Definite Integral

Integration as the limit of a sum

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a bounded continuous function defined in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) , a

and b being finite quantity and 𝑏 > 𝑎 and let the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) be divided
𝑏−𝑎
into n equal sub-intervals each of length ℎ = , by the points
𝑛

𝑎 = 𝑎, 𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑎 + 2ℎ − − − 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ = 𝑏
then lim ℎ[𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑎 + 2ℎ) − − + 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1))
ℎ→0
𝑛−1

= Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝑟=0

is defined as the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x between the limit
a and b and is denoted by symbol
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 i,e
𝑏 𝑛−1

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=0

where a is called lower limit and b is called upper limit.

𝑏
Note: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is also represented as
𝑛

Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝑟=1
1 𝑟
Note: If 𝑎 = 0 & 𝑏 = 1 , ℎ = ∴ 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) = 𝑓 ( )
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 1
𝑟
Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓 ( ) = Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑟ℎ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ℎ→0 𝑛 ℎ→0 0
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
Geometrical meaning

𝑏
The definition of definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 in gemetrical
approach is based on the concept of area under the curve y=f(x)
and above the x-axis from x=a to x=b

y
C

y=f(x)

D f(a+nh)
f(a) f(x)
f(a+h)
A f(a+2h) B x
x=a dx
a+h a+2h a+nh

Fig 1

Lt ℎ[𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑎 + 2ℎ) − − + 𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1))

ℎ→0
𝑛 𝑏
= Lt ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ℎ→0 𝑎
𝑟=1

2
 1
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 using summation

Soln:
1 1−0
∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)ℎ , 𝑛
=ℎ nh=1
ℎ→0

Here 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑟ℎ) = (𝑟ℎ)3

1
∴ ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟ℎ)3 ℎ = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ4 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 3
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ4 (13 + 23 + 33 + − − − − −𝑛3 )
ℎ→0

2 𝑛ℎ(𝑛ℎ+ℎ) 2
4 𝑛(𝑛+1)
= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ { 2 } = 𝐿𝑡 { }
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 2

1(1+ℎ) 2 1
= Lt { } =4
h →0 2

3
 𝑏
Evaluate ∫𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using summation

Soln
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)ℎ , 𝑛
= ℎ, nh=b-a
ℎ→0

Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

𝑏
∴ ∫𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)ℎ
ℎ→0

= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ[𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 2ℎ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 3ℎ)

ℎ→0

+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ) ]

= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ 𝑆 , where
ℎ→0

𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + ℎ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 2ℎ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 3ℎ)

+. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ) ]

ℎ ℎ ℎ
=> 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑆 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + ℎ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 2ℎ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

ℎ ℎ
+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 3ℎ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +. . . . . . . . . +2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

4
 ℎ 3ℎ 3ℎ
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + 2 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + )
2 2
5ℎ (2𝑛−1)ℎ
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + ) + ---------------− 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + )
2 2

(2𝑛−1)ℎ (2𝑛+1)ℎ
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + )
2 2

ℎ (2𝑛+1)ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+ )−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+ )
2 2
=> 𝑆 = ℎ
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
ℎ (2𝑛+1)ℎ
𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+ )−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎+ )
2 2
∴ ∫𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ𝑆 = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

ℎ
2 ℎ (2𝑛+1)ℎ
= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ 𝐿𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + 2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + )
ℎ→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ→0 2
2

2(𝑏−𝑎)+ℎ
= 1 𝐿𝑡 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑎 + )]
ℎ→0 2

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏

5
 Summation of series by definite integral
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) , ℎ = 𝑛
𝑛→∞

1 1−0 1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑓(𝑟ℎ) , 𝑛
= ℎ => ℎ = 𝑛
𝑛→∞

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Evaluate 𝐿𝑡 [𝑛2 +12 + 𝑛2 +22 + 𝑛2 +32 +. . . . . . . . . . + 𝑛2 +𝑛2 ]
𝑛→∞

Soln
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝐿𝑡 [ + + +. . . . . . . . . . + ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 + 12 𝑛2 + 22 𝑛2 + 32 𝑛2 + 𝑛2

𝑛 1 1
= 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 2 2 = ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 +𝑟 1+( ) 𝑛
𝑛

1 1 1
= 𝐿𝑡 ℎ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 1+(𝑟ℎ)2 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞ 1+𝑥 2

