CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

According to Wikipedia (2020), Weather forecasting is the application of science and

technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Human beings have
attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since the nineteenth
century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of
the atmosphere on a given place and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to
project how the atmosphere will evolve on that place.

The art of weather forecasting began with early civilizations using reoccurring astronomical
and metrological events to help them monitor seasonal changes in the weather (MISTIC House,
2023) Around 650 BC the Babylonians tried to predict short term weather changes based on
the appearance of clouds and optical phenomena such as haloes. By 300B.C Chinese
astronomers had developed a calendar that divided the year into 24 festivals, each festival
associated with a different type of weather.

Around 340 B.C the Greek Philosopher Aristotle wrote Metrological, a philosophical treatise
that included theories about the formation of rain, clouds, hail, wind, thunder, lightening, and
hurricanes. In addition, topics such s astronomy, geography and chemistry were also addressed.
Aristotle made some remarkably acute observations concerning the weather, along with some
significant errors. And his four–volume text was considered by many to be the authority of
weather theory for almost 200 years. Although many of Aristotle’s claims were erroneous, it
was not until about 17th century that many of his ideas were overthrown. Throughout the
centuries, attempts have been made to produce forecasts based on weather lore and personal
observations.

However, by the end of the Renaissance, it had become increasingly evident that the
speculations of the natural philosophers were inadequate and that greater knowledge of the
necessary to further our understanding of the atmosphere (Wilson, 2022). In order to do these
instruments were needed to measure the properties. The atmosphere, such as moisture,
temperature, and pressure, the first known design in western civilization for a hygrometer an
instrument to measure the humidity of air was described by Nicholas Cusa (C.1401 – 1464,

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German) in the mid fifteenth century. Galileo Galilsi (1564 – 1642, Italian) invented an early
thermometer in 1592 or shortly thereafter, and Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647, Italian
invented the barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure in 1643. While these
meteorological instruments were being refined during the seventeenth through nineteenth
centuries, other related observational theoretical and the technological developments also
contributed to our knowledge of the atmosphere, and individuals at scattered locations began
to make and record atmospheric measurements. The invention of the telegraph and the
emergence of telegraph networks in the mid nineteenth century allowed the routine
transmission of weather observations to and from observers and compilers. Using these data,
crude weather maps were drawn and surface wind patterns and storm systems could be
identified and studied. Weather observing stations began appearing all across the globe,
eventually spawning the birth of synoptic weather forecasting, based on the compilation and
analysis many observations taken simultaneously over a wide area, in the 1860s.

With the formation of regional and global metrological observation networks in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries’, more data were becoming available for observation based weather
forecasting. A great stride in monitoring weather at high at altitudes was made in the 1920s
with the invention of the radiosonde. Small light weight boxes equipped with weather
instruments and a radio transmitter, radiosondes are carried high into the atmosphere by a
hydrogen or helium – filled balloon that ascends to an altitude of about 30 kilometers before
bursting (Gaffen, 2021). During the ascent, these instruments transmit temperature moisture,
and pressure data (Called soundings) back to ground station. Three, the data are processed and
made available for constructing weather maps or insertion into computer models for weather
prediction. Today, radiosondes are launched every twelve (12) hours from hundreds of ground
stations all over the world.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Meteorologists usually do the observation and recording of weather inputs. The current method of
weather forecasting in the Aviation industry impeded by the following problems:

i. Lack of adequate instruments and equipment for taking accurate readings and
recordings.
ii. Incorrect description of weather inputs due to wrong use of database and organization
which leads to wrong forecasting.

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 iii. Inaccuracy issue of weather forecast due to system multi-tasking and multi-programming.
iv. Inadequate database for storing previous measurement of weather elements and its analysis

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study

The aim of this research work is to design and implementation of a Weather Forecasting
Portal for Flight Management Advisory. The objectives of this research work are as follows:

i. To provide a system that will study and use advance programming language as
logical tool for forecasting weather conditions.
ii. To provide a system with adequate database for storing previous measurement of
weather elements and its analysis.
iii. To provide a system with less task that will enable aviation meteorologists issue
weather forecast with minimum delay.
iv. To provide a system that will facilitate easy entry of data obtained from measurement

of various instruments.

1.4 Scope and limitation of the Study

The scope of this project is to design workable, easy to use and reliable software package used
to forecast weather conditions for Flight Management Advisory, A case study of Nigerian
Meteorological Agency (NiMet). The scope of this project design extends to the following
range and deals with the total automation of the following:

i. The data entry section which facilitates easy entry of data obtained from measurements of
various instruments.
ii. The database: the data entered is stored in a data base for record purpose and also for easy
sorting of a particular record(s).
iii. The weather analysis: This analyses a given record of daily weather measurements and also
permits the statistics of the data to be viewed.
iv. The weather forecast: The impact of weather and its remarks is stated.

The limitation is, the application will not work effectively without the user device connected
to the internet.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

The proposed system will be of benefit to Aviation industry that would provide information
concerning the weather conditions on a daily basis, and information would be useful for:

i. Aircraft landing
ii. Aircraft take-off
iii. Making decisions on route changes and inconveniences; and
iv. Discomfort arising from altitudinal changes in flight.

1.6 Project Organization

The project organization is a predetermined process a project is carried out. For this project
work, the organization process is as follow:

Chapter one – Started with introduction, stating the background of the study, statement of the
problem that state precise problem by which the new systems would solve, aim and objectives,
the project scopes are spelt out by describing what the system will precisely do and the
limitation is also stated which is what the new systems cannot do. The significance of the
project also outlined.

The chapter two - literature review, literature and terms related to the project will be stated
out. The case study of the project will be visited and documentation will be done on them.

