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3.99 Gas Laws

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3.99 Gas Laws

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akhonyaphanice
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GAS LAWS Connections

Table of Contents
Building on…..
Boyle’s law
Charles’ law  Pressure-gas pressure and
Relationship between celcius and absolute scale atmospheric pressure
Assumptions of gas laws  Thermal Expansion –
Expansion of gases
Revision Exercise
 Gas Laws in Chemistry
form 3.

Arriving at……
Specific Objectives  The Gas Laws – stating,
By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to: and explaining how the
a) state the gas laws for an ideal gas laws can be verified.
b) verify experimentally the gas laws  Working out calculations
c) explain how the absolute zero temperature may be on gas laws
obtained from the pressure - temperature and  Explaining the gas laws in
volume - temperature graphs terms of the kinetic theory
d) state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of and the basic assumptions
gases of the ideal gas.
e) explain the gas laws using the kinetic theory of gases
f) solve numerical problems involving gas laws. Looking forward to….

 Thin Lenses (form 4)


(15 Lessons)

Content
1. Boyles law, Charles’ law, pressure law, absolute zero
2. Kelvin scale of temperature
1
3. Gas laws and kinetic theory of gases (P= not required)
ρ
PV
4. Problems on gas laws [including = constant]
T
2 Thermodynamics

GAS LAWS

An inflated balloon may burst when it gets warmer. The gas trapped inside the
balloon is subject to changes in pressure, volume and temperature.
To explain why the balloon may burst, the relationships between these
changes are investigated and they constitute what are termed as gas laws.

Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely
proportional to its volume, provided the temperature is kept constant.
Stated in symbols;


1 1
, or P = k ×
V V
So, PV = constant
The sketches below show the relationship between pressure P and volume V of
a fixed mass of gas.

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 3

The graph of P against V is a smooth curve, as shown in (a), while that of P


1
against is a straight line passing through the origin. That of PV against P is a
V
straight line parallel to the x-axis. Since PV = constant;
P1V1 = P2V2 = constant, for any given mass of a gas.
At different
temperatures,
similar curves P
against V are
obtained as in.
Each is called an
isothermal
curve.
(a) Pressur
e-Volume
1
isothermal curve. (b). P against for the isothermal curves.
V
1
When P is plotted against for each of the isothermals, the figure (b) above is
V
obtained.
Using Kinetic Theory to Explain Boyle's Law
 If the volume of a vessel containing a fixed mass of gas is halved, the
number of molecules per unit volume will be doubled. The number of
collisions per unit time, and therefore the rate of change of momentum, will
also be doubled. Consequently, halving the volume of the gas doubles the
pressure, which is the import of the Boyle’s law.
 In a demonstration using a syringe, as volume of gas is reduced, there is
increase in number of molecular collisions resulting to increase in pressure.

Example 1
4 Thermodynamics

The diagram below shows an air bubble of


volume 2.0 cm3 at the bottom of a lake 40 m
deep.
Determine the volume just below the surface S
if the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to a
height of 10 m of water.
Solution
10 m height = 1 atm.
40 m height = 4 atm.
Pressure P1 at the bottom = (1 + 4) = 5 atm
Pressure P2 at surface = 1 atm
Volume V1 at bottom = 2 cm3
By Boyle’s law, P1V1 = P2V2
5 × 2 = 1 × V2
V2 = 10
Volume just below surface is 10 cm3.

Example 2
3
The volume V of a gas at pressure P is reduced to V without change of
8
temperature. Determine the new pressure of the gas.
Solution
PV = constant

P1V1 = P2V2 ⇒P1V1 = P2 ×


3
V
8
8
P2 = P
3 1
8
The new pressure of the gas is P.
3

Example 3
A column of air 26 cm long is trapped by mercury thread 5 cm long as
shown in (a). When the tube is inverted as
in (b), the air column becomes 30 cm long.
Determine the value of atmospheric
pressure.
Solution
In (a), gas pressure = atm pressure+ hρg.
In (b), gas pressure = atm. pressure – hρg,
where ρ is the density of mercury.
From Boyle’s law;

