• Any steel structure is an assemblage of different members such as beam, columns, and
tension members

• Connections or joints are used to transfer the forces supported by a structural member to
other parts of the structure or to the supports.

• There are two common ways to connect structural steel members—using bolts or welds.

• Many members in a steel structure may themselves be made of different components such
as plates, angles, I-beams, or channels.

• These different components have to be connected properly by means of fasteners, so that

they will act together as a single composite unit.

• Connections between different members of a steel framework not only facilitate the flow
of forces and moments from one member to another but also allow the transfer of forces
7
up to the foundation level.
Introduction
• It is desirable to avoid connection failure before member failure due to the
following reasons.
✓A connection failure may lead to a catastrophic failure of the whole
structure.
✓Normally, a connection failure is not as ductile as that of a steel member
failure.
✓For achieving an economical design, it is important that connectors
develop full or a little extra strength of the members it is joining.
• Connection failure may be avoided by adopting a higher safety factor for the joints
than the members.
• The basic goal of connection design is to produce a joint that is safe, economical,
and simple.

8
Introduction
• Connections (or structural joints) may be classified according to the following
parameters:
i. Method of fastening such as rivets, bolts, and welding-connections using
bolts are further classified as bearing or friction type connections.
ii. Connection rigidity-simple, rigid (so that the forces produced in the
members may be obtained by using an indeterminate structural analysis), or
semi-rigid.
iii. Joint resistance-bearing connections and friction connections
iv. Fabrication location-shop or field connections
v. Joint location-beam column, beam-to-beam, and column-to-foundation
vi. Connection geometry-single web angle, single plate, double web angle, top
and seat angles (with and without stiffeners), end plates, header plate,
welded connections using plates and angles, etc.
vii. Type of force transferred across the structural connection-shear connections,
shear and moment connection or simply moment connection, tension or
compression, and tension or compression with shear 9
1. Bolted Connections
• Mechanical fasteners are generally realized by means of bolts, pins and rivets,
which make possible the erection of the skeleton frame in a much reduced time
frame, especially when compared with the one required when site welds are
employed.

10
1. Bolted Connections
Resistance of Bolted Connections

• The distribution of forces in the connection may, be arbitrarily determined in

whatever rational way, provided that:

✓The assumed internal forces are balanced with the applied design forces and
moments;

✓Each part of the connection is able to resist the applied forces and moments;

✓The deformations imposed by the chosen distribution are within the

deformation capacity of the fasteners, welds and the other key parts of the
connection.

11
1. Bolted Connections
• Bolted connections can be classified on the basis of the acting loads as follows
1. connections in shear; 2. connections simultaneously in tension
and shear

12
1. Bolted Connections
3. Connections in tension

13
1. Bolted Connections
1. Connections in Shear
• A connection is affected by shear when the plates connected via bolts are loaded
by forces parallel to the contact planes.
• The bolt can be considered to be a simply supported beam loaded at its midspan.

14
1. Bolted Connections
• Different responses are expected, depending on two different modes to transfer the
shear load, which make possible the distinction between
✓ Bearing connections and
✓ Slip-resistant connections.
1. Bearing connections
• It is required that the plates must be connected to each other achieving a firm
contact and no tightening of the bolt is required.
𝑉
𝜏 = 𝑛.𝐴
𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑉
𝜏= 𝑛.𝐴

15
1. Bolted Connections
Where,
A is unthreaded area,
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑠 is threaded area
V is the total shear force on the bolt and,
n is the number of shear planes
• Failure of the shear connection can be due to one of the following mechanisms:
⁃ bolt failure;
⁃ plate bearing;
⁃ tension failure of the plate;
⁃ shear failure of the plate

16
1. Bolted Connections
• In particular, bearing pressure between bolt and plate can be approximated with
reference to the mean value of the bearing stress, 𝜎𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑉
𝜎𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑡.𝑑
Where,
V is the acting shear force per shear plane,
t is the minimum thickness of connected plates
d is the bolt diameter.

17
1. Bolted Connections
Slip Resistant Connection or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints
• Pre-loading of bolts can be explicitly required for slip resistance, seismic
connections, fatigue resistance, execution purposes or as a quality measure (e.g.
for durability).

