Week 10: NETWORKING

FUNDAMENTALS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of each chapter topic, students should be able to

• Define network, identify the advantages and disadvantages of
network
• Classify network in different ways
• Analyze the main component in every network
• Explain how to connect to the internet wired and wirelessly
• Explain the security differences offered by wireless and wired
networks
• State the special precautions required to protect wireless network
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
UNDERSTANDING NETWO RKS

• A computer network is two or more computers

connected via hardware and software
• A node is any device connected to a network
– Computer
– Peripheral (i.e., a printer)
– Network device (i.e., a router)
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
UNDERSTANDING NETWO RKS

• Benefits of networks
⮚Sharing a high-speed Internet connection
⮚Sharing printers and peripheral devices
⮚Sharing files
⮚Common communications
• Disadvantage of networks
⮚Setup time
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
UNDERSTANDING NETWO RKS
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
UNDERSTANDING NETWO RKS
• Disadvantage of large networks
– Purchase of equipment
– Need to be administered and maintain

network administrator

• Installing new computers and devices

• Monitoring the network’s performance
• Updating and installing new software
• Configuring network security
• Benefits usually outweigh disadvantages
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
UNDERSTANDING NETWO RKS
How data moves through networks?
• Data transfer rate (bandwidth)
• Maximum rate of data transfer possible
• Throughput
• Maximum rate achieved
• Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or
gigabits per second (Gbps)
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS: NETWORK
ARCHITECTURES

• Network architecture refers to the design of a network

Distance between their

nodes

Network
Architecture Network is managed
Classified by

Set of rules to exchange

data between nodes
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS: NETWORK
ARCHITECTURES
• Defined by Distance
between nodes
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES
• Personal area network (PAN)
– One person
– Connects smartphones, notebooks, and
tablets using Bluetooth and WiFi
• Local area network (LAN)
– Nodes located in small geographic area
– Computer lab or fast-food restaurants
• Home area network (HAN)
– Connects all digital devices in a home
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Large network
• Covers large area such as an entire city
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Spans large physical distance
• The Internet is the largest WAN
• Also a networked collection of LANs
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES
Defined by Level of Administration
• Central Administration • Local Administration
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES

Defined by Level of Administration

• Administered in one of two ways
– Central administration
• Tasks can be performed from one computer and affect
other computers on the network
• Client/server network
– Local administration
• Configuration and maintenance must be performed on
each individual computer attached to network
• Peer-to-peer network
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES
Ethernet Protocols
• Ethernet network
• Ethernet protocol for communication
• Developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE)
• 802.3: Wired
• 802.11: Wireless
• The current version: 802.11ac.
• Previous versions: 802.11n, 802.11g, 802.11b, and 802.11a.
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES

• 802.11n will still work with 802.11ac

networks
• Slower data transfer rates
• Some frequency interference
• Backward compatibility: Ability of current
devices to use earlier standards
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK ARCHITECTURES

• Gigabit Ethernet Standard

• Most commonly used wired Ethernet standard
for home networks
• Up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) data transfer
rate
• 10 and 40 gigabit Ethernet (GbE) is available,
but mostly used for business
• 100 GbE is used for major transmission lines of
the Internet known as Internet backbone
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. The type of network used for 3. List 4 benefits to have computer

communication among a laptop and
network.
smartphone using Bluetooth is a
A. WAN
B. PAN
4. Describe network architecture defined
C. LAN
D. MAN by level of administration and give an

example each of it.