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 5

P1V1 = P2V2
Let the atmospheric pressure be height ‘x’ of mercury.
So, (x + 5) 0.26 = (x – 5) 0.30
0.26x + 1.30 = 0.3x – 1.5
2.8 = 0.04x

∴x=
2.8
= 70 cm
0.04

Charles’ Law
Charles law relates the volume of a gas with its absolute (or Kelvin)
temperature.
Charles’ law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure is kept
constant.
This formula is
In symbols, Charles’ law can be stated as follows;only applicable
V α T or V = kT, where k is a constant. when T is
expressed in
V1 V2
Hence, = = constant
T 1 T2
Experiment to verify Charles law
The set-up below can be used to show how temperature affects volume of a
given mass of a gas at constant pressure.
The flask is grasped firmly and the water index
observed.
The water index rises higher when the flask is
held and falls when the hands are withdrawn,
showing that the volume of gas increases
when its temperature is raised.

As the temperature rises, the height h


(volume) also increases. A plot of volume
against temperature is represented
alongside.
The graph is a straight line, indicating
proportional changes in volume and
temperature. However, it does not pass through the origin.
If the graph is extrapolated, it cuts the temperature axis at about –273°C. At
this temperature, the volume of the gas is assumed to be zero.
6 Thermodynamics

This temperature, –273°C, at which the volume, pressure of the gas and kinetic
energy of the particles are assumed to be zero is ideally the lowest temperature
a gas can attain and therefore called
absolute zero.
A plot of volume against absolute
temperature gives a straight line through
the origin, as shown below.
It follows that the volume of the gas is
directly proportional to its absolute (or
Kelvin) temperature
It is impossible to get to
absolute zero for gases
because they condense
(liquify) at fairly higher
temperatures.

Using Kinetic Theory to explain Charles’ Law


 When a gas is heated, the kinetic energy and the velocity of the
molecules increases. As the temperature rises, the molecules move
faster.
 If the volume of the container were constant, the pressure resulting from the
collisions of the molecules with the walls would increase due to greater
rate of change of momentum per unit time.
 But since Charles’ law requires that the pressure be constant, then the
volume must increase accordingly so that although the molecules are
moving faster, the number of collisions at the walls of the container per unit
time is reduced, since the distance between the walls is increased by
increasing the volume.
Relation Between Celsius and
Absolute scale
The zero Kelvin (0 K) corresponds to –
273°C while 0°C corresponds to 273 K.
It follows that to change from
Celsius to Kelvin, we add 273 to the
Celsius temperature, i.e.;
θ°C = T
= (θ + 273) K

Example 1
The temperature of a gas is –42°C. What is this temperature on the
Kelvin scale?
Solution
Temperature T = (– 42 + 273) K = 231 K

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 7

Example 2
0.02 m3 of a gas at 27°C is heated at constant pressure until the
volume is 0.03 m3. Calculate the final temperature of the gas in °C.
Solution
V
= constant (pressure being constant)
T
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2
0.02 0.03
=
300 T2
0.03
T2 = 300 × = 450 K
0.02
= (450 – 273) °C= 177°C

Pressure Law
This law relates pressure of fixed mass of a gas to its absolute temperature at
constant volume.
Pressure law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature, provided the volume is kept
constant.
In symbols;
P α T (V constant)
Or P = kT, where k is constant
P 1 P2
So, =
T1 T 2
A plot of pressure against
temperature gives the graph shown alongside.
When the graph is extrapolated, it cuts the temperature axis at –273°C, the
absolute zero.
The figure alongside shows the same graph
of an absolute temperature scale.

On the absolute scale, the pressure of a gas


is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.

Using Kinetic Theory to Explain Pressure Law


 In gases, pressure is as a result of bombardment of the walls of the
container by the gas molecules. When the molecules of the gas bombard and
rebound from the walls of the container, a change of momentum takes place.
8 Thermodynamics

 The number of bombardments per unit time constitutes a rate of change of


momentum, which according to Newton’s second law of motion, constitutes a
force. This force per unit area emerges as the pressure of the gas.
 When a gas is heated, its molecules gain kinetic energy and move about
faster. If the volume of the container is constant, the molecules will bombard
the walls many more times per unit time, and with greater momenta. The
total rate of change of momentum will therefore increase. The resulting force
per unit area, which is the pressure, will increase.