• Thus, once the bolt is tightened, the joint is loaded by self-balanced stresses
associated with the bolt in tension and the compression in the plates and with the
torsion of the bolt and plate/bolt friction.

18
1. Bolted Connections
• Tightening increases joint performance, mainly with reference to serviceability
limit states. Furthermore, it should be noted that;
⁃ In shear joints, tightening prevents plate slippage and, therefore, inelastic
settlements in the structure
⁃ In tension joints, tightening prevents plate separation (reducing corrosion
dangers) and significantly improves fatigue resistance.
• However, tightening must not exceed a certain limit, to avoid attaining joint
ultimate capacity.
• The value of the force at which slippage occurs depends upon:
• bolt tightening,
• surface treatment, and
• number of surfaces in contact (𝑛𝑓 ).

19
1. Bolted Connections
• The maximum value of the force transferred by friction, 𝐹𝐿𝑖𝑚 , can be estimated as

𝐹𝐿𝑖𝑚 = 𝑛𝑓 𝜇𝑁𝑠

Where 𝜇 is the friction coefficient.

𝑁𝑠 is number of bolt tigntening

20
1. Bolted Connections
Slip Resistant Connection or Connection with Pre-Loaded Joints- Stress Distribution
• As the deformation capacity of plates is generally much higher than the
deformation capacity of the bolts, it is strongly recommended to design the
connection such that yielding of the plates in bearing occurs before yielding of the
bolts in shear, in order to guarantee a ductile failure rather than a brittle failure.

• Distribution of stress in the plate of a bearing connection in elastic (a) and plastic (b) range.
21
1. Bolted Connections
• Plastic redistribution at failure occurs with a uniform stress distribution and this
justifies the use in design of a mean value of stress, assumed for sake of simplicity
constant in elastic range and conventionally considered equal to:
𝑉
𝜎=𝐴
𝑛

Where, V is the shear force.

𝐴𝑛 is the net area of the cross-section of the plate
• In connections with more than one bolt, a correct evaluation of the resistant area
for the plates could become complex, depending on the ultimate load for tension
and shear as a function of the possible failure path.
• The main rules for estimating an appropriate value of the reduced area have
already been introduced for tension member verification.

22
1. Bolted Connections
• To minimize the weakness of cross-section for the presence of holes, it is possible
to increase the number of the holes from the end to the center of the connection, as
shown.

23
1. Bolted Connections
• As it happens in some practical cases dealing with joints, the design load 𝐹𝑣 can be
eccentric with reference to the centroid of the fasteners, the result of this is the
connection is subject to shear and torsion.

𝐹𝑣 𝐹𝑣 .𝑒 .𝑎𝑖
𝑉= 𝑉𝑇,𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉 2 + 𝑉 2 𝑇,𝑖
𝑛𝑓 .𝑛 𝑛𝑓 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑎 𝑖
2

𝑛𝑓 is the number of shear resisting plane per bolt and n is the number of the bolts.
𝑎𝑖 is the distance between the centroid of all the bolts and that of the single i-bolt.
24
1. Bolted Connections
Connections in Tension
• Tension occurs when the plates connected via bolts are loaded by a force normal
to the contact plane; that is parallel to the bolt axis.
• As in case of bearing connection, the response of a connection in tension is quite
difficult to predict.

25
1. Bolted Connections
• If the flange is sufficiently stiff
⁃ its deformation can be disregarded
⁃ The bolts can be assumed to be in pure tension
⁃ Connection failure is expected to be due to failure of the bolts.
• If the flange is more flexible,
⁃ the presence of prying forces, Q. increases the value of the axial load
transferred via bolts.
⁃ Connection failure may be due to bolts, flange or to both components.
• In case of tension force applied on the centroid of the bolts, it is assumed that the
design load is balanced by forces equal on each bolt. Otherwise, if a bending
moment also acts, the evaluation of the bolt forces is usually based on the
assumption of stiff plate.