The chapter three- talks more on description and analysis of the existing system, this describes
the existing of computer-based test and examination system.

The chapter four-result and discussion is outlined the description of the developed system is
made, stating clearly what is designed.

The chapter five- will cover a summary of the entire project work. A recommendation is later
made, reference and then a conclusion will be the end note of the entire project work.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Brief History of Weather Forecast

Recent scientific breakthroughs allowing forecasters to better predict the weather are just the

latest in a long line of meteorology developments. Google’s artificial intelligence (AI) arm

DeepMind has developed a system allowing forecasters to predict the chance of rain within the

next couple of hours with much higher precision. But people have been attempting to work out

whether it is going to chuck it down or not for thousands of years. As far back as 650BC, the

Babylonians, in modern-day Iraq and Syria, tried to divine the weather based on cloud patterns

and astrology.

However, it was in the 19th century that the science of weather forecasting truly began, with

the invention of the electric telegraph in 1835. Soon after, the Royal Navy officer Francis

Beaufort developed the wind force scale. It would later become known as the Beaufort scale.

The sinking of the Royal Charter ship in a storm off the north coast of Anglesey in October

1859 inspired Beaufort’s Royal Navy protege Robert FitzRoy to develop weather charts which

he described as “forecasts”, the first known usage of the term. He went on to help set up 15

land stations, which used a telegraph to transmit daily weather reports and led to the creation

of a gale warning service. In 1861, the first daily weather forecasts were published in the Times.

In the 20th century, advances in understanding atmospheric physics led towards modern-day

numerical weather prediction. Since then, forecasting techniques have included analyzing

data relating to pressure, air speed, precipitation and temperature. These are collected from

around the world and fed into supercomputers for analysis (Hannah, 2023).

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2.2 Traditional Weather Forecasting

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the

atmosphere for a given location. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data

about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric

processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. There are a variety of end users to weather

forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and

property (Planky, 2021). In ancient times, forecasting was mostly based on weather pattern

observation. Over the years, the study of weather patterns has resulted in various techniques

for rainfall forecasting. Present rainfall forecasting embodies a combination of computer

models, interpretation, and an acquaintance of weather patterns. The following are some of the

techniques used for existing weather prediction.

a) Use of a barometer: Measurements of barometric pressure and the pressure tendency

have been used in forecasting since the late 19th century. The larger the change in

pressure, the larger the change in weather can be expected. If the pressure drop is rapid,

a low pressure system is approaching, and there is a greater chance of rain (Mark, 2022).

b) Looking at the sky: Along with pressure tendency, the condition of the sky is one of

the most important parameters used to forecast weather in mountainous areas.

Thickening of cloud cover or the invasion of a higher cloud deck is an indication of rain

in the near future. At night, high thin clouds can lead to halos around the moon, which

indicates the approach of a warm front and its associated rain. Morning fog portends

fair conditions, as rainy conditions are preceded by wind or clouds which prevent fog

formation (Udes 2021).

c) Weather satellites: Weather satellites have been increasingly important sources of

weather data since the first one was launched in 1952. Weather satellites are the best

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 way to monitor large scale systems, like storms. Satellites can also monitor the spread

of ash from a volcanic eruption, smoke from fires, and pollution. They are able to record

long-term changes. Weather satellites may observe all energy from all wavelengths in

the electromagnetic spectrum. Most important are the visible light and infrared (heat)

frequencies.

Fig.1: Geostationary satellites

d) Weather maps: Weather maps simply and graphically depict meteorological

conditions in the atmosphere. Weather maps may display only one feature of the

atmosphere or multiple features. They can depict information from computer models or

from human observations. Weather maps are found in newspapers, on television, and

on the Internet. On a weather map, each weather station will have important

meteorological conditions plotted. These conditions may include temperature, current

weather, dew point, cloud cover, sea level air pressure, wind speed and direction. On a

weather map, meteorologists use many different symbols. These symbols give them a

quick and easy way to put information onto the map.

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 Fig.2: Weather Map

2.3 Types of Weather Forecasting

A daily weather forecast involves the work of thousands of observes and meteorologists all

over the world. Modern computers make forecasts more accurate than ever, and weather

satellites orbiting the earth take photographs of clouds from space. Forecasters use the

observations from ground and space, along with formulas and rules based on experience of

what has happened in the past, and then make their forecast Meteorologists actually use a

combination of several different methods to come up with their daily weather forecasts

(Honpex, 2020)., some of the methods are:

a) Persistence Forecasting: The simplest method of forecasting the weather is persistence

forecasting. It relies upon today's conditions to forecast the conditions tomorrow. This

can be a valid way of forecasting the weather when it is in a steady state, such as during

the summer season in the tropics. This method of forecasting strongly depends upon the

presence of a stagnant weather pattern (Drice, 2020). It can be useful in both short range

forecasts and long range forecasts. This assumes that what the weather is doing now is

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 what it will continue to do. To find out what the weather is doing, meteorologists make

weather observations.

b) Synoptic Forecasting: This method uses the basic rules for forecasting. Meteorologists

take their observations, and apply those rules to make a short-term forecast.

c) Statistical Forecasting: Meteorologists ask themselves, what does it usually do this

time of the year? Records of average temperatures, average rainfall and average snowfall

over the years give forecasters an idea of what the weather is "supposed to be like" at a

certain time of the year.

d) Computer forecasting: Forecasters take their observations and plug the numbers into

complicated equations. Several ultra-high-speed computers run these various equations

to make computer "models" which give a forecast for the next several days (Charles &

Santos, 2020). Often, different equations produce different results, so meteorologists

must always use the other forecasting methods along with this one. Weather forecasting

now has a wide range of operational products that traditionally are classified under Very

short-range forecast, Short-range forecast, Medium-range forecast and Long-range

forecast.