𝜋
=[𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ]10 = 4

6
 12 22 32 𝑛2
Evaluate 𝐿𝑡 [(1 + ) (1 + 𝑛2 ) (1 + 𝑛2 ) . . . . . . . . . . (1 + 𝑛2 )]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2

Soln
1
12 22 32 𝑛2 𝑛
Let S= 𝐿𝑡 [(1 + 𝑛2 ) (1 + 𝑛2 ) (1 + 𝑛2 ) . . . . . . . . (1 + 𝑛2 )]
𝑛→∞

1 12 22
=> 𝑙𝑛 𝑆 = 𝐿𝑡 [ 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑛2 ) + 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

32 𝑛2
+ 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑛2 ) + − − − − − − − 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑛2 )

1 𝑟2
= 𝐿𝑡 ∑𝑛𝑟=1 ln (1+ ) = 𝐿𝑡 ℎ ∑𝑛𝑟=1 ln ( 1 + 𝑟 2 ℎ2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛→∞

1
= ∫0 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥
=[𝑥 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑥 2 )]10 − ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

1 1+𝑥 2 −1 1 1 1
=𝑙𝑛 2 − 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =𝑙𝑛 2 − 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

= 𝒍𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐[𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ]10

𝜋 𝜋
=> 𝑙𝑛𝑆 = 𝑙𝑛 2 − 2 + 2 4 = 𝑙𝑛 2 − 2 + 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑙𝑛 2−2+ 𝑙𝑛2 −2 −2
∴ 𝑆=𝑒 2 =𝑒 𝑒 2 =2𝑒 2

7
 1
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
Soln 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥𝑙𝑛(1 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 2
= [ 2 ln (1 + 2𝑥)] − ∫0 2 1+2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 1 1 2𝑥 2 +𝑥−𝑥
= 2 ln3 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1+2𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 2𝑥+1−1
= 2 ln3 − 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+2𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 ln3 − 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+2𝑥

1
1 1 𝑥2 1 1
= 2 ln3 − 2 [ 2 ] + 4 [𝑥 ]10 − 8 [ln (1 + 2𝑥)]10
0

1 1 1 1 3
= 2 ln3 − 4 + 4 − 8 𝑙𝑛3 = 8 𝑙𝑛3

1
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
Soln 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥2 √4 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃

When 𝑥 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 𝜋/6

𝜋/6 𝜋/6
𝐼 = ∫0 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 . 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫0 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )2 𝑑𝜃

8
 𝜋/6 𝜋/6
= 4 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫0 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 𝜋/6 √3
= 2 [𝜃 − ] = 2 [𝜋/6 − ]
4 0 8

𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate ∫0 1+4 cot2 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋/2 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
Soln 𝐼 = ∫0 2 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
1+4 cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥(1+4 cot2 𝑥)

𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
(1+cot2 𝑥)(1+4 cot2 𝑥)

Put 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑡, −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0
2

0 1 1 0 4 1
𝐼 = − ∫∞ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫
3 ∞
[ − 𝑑𝑡
(1+t2)(1+4 t2 ) (1+4 t2 ) (1+t2)

1 0 1 1
= − ∫∞ [ 1 − ]𝑑𝑡
3 (t2+4) (1+t2 )

1
= − [2 tan−1 2𝑡 − tan−1 𝑡]0∞
3

1 1
= − [2 tan−1 0 − tan−1 0] + [2 tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 ∞]
3 3

1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 3[2 2 − 2 ] = 6

9
 1
Evaluate ∫0 cot −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )

Soln

1
𝐼 = ∫0 cot−1(1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 −1 𝑥−(𝑥−1)
= ∫0 tan−1 1−𝑥+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 tan 1+𝑥(𝑥−1)
𝑑𝑥

1 1
= ∫0 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 tan−1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

1 0
= ∫0 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−1 tan−1 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ,

where 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑧
1 𝑥
= [𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 ]10 − ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2

0 𝑧
−[𝑧 tan−1 𝑧]0−1 + ∫−1 1+𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧

𝜋 1 𝜋 1
= − [ln(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10 + + [ln(1 + 𝑧 2 )]0−1
4 2 4 2

𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= − ln 2 + − ln 2 = − ln 2
4 2 4 2 2

10
 Properties of definite integral

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

=  f ( x)dx + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
a

𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +........+ ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑛

𝑏 𝑏
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and

𝑏 𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Proof : Let x=a+b-z dx=-dz when x=a, z=b when x=b, z=a

𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧=∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝑏
= ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 proved

a
𝑎
If a=0 b=1 then 
0
f ( x)dx = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎
0
− 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

11
 𝜋
Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

Soln
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋
Let I=∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2
2 − 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =I
2

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
∴ 2𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0

𝜋 𝜋
2 2 𝜋
= ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 =
0 0 2
𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = => 𝐼 =
2 4

𝜋
𝑥
Evaluate ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Soln

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 ( −𝑥)
2
𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 sin ( −𝑥)+cos ( −𝑥)
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 𝑥
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝜋
𝜋 1
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 −I
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

12
 𝜋
𝜋 1 2
=> 2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 1
= ∫0 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +cos2 ( ) −𝑠𝑖n2 ( )
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝑥
𝜋 sec2 ( )
2
= ∫0 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1+2𝑡𝑎𝑛( ) −𝑡𝑎n2 ( )
2 2

𝑥 1 𝑥
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) = 𝑧 => sec 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
2 2 2

𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 1
2

𝜋 1 1 𝜋 1 1
∴ 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2 1+2𝑧 −𝑧 2 2 2 −(𝑧−1)2

1
𝜋 1 √2+𝑥 𝜋 1 √2+1
= [𝑙𝑛 ] = 𝑙𝑛 −0
2 2√2 √2−𝑥 0 2 2√2 √2−1

2
𝜋 1 (√2+1) 𝜋
= 𝑙𝑛 = ln (√2 + 1) Ans.
2 2√2 2−1 2√2

13
 𝜋 𝜋
Evaluate ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ,
2 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

Soln
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 𝜋 2 2
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( − 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐼
0 0 2 0

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0

𝜋 𝜋
2 1 2
= ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0 0 2

𝜋 𝜋
1
2 2
= ∫ 𝑙𝑛( )𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0 2 0

𝜋 1
= 𝑙𝑛( ) + 𝐼1 , where
2 2
𝜋
2
𝐼1 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 put 2𝜃 = 𝑧 2𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧

𝜋
𝜋 2
1 1 2
= ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2 0 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
= . 2 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼
2 2 2
2

𝜋 1 𝜋 1
∴ 2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼 => 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑛
2 2 2 2

14
 𝜋
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Soln
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋
= ∫ (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋 𝜋
=𝜋 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼
0

𝜋
𝜋
∴ 2𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝜋
𝜋2 1
=> 𝐼 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 = 2 𝑙𝑛 2

𝜋
Evaluate ∫0 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4

Soln
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 4 − 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4 4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
4
= ∫0 𝑙𝑛 (1 +
4
𝜋 ) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
4

15
 𝜋 𝜋
2
= ∫0 𝑙𝑛 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0
4 4 {𝑙𝑛 2 − 𝑙𝑛( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)}𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 4 𝑙𝑛 2 − 𝐼 => 2𝐼 = 4 𝑙𝑛 2 => 𝐼 = 8 𝑙𝑛 2

𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Evaluate ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Soln

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 √𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 −𝑥)
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐼= ∫0 √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 == ∫0 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
√𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2 −𝑥)+√𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 −𝑥)
𝜋
√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 =𝐼
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
=> 2𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = ∫0 √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 + ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝜋
=> 2𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
2
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2

𝜋
∴ 𝐼= 4

16
 𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
5. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
0
𝑎 𝑎
Proof : ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =  f ( x)dx + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−a
0
Now , ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 put 𝑥 = −𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑧

When 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 0

𝑧=0
0 0 𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(−𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑓 (−𝑧)𝑑𝑧 == ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∴ ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =∫0 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

a
𝑎
=  f ( x)dx + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

𝑎
=2∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Again
a
𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =  f (− x)dx + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0

𝑎 𝑎
== − ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

=0 if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Hence ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

17
 𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
6. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
Proof: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2𝑎
Now ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 put 𝑥 = 2𝑎 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑧

When 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 0

𝑧=0
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∴ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎
= 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Again
2a
𝑎 𝑎

0
f ( x)dx = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0
+ ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

=0
𝑎
2𝑎
2 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

18
Example
𝜋
2
𝐼= ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

𝜋
𝑓(2 − 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( 𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
2

𝜋
𝜋
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

Example
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥

𝜋
𝑓(2 − 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( 𝜋 − 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
2

𝜋
𝜋
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( 𝜋 − 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

𝜋
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0

19