26
1. Bolted Connections

Angle legs on the plane a subjected Angle legs on the plane b subjected to shear
to shear force and torsion moment force and bending moment (tension force)

Equilibrium condition dictates

1 1 2
2. 𝐵 . 𝑥 2 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐴𝑏𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥 𝑥= − σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐴𝑏𝑖 + σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝐴𝑏𝑖 + 4. 𝐵 σ𝑛𝑖=1(𝐴𝑏𝑖 . 𝑦𝑖)
2 2𝐵

27
1. Bolted Connections
Design of bolt connection
Bolts
✓The minimum nominal fastener diameter used for structural bolting is 12 mm
(M12 bolt), except for thin gauge components and sheeting.

✓ For non-preloaded bolts, at least one full thread (in addition to the thread run out)
are required to remain clear between the bearing surface of the nut and the
unthreaded part of the shank.

✓For preloaded bolts at least four full threads (in addition to the thread run out)
have to remain clear between the bearing surface of the nut and the unthreaded
part of the shank. 28
1. Bolted Connections
Nuts
• It is required that nuts run freely on their partnering bolt, which is easily checked
during hand assembly.
• Nuts have to be assembled so that their designation markings are visible for
inspection afterwards.
Washers
• Washers are not required when non preloaded bolts are used in normal round
holes, but recommended anyway to avoid damage to steel painting.
• If used, it must be specified as to whether washers must be placed under the nut or
the bolt head (whichever is rotated) or both

29
1. Bolted Connections
Structural Verifications - Bolt Designations
• The yield strength 𝑓𝑦𝑏 and the ultimate tensile strength 𝑓𝑢𝑏 for bolt classes 4.6 to
10.9 are given in Table 3.1. of ES EN:1993-1-8

Bolt class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9

𝑓𝑦𝑏 (N/𝑚𝑚2 ) 240 320 300 400 480 640 900

𝑓𝑢𝑏 (N/𝑚𝑚2 ) 400 400 500 500 600 800 1000

30
1. Bolted Connections
Structural Verifications - Clearances for Bolts and Pins
• The definition of the nominal hole diameter combined with the nominal diameter of the
bolt to be used in the hole determines whether the hole is ‘normal’ or ‘oversize’.
• The terms ‘short’ and ‘long’ applied to slotted holes refer to the two types of holes used
for the structural design of preloaded bolts, which may be used also to designate
clearances for non-preloaded bolts.

31
1. Bolted Connections
Category of Bolt Connections
• Connections that are divided in two groups depending on the type of loading
1. Shear and
2. Tension connections.
1. Connections Loaded in Shear
Category A – Bearing type
⁃ No preloading required
⁃ Bolt classes from 4.6 to 10.9 may be used
Category B – Slip resistant at serviceability limit states:
⁃ The design serviceability shear load should not exceed the design slip resistance.
⁃ The design ultimate shear load should not exceed either the design shear resistance
or the design bearing resistance.
Category C – Slip resistant at ultimate limit states:
⁃ The design ultimate shear load should not exceed either the design slip resistance
or the design bearing resistance. 32
1. Bolted Connections
2. Connections Loaded in Tension
Category D – tension connection non-preloaded:
⁃ This category must not be used where the connections are frequently subjected to
variations of the tensile force.
⁃ However, they may be used in connections designed to resist normal wind loads.
Category E – tension connection preloaded:
⁃ Preloaded 8.8 and 10.9 bolts with controlled tightening are used.
⁃ This category shall be used in connections designed to resist to seismic loads.

33
1. Bolted Connections
• Partial Material Factors

34
1. Bolted Connections
Design Resistance
• Checks need to be carried out for a number of possible failure modes;

✓ Tension Resistance
✓Shear resistance per shear plate

✓Bearing Resistance

✓Combined shear and tension .