2.4 Importance of Weather Forecasting

Weather forecasting is used in many situations like severe weather alerts and advisories,

predicting the behavior of the cloud for air transport, prediction of waterways in a sea,

agricultural development and avoiding forest fire.

2.4.1 Severe weather alerts and advisories

A major part of modern weather forecasting is the severe weather alerts and advisories which

are the national weather service’s issue in anticipation of severe or hazardous weather are

expected. This is done to protect life and property. Some of the most commonly known of

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severe weather advisories are the severe thunderstorm and tornado warning, as well as the

severe thunderstorm and tornado watch. Other forms of these advisories include winter

weather, high wind, flood, tropical cyclone, and fog. Severe weather advisories and alerts are

broadcast through the media, including radio, using emergency systems as the Emergency Alert

System which breaks into regular programming (Onioh, 2021).

2.4.2 Predicting the behavior of the cloud for Air transport

The aviation industry is especially sensitive to the weather and accurate weather forecasting is

essential. Fog or exceptionally low ceilings can prevent many aircraft from landing and taking

off. Turbulence and icing are also significant in-flight hazards. Thunderstorms are a problem

for all aircrafts because of severe turbulence due to their updrafts and outflow boundaries, icing

due to the heavy precipitation, as well as large hail, strong winds, and lightning, all of which

can cause severe damage to an aircraft in flight. Volcanic ash is also a significant problem for

aviation, as aircraft can lose engine power within ash clouds (Jrido, 2021).

2.4.3 Prediction of waterways in a sea and Avoiding Forest fire

Commercial and recreational use of waterways can be limited significantly by wind direction,

speed, wave periodicity, high tides and precipitation. These factors can each influence the

safety of marine transit. Consequently, a variety of codes have been established to efficiently

transmit detailed marine weather forecasts to vessel pilots via radio, for example marine

forecast. Typical weather forecasts can be received at sea through the use of Radio fax.

Weather forecasting of wind, precipitations and humidity is essential for preventing and

controlling wildfires. Different indices, like the Forest fire weather index and the Haines Index,

have been developed to predict the areas more at risk to experience fire from natural or human

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causes. Conditions for the development of harmful insects can also be predicted by weather

forecasting.

2.4.4 Agricultural development

Weather plays an important role in agricultural production. It has a profound influence on the

growth, development and yields of a crop, incidence of pests and diseases, water needs and

fertilizer requirements in terms of differences in nutrient mobilization due to water stresses and

timeliness and effectiveness of prophylactic and cultural operations on crops. Weather

aberrations may cause physical damage to crops and soil erosion (Articlasky 2023). The quality

of the crop produced during movement from field to storage and transport to market depends

on weather. Bad weather may affect the quality of the produce during transport and viability

and vigor of seeds and planting material during storage.

2.5 Scientific challenge of weather prediction

The atmosphere is a gaseous (fluid) envelope around the earth. The weather is nothing but the

day to day fluctuations of the atmospheric state. These fluctuations are due to the movement

of air in the gaseous envelope. The air moves because it is under the action of a number of

forces. The primary force acting on the atmosphere is solar heating which is an external force.

As we know, hot bodies radiate according to Planck’s law (higher the temperature of the black

body, shorter the mean wavelength at which it radiates). As a result of the very high mean

temperature of the sun, the solar electromagnetic radiation has maximum energy at the visible

wavelengths. The gases in the atmosphere (mainly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon

dioxide) cannot absorb much of this radiation. Part of it gets reflected from the clouds and the

surface of the earth and the rest is absorbed by the solid earth which is harmful to mankind.

This heat raises the temperature of the earth’s surface and it radiates as a black body. At the

temperature of the earth atmosphere system, the radiation emitted from the earth is

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concentrated in the infrared range. Measurements on earth indicate that the rate at which solar

energy impinges on an area perpendicular to the sun’s rays at the mean earth-sun distance is

about 2.0 cal/cm2/min or 1390 Watts/m2.

2.5.1 Weather and Climate Events in Nigeria and the Challenges they pose

At the outset, it is important to distinguish between weather and climate. Weather is

localized in time-and space; climate is the summation of weather on local, regional, and

global scales over periods of years to centuries. The weather is what is happening right now.

The temperature, pressure, humidity, wind direction and speed, cloudiness, visibility, state

of the earth surface, the amount of radiation reaching the ground or given off by the ground

and a few other parameters can be used to specify what the weather is at a particular location,

and at a given time. Weather however may appear local but its causes may be global. On the

other hand, climate is the synthesis of weather, the long term manifestation of weather

however they may be expressed. More rigorously, the climate of a specified area is

represented by the statistical collective of its weather condition during a specified interval

of time usually about thirty years. Some of the specific weather events are as follows:

a) Local showers: The scale of this phenomenon is usually of the order of a few kilometres.

We may have showers over the residential areas of the campus of this University and

the showers may not be observed at the academic areas. These events happen on the

scale that cannot be captured by the kind of observational network we have in Nigeria.

We have an idea of the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon but we do not as

yet have a good understanding of how they may be properly predicted. Local showers

may spread over a large area. We are not as yet able to forecast the specific areas over

which they may fall. We need to understand this system because of its adverse effects

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 on the propagation of Electromagnetic Waves and our telecommunication systems. Road

users whose vehicles run into local showers are also in danger of freak accidents.

b) Local Thunder Storms and Rain Showers: This phenomenon may cover areas of the

order of tens of kilometers. The phenomenon is accompanied by heavy showers, thunder

and lightning. This is an important feature of hilly areas. The phenomenon usually has a

short duration in spite of its fury. It is common at the beginning of rains. A locality

surrounded by hills maw experience heavy thunder activity around it but it May not

ramous howler at the locality. This situation often obtains around Ife, and TV: people

are usually blamed if it rains around Ife and dors cot rair, within Ife town. Local 'rain-

.makers' or good farmers, especially experienced ones, are usually able to forecast this

kind of weather. Because they have a better understanding of this phenomenon. And the

ordinary person, they can claim to slop or start this type of rain. Scientists have been

able to model this type of events fairly successfully and the course of the events can be

properly predicted.