Example 1
A cylinder contains oxygen at 0°C, and 1 atmosphere pressure. What
will be the pressure in the cylinder if the temperature rises to 100°C?
Solution
P
=constant
T
1 P2
=
273 273
373
P2 = = 1.37 atmospheres
273
Example 2
At 20°C, the pressure of a gas is 50 cm of mercury. At what
temperature would the pressure of the gas fall to 10 cm of mercury?
Solution
P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2
50 10
=
293 T 2
2930
T2 = = 58.6 K (or -214.4 °C)
50
Equation of State
A general gas law relating the changes in
pressure, volume and the absolute
temperature can be derived from the three
gas laws.
Consider a fixed mass of gas which is
being changed from state A to state B
through an intermediate state C, as shown
below .
From A to C, the gas is heated at constant pressure P 1. By Charles’ law;
V1 Vc
=
T 1 T2
V 1T 2
Volume VC in state C, VC =
T1

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 9

From C to B, the gas pressure is changed from P 1 to P2 at constant temperature


T2.
By Boyle’s law, P1Vc = P2V2
P1V c
V2 =
P2
V 1T 2
But VC =
T1

∴V2 =
P1V 1 T2
P2 T 1
P1V 1 P2V 2
Rearranging, =
T1 T2
PV
In general, =k , where k is a constant.
T
This is known as the equation of state, in which k depends on the type and
quantity of the gas.
PV
The equation changes to =R when the amount of gas is 1 mole. Constant R is
T
same for all gases, and is called the universal gas constant.

Example
A mass of 1 200 cm3 of oxygen at 27°C and a pressure 1.2 atmosphere
is compressed until its volume is 600 cm 3 and its pressure is 3.0
atmosphere. Calculate the temperature of the gas after compression in
°C.
Solution
V1 = 1 200 cm3; V2 = 600 cm3; T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K ; T2 =?
P1 = 1.2 atmosphere; P2 = 3.0 atmosphere
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
P 2 V 2 T 1 3× 600 ×300
T2 = =
P1 T 1 1.2 ×1 200
= 375 K = 102 °C
Assumptions of Gas laws
 When explaining the gas laws using the kinetic theory, both the size of
molecules and the intermolecular forces are assumed to be
negligible.
 Real gases have molecules with definite volumes and therefore the idea of
zero volume or zero pressure is not real. Real gases get liquified before
zero volume is reached.
 This departure from the gas laws is so particularly true at low temperatures
and high pressures. A gas that would obey the gas laws completely is called
ideal or perfect gas.
10 Thermodynamics

Recently in KCSE;
1. 2006 Q9
On the axes provided sketch the graph of pressure P against volume V for
a fixed mass of an ideal gas. (1
mark)

2. 2006 Q12
The uniform bar in figure 7 is provided at its midpoint. It is in equilibrium
under the action of two identical balloons filled with equal volumes of
different light gases at the same temperature.

Explain why the bar may not remain in equilibrium if the temperature of
the surrounding changes.
(2 marks)

3. 2006 Q16; 2016 Q15


(a) State what is meant by an ideal gas?
(1 mark)

(b) The pressure acting on a gas in a container was changed steadily


while the temperature of the gas maintained constant. The value of
volume V of the gas was measured for various values of pressure.
The graph in figure 9 shows the relation between the pressure, p
1
and the reciprocal of volume
V

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 11

(i) Suggest how the temperature of the gas could be kept


constant. (1 mark)

(ii) Given that the relation between the pressure P1 and the
volume, V1 of the gas is given by PV = k where k is a
constant, use the graph to determine the value of k.
(4 marks)

(iii) What physical quantity does k represent? (1


mark)

(iv) State one precautions you would take when performing such
an experiment
(1 mark)

(c) A gas occupies a volume of 4000 litres at a temperature of 37 0C


and normal atmospheric pressure. Determine the new volume of the
gas if it is heated at constant pressure to a temperature of 67 0C.
(normal atmospheric pressure P=1.01 x 105 pa) (4
marks)

4. 2007 Q12, 13
The graph in figure 7 shows the relationship between the pressure and
temperature for an ideal gas. Use the information in the figure to answer
questions 12 and 13

12. State the unit of the horizontally axis.


(1 mark)
12 Thermodynamics

13. Write a statement of the gas law represented by the relationship.


(1 mark)

5. 2008 Q17
(a) What is meant by absolute zero temperature? (1
mark)

Figure 10 shows a set up to investigate the relationship between


temperature and volume for a certain gas.

