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Polynomial Function

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Kelvin Igbodika
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14 views15 pages

Polynomial Function

Uploaded by

Kelvin Igbodika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

A POLYNOMIAL is a mathematical expression consisting of many


terms in variables with non-negative exponents.

NOTE THAT:
A polynomial must not contain a term with a fractional exponent;
3
example 7𝑥 5

A polynomial must not contain a term with a negative index; example


5𝑥 −3

A polynomial must not contain a term with a variable dividing.


3
Example
𝑥
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

 Number of terms
 Highest Power
EXAMPLES OF POLYMIAL FUNCTIONS

BASED ON THE NUMBER OF TERMS

 Monomial
 7𝑥 , 5, 4𝑎𝑏 2 𝑐

 Binomial
 3𝑥 2 − 1, 9 − 𝑦

 Trinomial
 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
EXAMPLES OF POLYMIAL FUNCTIONS:

 BASED ON HIGHEST POWER/EXPONENTIAL


 Linear: 5𝑥 1 + 2

 Quadratic:3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 15

 Cubic:6𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5

 Quartic: 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
ALGEBRA OF POLYNOMIALS

 Addition
 If 𝑃 𝑥 = 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 9 and 𝑄 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 15. Evaluate 𝑃 𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑥

 Subtraction
 If 𝑃 𝑥 = 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 18 and 𝑄 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1. Evaluate 𝑃 𝑥 − 𝑄 𝑥

 Multiplication
 Given that: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5 and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1. Find 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔 𝑥 ×
ℎ 𝑥
Division
22 2 2
= 4 =4+
5 5 5

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑝 𝑥 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15
Given = = 𝑥−5
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥+3

𝑝 𝑥 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
= = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥+1

PRACTICE WORK
Divide 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 − 2.
REMAINDER AND FACTOR
THEOREM
Remainder theorem

 We can use polynomial division to evaluate polynomials by using the

Remainder Theorem. If the polynomial 𝑓 𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 ± 𝑎 ,

the remainder may be found quickly by evaluating the polynomial

function at a; that is, 𝑓 ±𝑎 .


Example 1
A polynomial is defined by 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5. Find the remainder when it is
divided by 𝑥 − 3

SOLUTION

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5
𝑥−3=0
𝑥=3
3 2
𝑓 3 =2 3 −7 3 +3 3 +5
= 54 − 63 + 9 + 5
=5
Example 2
If the polynomial 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5 is divided by
𝑥 − 1 , find the remainder.
SOLUTION
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 5
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
3 2
𝑓 3 =3 1 −2 1 +7 1 +5
=3−2+7+5
= 13
Example 3
The remainder when the polynomial 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 10 by 𝑥 + 1 is
8. Find the value of p.
SOLUTION
𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 10
Now, 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −1
Since the 𝑥 + 1 leaves a remainder of 8
𝑓 −1 = 8
⇒ 5 −1 3 + 𝑝 −1 2 − −1 + 10 = 8
⇒ 𝑝+6=8
⇒𝑝 =8−6
∴ 𝑝=2
PRACTICE WORK

Find the remainder when 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 4 is divided by


𝑥+3 .

Find the remainder when 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 6 is divided by 𝑥 + 1 .

Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 4 and 𝑓 −1 = 2, find the


value of p.

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 − 6 and 𝑓 −2 = −4, find the value of


m.
The Factor Theorem

 According to the Factor Theorem, ±𝑎 is zero of 𝑓 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 ± 𝑎 is a factor of 𝑓 𝑥 .

 NOTE:

 The zeros of a polynomial function make the function equal to zero

 The FACTOR THEOREM is a special case of the REMAINDER THEOREM.

 When a polynomial say 𝑓 𝑥 , is divided by the expression 𝑥 ± 𝑎 which is not a factor, the remainder is
the same as when we find 𝑓 ±𝑎 .

 That is, if 𝑥 ± 𝑎 , is not a factor of say 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 0; 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏, where ‘b’ is the remainder.


EXAMPLES

1. If 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6, find the remaining

factors.

2. If 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6, find the other factor.

3. If 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 + 2 are factors of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6, find the third

factor.

4. Given that 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 1 are factors of 𝑝𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝑞, find

the value of q.

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