35
1. Bolted Connections
• Tension Resistance
➢The tension resistance per bolt at ultimate limit states, 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 , is defined as:
𝑘2 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴𝑠
𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = Bolt diameter Tensile area Shank area

where, 𝛾𝑚2 (mm) (mm2) (mm2)

12 84 113

𝐴𝑠 is the tensile stress area of the bolt. 16 157 201

20 245 314
𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25 22 303 380

𝑓𝑢𝑏 is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt 24 353 452

27 459 572
𝑘2 = 0.63 for countersunk bolt, otherwise k2 = 0.9 30 561 707

➢Punching shear resistance 𝐵𝑝,𝑟𝑑 of the plate is defined as:

0.6𝜋𝑑𝑚 𝑡𝑝 𝑓𝑢
𝐵𝑝,𝑟𝑑 = where, 𝑓𝑢 is the ultimate tensile strength.
𝛾𝑚2
𝑡𝑝 is the thickness of the plate
𝑑𝑚 is the minimum between the nut diameter and the
mean value of the bolt head.

36
1. Bolted Connections
• Shear Resistance per Shear Plane
➢Shear resistance per shear plane for ordinary bolts where the shear plane passes
through the threaded portion of the bolt;
𝐴𝑠
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑎𝑣 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝛾𝑚2
➢𝐴𝑠 is the tensile stress area of the bolt.
➢𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25
➢𝑓𝑢𝑏 is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

37
1. Bolted Connections
➢Shear resistance per shear plane for ordinary bolts where the shear plane passes
through the unthreaded portion of the bolt;
𝐴
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = 0.6𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝛾
𝑚2

Where,
A is the gross area of the bolt (shank area).
𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25
𝑓𝑢𝑏 is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

38
1. Bolted Connections
Bolted Joints-Bearing Resistance
Bearing resistance for ordinary bolts:
𝑘1 𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑢 𝑑.𝑡
𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝛾𝑚2
Where,
d is the bolt diameter .
𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25
t is the thickness
𝑓𝑢 is the ultimate tensile strength
𝑎𝑏 in case of bolts in the direction of load:
for edge bolts:
𝑒1 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , 1.0
3𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑢
𝑎𝑏 for internal bolts
𝑝1 1 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 4, , 1.0
3𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑢
39
1. Bolted Connections
𝑘1 In case of bolts in the direction of load:
for edge bolts:
2.8𝑒2
𝑘1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 1.7, 2.5
𝑑𝑜
𝑘1 for internal bolts:
1.4𝑝2
𝑘1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 1.7, 2.5
𝑑𝑜
➢A reduction of the bearing resistance, 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 , has to be considered in the following
cases
✓Bolts in oversized holes, for which a bearing resistance of 0.8 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 (reduction
of 20% with reference to the case of normal holes) has to be considered;
✓Bolts in slotted holes, where the longitudinal axis of the slotted hole is
perpendicular to the direction of the force transfer, for which a bearing
resistance of 0.6 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 (reduction of 40% with reference to the case of normal
holes) has to be considered
40
1. Bolted Connections
Bolted Joints-Combined Shear and Tension Resistance
➢If the bolt is subjected to combined design shear, 𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑 and tension, 𝐹𝑇,𝐸𝑑 , the
resistance of the bolt is defined as:
𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑 𝐹𝑡,𝐸𝑑
+ ≤1
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 1.4𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑
Where,
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 is the design shear resistance per bolt, and
𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 is design tension resistance per bolt.

41
1. Bolted Connections
Bolted Joints-Slip-Resistant Connection
➢In case of slip-resistant connection, the design pre-loading force for high strength
class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt, 𝐹𝑝,𝐶𝑑 , has to be taken, as
0.7𝑓𝑢𝑏 . 𝐴𝑠
𝐹𝑝,𝐶𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚7
➢The design slip resistance, 𝐹𝑠,𝑅𝑑 , of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt is:
𝑘𝑠 . 𝑛. 𝜇
𝐹𝑠,𝑅𝑑 = . 𝐹𝑝,𝑐
𝛾𝑚3
➢The design pre-loading force 𝐹𝑝,𝑐 , is defined as
𝐹𝑝,𝑐 = 0.7𝑓𝑢𝑏 . 𝐴𝑠
Where,
µ is the friction coefficient
𝛾𝑚3 = 1.1
𝛾𝑚7 = 1.1 42
1. Bolted Connections
𝑘𝑠 accounts for the type of holes and assumes the following
values:
= 1 for bolts in normal holes
= 0.85 for bolts in either oversized holes or short slotted holes
with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direction of
load transfer
= 0.7 for bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of the slot
perpendicular to the direction of load transfer
= 0.76 for bolts in short slotted holes with the axis of the slot
parallel to the direction of load transfer
= 0.63 for bolts in long slotted holes with the axis of the slot
parallel to the direction of load transfer.
43
1. Bolted Connections
Bolted Joints-Long Joints