(b) State two factors that are kept constant, in order to determine the
relationship.
(2
marks)

(c) The graph in Figure 11 shows the relationship between


volume and temperature for the experiment.

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 13

(i) What was the volume of the gas at 0 °C? (1


mark)
(ii) At what temperature would the volume of the gas be zero?
(1 mark)
(iii) Explain why the temperature in part (ii) above cannot be
achieved.
(2 marks)

(d) A sealed gas cylinder contains 300cm3 of certain gas at a


temperature 25 °C, and at a pressure of 9.5 × 104pa. The gas in the
cylinder was cooled to 10 °C. Determine the new pressure of the gas
in the cylinder. (4 marks)

6. 2009 Q13
State what is meant by absolute zero temperature (zero Kelvin or 273 °C)
(1 mark)

7. 2009 Q18
(a) State the pressure law for an ideal gas
(1 mark)

(b) An air bubble is released at the bottom of a tall jar containing


a liquid. The height of the
liquid column is 80 cm. The volume of the bubble increases from 0.5
cm3 at the bottom of the liquid to 1.15 cm3 at the top.
Figure 11 shows the variations of pressure, P, on the bubble with
1
the reciprocal of volume, , as it rises in the liquid.
V
14 Thermodynamics

(i) State the reason why the volume increases as the bubble rises
in the liquid column.
(1 mark)

(i) From the graph, determine the pressure on the bubble:


(I) At the bottom of the liquid column; (2
marks)
(II) At the top of the liquid column (1
mark)

(iii) Hence determine the density of the liquid in kgm -3


(3 marks)

(iv) What is the value of the atmospheric pressure of the


surrounding?
(1 mark)

(c) A rubber tube is inflated to pressure of 2.7 x 10 5 Pa and volume


3800 cm at a temperature
3

of 25 °C. It is then taken to another place where the temperature is


15 °C and the pressure 2.5 × 105Pa. Determine the new
volume. (4 marks)

8. 2010 Q11
When a bicycle pump was sealed at the nozzle and the handle slowly
pushed towards the nozzle, the pressure of the air inside increased.
Explain this observation. (1 mark)

9. 2011 Q8
When the temperature of a gas in a closed container is raised, the
pressure of the gas increases. Explain how the molecules of the gas
cause the increase in pressure.

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 15

(2 marks)

10. 2012 Q8
In verifying the pressure law of gases, the temperature and pressure of a
gas are varied at constant volume. State the condition necessary for the
law to hold. (1 mark)

11. 2012 Q15


(a) Figure 6 shows a graph of volume against temperature for a given
mass of gas.

Use the graph to determine the absolute zero temperature in °C.


(2 marks)

(b) Figure 7 shows a horizontal tube containing air trapped by a


mercury thread of length
24 cm. The length of the enclosed air column is 15 cm. The
atmospheric pressure is
76 cmHg.

(i) State the pressure of the enclosed air.


(1 mark)
(ii) The tube is now held in a vertical position with the open end
facing upwards as shown in Figure 8.
16 Thermodynamics

Determine:
(I) The pressure of the enclosed air. (2
marks)

(II) The length (l) of the enclosed air column (2


marks)

(c) In an experiment to demonstrate atmospheric pressure, a plastic


bottle is partially filled with hot water and the bottle is then tightly
corked. After some time, the bottle starts to get deformed.
(i) State the purpose of the hot water. (1
mark)
(ii) State the reason why the bottle gets deformed. (1
mark)
(iii) Explain your answer in c (ii). (2
marks)

12. 2013 Q12


State why it is necessary to leave an air space in a closed glass bottle of
water when is to be kept in a refrigerator.
(1 mark)

13. 2013 Q17


Figure 11 shows an insulated cylinder fitted with a pressure gauge, a
heating coil and a frictionless piston of cross - sectional area 100 cm 2.