Weather occurrence in Nigeria may be related to events in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans, or

to an atmospheric system emanating from the Himalaya Mountains in Northern India. The

essential ingredients of weather over Tropical Africa are: the Subtropical High Pressure

systems of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; strong jets of wind at a height of about

17 km, called the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), another jet of winds at about 3 km from the

ground called the African Easterly Jet (Am), the African Easterly Wave Systems that move

across the region, the South West Monsoon System; and the interface between the moist

south westerly current and the dry winds from the Sahara often referred to as the Inter

Tropical Discontinuity (ITD). Other systems that impinge directly and indirectly on the

weather and climate of Nigeria are the so called atmospheric teleconnections, like the El-

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 Nino, and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Ocean influences, the Walker

Circulation, and the Hadley cell.

2.6 Weather Forecast for Flight Management Advisory

Fog, snow, ice and crosswinds mean that air traffic controllers have to increase the gap between

planes that are landing, reducing the number of aircraft that an airport can manage. The same

weather can make it slower and more difficult for the planes to taxi between runway and

terminal building. As many commercial flights are cruising more than five miles above the

ground, they can be affected by different weather than we are experiencing on the ground.

Safety is always the first consideration for the aviation industry. An aircraft that's stood

overnight in freezing weather will need de-icing before its first flight in the morning. That's a

fairly big task for one plane but imagine the task at Heathrow on a snowy January morning. At

the same time there are miles of taxiways and runways to clear. Then think about the people

who do this work getting to the airport - the same snow and ice are probably affecting the roads

and railways.

2.7 The Case Study

The case study selected for this research work is the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet).

The Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) came into existence by an Act of the National

Assembly – NiMet (Establishment) ACT 2003, enacted on 21st May 2003, and became

effective on 19th June 2003 following Presidential assent.

It is a Federal Government agency charged with the responsibility to advise the Federal

Government on all aspects of meteorology; project, prepare and interpret government policy in

the field of meteorology; and to issue weather (and climate) forecasts for the safe operations of

aircrafts, ocean going vessels and oil rigs.

The Act also makes it the responsibility of the Agency to observe, collate, collect, process and

disseminate all meteorological data and information within and outside; co-ordinate research

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activities among staff, and publish scientific papers in the various branches of meteorology in

support of sustainable socio-economic activities in Nigeria.

Fig. 3: NiMET of Nigeria

2.8 Review of Related Research Works

Every research work is designed to solve problems and always rely on previous research to

look for its success.

The following were the related review work

2.8.1 Design and Implementation of weather monitoring by using simple instruments

(Raphael, 2020)

For many years simple instruments and techniques have been used in order to measure

weather changes. Basic weather measuring instruments like cup anemometer and wind vane

had been used to measure wind speed and direction. These instruments are still widely used

in most common weather monitoring technologies today. Barometers, thermometers, rain

gauges and hygrometers, are the vital tools for weather monitoring, from which more

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 advanced technologies used in weather monitoring are developed. However measuring

weather data using this traditional way has the disadvantage that the system requires constant

intervention of the human being to record the data manually. Furthermore it is difficult to

monitor the weather station remotely as it cannot be easily integrated with modern

technologies.

2.8.2 Automatic Weather Station (Aws) (Francis, 2021)

Automatic weather station (AWS) is a system that enables the collection of meteorological

observations automatically. An AWS comprises a number of sensors, a data logger (housed in

a waterproof enclosure) and a power supply. Typically, an AWS has got sensors that measure

various weather parameters like rainfall, atmospheric temperature, wind speed, humidity,

pressure, and direction. The advantage of AWS over a traditional manual weather station is

that it is far less labour-intensive. Provided an AWS is regularly checked to ensure that it is

functioning properly, it does not need to be physically attended so that results can be manually

recorded. Professional AWS such as the one depicted in the fig below are available online.

However, the capital-intensive nature of AWS often means that it is too expensive to set up a

large number of stations. Consequently, data-hungry forecasting models, which operate best

when fed with a vast quantity of observations from a very dense network of AWS, cannot

operate to their full capacity. In addition professional AWS are not available on the local

market.

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 Fig.4: Automatic Weather Station (Aws)

2.8.3 Digital Weather Station (Rudigar, 2022)

This journal proposed to build a weather station with a digital display. This weather

station is powered by a power supply. The analog signal from sensors is converted to a

digital signal. This weather station provides reading parameters for pressure, rainfall,

temperature, humidity, wind direction and wind speed and could only display one

parameter from the weather station at one time [2]. The limitations of this system are that

it cannot be monitored remotely and requires the physical presence of the human being

to take readings. Moreover the system lacks autonomous data logging capability which

is crucial for future weather forecasting and prediction.

2.8.4 Monitoring System of a Weather Station Via IP (Xiang, 2023)

From this journal, a monitoring system for weather station was developed. They

converted analog signal from sensor to digital signal to be read by computer via data

acquisition card usb6009 and using LabView as application software to interface the

data from weather station. This method is limited by availability of internet connection

to access the remote weather station. This system cannot be used in rural areas since

internet access is limited and some areas are not covered at all.