➢Where the distance 𝐿𝑗 between the centers of the end fasteners in a joint, measured
in the direction of force transfer, is more than 15d, the design shear resistance
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 of all the fasteners has to be reduced by multiplying it by a reduction factor
𝛽𝐿𝑓 defined as:
𝐿𝑗 − 15𝑑
𝛽𝐿𝑓 = 1 − , 0.75 ≤ 𝛽𝐿𝑓 ≤ 1
200𝑑
44
1. Bolted Connections
Position of holes
Table 3.3 gives minimum and maximum spacing, end and edge distances

45
1. Bolted Connections
1. Normal holes 4. staggered holes for
compression members

2. Staggered holes

5. Staggered holes for tension

members

3. Slotted holes

46
SUMMARY

47
SUMMARY

48
2. WELDED CONNECTION
• Welding is an assembling process that allows us to permanently join two metallic
elements causing fusion of the adjoining parts.
• When comparing welded connections to bolted, or riveted ones, it is apparent that
the former are inherently monolithic and are at the same time stiffer and less
complicated, allowing more freedom to the designer.
• These advantages are balanced by the need of additional detailing and fabrication
requirements, especially for that which concerns the assurance and verification of
the quality of welded joints, in order to prevent potential partial loss of strength or
stiffness, or possibly brittle fractures.
• This is the reason why the welding process should always be performed by
qualified welders.
• In welded connections the connected elements are identified as base material,
while the weld material, when applicable, refers to the material that is added to the
joint in its liquid state during the welding process.

49
2. WELDED CONNECTION
Metallurgical defects Geometric defects
Cracks (hot or cold) Excess of weld metal
Lack of penetration (lack
Lamellar tearing
of fusion)
Inclusions Lack of alignment

50
2. WELDED CONNECTION
Types of Welded Connections
• The load-resisting elements of a welded joint are the welds.
I. Based on the relative position of the elements to be joined, there can be
a) Butt joints

b) Edge joints

c) Corner joints

d) T-joints

e) L-joints
f) Lap joints

51
2. WELDED CONNECTION
II. Based on the position of the weld and on the direction of the force to be
transferred

a) longitudinal welds b) transverse welds c) inclined welds

III. Based on the type of weld, there can be

✓Groove welds,
✓Fillet welds,
✓Slot welds,
✓Plug welds

52
2. WELDED CONNECTION
• According to the ES-EN:1993-1-8, there can be the following types of join
✓Fillet welds,
✓Fillet weld all round,
✓Flare groove welds,
✓Plug welds, and
✓Butt welds
• For Butt welds, for most common cases the design strength can be taken to be
equal to the design strength of the weaker of the connecting members.

53
2. WELDED CONNECTION
Design Resistance of fillet welds
➢The design resistance of a fillet weld should be determined using either the directional
method or the simplified method.
1. Directional method
➢Requires the determination of the state of stress in the effective throat area without
rotations, and thus the stresses σ and τ are the normal and shear stresses in the plane of the
effective throat area, respectively.
𝑓𝑢 0.9𝑓𝑢
𝜎 2 ⊥ + 3. (𝜏 2 ⊥ + 𝜏 2 // ) ≤ , 𝜎⊥ ≤
𝛽𝑤 .𝛾𝑚2 𝛾𝑚2
𝜎⊥ , normal stress, acting perpendicularly to the effective area;
𝜏⊥ , shearing stress, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fillet;
𝜏// , shearing stress, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fillet;
𝑓𝑢 is the nominal tensile strength of the weakest element in the joint
𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25
𝛽𝑤 is an appropriate correlation coefficient

