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Untitled 1

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ir16071
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Physics

Internal Assessment

T.Ashwin
8D
Investigating The Effect Of Wire

Length On The Electric


Resistance Of A Conductor

Research Question
How does the length of a conductor affect its electrical resistance?
Introduction
Materials in our natural world possess the property of electrical
resistance, which permits them to slow down electrical flow when put up
against an external power source. The resistance (R)of a conductor is
affected by a variety of factors ---its length (L) compared to THE cross-
sectional area (A), and its varying resistivity (ρ)rho. III. Whereupon V - IR
is valid enough in arithmetic fiction with either high or low impurity rates
of metal? The resistance of a wire as well as in other electronic
components can be described using the following formula:
where:
R is resistance,
rho is the resistivity of the material,
L is its length of the wire.
A is the cross-sectional area.
Background Research
The electric resistance (R) is an element that quantifies the opposition of
a conductor to the flow of electricity. It is defined as the ratio of the
potential difference (voltage, V) across a conductor and the current (I) in
that conductor. The resistance of a conductor can be affected by
multiple factors like the materials, cross-sectional area, temperature, and
length of the conductor according to Ohm's law. It is observed that with
an increase in the length of the wire, its resistance also increases. This
can be explained by the fact that it takes electrons greater time and

distance to travel and so, more impurities inside the material will hit their
target. Material: The resistivity (��) varies with the material. For example,
copper has low resistivity so is a good conductor, rubber has high
resistivity so is a poor conductor.

Temperature: As temperature increases the atoms in the wire vibrate


more, more electron collisions so more resistance.

Cross Sectional Area: A thicker wire has more cross-sectional area so


less resistance. A wider path means more electrons can flow at the
same time with fewer collisions.
R=rho\(l/a)
From the formula it is evident that, the ratio of length to area has a direct
relationship with resistance. resistivity is not a function of the length or
area of the section of material or conductor.
Since electrons encounter fewer struggles, a wire with a larger cross-
sectional area contributes to lesser resistance. The opposite of resistivity
is conductivity. Unit of resistivity is ohm meter. When a current is flowing
through a wire electrons are constantly colliding with atoms in the wire
that is why there is resistance
. The resistance in the wire is greater because there are more atoms for
the electrons to collide with and the wire is longer. That's because the
electrons have to travel further and lose more energy through collisions.

Aim
This investigation will determine if the resistance would increase in a
linear way and if other factors remained the same.

Hypothesis
Since the resistance of the wire is supposed to be directly proportional to
its length, if the wire is getting longer, then the resistance should
increase linearly assuming everything else is held constant. The long
wire has higher resistance than a short wire. The length of a wire
influences its resistance, where the two characteristics are said to be of
direct proportion. Specifically, if the wire or wire segments are made
longer, there will also be a corresponding increase in resistance. This
can be concluded because of the fact that as the length of the wire
increases, free electrons experience more collisions while drifting
through the lattice of the wire material, which increases the resistance.
Variables:
Dependent variable:
Electrical resistance of wire measured in ohms.
Independent variable:
Length of wire (cm or m)
Controlled variable:
 Material of the wire, example -copper.
 Voltage applied across the wire to maintain consistent current flow.
Methodology

Materials Required
 Power supply
 Variable resistor
 Ammeter or voltmeter
 Constantan wire for resistivity
 Measuring tape
 Crocodile clips
 Connecting wires
Method
1.Set Up: Cut the wire into different lengths. Then, use crocodile clips to
link the wire pieces into the circuit.
2. Measurement Steps Insert a chosen length of wire into a basic
series circuit that includes an ammeter in series and a voltmeter in
parallel with the wire.
Adjust the variable resistor to maintain a steady, low current, reducing
the wire's heating. Write down the voltage across the wire and the
current flowing through it to find the resistance using Ohm's law.
Repeat this for each length of wire. Record voltage and current values
for each length.
3.Repeat Trials: For each length conduct three trials and calculate the
average resistance for accuracy.
4. Control temperature: Don't heat the wire, that would make the
resistance have a thermal effect. Because any temperature change will
result in a resistance change, and even more so in materials such as
metals which have a positive temp coefficient of resistance.
Observation

Results
Safety considerations
Use low voltages to prevent excessive heating, which could alter
resistivity and affect results.
Suggestions for improvement
 use a more precise voltmeter and ammeter to reduce mistakes.
 Minimize heating by using lower currents or pausing between
measurements.
 Use wires of different materials to test at various temperatures to
assess the impact on resistivity.
Calculations
We can employ Ohm's Law for understanding the electrical resistance. It
suggests directly that when voltage (V) goes up, which offers more
potential difference from a to b along the route taken by electricity, then
so too should current.
Conclusions
Bibliography
 https://byjus.com/physics/electrical-resistance/
 https://spark.iop.org/collections/electrical-conductivity
 https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/the-resistivity-of-a-wire-
varies-with-a-length-b-class-10-physics-cbse-
5f3961b7f224761096c3322f#:~:text=It%20is%20observed%20that
%20resistance,of%20cross%20section%20(A).

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