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2.9 Findings from the Review

Information gathered from the existing system has the following problems;

v. Lack of adequate instruments and equipment for taking accurate readings and

recordings.

vi. Incorrect description of weather inputs due to wrong use of database and organization

which leads to wrong forecasting.

vii. Inaccuracy issue of weather forecast due to system multi-tasking and multi-

programming.

viii. Inadequate database for storing previous measurement of weather elements and its

analysis

2.10 The Proposed System and its Justification

From the facts gathered from the existing system used for weather forecasting, it is clear that a

new automated system is required for the overall effectiveness and accurate weather

forecasting result. Features that will be included in new system will be as follows:

v. The data entry section which facilitates easy entry of data obtained from measurements
of various instruments.
vi. The database: the data entered is stored in a data base for record purpose and also for
easy sorting of a particular record(s).
vii. The weather analysis: This analyses a given record of daily weather measurements and
also permits the statistics of the data to be viewed.
viii. The weather forecast: The impact of weather and its remarks is stated

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of Adopted Research Methodology

This chapter presents the methodology adopted for the research work. It encompasses

requirements engineering, data collection (User requirements gathering), review of existing

system with respect to weather forecasting portal and the proposed system.

The methodology adopted for this research is Rapid Application Development. Rapid

Application Development (RAD) is a form of agile software development methodology that

prioritizes rapid prototype releases and iterations. Unlike the Waterfall method, RAD

emphasizes the use of software and user feedback over strict planning and requirements

recording. The Phases of Rapid Application Development

a) Requirements Engineering

This stage defines the functions and data subject areas that the system will support and

determine the system scope. It is also known as the concept definition stage.

b) User Design

This is also known as the functional design stage. It uses workshops to model the systems data

and processes and to build a working prototype of critical systems component. This include

all the dramatic representation made of input to logical portray the requirement of the said

design and implementation of Weather Forecasting System.

c) Construction

The construction stage completes the construction of physical application system, build the

conversion system, and develop user aids and implementation work plan. This stage is also

referred to as the development stage. The coding testing and debugging of the program was

done in this phase using Expression web and visual web developer for front END and Microsoft

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SQL server 2005 enterprise edition was used for designing the database that served as the

backend for storing information because of its high maintenance and security tool.

d) Implementation

This stage is also known as the development stage which involves final system testing, training

of users, data conversion, and deployment of the application.

3.2 Requirements Engineering

System requirement engineering is the process conducted to determine the organization

objectives, the nature and the Scope of the problem. It also involves the evaluation of the entire

requirements for the design is identify, analyzed and the tool used for the analysis is (DFD Data

Flow Diagram). The process involves an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help a decision

maker identify a better course of action and make a better decision than they might otherwise

have made.

Requirements analysis of a system is all about the investigation of a system to know how it

will work and what can be done to improve its working efficiency and at the minimum cost.

Systems analysis is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and

decomposition of a system into its components. It is a series of activities carried out on a system

to identify its strength and weaknesses and to devise a better way of improving on the

performance system which thus involve three tasks; Data gathering through observation,

interviews, and questionnaire, etc., analysis with tools such as a checklist, and decision tables,

and documentation.

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3.2.1 Method of Data Collection

During this project design work, data needed for the project was gathered from the various

sources. In gathering and collecting necessary data and information needed from the system

analyses, some major fact-finding techniques were used in this work and there are:

a. Primary Source: This involves oral interview conducted with various staffs in

Nigerian Airport Authority Asaba, and sharing their experience about the difficulties

they undergo in using the present system during weather forecasting.

b. Secondary Source: This includes the use of textbooks, dictionary, journals,

newspapers and internet downloads to collect data in order to understand the weather

forecast and its operations.

c. Questionnaire Source: This involves a set of printed questions with a choice of

answers given to some scholars and developers in other to gather data for the proposed

system.

3.2.2 Analysis of the Current System

The current systems used for weather forecasting in Nigeria Airport Authority, the

meteorologists usually do the observation and recording of weather inputs which impeded by

the following problems:

i. Lack of adequate instruments and equipment for taking accurate readings and

recordings.

ii. Incorrect description of weather inputs due to wrong use of database and organization

which leads to wrong forecasting.

iii. Inaccuracy issue of weather forecast due to system multi-tasking and multi-

programming.

iv. Inadequate database for storing previous measurement of weather elements and its

analysis

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 Fig.5: showing the Weather Forecast process in Nigeria

3.2.3 Advantage and Disadvantage of Current System

Advantages of the current system include:

i. We can dress according to the weather.

ii. We will be warned or notified earlier.
iii. We can plan our events for specific dates because we will have an idea about the weather.

The disadvantages of the current system include:

1. Forecasts are Never Completely Accurate

2. Forecasts are never 100% and it is almost impossible to predict the future with certainty.

3. Even if you have a great process in place and forecasting experts on your payroll, your

forecasts will never be spot on.

3.2.4 Analysis of the Proposed System

This application design workable easy to use and reliable software package used to forecast
weather conditions for Flight Management Advisory (A case study of Nigerian Airport
Authority). The scope of this project design extends to the following range and deals with the
total automation of the following:

22
 i. The data entry section which facilitates easy entry of data obtained from measurements
of various instruments.
ii. The database: the data entered is stored in a data base for record purpose and also for
easy sorting of a particular record(s).
iii. The weather analysis: This analyses a given record of daily weather measurements and
also permits the statistics of the data to be viewed.
iv. The weather forecast: The impact of weather and its remarks is stated.

3.2.5 Advantages of the Proposed System

The benefits of the proposed system include:

v. To provide a system with adequate database for storing previous measurement of

weather elements and its analysis.
vi. To provide a system with less task that will enable aviation meteorologists issue
weather forecast with minimum delay.
vii. To provide a system that will facilitate easy entry of data obtained from measurement

of various instruments.