54
2. WELDED CONNECTION

55
2. WELDED CONNECTION
2. simplified method
➢Establishes that the design strength of a fillet weld should be taken, independently
on the orientation of the weld, as:
𝑓𝑢 / 3
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝐹𝑤,𝑅𝑑 𝐹𝑤,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 𝑎, 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = 𝛽𝑤 𝛾𝑚2
Where,
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 is the design value of the weld force per unit length
𝐹𝑤,𝑅𝑑 is the design resistance per unit length
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 is the design shear strength of the weld
a is the effective throat thickness
𝑓𝑢 is the nominal tensile strength of the weakest element in the joint
𝛾𝑚2 = 1.25
𝛽𝑤 is an appropriate correlation coefficient

56
2. WELDED CONNECTION

57
THANK YOU
?????

58
EXAMPLE
1. Check the suitability of the bolt arrangement in figure below if the joint is
designed to carry 100 kN axial load. The diameter and the class of bolts are 20
mm and 10.9 respectively. The grade of the steel plate used is S235

59
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
⁃ Number of plate=3 with t1=6mm,t2=7.1mm and t3=6mm
⁃ Steel grade S235, for t<40mm, 𝑓𝑢 = 360𝑀𝑃𝑎
⁃ Bolt class(bolt grade)=10.9, 𝑓𝑦𝑏 = 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑢𝑏 = 900𝑀𝑃𝑎
⁃ Bolt diameter, d=20mm, 𝑑𝑜 = 𝑑 + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22𝑚𝑚
⁃ D𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 100𝑘𝑁
2. Position
Minimum spacing
e1=1.2do=1.2*22=26.4mm
e2= 1.2do=1.2*22=26.4mm
p1=2.2do=2.2*22=48.4
p2=2.4do=2.4*22=52.8mm
Maximum spacing
e1=4t+40=4*6+40=64mm
e2=4t+40=4*6+40=64mm
p1=min{14t:200}=min{14*6:200}=84mm
p2=min{14t:200}=min{14*6:200}=84mm
60
EXAMPLE
Comparing spacing given with respective upper and lower limit
e1:26.4mm<40mm<64mm
e2:26.4mm<40mm<64mm
p1:48.4mm<60mm<84mm
p2:52.8mm<60mm<84mm
There fore, the spacing set are adequate
3. Shear, bearing and tensile resistance of the bolted connection
number of bolts=5
for d=20mm, A=314𝑚𝑚2
number of shear plate=number of plate-1=3-1=2
Individual shear resistance per shear plane,𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑
𝑎𝑣 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴 0.5 ∗ 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎 ∗ 314𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = = = 125.6𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚2 1.25
For bolt grade 𝑎𝑣 = 0.5
Total 𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐹𝑣,𝑅𝑑 ∗ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ∗ 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
= 125.6 ∗ 2 ∗ 5 = 1256𝑘𝑁>𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 100𝑘𝑁

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 EXAMPLE
Individual bearing resistance, 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑
𝑘1 𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑢 𝑑𝑡
𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚2
𝑒1 𝑝1 1 𝑓𝑢𝑏
𝑎𝑏 = min{3𝑑𝑜 , 3𝑑𝑜 − 4 , 𝑓 , 1.0}
𝑢
40 60 1 1000
=min{ , − , , 1.0}
3∗22 3∗22 4 360
=0.61
𝑒2 𝑝2
𝑘1 = min{2.8 𝑑𝑜 − 1.7,1.4 𝑑𝑜 − 1.7,2.5}
=min{3.39,2.12,2.5}
=2.12
𝑘1 𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑢 𝑑𝑡 2.12∗0.61∗360𝑀𝑃𝑎∗20𝑚𝑚∗6𝑚𝑚
Thus, 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = = = 44.69𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚2 1.25
Total 𝐹𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 44.69 ∗ 𝑁 = 44.69 ∗ 5 = 223.45𝑘𝑁>𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 100𝑘𝑁

62
EXAMPLE
Individual tension resistance, 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑
𝑘2 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴 0.9∗1000𝑀𝑃𝑎∗314
𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = = = 226𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚2 1.25
Total 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 =individual 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 *bolt number=226*5=1130kN>𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 100𝑘𝑁

63
EXAMPLE
2. A shear splice is assigned at point B using bolts and a steel plate in figure. The
dimension of the beam section is 254 *146*37, and steel grade S235 is used for
the beam and the plate. A bolt of class 6.8, which has a diameter of 12 mm, is
used for the bolted connection. Determine the number of bolts required.