(a) While the piston is at position O, the pressure of the enclosed gas is
10 Ncm2 at a temperature of 27 °C. When a 10 kg
mass is placed on the piston, it comes to rest at position
A without change in the temperature of the gas.

(i) Determine the new reading on the pressure gauge.

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 17

(4 marks)

(ii) State with a reason how the value obtained in (i) compares
with the initial pressure.
(2 marks)

(b) The gas is now heated by the heating coil so that the piston moves
back to the original position O.
(i) State the reading on the pressure gauge. (1
mark)
(ii) Determine the temperature of the gas in °C.
(4 marks)
(Take g = 10 Nkg-1)

14. 2014 Q17 (a), (b)


(a) Along horizontal capillary tube of uniform bore sealed at one end
contains dry air trapped by a drop of mercury. The length of the air
column is 142 mm at 17 °C. Determine the length of the air column at 25
°C. (3 marks)

(b) The pressure of the air inside a car tyre increases if the car stands
out in the sun for some time on a hot day. Explain the pressure increase in
terms of the kinetic theory of gases.
(3 marks)

15. 2015 Q17 (a-c)


(a) Figure 11 shows a graph of pressure (p) against volume (v) for a
fixed mass of a gas at constant temperature

In the space provided, sketch the corresponding graph of P against


1
(1 mark)
V

(b) Explain the pressure law using the kinetic theory of gases
(3 marks)

(c) 20 cm3 of a gas exerts a pressure of 760 mmHg at 25 °C. Determine


the temperature of the gas when the pressure increases to 900
mmHg and the volume reduces to 15 cm3
(4 marks)

16. 2017 Q9
18 Thermodynamics

Figure 2 shows a round bottomed flask fitted with a long capillary tube
containing a drop of coloured water.

The flask is immersed in ice water for some time. State the observation
made. (2 marks)

17. 2017 Q10


State one assumption for the experiments carried out to verity the gas
laws. (1 mark)

18. 2017 Q18 (c)


Figure 9 shows two identical cans U and V each with a small opening at
the top. Different amounts of water were put into the cans and heated
until the water started to boil.

Explain what will be observed when both cans are then suddenly dipped
into a cold water bath.
(3 marks)
19. 2018 Q10
Figure 6 shows the relationship between volume and pressure for a
certain gas.

@VictorV
GAS LAWS 19

Name the law that the gas obeys. (1


mark)

20. 2018 Q18


(a) State two quantities that must be kept constant in order to verify
Boyle's law.
(2 marks)

(b) An air bubble at the bottom of a beaker full of water becomes larger
as it rises to the surface. State the reason why:
(i) the bubble rises to the surface; (1
mark)

(ii) it becomes larger as it rises. (1


mark)

(c) State two assumptions made in explaining the gas laws using the
kinetic theory of gases.
(2 marks)

(d) Figure 11 shows an incomplete experimental set up that was


prepared by a student to verily one of the gas laws.

(i) State with a reason which one of the laws may be verified
using the set up.
(2 marks)

(ii) State what the student left out in the diagram of the set up.
(1 mark)

(e) The volume of a fixed mass of a gas reduced from 500 cm 3 to 300
cm at constant pressure. The initial temperature was 90K. Determine
3

the final temperature.


(3 marks)

21. 2019 Q18


(a) Figure 9 shows a graph of pressure against temperature for a fixed
mass of gas at constant volume
20 Thermodynamics

From the graph, determine that values of n and c given that P = nT


+ c where n and c are constants.
(4 marks)

(b) Explain why it is not possible to obtain zero pressure of a gas in real
life situation.
(2 marks)

(c) A fixed mass of a gas occupies 1.5 x10-3 m3 at a pressure of


760mmHg and temperature of 273 K. Determine the volume
the gas will occupy at a temperature of 290K and a pressure of
720mmHg. (3 marks)

(d) State any three assumptions made in kinetic theory of gases.


(3 marks)

@VictorV

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