3.2.6 Requirement Analysis (Hardware and Software Requirement)

For an efficient Weather Forecasting App, the following requirements must be met.

For the system to run and give accurate result, the hardware must meet the following

specifications:

i. A computer with at least 2 GHz CPU speed for optimum performance,

ii. At least 40 GB Hard Disk Capacity

iii. 1024 * 768 screen resolution

The software requirements include:

1. MYSQL DBMS: – This allows for easy querying of the database using the select,

insert, delete, and update. This type of database is self-dependent and works on various

23
 platforms which includes Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, to mention but few and

works together with all hardware as well. To achieve good results, it is very fast stable

and is very cheap compared to other databases.

2. HTML: – The heart of the internet (World Wide Web) nowadays is the Hypertext

Markup Language (HTML). Sublime Text editor 3 (as at the time of developing the

system) is the preferred editor for coding the various User Interface (UI) designs in the

E-voting system.

3. Personal Home Page (PHP): – PHP language was the preferred language for coding

the various functions of the E-voting system.

4. JavaScript - As a scripting language was also used.

5. Ajax – It synchronizes the web browser.

6. CSS – For styling the user interface.

7. Testing is done via XAMPP SERVER.

8. We used browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer and Opera to test the system.

9. Weather map API key for displaying the results.

3.3 Database Design

The system has a backend database with the name “weatheer” which is made up of three (03)

tables or entities which are shown below; The various tables of “weatheer”

24
 Fig. 6: weatheer: The weather forecast database

i. Registered user table (tbluserList): This table stores information of all registered

users in the System.

Fig. 7: Registered users’ Table

ii. Forecast result table (tblforcasttate): This table stores the result of previous weather
forecast and displays it when requested by the browser.

Fig. 8: forecast result Table

iii. Weather Map table (tblWM): This table stores the session of the weather forecaste

information of locations.

Fig. 9: Weather map Table

25
3.4 Program Module Specifications

The entire system was broken down into subsystems. Each subsystem was designed as

a single module. These modules can be accessed by navigating from one page to the other. The

modules of the system are specified as follows:

i. Login Page: This module consists of Login form States details.

ii. User Registration: This page contains the user registration form.

iii. Myapp Page: This module consists, the weather forecast app.

3.5 Input Design

The input design specifies how data are entered and accepted by the system for processing. The

design specifies how the user interacts with the system to direct the action to be taken. The

types of input controls used are Textboxes, File upload controls and Data grid view. Some of

the input forms are,

i. Home Page/Login Page: This is the first page of the application whenever anyone
open/lunche myapp weather forecast.

26
 Fig. 10: Home Page

ii. New User Registration Page: This page enables users to register in order to user the

myapp weather forecast.

Fig. 11: user registration form

iii. Weather forecast App/portal: the following is the weather forecasting portal

27
 Fig. 14: Weather forecasting page

3.6 Flowchart for Election Process

The flowchart of the E-voting process is given below.

Fig. 15: Flowchart for Weather Forecasting process

3.7 Testing and Debugging

The software was tested to confirm that it was working as expected. Errors found during

testing were debugged accordingly following the processes outlined below:

3.7.1 Requirements for Debugging

To effectively debug code, you need two capabilities. First, you need to be able to efficiently

call on the services provided by the module. Then you need to be able to get information back

28
 about results of the calls, changes in the internal state of the module, error conditions, and

what the module was doing when an error occurred.

3.7.2 Correcting Code Errors

For the correction of errors detected by testing, the is one very important principle to keep in

mind: fix the cause, not the symptom.

Suppose that you run some code and get a segmentation fault. After some checking you

determine that a NULL pointer was passed into a procedure that did not check for NULL, but

tried to reference through the pointer anyway. Should you add a NULL pointer check to the

procedure, enclosing the entire body of the procedure in an if statement? This question cannot

be answered without an understanding of the design and algorithm. It may be that if the

algorithm is correctly implemented then the pointer cannot be NULL, so the procedure does

not make the check. If that is the case, then adding the if statement does not fix the cause of the

problem. Instead, it makes matters worse by covering up the symptoms. The problem will

surely appear somewhere else, but now the symptoms will be further removed from the cause.

Code such as the pointer NULL check should be added only if you are sure that it should be

part of the algorithm. If you add a NULL pointer check that is not required by the algorithm,

then it should report an error condition. In other words, it should be a sanity check. [An error

occurred while processing this directive].

3.8 Systems Implementation And Documentation

The system has to do with converting from the time consuming and difficult to use system to

the new system. This was done following the processes outlined below with each stage of the

project documented accordingly.

3.8.1 Implementing the Proposed Project

29
For a computing service to support the mission aims and strategic direction of Weather

Forecasting, supported devices must be responsive and flexible in meeting the needs of

Election processes. In order to achieve reasonable success in implementing this project, the

following aspects must be considered.

I. To design by making affordable hardware for the implementation scheme.

II. Continuous updating and upgrading of the developed systems and Infrastructures.

III. The types of network implemented.

3.8.2 Network Scale

The type of network to be used in this project as discussed earlier is the local area network

(LAN). We will consider the network scale which will determine the number of client computer

to use, the review of the software and some special requirement that will leads to the

configuration of the network client/server. The entire organization will be preferred to run on

a single server network. This allows the centralization of a number of file services, the

maintaining of a strong control over the network environment, workflow and group ware

achieving simple administration and easy installation configuring the network server.