2. The current standard for home

wireless Ethernet networks is
5. Network architecture are classified
A. WiGig
B. 802.3 according to several factors. List down
C. 802.11ac
the factors.
D. All of the above
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
• All networks must include
• Means of connecting nodes to
network (cables or wireless
technology)
• Special devices that allow nodes to
communicate with each other
• Software that allows network to run
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
Transmission Media
• Communications channel between nodes
• Wireless networks
• Radio waves
• Wired networks
• Cables
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
Physical connection between
sending and receiving device

• Twisted pair cable

– Telephone lines
– Ethernet cables

• Coaxial cable consists of single

copper wire surrounded by layers
of plastic

• Fiber-optic cable is made up of

plastic or glass fibres that
transmit data extremely fast
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS

• UTP cable
• Types of UTP cable
• Cat 5E
• Cat 6
• Cat 6a
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
Wireless network
• Decreased throughput in wireless
networks
• Magnetic and electrical sources
• Other wireless networks
• Buildings and metal
• Distance
• Signal coding
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS

• Network can be both wireless and

wired
• Portable devices: wireless
• Stationary devices: usually wired

• Wired connections are faster

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS: NETWORK
CO MPO NENTS

Basic Network Hardware

• Network adapter
• Network interface card
(NIC)

• Broadband Modem
• Cable or DSL
• Translates the
broadband signal
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Each device connected to a network is known as a

_____________.
A. Peripheral.
B. Network spoke
C. Node
D. Computing unit
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

A small network used for communication

between personal computing devices is a
_________.
A. WAN
B. PAN
C. LAN
D. MAN
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. What are the different ways to classify

networks?

2. What are the two main ways to manage a

network?
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
Basic Network Hardware
• Packets: Bundles of data sent through a network
• For computers to communicate packets must flow between
network nodes
• Routers and switches facilitate and control the flow of data
• Router: Transfers packets of data between two or more
networks
• Switch: Receives data packets and sends them to intended
nodes on the same network
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
Network Software
• Operating software for
P2P networking
• Client/server network
• Communicate through
centralized server
• Specialized network
operating system (NOS)
software
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
NETWO RK CO MPO NENTS
• Router : transfers
packets of data between
two or more networks
• Switch : receive data
packets and send them
to their intended nodes
on the same network
(not between different
networks).
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
• Network can be both wireless and wired
• Portable devices: wireless
• Stationary devices: usually wired
• Wired connections are faster
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Basic Network Hardware
• Network adapter
• Network interface card (NIC)

• Broadband Modem
• Cable or DSL
• Translates the broadband signal
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Broadband Connections
• Broadband
– High-speed Internet
– Data transmission rate of 1to 500 Mbps or
greater
• Standard broadband technologies
– Cable
– Digital subscriber line (DSL)
– Fiber optic service
• Satellite broadband
• Mobile broadband
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Wired Broadband Connections
• Cable Internet
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
• Fiber optic service
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
Wireless Internet Access
• Wireless Internet at home
• Router with wireless capabilities
• Built in WiFi on devices
• Laptops, smartphones, game systems, and
personal media players

• Wi-fi away from home using Wi-Fi hotspot

• Mobile broadband
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
• How to purchase Internet time?
⮚ Internet connectivity plan known as data plan

• How big a data plan needed? How often you:

⮚ download apps, stream music or play online game?
⮚ watch streaming video?
⮚ download files attached to e-mails or from company websites?
⮚ use apps that are communicating with the Internet?
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
CO NNECTING TO THE INTERNET
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
SECURING WIRELESS NETWO RKS

• Secure computers connected to Internet

• Firewall
• Wireless networks have special
vulnerabilities
 NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
SECURING WIRELESS NETWO RKS

• Wired networks are more secure

• Wireless networks can extend beyond the walls of
a residence
• Hacker: Someone who breaks into computer
systems
• Piggybacking: Connecting to a wireless network
without permission
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS:
SECURING WIRELESS NETWO RKS
Precautions to secure a wireless network
⮚Use encryption and security protocols
⮚Change network name (SSID)
⮚Disable SSID broadcast
⮚Change the default password
⮚Create a passphrase
⮚Implement media access controls
⮚Limit signal range
⮚Apply firmware upgrades
41 SECURING WIRELESS NETWORKS
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING

• Define piggybacking.
• Define a hacker.
• Explain why you need a firewall.
REFERENCE

1. Evans,A., Martin, K. and Poatsy, M.A.TechnologyIn

Action, 16th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2021.
i. Networking Fundamentals (pg 270-284, and pg. 290-292)