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PHYSICS

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Anshika Upadhyay
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19 views7 pages

PHYSICS

Uploaded by

Anshika Upadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PM SHRI SCHOOL

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA


PALGHAR
PHYSICS (042)
2024-25
AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON: Studying the
Factors Affecting the Resistance of a Wire
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
MR. AMOL VYAWHARE (PGT PHYSICS)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the investigatory project work
on the Title: Studying the Factors Affecting the
Resistance of a Wire based on the curriculum of
CBSE has been completed by Ms.ANSHIKA
KRISHNADATT UPADHYAY student of Class XII of
PM SHRI SCHOOL JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA PALGHAR. The above mentioned project
work has been completed under my guidance during
the academic year 2024-25.

Internal Examiner
(Subject Teacher)

External Examiner Principal


JNV Palghar
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to express my sincere gratitude to my
teacher Mr. Amol Vyawhare (PGT Physics) for his
encouragement, insightful suggestions and
mentorship. I also like to extend my gratitude to our
School Principal, Mr.Abraham George for granting
me this wonderful opportunity to be the part of this
project.

I would also like to express my appreciation to all


those who have supported and contributed to the
completion of this project. Also I want to thank my
family and friends for their understanding and
support during this project.
Title: Studying the Factors Affecting the Resistance of a Wire

Aim: To investigate how the length, thickness, material, and


temperature of a wire affect its electrical resistance.

Theory: Electrical resistance (RRR) of a wire depends on:


1. Length: Resistance is directly proportional to the length of
the wire (R∝L).
2. Cross-sectional Area: Resistance is inversely proportional to
the cross-sectional area of the wire (R∝1/A).
3. Material: Different materials have different resistivities,
which influence resistance.
4. Temperature: Resistance generally increases with
temperature.
According to Ohm’s Law:
R=V/I
where V is voltage and I is current.
The resistance of a conductor can also be expressed as:
R=ρL/A
where ρ is the resistivity of the material, L is the length, and A is
the cross-sectional area.

Apparatus Required:
1. Wires of different materials (copper, nichrome, etc.)
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Variable resistor (rheostat)
5. DC power source
6. Micrometer screw gauge or vernier caliper
7. Ruler or measuring tape
8. Connecting wires
9. Switch
Procedure:
Part A: Effect of Length on Resistance
1. Set up the circuit with a wire of fixed thickness and
material.
2. Connect the wire with a measured length between the
terminals.
3. Turn on the power and record the readings of voltage (V)
and current (I) using the voltmeter and ammeter.
4. Calculate resistance (R=V/I) for this length.
5. Repeat the procedure with different lengths of the same
wire, recording the voltage and current readings each
time.
6. Plot a graph of resistance (R) vs. length (L).
Part B: Effect of Cross-sectional Area on Resistance
1. Select wires of the same material but different thicknesses
(different cross-sectional areas).
2. Repeat the above steps, recording voltage and current
readings to calculate resistance for each thickness.
3. Plot a graph of resistance (R) vs. cross-sectional area (A).
Part C: Effect of Material on Resistance
1. Choose wires of the same length and thickness but
different materials (e.g., copper and nichrome).
2. Record the resistance for each material by calculating RRR
using the same procedure.
3. Compare resistances and note the differences.
Part D: Effect of Temperature on Resistance (Optional)
1. Heat the wire gradually and observe the readings of V and
I as the temperature increases.
2. Note the increase in resistance as the wire heats up.
Observation:

Cross-
Length Resistance
Wire Material sectional Voltage (V) Current (I)
(cm) (R = V/I) (Ω)
Area (mm²)

Copper 10 0.5 2.0 0.4 5.0

Copper 20 0.5 2.0 0.2 10.0

Nichrome 10 0.5 2.0 0.25 8.0

Nichrome 20 0.5 2.0 0.125 16.0

Results:
1. Length: Resistance increases with an increase in the length of
the wire.
2. Cross-sectional Area: Resistance decreases with an increase in
cross-sectional area.
3. Material: Different materials have different resistances due to
their unique resistivities.
4. Temperature: Resistance generally increases with temperature.

Conclusion:
The experiment confirms that the resistance of a wire is influenced
by its length, cross-sectional area, material, and temperature. This
aligns with theoretical expectations based on Ohm's Law and the
resistivity formula.

Precautions:
Ensure connections are tight and secure to avoid
fluctuations in readings.
Use wires of known dimensions to accurately calculate
resistance.
Avoid overheating the wire to prevent permanent changes
in resistance.
THANK YOU!

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