The server here performs the following tasks: client-server application, Database and

communication. They are the waiters of the network world, existing simply to satisfy the

requirements of the clients. Many computers rely on the services of a server.

operating systems are therefore implemented with features such as protected pre-emptive

multitasking which prevents poorly server components software from crashing the server and

strong security which allows the management of whoever has access to the different resources

stored or provided by the server. The only difference between a server and a client is the

software each one is running.

Network operating system, which runs on the client and provides access to the resources shared

by the server, The purpose of the client network software is to make the services that are

30
available on the network appear to the client’s computer. After the network server software

installation is the network adapter card configuration. Servers communicate on the network

through their network adapter card.

3.8.3 Network Clients and Network Services

The final link to connecting the client computers to the network is the network clients and the

network services software. They are packages that bring a log into the Network but with the

application of Sequential query language (SQL) database, it makes the work very easier

because SQL package is already a network-based server, and the most important thing needed

is the installation of Database on the server and the interface in the client system.

31
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Overview of the Developed System

The developed system, an online Weather Forecasting is the output of the research work with

features as describes in the User’s Guide given in the subsequent section.

4.2 The Users’ Guide

A user guide is documents that contain all the essential information about the software that will

enable the user to operate or interact with the software effectively without the help of the third

party. It contains all the detail description of the various part of the software that will enable

the user to be able to work with the software with ease. It could also contain the practical

description of the various part of the software. The user guide of the system contains relevant

sections like systems requirements, operational procedure and others explained in subsequent

sections.

4.3 System Requirements

For an efficient online weather forecasting, the following requirements must be met:

a) The Hardware requirements

The hardware requirements must include the following:

i. A computer with at least 1.6 GHz CPU speed for optimum performance,

ii. At least 250 GB Hard Disk Capacity

iii. 1GB RAM and above and

iv. A printer.

32
 b) The software requirements

The software requirements include the following:

iv. Browsers: We have browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer and Opera. The

database used is MYSQLI Database Management System. We also used local server

(Xampp Server) for testing. The languages used were: HTML, BOOTSTRAP,

JAVASCRIPT, PHP and AJAX.

v. Software: Windows Operating System, from Windows XP to later versions.

vi. MYSQLI DBMS: – This allows for easy querying of the database using the (CRUDE

operation) create, select, insert, delete, and update. This type of database is self-dependent

and works on various platforms which includes Mac OS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, to

mention but few and works together with all hardware as well. To achieve good results, it is

very fast stable and is very cheap compared to other databases.

vii. HTML: – The heart of the internet (World Wide Web) nowadays is the Hypertext Mark-up

Language (HTML). Sublime Text editor 3 (as at the time of developing the system) is the

preferred editor for coding the various User Interface (UI) designs in the E-voting system.

viii. Personal Home Page (PHP version 7.0): – PHP language was the preferred language for

coding the various functions of the E-voting system.

ix. JavaScript - As a scripting language was also used.

x. Ajax – It synchronizes the web browser.

xi. Bootstrap/CSS – For styling the Graphic User Interface (GUI).

xii. Testing is done via XAMPP SERVER.

xiii. We used browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer and Opera to test the

system.

xiv. Weather Chart API (Google API) for displaying the downloadable software

components.

33
c) Web Hosting

An important implementation process of this system includes hosting the web portal online

with the help of a web hosting service which will make it available to the general public. A

web hosting service is a type of internet hosting service that allows individuals and

organizations to make their own websites accessible through World Wide Web.

Examples of web hosting company: Godaddy, Namecheap, hostgator etc.

e) Offline Installation and Configuration of the weather app software

Step 1: Copy the project folder Source Code (weatherforecast)

First, copy the project source code given below.

Fig. 16: offline installation of weather forecast app

Step 2: Open drive C>Xamp>htdoces

Past the project folder (myweatherforecast.com) source code and copy the file folder then

head over to your XAMPP directory. And inside the “htdocs” folder, paste the source code

folder.

Step 3: Open XAMPP

Open XAMPP and start the apache and MySQL

34
Step 4: Open your favorite Browser

Open a browser and go to URL “http://localhost/phpmyadmin/”

Step 5: Create a Database Name

Click on the databases tab and create a database naming “weatherapp”.

Step 6: Import “projectseo.sql” file

Click on browse file and select “hms.sql” file which is inside the “Database” folder

and after import click “Go“.

Step 7: Open a new tab and type the folder name “weatherapp.com”

Open a browser and go to the URL “http://localhost/ weatherapp”.

4.4 Operational Procedures of the Software

This section explains the steps to be followed by users in operating the software.

A. New user/organization Registration Process

For new user to register within the system, do the following:

i Open your web browser.

ii Type in the web address of the system (for offline www.localhost/weatherapp).

iii From the home/Login page, click on “Not Registered Yet” button, fill in your details

and click on register button:

35
 Fig. 17: New User registration page

B. User Login in to the app

For users to login to dashboard do the following:

i. Open the software on your browser

Figure 18: users’ login form

36
 Ii. Fill in your username, password and verification code generated

Iv. Click on login button. After successful login the weather forecasting page will

display as follow:

Fig. 14: Weather forecasting page

4.5 Software Maintenance

System maintenance is the process of modifying a software system or component after delivery

to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes. There are four types of software

maintenance as explained below:

i Perfective maintenance incorporates changes demanded by the user; these may, for

example, be due to changes in requirements or legislation, or be for embedded

applications in response to changes in the surrounding system.

ii Adaptive maintenance incorporates changes made necessary by modifications in the

software or hardware (operational) environment of the program, including changes in

the maintenance environment.

37
 iii Corrective maintenance is the successful repair of faults discovered in the software.

iv Preventive Maintenance usually undertaken to enhance the quality of software

documentation to prevent the difficulty of future maintenance.