64
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
• Consider web of beam as steel plate as well, number of steel plate = 2
• Thickness of steel plates is 5 mm, while thickness of the beam web is 6.3 mm
• For S235 and the thicknesses of steel plates and beam web are less than 40 mm,
𝑓𝑢 = 360𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Bolt class = 6.8, 𝑓𝑢𝑏 = 600𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Bolt diameter, d = 12 mm, do=d+2=14mm
2. Design load

65
EXAMPLE

Thus 𝑵𝑬𝒅 = 𝑽𝑬𝒅 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵

66
EXAMPLE
3. Position (spacing)

67
EXAMPLE
4. Individual shear resistance per shear plane, 𝑭𝒗,𝑹𝒅

68
EXAMPLE
5. Individual bearing resistance, 𝑭𝒃,𝑹𝒅

69
EXAMPLE
6. Individual tension resistance, 𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑
𝑘2 𝑓𝑢𝑏 𝐴 0.9 ∗ 600 ∗ 113
𝐹𝑡,𝑅𝑑 = = = 48.86𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚2 1.25

Thus, number of bolt required = 4

70
EXAMPLE
3. Check the suitability of a 200 mm *500 mm *7 mm steel plate in establishing a
bolted connection at a beam splice shown in figure below. The steel grade is
S235, the bolt class is 10.9, and the bolt diameter is 24 mm. The beam web is
18.4 mm thick.

71
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
Consider web of beam as steel plate as well, number of steel plate = 3
Thickness of steel plates is 7 mm, while thickness of the beam web is 18.4 mm

For S235, the thicknesses of steel plates and web are less than 40 mm,

Thus, 𝑓𝑢 = 360𝑀𝑃𝑎

Bolt class = 10.9, 𝑓𝑢𝑏 = 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎

Bolt diameter, d = 24 mm, do=d+2=26mm

𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 500𝑘𝑁

72
EXAMPLE
2. Spacing (position)

73
EXAMPLE
3. Individual shear resistance per shear plane, 𝑭𝒗,𝑹𝒅

74
EXAMPLE
4. Individual bearing resistance,𝑭𝒃,𝑹𝒅

75
EXAMPLE
5. Individual tension resistance, 𝑭𝒕,𝑹𝒅

Therefore, Number of bolt required = 5

∴The minimum dimension of steel plate

for such arrangement is 200 mm 440
mm. Therefore, the steel plate suggested
is suitable for this 76
EXAMPLE
4. Determine the shear and tying resistances of the simple joint end plate beam to
column flange connection shown below. The bolted connection uses non-
preloaded bolts (category A, bearing type bolted connection)

77
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Joint details and section properties

78
EXAMPLE
For S275 steel grade and t<40mm, 𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑢 = 430𝑀𝑃𝑎

79
EXAMPLE

80
EXAMPLE

81
EXAMPLE
Resistance of the fillet welds

82
EXAMPLE
• Shear resistance of the connection
1. End plate bolt group

83
EXAMPLE

84
EXAMPLE
• Beam web in shear

85
EXAMPLE
• Tying resistance of the connection
• End plate in bending

86
EXAMPLE

87
EXAMPLE

88
EXAMPLE
• Summary
1. Joint shear resistance

89
EXAMPLE
• Joint tying resistance

90
EXAMPLE
5. Find the total welding length of the connection in Figure below. The load
applied to the bracing is 500 kN. Use steel plate grade S235 for the welding
plate and the bracing member.

