Physics Ch. 12-Practice Sheet No.-11
Physics Ch. 12-Practice Sheet No.-11
Question 3 An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep
at a temperature of 12°C. To what volume does it grow when it reaches the surface,
which is at a temperature of 35°C.
Answer:
Question 4. Estimate the average thermal energy of a helium atom at (i) room
temperature (27 °C), (ii) the temperature on the surface of the Sun (6000 K), (iii) the
temperature of 10 million kelvin (the typical core temperature in the case of a star).
Answer:
Question 5. From a certain apparatus, the diffusion rate of hydrogen has an average
value of 28.7 cm3 s-1. The diffusion of another gas under the same conditions is
measured to have an average rate of 7.2 cm3 s-1. Identify the gas.
Answer: According to Graham’s law of diffusion of gases, the rate of diffusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass.
If R1 and R2 be the rates of diffusion of two gases having molecular masses M1 and
M2 respectively,then
END
CAREER POINT WORLD SCHOOL
PHYSICS CH 12 THERMODYNAMIC
1. A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from 27 °C to
77 °C. If the geyser operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of consumption
of the fuel if its heat of combustion is 4.0 × 10 4 J/g?
Solution:
Given
The geyser heats the water, raising the temperature from 27 0 C to 770 C.
Rise in temperature, T = T2 – T1
= 77 – 27
= 500 C
= 3000 g / min
= 3000 x 4.2 x 50
On calculation, we get,
= 15.75 g/min
Solution:
Given,
= 20 g
Rise in temperature = ΔT
= 450 C
Heat required = Q =?
Q = nCT
We know,
C = 7R / 2 (diatomic molecule)
C = 7 x 8.3 / 2
n (no. of moles) = w / m
where,
w = 20 g
m = 28 u
n = 20 / 28
n = 1/ 1.4 moles
We get,
Q = 933.75 J
3. Explain why
(b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant (i.e., the liquid used to prevent
the different parts of a plant from getting too hot) should have high specific
heat.
(d) The climate of a harbour town is more temperate than that of a town in a
desert at the same latitude.
Solution:
(i). When two bodies having different temperatures, say T1 and T2 are brought in
thermal contact with each other, there is a flow of heat from the body at the higher
temperature to the body at the lower temperature till both the bodies reach an
equilibrium position, i.e., both the bodies are having equal temperature. The
equilibrium temperature is only equal to the mean temperature when the thermal
capacities of both the bodies are equal.
(ii).The coolant used in a chemical or nuclear plant should always have a high
specific heat. Higher is the specific heat of the coolant, higher is its capacity to
absorb heat and release heat. Therefore, a liquid with a high specific heat value is
the best coolant to be used in a nuclear or chemical plant. This would prevent
different parts of the plant from getting too hot.
(iii). When the driver is driving a vehicle then due to the motion of air molecules the
air temperature inside the tyre increases. And according to the Charles’ law, the
temperature is directly proportional to pressure.
Therefore, when the temperature inside a tyre increases, then there is also an
increase of air pressure.
(iv). The relative humidity in a harbour town is more than that of the relative humidity
in a desert town. Humidity is a measure of water vapor in the atmosphere and the
specific heat of water vapor is very high. Therefore, the climate of a harbour town is
more temperate than that of a town in a desert at the same latitude.
Solution:
Therefore, no heat is exchanged between the system (cylinder) and its surroundings.
P1V1γ = P2V2γ
Hence,
V2 = V 1 / 2
= 21.4
We get,
= 2.639
Solution:
Given
The work done (W) on the system while the gas changes from state A to state B is
22.3 J
So,
ΔQ = 0
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
Where,
Hence,
ΔU = ΔQ – ΔW
= 0 – (-22.3 J)
We get,
ΔU = + 22.3 J
When the gas goes from state A to state B via a process, the net heat absorbed by
the system is:
ΔQ = 9.35 cal
= 9.35 x 4.19
On calculation, we get,
= 39.1765 J
Heat absorbed, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
Thus,
ΔW = ΔQ – ΔU
= 39.1765 – 22.3
We get,
= 16.8765 J
6. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a
stopcock. A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure. B is
completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stopcock
is suddenly opened. Answer the following:
(d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to the final
equilibrium state) lie on its P-V-T surface?
Solution:
(a). Now, as soon as the stop cock is opened the gas will start flowing from cylinder
P to cylinder Q which is completely evacuated, and thus the volume of the gas will
be doubled because both the cylinders have equal capacity. And since the pressure
is inversely proportional to volume, hence the pressure will get decreased to half of
the original value.
Since the initial pressure of the gas in cylinder P is 1 atm, therefore, the pressure in
each of the cylinder will now be 0.5 atm.
(b). Here, in this case, the internal energy of the gas will not change i.e. ΔU = 0. It is
because the internal energy can change only when the work is done by the system
or on the system. Since in this case, no work is done by the gas or on the gas.
c) There will be no change in the temperature of the gas. It is because during the
expansion of gas there is no work being done by the gas.
Therefore, there will be no change in the temperature of the gas in this process.
d). The above case is the clear case of free expansion and free expansion is rapid
and it cannot be controlled. The intermediate states do not satisfy the gas equation
and since they are in non – equilibrium states, they do not lie on the Pressure-
Volume – Temperature surface of the system
7. A steam engine delivers 5.4×108 J of work per minute and services 3.6 ×
109 J of heat per minute from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine?
How much heat is wasted per minute?
Solution:
Given
Hence,
η=W/H
On simplification, we get,
= 0.15
We get,
= 30.6 x 108
= 3.06 x 109 J
Solution:
ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU
Here,
ΔU = ΔQ – ΔW
ΔU = 100 – 75
We get,
ΔU = 25 J s-1
Hence,
Solution:
Where,
DF = Change in pressure
We get,
= 300 N/ m2
FE = Change in volume
= 5.0 m3 – 2.0 m3
We get,
= 3.0 m3
= 450 J
Solution:
= 273 + 9
= 282 K
= 273 + 36
= 309 K
On substituting, we get,
We get,
= 10.44