Maintenance for software always involves a change in the software. This may be affected at

the coding level, or may require significant changes in design. Regression testing of the

software follows maintenance as part of a revivification and revalidation activity. Software

maintenance is a prodigious source of new software faults, so good quality control through

software engineering is essential. Each of the above maintenance shall be performed on the

software as at when due.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

The study examined acceptance and use of Online Weather Forecast System at Nigeria Airport

Authority. The system was conceived as a solution to the problems in modern way of weather

forecasting which includes:

i. Lack of adequate instruments and equipment for taking accurate readings and
recordings.
ii. Incorrect description of weather inputs due to wrong use of database and organization
which leads to wrong forecasting.
iii. Inaccuracy issue of weather forecast due to system multi-tasking and multi-
programming.
iv. Inadequate database for storing previous measurement of weather elements and its
analysis
5.2 Problems Encountered

The following problems were encountered in the course of the research and measures taken to

address them have also been outlined:

i. Financial and Budget Problems: Software project of this magnitude is capital

intensive. The funds at my disposal were too meager to support the project. In other to

address this, efforts were geared towards increasing personal savings to meet the

needs of this research work.

ii. Poor Internet (network) connection and service. For getting more materials

iii. Lack of steady power supply made the task of developing the software difficult and

delayed in being effectively carried out.

39
5.3 Recommendations

Based on the research findings, parallel change-over is recommended for organizations wishing

adopt the software suite. Parallel change over means a situation where by the old and the new

way of working is implemented. That is, the old way of predicting and forecasting weather

condition is run. This is to enable a sound understanding of the new system design for the

effectiveness of this changeover, there other task that must be accomplished. They include the

following:

i. Installation of cooling devices such as the air condition for cooling the computer

system used to carry out this task.

ii. Provision of false floor and ceiling.

iii. Provision of house cleaner to keep the computer room neat and dust free.

iv. Provision of quality network.

5.4 Conclusion

The aim of this research is to Design and Implement an online project weather forecasting app

for Nigeria Airport Authority to predict and forecast weather conditions even from remote

locations. The objectives of the study are as stated below:

i. To provide a system that will study and use advance programming language as
logical tool for forecasting weather conditions.
ii. To provide a system with adequate database for storing previous measurement of
weather elements and its analysis.
iii. To provide a system with less task that will enable aviation meteorologists issue
weather forecast with minimum delay.
iv. To provide a system that will facilitate easy entry of data obtained from measurement

of various instruments.

40
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42
 APPENDIX (SOURCE CODE)
<?php include 'header.php';?>
Google.api.dy.weather
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<section class="main-banner">
<div class="tp-banner-container">
<div class="tp-banner">
<ul>

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<li data-transition="random" data-slotamount="7" data-masterspeed="300" data-
saveperformance="off" >
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<img src="images/slider-bg-1.png" alt="slider" data-bgposition=" center center" data-
bgfit="cover" data-bgrepeat="no-repeat">

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<div class="tp-caption sfl tp-resizeme"
data-x="center" data-hoffset="0"
data-y="center" data-voffset="-120"
data-speed="800"
data-start="800"
data-easing="Power3.easeInOut"
data-splitin="chars"
data-splitout="none"
data-elementdelay="0.03"
data-endelementdelay="0.4"
data-endspeed="300"
style="z-index: 5; font-size:50px; font-weight:500; color:#fff; max-width: auto; max-
height: auto; white-space: nowrap;">Donak Tele- Health System</div>

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data-x="center" data-hoffset="0"
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data-speed="800"
data-start="1000"
data-easing="Power3.easeInOut"
data-splitin="chars"
data-splitout="none"
data-elementdelay="0.03"
data-endelementdelay="0.1"
data-endspeed="300"
style="z-index: 6; font-size:40px; color:#fff; font-weight:500; white-space: nowrap;">We
care about your health </div>

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<div class="tp-caption sfb tp-resizeme"
data-x="center" data-hoffset="0"
data-y="center" data-voffset="0"
data-speed="800"
data-start="1200"

43
 data-easing="Power3.easeInOut"
data-splitin="none"
data-splitout="none"
data-elementdelay="0.1"
data-endelementdelay="0.1"
data-endspeed="300"
style="z-index: 7; font-size:22px; color:#fff; font-weight:500; max-width: auto; max-
height: auto; white-space: nowrap;">Donak, Best Hospitality Services in your town</div>

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<div class="tp-caption lfb tp-resizeme scroll"
data-x="center" data-hoffset="0"
data-y="center" data-voffset="120"
data-speed="800"
data-start="1300"
data-easing="Power3.easeInOut"
data-elementdelay="0.1"
data-endelementdelay="0.1"
data-endspeed="300"
data-scrolloffset="0"
style="z-index: 8;"><a href="#." class="btn">Book Now</a> </div>
</li>

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<li data-transition="random" data-slotamount="7" data-masterspeed="300" data-
saveperformance="off" >
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<img src="images/slider-bg-2.png" alt="slider" data-bgposition="center center" data-
bgfit="cover" data-bgrepeat="no-repeat">

<!-- LAYER NR. 1 -->

<div class="tp-caption sfl tp-resizeme"
data-x="left" data-hoffset="400"
data-y="center" data-voffset="-100"
data-speed="800"
data-start="800"
data-easing="Power3.easeInOut"
data-splitin="chars"
data-splitout="none"
data-elementdelay="0.03"
data-endelementdelay="0.4"
data-endspeed="300"
style="z-index: 5; font-size:40px; font-weight:500; color:#fff; max-width: auto; max-
height: auto; white-space: nowrap;">Best Diagnostic Centre </div>

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<div class="tp-caption sfr tp-resizeme"
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44