91
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
From figure above, the thickness of steel bracing member is 15 mm
Steel grade = S235, t = 15 mm < 40 mm, fu = 360 N/mm
𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 500 kN
2. Throat thickness, a
2 2 2
𝑎= ∗ 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∗𝑡 = ∗ 15 = 10.6𝑚𝑚
2 2 2
3. Design weld shear strength. 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑
𝑓𝑢 / 3
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆235 𝛽𝑤 = 0.8
𝛽𝑤 𝛾𝑚2
360/ 3
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = = 207.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
0.8 ∗ 1.25
4. Weld resistance per length, 𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 ∗ 𝑎 = 207.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 *10.6mm= 2.2kN/mm 92
EXAMPLE
5. Effective welding length, L
𝑁𝐸𝑑 500𝑘𝑁
L=𝐹 = 2.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚 = 227.27𝑚𝑚
𝑤,𝐸𝑑

Total length to be weld, From figure, number of weld is 3

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐿 + 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 ∗ 2𝑎 = 227.27 + 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 10.6
= 290.87𝑚𝑚 ≈ 291𝑚𝑚
From the dimension of bracing member in figure above, L1 = 150 mm
291 − 150
𝐿2 = 𝐿3 = = 70.5𝑚𝑚
2
The minimum welding length at two sides of bracing member is 70.5 mm

93
EXAMPLE
6. Check the suitability of a steel plate for welded connection, which will be
established on the left side of the joint .The grade of the steel plate is S235 and
the thickness is 10 mm.

94
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
Plate thickness, t=10mm, Steel grade = S235, t = 10 mm < 40 mm 𝑓𝑢 = 360𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 500 kN
2. Throat thickness, a
2 2 2
𝑎= ∗ 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∗𝑡= ∗ 10 = 7.1𝑚𝑚
2 2 2
3. . Design weld shear strength. 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑
𝑓𝑢 / 3
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆235 𝛽𝑤 = 0.8
𝛽𝑤 𝛾𝑚2
360/ 3 207.8𝑁
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = =
0.8 ∗ 1.25 𝑚𝑚2
4. Weld resistance per length, 𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 ∗ 𝑎 = 207.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 *7.1mm= 1.48kN/mm
95
EXAMPLE
5. Effective welding length, L
𝑁𝐸𝑑 500𝑘𝑁
L= = =337.84mm
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 1.48𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Total length to be weld, From figure, number of weld is 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐿 + 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 ∗ 2𝑎 = 337.84 + 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 7.1 ≈ 381𝑚𝑚
From the dimension of bracing member in figure above, L1 = 150 mm
381 − 150
𝐿2 = 𝐿3 = = 115.5𝑚𝑚
2
The minimum welding length at two sides of steel plate is 115.5 mm. However, the
available length at two sides of steel plate is only 90 mm.
Therefore, the welding plate is not suitable.

96
EXAMPLE
7. Determine the shear resistance of the fillet all-around weld in figure below. A
steel plate with a grade of S275 and a thickness of 20 mm is used.

97
EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Given
Plate thickness, t=20mm, Steel grade = S275, t = 20 mm < 40 mm 𝑓𝑢 = 430𝑀𝑃𝑎
2. Throat thickness, a
2 2 2
𝑎= ∗ 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∗𝑡= ∗ 10 = 7.1𝑚𝑚
2 2 2
3. . Design weld shear strength. 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑
𝑓𝑢 / 3
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆275 𝛽𝑤 = 0.85
𝛽𝑤 𝛾𝑚2
430/ 3
𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 = = 233.66𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ 1.25
4. Weld resistance per length, 𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑
𝐹𝑤,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑓𝑣𝑤,𝑑 ∗ 𝑎 = 233.66𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 *7.1mm= 1.66kN/mm

98
EXAMPLE
5. Effective welding length, L
𝑁𝐸𝑑
L=𝐹
𝑤,𝐸𝑑

Rearrange the equation

Weld resistance, 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑 ∗ 𝐿
Since both ends of the weld is closed, the effective welding length that can be
provided is equal to the total welding length.
𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 𝐹𝑣,𝐸𝑑 ∗ 𝐿=1.66kN/mm*𝜋 ∗ 80𝑚𝑚= 417.2kN

99
EXAMPLE
8. Design a suitable bolted bracket connection for connecting a
400*200*10mm plate section to the flange of a W305*305*96.9 to
carry a vertical factored load of 400kN at an eccentricity of 150 mm.
Use M20 bolts of grade 4.6 shown in figure below.

100